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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">WwmGRz64rQgqNsGDVkvLXJP</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000300435</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2020005002203</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20180386</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Safety of Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation Under Uninterrupted Rivaroxaban Use</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7554-8001</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Futuro</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Muller de Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mer&#231;on</surname>
            <given-names>Erick Sessa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vasconcelos</surname>
            <given-names>Deborah</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Agrizzi</surname>
            <given-names>Rovana Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2947-3066</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Elias</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kuniyoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Vit&#243;ria Apart Hospital</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Serra</city>
            <state>ES</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Vit&#243;ria Apart Hospital, Serra, ES - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: M&#225;rcio Augusto Silva</bold>, Vitoria Apart Hospital - Cardiologia - Rodovia BR 101 Norte Km 2. Postal Code 29161-001, Boa Vista, Serra, ES - Brazil. E-mail: <email>masilva.cardio@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Silva MA, Elias Neto J, Kuniyoshi R; Acquisition of data: Silva MA, Futuro GMC, Mer&#231;on ES, Vasconcelos D, Agrizzi RS, Elias Neto J, Kuniyoshi R; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis: Silva MA; Writing of the manuscript: Silva MA, Elias Neto J; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Futuro GMC, Mer&#231;on ES, Elias Neto J.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>M&#225;rcio Augusto Silva - Participation in courses and congresses by Bayer and lectures paid by Bayer and Daiichi Sankyo. Jorge Elias Neto - Participation in courses and congresses by Bayer. Ricardo Kuniyoshi - Participation in courses and congresses by Bayer</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>435</fpage>
      <lpage>442</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation under uninterrupted warfarin use is safe and recommended by experts. However, there is some controversy regarding direct-acting oral anticoagulants for the same purpose.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the safety of AF ablation under uninterrupted anticoagulation with rivaroxaban.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A series of 130 patients underwent AF radiofrequency ablation under uninterrupted rivaroxaban use (RIV group) and was compared to a control group of 110 patients under uninterrupted warfarin use (WFR group) and therapeutic International Normalized Ratio (INR). We analyzed death, rates of thromboembolic events, major and minor bleedings, activated clotting time (ACT) levels, and heparin dose in the procedure. The ablation protocol basically consisted of circumferential isolation of the pulmonary veins guided by electroanatomic mapping. It was adopted a statistical significance of 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The clinical characteristics of the groups were similar, and the paroxysmal AF was the most frequent type (63% and 59%, RIV and WFR groups). A thromboembolic event occurred in the RIV group. There were 3 patients with major bleeding (RIV = 1 and WFR = 2; p = 0.5); no deaths. Basal INR was higher in the WFR group (2.5 vs. 1.2 &#177; 0.02; p &lt; 0.0001), with similar basal ACT levels (123.7 &#177; 3 vs. 118 &#177; 4; p= 0, 34). A higher dose of venous heparin was used in the RIV group (9,414 &#177; 199 vs. 6,019 &#177; 185 IU; p &lt; 0.0001) to maintain similar mean ACT levels during the procedure (350 &#177; 3 vs. 348.9 &#177; 4; p = 0.79).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion: </title>
          <p>In the study population, AF ablation under uninterrupted rivaroxaban showed a safety profile that was equivalent to uninterrupted warfarin use with therapeutic INR. </p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Catheter Ablation/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Rivaroxaban /therapeitic use</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticoagulants/therapeutic use</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticoagulants/adverse effects</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Catheter ablation is a well-established therapy for patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), particularly in symptomatic cases where antiarrhythmic drug control has failed. Its main technique consists in the electrical isolation of the pulmonary veins (PVs) through radiofrequency (RF) applications or cryoenergy in the atrial portion of the PV ostia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Thromboembolic events (TE), especially cerebrovascular accident (CVA), or stroke, are among the most feared complications and, to avoid them, intraoperative intravenous systemic anticoagulation is recommended, with heparin and the use of oral anticoagulants (OAC) during the periprocedural period.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> However, the management of these drugs becomes challenging during this period, as hemorrhagic complications can occur, especially hemopericardium (cardiac tamponade), a potentially fatal event if not diagnosed and addressed in time.</p>
