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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">G3gc4xdZWnT8Yky6y7Qq95s</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000300443</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200110</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200110</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Anticoagulantes Orais Diretos Ininterruptos em Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter de Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial: Pronto para a Pr&#225;tica Cl&#237;nica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Rhanderson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8769-1411</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>D&#8217;Avila</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Johns Hopkins Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Baltimore</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Maryland</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia - Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland - EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Arritmia Card&#237;aca</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital SOS Cardio</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Florian&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Arritmia Card&#237;aca - Hospital SOS Cardio, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Andr&#233; D&#8217;Avila &#8226; Servi&#231;o de Arritmia Card&#237;aca / Hospital SOS Cardio - Rodovia, SC-401, 121. CEP 88030-000, Itacorubi, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brasil E-mail: <email>andredavila@mac.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <season>May-Jun</season>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>443</fpage>
      <lpage>445</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticoagulantes</kwd>
        <kwd>Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter</kwd>
        <kwd>Rivaroxabana/uso terap&#234;utico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="8"/>
        <page-count count="3"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter &#233; uma estrat&#233;gia eficaz, segura e bem estabelecida para alcan&#231;ar o controle do ritmo em pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) sintom&#225;tica que s&#227;o ou intolerantes ou refrat&#225;rios ao controle do ritmo farmacol&#243;gico ou que desejam evitar o uso prolongado de drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas. Historicamente, quando os antagonistas de vitamina K (AVKs) eram a &#250;nica op&#231;&#227;o para a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral, realizava-se a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter ap&#243;s a interrup&#231;&#227;o do AVK durante v&#225;rios dias e uma transi&#231;&#227;o (ponte) para anticoagula&#231;&#227;o subcut&#226;nea ou parenteral, tipicamente com heparina de baixo peso molecular. Tal estrat&#233;gia, por&#233;m, era inconveniente e cheia de complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas. Al&#233;m disso, o ensaio randomizado COMPARE e estudos observacionais demonstraram que o risco tromboemb&#243;lico era de 10 a 15 vezes mais alto com AVK e ponte de heparina em compara&#231;&#227;o com AVK ininterrupto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Ap&#243;s esses resultados, o AVK ininterrupto com raz&#227;o normalizada internacional (RNI) terap&#234;utica se tornou padr&#227;o para anticoagula&#231;&#227;o periprocedural, e pacientes rotineiramente eram submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter com RNI entre 2 e 3,5.</p>
    <p>Essa op&#231;&#227;o, no entanto, tamb&#233;m possui duas desvantagens importantes. A primeira &#233; que a abla&#231;&#227;o se torna contingente ao RNI terap&#234;utico no dia do procedimento. Um RNI supra-terap&#234;utico pode implicar a decis&#227;o de adiar o procedimento ou administrar produtos sangu&#237;neos, enquanto um RNI sub-terap&#234;utico tipicamente implicaria adiar a abla&#231;&#227;o para outro dia ou requerer heparina IV at&#233; alcan&#231;ar o RNI ideal. A segunda, o uso ininterrupto de AVKs entra em choque com o crescente uso de anticoagulantes orais diretos (AODs). Os eletrofisiologistas que programam abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter para pacientes sob uso de AODs devem enfrentar a seguinte decis&#227;o: (1) fazer transi&#231;&#227;o para AVKs, para anticoagula&#231;&#227;o periprocedural ininterrupta ou (2) continuar AOD periprocedural.</p>
    <p>Esta quest&#227;o importante foi abordada por Silva et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>nesta edi&#231;&#227;o de Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia. Eles compararam 130 pacientes consecutivos com FA submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter em um &#250;nico centro sob uso ininterrupto de rivaroxabana com 110 pacientes de um grupo de controle hist&#243;rico que havia previamente sido submetido &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter sob uso ininterrupto de AVK com RNI pr&#233;-procedimento entre 2 e 3,5. Sangramento maior ocorreu em 1 (0.7%) e 2 (1.8%) pacientes nos grupos rivaroxabana e AVK, respectivamente. O evento no grupo rivaroxabana foi um hematoma retroperitoneal requerendo drenagem cir&#250;rgica, e no grupo AVK houve um caso de hematoma femoral que foi tratado de modo conservador e um de efus&#227;o peric&#225;rdica requerendo pericardiocentese. Um paciente teve um acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico no grupo rivaroxabana (0.7%), enquanto n&#227;o houve eventos tromboemb&#243;licos com AVKs.</p>