      <p>Multicenter clinical studies have shown that continued use of warfarin during such procedures, while maintaining International Standardized Ratio (INR) at therapeutic levels, significantly reduces rates of bleeding complications and TE events when compared to the previous strategy, which consisted in its withdrawal and the &#8220;bridge&#8221; with unfractionated heparin.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> With the advent of direct-acting OACs (DOACs), non-vitamin K-dependent, the use of warfarin has become increasingly restricted. Large-impact clinical studies have shown a safer profile of these drugs in relation to warfarin in the prevention of TE phenomena of patients with nonvalvular AF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In recent years, DOACs have been tested against the scenario of AF ablation. Although evidence suggests the uninterrupted use of these drugs is safe, there is some controversy regarding their applicability due to fears of hemorrhagic complications in the presence of drugs that previously, did not have a direct reversing agent. Rivaroxaban, a factor Xa inhibitor, was one of the (DOAC) drugs that was most often tested in an uninterruptedly manner and the first to show satisfactory results in a randomized clinical trial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In our service, we started performing ablation under uninterrupted RIV use in mid-2016, after a long experience with uninterrupted warfarin (therapeutic INR ablation). This study aimed to evaluate the safety of performing AF ablation with RF under uninterrupted rivaroxaban use.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study design</title>
        <p>This is a retrospective study in which a consecutive series of 130 patients was submitted to the first session of ablation with RF (January 2016 to October 2018) for AF treatment under uninterrupted rivaroxaban use (RIV group) and compared to a control group, consisting of 110 patients submitted to similar procedures (October 2010 to March 2017) under continuous warfarin use (WFR group) and who had INR between 2 and 3.5 on the eve of the procedure. Patients who had an INR outside the specified therapeutic range in the WFR group, and patients who used other anticoagulants or had ablation with OAC interruption were excluded from this study (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). The analyzed primary outcomes were: thromboembolic event rate (stroke/transient ischemic attack (TIA) and procedure-related major bleeding (up to 30 days). Based on the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) criteria, major bleeding was considered: fatal bleeding; symptomatic bleeding that has affected critical areas or organs; which caused a decrease &gt; 2 g/dL or required replacement of blood products.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Secondary outcomes were minor bleeding rates and parameters related to intraoperative anticoagulation, such as mean levels of activated clotting time (ACT) in the procedure and heparin doses required to maintain them at the established goal (between 300 and 400 seconds). All data were collected at hospital admission and stored in the service's own database. All patients underwent preanesthetic consultation and signed a consent form for the procedure.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Study flowchart. OAC = oral anticoagulant; WFR: warfarin; DOAC: direct acting oral anticoagulants; RIV: rivaroxaban; INR: International Normalized Ratio.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0435-80386-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Anticoagulation Protocols (Pre and Postoperative)</p>
        <p>In the RIV group, patients received single-dose rivaroxaban after dinner, 20 mg or 15 mg, according to creatinine clearance, greater than 50 mL/min/m<sup>2</sup> or less, respectively, for 3 or more weeks before the procedure. The last dose was given on the night before the procedure and the next dose on the same day of the procedure, at least 4 hours after sheath removal and medical evaluation.</p>
        <p>In the control group, patients received oral warfarin under fasting condition to maintain the INR between 2 and 3.5 for at least 3 weeks before the procedure. The INR was checked the day before the procedure. The first dose after ablation was given on the same day or on the following day, depending on the new INR measurement and medical evaluation.</p>
        <p>All patients were submitted to transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) the day before the procedure to exclude intracavitary thrombi. The immediate postoperative (PO) (first 12 hours) was performed in a cardiological intensive care unit.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedure</title>
        <p>The procedures were performed under general anesthesia after 8 hours of fasting. Suspension of antiarrhythmic drugs was decided individually, based on the clinical picture. Routine electrocardiogram, noninvasive blood pressure and esophageal temperature were monitored.</p>
        <p>The procedures consisted of ipsilateral and antral circumferential isolation of the PVs guided by electroanatomic mapping (Ensite/NAVX System, versions 4.1 and 5.0 - St. Jude Medical/Abbott) and portable fluoroscopy in both groups. Additional ablation techniques, such as linear ablation and complex fractional atrial electrograms (CFAE), were performed in some cases according to the operator's preference, usually in cases of persistent and long-standing persistent AF. Cavo-tricuspid isthmus (CTI) ablation was performed whenever there was a typical atrial flutter electrocardiographic record or if it occurred (spontaneously or not) during the procedure. The standard protocol consisted of three right femoral punctures, not guided by ultrasound; deflectable decapolar catheter placed in the coronary sinus using a 7F introducer sheath and two transseptal punctures, performed only with the aid of fluoroscopy. Decapolar or duodecapolar circular catheters were used in a conventional SL1 sheath (SwartzTM; St. Jude Medical/Abbott) for mapping of LA/PVs and irrigated catheter for ablation (without or with contact sensor) in an SL1 or deflectable sheath (AgilisTM; St Jude Medical/Abbott). RF applications were limited to the power of 20 to 25 W in the posterior wall and 30 to 35 W in the other walls and monitored by the impedance curve, esophageal temperature and contact force (when available). The criteria for interrupting an RF application were: sudden increase in impedance, esophageal temperature reaching 37.5&#186;C and contact force greater than 40 g. RF applications were performed continuously to fill the entire circumference of the PV antra (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). We considered as full isolation of the PVs the complete disappearance of the electrograms in the circular catheter placed at its most proximal portion (inlet block) and also the demonstration of electrical dissociation between the PVs and the LA through programmed stimulation of the same circular catheter (outlet block). The adenosine test (12 mg) was performed 20 minutes after the completion of PV isolation and additional applications were performed if PV-LA reconnection was observed.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Radio Frequency Applications. Images generated by left atrial geometric reconstruction using an electroanatomical mapping system (Ensite/NAVX - St. Jude Medical/Abbott). A - Previous view. Dots in red show the radiofrequency applications. B - Posterior view. Blue dots show locations of radiofrequency applications where esophageal temperature increases.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0435-80386-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Anticoagulation in the procedure</title>
        <p>Prior to transseptal punctures, the sheaths and transseptal needle were washed with saline solution containing 50 IU/mL of heparin, and basal ACT was measured. The first dose of heparin (loading dose) was administered immediately after the first transseptal puncture (directly in the sheath), with 100 IU/kg in the RIV group and 50 IU/kg in the WFR group (maximum dose of 10,000 IU); the reduced dose in the control group was based on prior group experience and literature data.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> After that, the ACT was systematically measured every 30 minutes, aiming to maintaining it between 300 and 400 seconds. Additional doses of intravenous heparin were given whenever the ACT was below 300 seconds, calculated according to the formula created and tested by the group.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <disp-formula id="e1">
          <mml:math id="e01">
            <mml:semantics>
              <mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt">
                <mml:mtable>
                  <mml:mtr>
                    <mml:mtd columnalign="left">
                      <mml:mi>RIV</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                      <mml:mi>group</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mi>:</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mo>&#8594;</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mi>Hep</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                      <mml:mi>Dose</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mfenced close=")" open="(">
                        <mml:mi>IU</mml:mi>
                      </mml:mfenced>
                      <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mfrac>
                        <mml:mrow>
                          <mml:mi>Weight</mml:mi>
                          <mml:mfenced close=")" open="(">
                            <mml:mi>Kg</mml:mi>
                          </mml:mfenced>
                          <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                          <mml:mi>CI</mml:mi>
                          <mml:mo>*</mml:mo>
                        </mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                      </mml:mfrac>
                    </mml:mtd>
                  </mml:mtr>
                  <mml:mtr>
                    <mml:mtd columnalign="left">