    <p>Outros estudos, incluindo ensaios randomizados com todos os quatro AODs (rivaroxabana, apixabana, edoxabana e dabigatrana), t&#234;m chegado a conclus&#245;es semelhantes. Em uma meta-an&#225;lise incluindo 12 estudos e quase 5.000 pacientes tratados com AVKs ou AODs ininterruptos, a incid&#234;ncia de acidente vascular cerebral acidente vascular e ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio periprocedurais foi baixa, e n&#227;o foi significativamente diferente entre os dois grupos (AOD 0,08%, AVK 0,16%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Em um sub-coorte de pacientes submetidos a imagem cerebral p&#243;s-procedimento de rotina, a incid&#234;ncia de eventos emb&#243;licos clinicamente silenciosos tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foi significativamente diferente entre os dois grupos (AOD 8%; AVK 9,6%; RC 0,86; IC 95% 0,42 &#8211; 1,76). Houve uma incid&#234;ncia menor de sangramento maior nos pacientes que receberam AODs (0,9%) do que nos anticoagulados com AVKs (2%) (RC 0,50; IC 95% 0,30 &#8211; 0,84; p &lt; 0,01). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos quanto &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de tamponamento peric&#225;rdico (0,7% vs. 0,8% com AODs e AVKs, respectivamente).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Ao todo, temos aprendido v&#225;rias li&#231;&#245;es do estudo de Silva et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> e de estudos semelhantes na literatura. Primeiramente, a incid&#234;ncia de acidente vascular cerebral periprocedural com uso ininterrupto de AOD &#233; extremamente baixa, bem inferior a 1%, e semelhante &#224; incid&#234;ncia com AVKs ininterruptos. Isso representa uma grande melhoria em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; estrat&#233;gia hist&#243;rica de interromper a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral com uma ponte de heparina, onde a incid&#234;ncia de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos variava de 1% a 5%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> N&#227;o se pode exagerar a import&#226;ncia desse achado. Uma baixa incid&#234;ncia de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos &#233; fundamental para o tratamento da FA por abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter, que &#233; um procedimento indicado quase exclusivamente para controlar sintomas e n&#227;o com o fim de salvar vidas. Vale ressaltar que o significado cl&#237;nico da embolia cerebral assintom&#225;tica em pacientes submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter ainda n&#227;o est&#225; esclarecido neste momento. Estudos futuros dever&#227;o examinar os desfechos cl&#237;nicos e a fun&#231;&#227;o cognitiva a longo prazo nos pacientes que apresentam eventos emb&#243;licos cerebrais clinicamente silenciosos.</p>
    <p>Em segundo lugar, a incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas graves com AODs ininterruptos tamb&#233;m &#233; baixa e compar&#225;vel, se n&#227;o melhor, &#224; incid&#234;ncia com AVKs ininterruptos. No presente estudo, um c&#225;lculo de pot&#234;ncia, com alfa bilateral de 0,05 e taxa de eventos de 2,5% no grupo controle, produziria uma pot&#234;ncia estimada de apenas 3% para detectar uma diferen&#231;a de 1% nos eventos de sangramento maior entre os grupos com o tamanho da amostra de 240 pacientes. Isso, no entanto, n&#227;o deve ser visto como uma limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo, mas como uma demonstra&#231;&#227;o da seguran&#231;a do procedimento tanto com AVKs quanto com AODs. Da mesma forma, dois grandes ensaios randomizados, o VENTURE-AF (rivaroxabana) e o RE-CIRCUIT (dabigatrana), incluindo 248 e 704 pacientes, respectivamente, reconheceram estar com pot&#234;ncia inadequada para o desfecho prim&#225;rio de sangramento maior.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Previamente, a apreens&#227;o quanto &#224; falta de reversibilidade dos AODs limitava a ampla aceita&#231;&#227;o dessa estrat&#233;gia. Essa preocupa&#231;&#227;o tem diminu&#237;do em grande parte devido ao desenvolvimento da idarucizumab e andexanet alfa, agentes de revers&#227;o para dabigatrana e inibidores de fator Xa, respectivamente. Mais importante, talvez, &#233; o fato que a estrat&#233;gia geral de AODs ininterruptos provou ser muito segura, com uma baixa incid&#234;ncia de eventos de sangramento maior. No RE-CIRCUIT, embora a idarucizumab estivesse dispon&#237;vel, n&#227;o foi necess&#225;ria em nenhum dos 317 pacientes submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter sob uso de dabigatrana ininterrupta, incluindo uma dose administrada na manh&#227; da abla&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Em