                      <mml:mi>VRF</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                      <mml:mi>group</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mi>:</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mo>&#8594;</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mi>Hep</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                      <mml:mi>Dose</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mfenced close=")" open="(">
                        <mml:mi>IU</mml:mi>
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                        <mml:mrow>
                          <mml:mi>Weight</mml:mi>
                          <mml:mfenced close=")" open="(">
                            <mml:mi>Kg</mml:mi>
                          </mml:mfenced>
                          <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                          <mml:mi>CI</mml:mi>
                          <mml:mo>*</mml:mo>
                        </mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mn>3</mml:mn>
                      </mml:mfrac>
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                    <mml:mtd columnalign="left">
                      <mml:mo>*</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mi>CI</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mi>Correction</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                      <mml:mi>Index</mml:mi>
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          </mml:math>
        </disp-formula>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">ACT (sec)</th>
                <th align="center">CI*</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">150 - 200</td>
                <td align="center">75</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">201 - 250</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">251 - 300</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">&gt; 301</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The removal of the sheaths was performed still in the operating room after protamine sulfate infusion (5,000 IU).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Data for all variables were evaluated for normality through Histogram and D`Agostino &amp; Pearson's Test. Continuous variables were described as mean and standard deviation and compared using unpaired Student's <italic>t</italic> test, except for the variable &#8220;baseline INR&#8221; (data evaluated as &#8220;non-normal&#8221;), which was compared using the Mann-Whitney test. Categorical variables were described as absolute numbers and percentages in relation to the sample and compared using Fischer's exact test. The level of statistical significance was set at 5%. GraphPad Prism 7.0e software was used for statistical analysis.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The clinical characteristics of the groups were similar, including the CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASC score, presence of structural heart disease and predominance of paroxysmal AF. At the end of the procedure, 100% isolation of the PVs in both groups was demonstrated. The percentage of patients who received linear ablation of the LA and the cavo-tricuspid isthmus was similar, but the ablation of fragmented CFAEs was more frequent in the WFR group, probably due to the progressive abandonment of this technique in recent years. There was no statistically significant difference regarding the total procedure time (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Characteristics of the groups</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Rivaroxaban</th>
              <th align="center">Warfarin</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">N</td>
              <td align="center">130</td>
              <td align="center">110</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">57.8 &#177; 1</td>
              <td align="center">60.6 &#177; 1</td>
              <td align="center">0.055</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male</td>
              <td align="center">96 (73.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">86 (78%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.45</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI</td>
              <td align="center">28.3 &#177; 0.3</td>
              <td align="center">28.6 &#177; 0.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.51</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Heart disease</td>
              <td align="center">28 (21%)</td>
              <td align="center">21 (19%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.74</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASC</td>
              <td align="center">1.32 &#177; 0.1</td>
              <td align="center">1.23 &#177; 0.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.38</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Paroxysmal AF</td>
              <td align="center">82 (63%)</td>
              <td align="center">65 (59%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.59</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEF (%)</td>
              <td align="center">62.26 &#177; 0.6</td>
              <td align="center">65.5 &#177; 0.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.16</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LADD (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">42 &#177; 0.6</td>