uma an&#225;lise conjunta de 14 pacientes com tamponamento card&#237;aco de 3 estudos randomizados de AODs vs. AVKs ininterruptos, todos foram submetidos &#224; pericardiocentese; 12 receberam protamina, e 2 (no grupo AVK) receberam concentrado de complexo de protrombina. Nenhum paciente recebeu um agente de revers&#227;o direta de AOD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Eventos hemorr&#225;gicos tamb&#233;m podem ser evitados com aten&#231;&#227;o meticulosa &#224; hemostasia. O uso de uma sutura em oito para o fechamento venoso em pacientes totalmente anticoagulados ao final do procedimento tamb&#233;m tem o potencial de diminuir a forma&#231;&#227;o de hematoma e diminuir a dura&#231;&#227;o do repouso ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Essa sutura hemost&#225;tica pode evitar a necessidade de revers&#227;o da protamina, estendendo a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica durante as horas ap&#243;s o procedimento. Merece investiga&#231;&#227;o futura se essa t&#233;cnica reduz o risco tromboemb&#243;lico (j&#225; baixo), com uma incid&#234;ncia aceit&#225;vel de eventos hemorr&#225;gicos.</p>
    <p>Finalmente, &#233; importante enfatizar a distin&#231;&#227;o entre uma estrat&#233;gia verdadeiramente ininterrupta, na qual o AOD &#233; administrado durante o pr&#233;-procedimento no hor&#225;rio e na dose usuais, e uma estrat&#233;gia minimamente interrupta alternativa, na qual o AOD &#233; interrompido por 1 ou 2 doses antes da abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter. Em ambas estrat&#233;gias, o AOD &#233; tipicamente reiniciado no m&#237;nimo 4 horas ap&#243;s retirar a bainha venosa femoral. Esse &#233; um dilema particular com agentes tomados duas vezes por dia, em que &#233; necess&#225;rio tomar uma decis&#227;o sobre a dose matinal do AOD no dia da abla&#231;&#227;o; &#233; menos preocupante com agentes de uma dose di&#225;ria, como rivaroxabana, onde a droga pode ser administrada ininterruptamente &#224; noite antes da abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter, sem requerer uma dose matinal. No ensaio ABRIDGE-J, 504 pacientes encaminhados para abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de FA foram randomizados para dabigatrana minimamente interrupta (evitando-se 1 ou 2 doses pr&#233;-procedimento) ou AVKs ininterruptos. N&#227;o houve eventos tromboemb&#243;licos nos 220 pacientes submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o no grupo dabigatrana. A dabigatrana minimamente interrupta foi associada a uma menor incid&#234;ncia de sangramento maior (1,4%) em compara&#231;&#227;o com AVKs ininterruptos (5%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Deve-se enfatizar, no entanto, que, embora haja dados robustos e consistentes apoiando uma estrat&#233;gia de AODs ininterruptos para anticoagula&#231;&#227;o em pacientes submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de FA, o uso de uma estrat&#233;gia minimamente interrupta n&#227;o foi extensivamente estudado nem diretamente comparado ao uso ininterrupto de AODs em grandes estudos randomizados.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, estudos t&#234;m demonstrado que a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o ininterrupta com AOD para pacientes submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de FA &#233; eficaz na preven&#231;&#227;o de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos periprocedurais (&lt; 1%). Essa estrat&#233;gia tamb&#233;m tem um baixo risco de eventos de sangramento maior, compar&#225;vel ou inferior aos eventos hemorr&#225;gicos com AVKs ininterruptos. Espera-se que estudos prospectivos na &#225;rea investiguem abordagens mec&#226;nicas para minimizar eventos hemorr&#225;gicos e avaliem a efic&#225;cia e a seguran&#231;a de uma estrat&#233;gia minimamente interrupta de AODs. At&#233; ent&#227;o, o uso ininterrupto de AODs deve prevalecer como a op&#231;&#227;o de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o preferencial para pacientes submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter. Os autores devem ser parabenizados por sua iniciativa e pelo estudo bem conduzido.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Seguran&#231;a da Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter de Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial sob Uso Ininterrupto de Rivaroxabana</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Uninterrupted Direct Oral Anticoagulants in Atrial Fibrillation Catheter Ablation: Ready for Prime Time</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Rhanderson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8769-1411</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>D&#8217;Avila</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia - Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland - USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Arritmia Card&#237;aca - Hospital SOS Cardio, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Andr&#233; D&#8217;Avila &#8226; Servi&#231;o de Arritmia Card&#237;aca / Hospital SOS Cardio - Rodovia, SC-401, 121. Postal Code 88030-000, Itacorubi, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brazil E-mail: andredavila@mac.com </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticoagulants</kwd>