              <td align="center">41.7 &#177; 0.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.81</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Isolated PVs (%)</td>
              <td align="center">100</td>
              <td align="center">100</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Linear Ablation</td>
              <td align="center">14 (10.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">26 (23%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.009</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CFAE</td>
              <td align="center">4 (3%)</td>
              <td align="center">21 (19%)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CT isthmus</td>
              <td align="center">35 (26.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">37 (33.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.26</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>BMI: body mass index; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LADD: left atrial diastolic diameter; PVs: pulmonary veins; CFAE: complex fractional atrial electrograms; CT: Cavo-tricuspid.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>According to the described protocol, no patient had intracavitary thrombus at the TEE on the day before the procedure. It is noteworthy that no patient was excluded from this study due to LA thrombus.</p>
      <p>There were no deaths.</p>
      <p><bold>Primary outcomes:</bold> One patient had procedure-related ischemic stroke in the RIV group, evolving with mild dysarthria in the immediate postoperative period, with spontaneous resolution within 48 hours without further sequelae (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>). This patient had paroxysmal AF without structural heart disease or risk factors for TE events (CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASC = 0).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) - Magnetic Resonance Imaging of a Patient with CVA - Hyperintense lesion on Flair sequence in the left central gyrus topography, compatible with acute ischemia.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0435-80386-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>No thromboembolic events occurred in the WFR group. Major bleeding occurred in 2 patients in the WFR group: 1 hemopericardium with cardiac tamponade and 1 large hematoma at the femoral puncture site. The first case was controlled by pericardiocentesis, volume replacement and administration of protamine sulfate. The second case required blood transfusion and longer hospital stay. Both were discharged without further complications. Major bleeding - retroperitoneal hematoma - occurred in the RIV group and required surgical intervention (drainage) due to uncontrollable pain, and the patient was discharged without sequelae.</p>
      <p><bold>Secondary outcomes:</bold> Only one puncture site hematoma, clinically not relevant, was observed in the WFR group; none was observed in the RIV group. As expected, the baseline INR was higher in the WFR group (2.5 &#177; 0.03 <italic>vs</italic>. 1.2 &#177; 0.02; p &lt; 0.0001), but there was no difference in baseline ACT between the WFR and RIV groups (123.7 &#177; 3 <italic>vs.</italic> 118 &#177; 4.2; p = 0.34).</p>
      <p>The mean ACT level during the procedure was adequate in both groups, within the recommended range and similar in the RIV and WFR groups (350.1 &#177; 3 vs 348.9 &#177; 4; p = 0.79). However, a higher dose of heparin was used in the RIV group (9,414 &#177; 199 <italic>vs</italic>. 6,019 &#177; 185 IU; p &lt; 0.0001) to maintain these optimal levels of ACT (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Results: Secondary outcomes related to anticoagulation level monitoring. A - Preoperative International Normalized Ratio (INR); B - Baseline ACT (activated clotting time), measured after the first venipuncture; C - Mean dose of intravenous heparin used throughout the procedure; D - Mean ACT during the procedure.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0435-80386-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>AF ablation under uninterrupted warfarin use (therapeutic INR) has long been the most recommended periprocedural anticoagulation strategy for the prevention of TE events, especially stroke.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Most observational studies have reported low rates of stroke and hemorrhagic complications with this strategy. However, in practice, as well as in the clinical use of warfarin, it is difficult to keep INR within the therapeutic range stable in the periprocedural period, causing patients to have thromboembolic risks<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> or have their procedures suspended.</p>
      <p>The favorable clinical outcomes of DOACs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> have encouraged their use in the scenario of AF ablation worldwide, even before the publication of further scientific evidence. Unlike clinical use, the anticoagulant effect of these drugs had not yet been tested in a distinct thrombogenic situation related to the presence of sheaths and catheters in the LA and endocardial lesions caused by RF. The initial results of dabigatran as an anticoagulant drug during AF ablation were unfavorable, with higher rates of hemorrhagic and embolic complications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> However, it was suspected that discontinuation of the drug for 24 to 48 hours before the procedure (discontinued use) may have influenced the results of this study.</p>
      <p>Rivaroxaban was compared to warfarin, this time without interruption of DOAC, in a prospective, multicenter study involving 642 patients. Patients (CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASC = 2/paroxysmal AF = 50%) were given the last dose of rivaroxaban the night before the procedure, ensuring that it was performed within the therapeutic window of the drug, and there was no significant difference regarding embolic and hemorrhagic complications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> DOAC in AF ablation were tested in multicenter and randomized studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> In the Venture-AF Trial, the first randomized trial comparing uninterrupted DOAC (rivaroxaban) to warfarin in AF ablation, the rate of TE or hemorrhagic events was low, similar between the groups;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> in the RE-CIRCUIT Trial, dabigatran use resulted in fewer bleeding complications than warfarin (1.6%<italic>vs.</italic>6.9%; p &lt; 0.001).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> In the AXAFA-AFNET 5, 674 patients were randomized to ablation under continuous use of apixaban or warfarin. The combined outcome of death, stroke or bleeding was similar (22/318 pts <italic>vs.</italic> 23/315 pts; p = 0.0002 for noninferiority). Brain magnetic resonance imaging, after the procedure, showed similar rates of &#8220;silent&#8221; cerebral ischemic lesions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> In the AEIOU trial, Reynolds MR et al. described similar bleeding rates and no stroke in 3 groups - uninterrupted edoxaban, interrupted (interruption of one dose) edoxaban and warfarin.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A meta-analysis that included 7400 pts from 15 observational and 1 randomized studies reported a trend toward lower rate of TE events in patients receiving rivaroxaban compared to warfarin (p = 0.052), with similar bleeding complications (1.15% vs. 1.66%; p = 0.23).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Sawhney V et al. compared DOAC (64% rivaroxaban) to warfarin, uninterrupted in 1884 AF ablation procedures, and found no difference between the groups in relation to the primary outcome consisting of death, TE or major bleedings (2.2% vs. 1.4% p = 0.2).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> With these now more consistent results, catheter ablation of AF under uninterrupted use of warfarin, dabigatran or rivaroxaban is now class I recommendation in the latest expert consensus (HRS, EHRA, ECAS, APHRS, SOLAECE), published in 2017.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In our service, which has 14 years of experience in AF ablation, with current 50 to 100 procedures/year, after a long period using uninterrupted warfarin (therapeutic INR) for AF ablation, we chose rivaroxaban as an alternative based on the presented results, in a major adaptation to our routine, to the preoperative group protocol and drug pharmacokinetics. The dose taken on the previous night allowed the procedure to be performed on the following day, with the patient within the drug therapeutic window and, at the same time, outside its peak of action. Moreover, the next dose, to be taken on the day of the ablation, would be administered a few hours after the end of the procedure, an adequate period to observe complications. The low overall rates of adverse events reported in both groups was in agreement with the abovementioned literature results. The low rate of hemorrhagic events in the RIV group was noteworthy, even those related to venous access, performed by conventional puncture without the aid of ultrasound (US). This tool has been used to guide venipuncture in patients using anticoagulants. Data from a meta-analysis (4 observational studies) showed a 60% and 66% reduction in major and minor vascular complication rates, respectively, with the use of US.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> However, randomized trials have not yet confirmed these data. Yamada et al. randomized 320 patients for punctures guided or not by US (Ultra-Fast Trial); they reported shorter time to puncture, less fluoroscopy use, fewer inadvertent arterial punctures and less local postoperative pain when using US, but without significant difference regarding major (vascular) complications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> In the present series, one should consider that the approach of our group regarding the accesses - only 3 femoral punctures, without jugular punctures or intracardiac echocardiography (larger sheaths) - may have contributed to low rates of vascular complications. Moreover, one cannot rule out that the US, if used to guide the punctures, would have prevented such complications. On the other hand, ischemic stroke occurred in one patient in this group, a fact that had not been observed with warfarin throughout the group's experience. We considered the event as occasional, as it statistically corresponds to the rates reported in the literature. The main fear of using rivaroxaban is the lack of a direct &#8220;antidote&#8221; in case of bleeding complications, especially cardiac tamponade, a potentially lethal event, if not treated quickly. This study did not allow us to assess this risk situation because no cardiac tamponade occurred. In studies with available DOAC so far, although some have reported greater drainage in cases of cardiac tamponade, there were no significant differences in the management of these complications or mortality compared to warfarin. In the J-CARAF (Japanese AF ablation registry), in contrast, there was a lower rate of pericardial effusions that required drainage with DOAC than with warfarin (p &lt; 0.05).