        <kwd>Catheter Ablation</kwd>
        <kwd>Rivaroxaban/therapeutic use</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Catheter ablation is a well-established, safe, and effective strategy to achieve rhythm control in patients with symptomatic atrial fibrillation (AF) who are either intolerant or refractory to pharmacologic rhythm control or who wish to avoid long-term use of anti-arrhythmic drugs. Historically, when vitamin-K antagonists (VKAs) were the only option for oral anticoagulation, catheter ablation was performed after interruption of the VKA for several days and a transition (bridge) to subcutaneous or parenteral anticoagulation, typically with low-molecular-weight heparin. This strategy, however, was cumbersome and fraught with bleeding complications. Furthermore, the COMPARE randomized trial and observational studies showed that the thromboembolic risk was 10 to 15-fold higher with VKAs and heparin bridging as compared to uninterrupted VKAs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> After these results, uninterrupted VKAs with a therapeutic international normalized ratio (INR) became the standard of care for periprocedural anticoagulation, and patients would routinely undergo catheter ablation with INR ranging between 2 and 3.5.</p>
      <p>This option, however, also has two important setbacks. First, ablation becomes contingent on a therapeutic INR on the day of the procedure. A supra-therapeutic INR may entail a decision to postpone the procedure or administer blood products for correction, whereas a sub-therapeutic INR would typically imply deferring ablation to another day or require IV heparin until an ideal INR is reached. Second, the use of uninterrupted VKAs conflicts with the ever growing use of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs). Electrophysiologists planning catheter ablation for patients on DOACs are faced with the following decision: (1) transition to VKAs for uninterrupted periprocedural anticoagulation or (2) continue periprocedural DOAC.</p>
      <p>This important question was addressed by Silva et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> in this issue of the Brazilian Archives of Cardiology. They compared 130 consecutive patients with AF who underwent catheter ablation in a single center while receiving uninterrupted rivaroxaban to 110 patients in a historic control group who had previously undergone catheter ablation on uninterrupted VKA with a pre-procedure INR between 2 and 3.5. Major bleeding occurred in 1 (0.7%) and 2 (1.8%) individuals in the rivaroxaban and VKA groups, respectively. The event in the rivaroxaban group was a retroperitoneal hematoma requiring surgical drainage. In the VKA group, there was a femoral hematoma treated conservatively and a pericardial effusion requiring pericardiocentesis. One patient had an ischemic stroke in the rivaroxaban group (0.7%), while there were no thromboembolic events with VKAs.</p>
      <p>Other studies, including randomized trials with all four DOACs (rivaroxaban, apixaban, edoxaban, and dabigatran), have reached similar conclusions. In a meta-analysis including 12 studies and nearly 5,000 patients treated with uninterrupted VKAs or DOACs, the incidence of periprocedural stroke or transient ischemic attack was low, and it was not significantly different between the two groups (DOAC 0.08%, VKA 0.16%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In a sub-cohort of patients who underwent routine post-procedure brain imaging, the incidence of clinically silent embolic events was also not significantly different between both groups (DOAC 8%; VKA 9.6%; OR 0.86; 95% CI 0.42 &#8211; 1.76). There was a lower incidence of major bleeding in those who received DOACs (0.9%) than in patients anticoagulated with VKAs (2%) (OR 0.50; 95% CI 0.30 &#8211; 0.84; p &lt; 0.01). There was no difference between groups in the occurrence of pericardial tamponade (0.7% vs. 0.8% with DOACs and VKAs, respectively).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Altogether, we have learned several lessons from the study by Silva et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> and similar studies in the literature. First, the incidence of periprocedural stroke with uninterrupted DOAC use is exceedingly low, well under 1%, and similar to that of uninterrupted VKAs. This represents a major improvement compared to the historic strategy of interrupting oral anticoagulation with a heparin bridge, where the incidence of thromboembolic events ranged from 1% to 5%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The importance of this finding cannot be overstated. A low incidence of thromboembolic events is paramount when treating AF by catheter ablation, a procedure that is indicated almost exclusively for symptom control and not for life-saving purposes. It is noteworthy that the clinical significance of asymptomatic cerebral embolism in patients who undergo catheter ablation is unclear at this point. Further studies should examine long-term clinical outcomes and cognitive function in those who have clinically silent cerebral embolic events.</p>