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In general, in situations of major bleedings with warfarin or DOAC, supportive measures (saline replacement and vasoactive drugs), reversal of heparin (protamine sulfate), eventual use of prothrombin complex or Factor VII, and immediate drainage by pericardiocentesis are recommended, and the service should be prepared for the immediate approach of such complications. Certainly, the availability of a direct reversing agent would bring a greater sense of safety to the procedure, but the potential risk of thromboembolic complications should be considered when reversing anticoagulation completely after extensive RF applications to the left atrial endocardium. In the RE-CIRCUIT trial, bleeding complications with dabigatran were treated without the use of the specific direct reversing agent, idarucizumab, despite its availability in the centers involved in the study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> It is generally agreed that regardless of the elected periprocedural anticoagulation strategy, intravenous heparin should be administered before or immediately after the first transseptal puncture at doses that maintain the ACT levels between 300 and 400 seconds.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Previous studies have shown that patients on continuous warfarin use reach the ACT target levels faster and with lower heparin doses compared to those who transitioned to unfractionated heparin for ablation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> In case of uninterrupted DOAC use for ablation, more recent studies report that higher doses of heparin are required.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Due to these data, we used a loading dose and additional doses (formula described above) of heparin in patients in the WFR group. Our findings showed that, as with enoxaparin, rivaroxaban patients received higher doses of heparin to achieve adequate levels of ACT compared to those using uninterrupted warfarin. Well-controlled heparin replacement in these patients, using the formula previously tested in the group, also prevented large extrapolations in ACT levels (over 400 seconds), which may have influenced the low incidence of hemorrhagic events.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>Potential limitations include: (1) retrospective, nonrandomized study; (2) unlike the WFR group, the baseline INR in the RIV group was not necessarily collected on the day before the procedure, but randomly in the weeks or days preceding it; however, this consideration may have no impact due to the low influence of DOACs on INR; (3) the fact that there was no cardiac tamponade in the RIV group made it impossible for us to conclude on the severity of this hemorrhagic complication in this group of patients or to compare their approach to the control group; (4) regarding cerebral ischemic events, the study was limited to clinical data, and no routine imaging study was performed to investigate the so-called silent ischemic lesions, previously described in these procedures.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>Radiofrequency ablation of atrial fibrillation under uninterrupted rivaroxaban use was safe, with low rates of thromboembolic or hemorrhagic complications when compared with the conventional strategy of uninterrupted warfarin anticoagulation.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Futuro</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Muller de Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mer&#231;on</surname>
            <given-names>Erick Sessa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vasconcelos</surname>
            <given-names>Deborah</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Agrizzi</surname>
            <given-names>Rovana Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2947-3066</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Elias</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kuniyoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Vit&#243;ria Apart Hospital, Serra, ES - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: M&#225;rcio Augusto Silva</bold>, Vitoria Apart Hospital - Cardiologia - Rodovia BR 101 Norte Km 2. CEP 29161-001, Boa Vista, Serra, ES - Brasil. E-mail: <email>masilva.cardio@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Silva MA, Elias Neto J, Kuniyoshi R; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Silva MA, Futuro GMC, Mer&#231;on ES, Vasconcelos D, Agrizzi RS, Elias Neto J, Kuniyoshi R; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Silva MA; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Silva MA, Elias Neto J; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Futuro GMC, Mer&#231;on ES, Elias Neto J.