      <p>Second, the incidence of major hemorrhagic complications with uninterrupted DOACs is also low, and it is comparable to, if not better than, that of uninterrupted VKAs. In the present study, a power calculation, with two-sided alpha of 0.05 and a 2.5% event rate in control group, would yield an estimated power of only 3% to detect a 1% difference in major bleeding events between groups with the sample size of 240 patients. This, however, should not be viewed as a limitation to the study, but rather as a testament to the safety of the procedure with both VKAs and DOACs. Similarly, two large randomized trials, VENTURE-AF (rivaroxaban) and RE-CIRCUIT (dabigatran), including 248 and 704 patients, respectively, acknowledged being underpowered for their primary endpoint of major bleeding.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Previously, apprehension regarding the lack of reversibility of DOACs limited widespread acceptance of this strategy. This concern has largely abated with the development of idarucizumab and andexanet alpha, reversal agents for dabigatran and factor Xa inhibitors, respectively. More importantly, perhaps, is that the overall strategy of uninterrupted DOACs has proven to be very safe with a low incidence of major bleeding events. In RE-CIRCUIT idarucizumab, although it was available, was not required in any of the 317 patients who underwent catheter ablation while on uninterrupted dabigatran, which included a dose administered on the morning of ablation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In a pooled analysis of 14 patients with cardiac tamponade from 3 randomized trials of uninterrupted DOACs vs. VKAs, all underwent pericardiocentesis; 12 received protamine; and 2 (in the VKA group) received prothrombin complex concentrate. None received a direct DOAC reversal agent.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Bleeding events can also be prevented by meticulous attention to hemostasis. The use of a figure-of-eight suture for venous closure in patients who are fully anticoagulated at the end of the procedure also has the potential to decrease hematoma formation and shorten bedrest duration after catheter ablation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> This hemostatic suture may obviate the need for protamine reversal, extending therapeutic anticoagulation during the hours following the procedure. Whether this technique further reduces the (already low) thromboembolic risk with an acceptable incidence of bleeding events warrants further investigation.</p>
      <p>Finally, it is important to highlight the distinction between a truly uninterrupted strategy, where the DOAC is given pre-procedurally at the usual time and dose and an alternative minimally interrupted strategy, where 1 or 2 doses of the DOAC are held prior to catheter ablation. In both strategies, the DOAC is typically resumed at a minimum of 4 hours after femoral venous sheath removal. This is a particular dilemma with twice-daily agents, where a decision has to be made about the morning DOAC dose on the day of ablation; it is less of a concern with once-daily options, such as rivaroxaban, where the drug can be administered uninterruptedly in the evening prior to catheter ablation, without requiring a morning dose. In the ABRIDGE-J trial, 504 patients scheduled for AF catheter ablation were randomized to minimally interrupted dabigatran (holding 1 to 2 pre-procedure doses) or uninterrupted VKAs. There were no thromboembolic events in the 220 patients who underwent ablation in the dabigatran group. Minimally interrupted dabigatran was associated with a lower incidence of major bleeding (1.4%) as compared to uninterrupted VKAs (5%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> It should be emphasized, however, that while there is robust and consistent data supporting a strategy of uninterrupted DOACs for anticoagulation in patients undergoing AF catheter ablation, the use of a minimally interrupted strategy has neither been extensively studied nor directly compared to uninterrupted DOAC use in large randomized studies.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, studies have demonstrated that uninterrupted anticoagulation with DOACs for patients undergoing AF catheter ablation is effective in the prevention of periprocedural thromboembolic events (&lt; 1%). This strategy also has a low risk of major bleeding events, comparable to or lower than bleeding events with uninterrupted VKAs. Prospective studies in the field will hopefully investigate mechanical approaches to minimize bleeding events and evaluate the efficacy and safety of a minimally interrupted DOAC strategy. Until then, the use of uninterrupted DOACs should be strongly favored as the preferred anticoagulation option for patients undergoing AF catheter ablation. The authors should be congratulated for their initiative and well-conducted study.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Safety of Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation Under Uninterrupted Rivaroxaban Use</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