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>M&#225;rcio Augusto Silva - Aux&#237;lio &#224; participa&#231;&#227;o em cursos e congressos pelas empresas Bayer e Daiichi Sankyo e palestras remuneradas pelas empresas Bayer e Daiichi Sankyo. Jorge Elias Neto - Aux&#237;lio &#224; participa&#231;&#227;o em cursos e congressos pela empresa Bayer. Ricardo Kuniyoshi - Aux&#237;lio &#224; participa&#231;&#227;o em cursos e congressos pela empresa Bayer.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A abla&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) sob uso ininterrupto de varfarina &#233; segura e recomendada por especialistas. Entretanto, h&#225; controv&#233;rsia quanto aos anticoagulantes orais de a&#231;&#227;o direta para o mesmo fim.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo: </title>
          <p>Avaliar a seguran&#231;a em realizar abla&#231;&#227;o de FA sob anticoagula&#231;&#227;o ininterrupta com rivaroxabana. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Uma s&#233;rie de 130 pacientes foi submetida &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o com radiofrequ&#234;ncia da FA sob uso ininterrupto de rivaroxabana (grupo RIV) e comparada a um grupo-controle de 110 pacientes que a fizeram sob uso ininterrupto de varfarina (grupo VRF) e rela&#231;&#227;o normatizada internacional (RNI) terap&#234;utica. Analisamos morte, taxas de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos, de sangramentos maiores e menores, n&#237;veis do tempo de coagula&#231;&#227;o ativado (TCA) e dose de heparina no procedimento. O protocolo da abla&#231;&#227;o consistiu basicamente em isolamento circunferencial das veias pulmonares guiado por mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico. Signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica de 5% foi adotada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos grupos foram semelhantes e a FA parox&#237;stica mais frequente (63% e 59%, grupos RIV e VRF). Um evento tromboemb&#243;lico ocorreu no grupo RIV. Foram tr&#234;s pacientes com sangramentos maiores (RIV = 1 e VRF = 2; p = 0,5); nenhum &#243;bito. A RNI basal foi maior no grupo VRF (2,5 vs. 1,2 &#177; 0,02; p &lt; 0,0001), com n&#237;veis de TCA basal semelhantes (123,7 &#177; 3 vs. 118 &#177; 4; p = 0,34). Maior dose de heparina venosa foi utilizada no grupo RIV (9.414 &#177; 199 vs. 6.019 &#177; 185 UI; p &lt; 0,0001) para manter n&#237;veis m&#233;dios de TCA semelhantes durante o procedimento (350 &#177; 3 vs. 348,9 &#177; 4; p = 0,79). </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, a abla&#231;&#227;o de FA sob rivaroxabana ininterrupta teve seguran&#231;a equivalente &#224; varfarina ininterrupta, com RNI terap&#234;utica.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Rivaroxabana/uso terap&#234;utico</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticoagulantes/uso terap&#234;utico</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticoagulantes/efeitos adversos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter &#233; terapia bem estabelecida para pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA), particularmente nos casos sintom&#225;ticos em que houve falha no controle com f&#225;rmaco antiarr&#237;tmico. Sua t&#233;cnica principal consiste no isolamento el&#233;trico das veias pulmonares (VP), atrav&#233;s de aplica&#231;&#245;es de radiofrequ&#234;ncia (RF) ou crioenergia na por&#231;&#227;o atrial dos &#243;stios das VP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Eventos tromboemb&#243;licos (TE), principalmente o acidente vascular encef&#225;lico (AVE), est&#227;o entre as complica&#231;&#245;es mais temidas e, para evit&#225;-las, recomenda-se a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica endovenosa intraoperat&#243;ria com heparina e o uso de anticoagulantes orais (ACO) durante o per&#237;odo periprocedimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Entretanto, o manejo desses f&#225;rmacos torna-se desafiador nesse per&#237;odo, pois complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas podem ocorrer, especialmente hemoperic&#225;rdio (tamponamento card&#237;aco), evento potencialmente fatal se n&#227;o diagnosticado e abordado a tempo.</p>
        <p>Estudos cl&#237;nicos multic&#234;ntricos demonstraram que o uso cont&#237;nuo da varfarina durante tais procedimentos, mantendo a rela&#231;&#227;o normatizada internacional (RNI) em n&#237;veis terap&#234;uticos, reduziu significativamente as taxas de complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas e eventos TE quando comparado &#224; estrat&#233;gia anterior, que consistia na sua suspens&#227;o e na &#8220;ponte&#8221; com heparina n&#227;o fracionada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Com o advento dos ACO de a&#231;&#227;o direta (DOAC), n&#227;o dependentes da vitamina K, o uso de varfarina tornou-se cada vez mais restrito. Estudos cl&#237;nicos de grande impacto demonstraram perfil mais seguro desses f&#225;rmacos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; varfarina na preven&#231;&#227;o de fen&#244;menos TE de pacientes com FA n&#227;o valvar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos, os DOAC v&#234;m sendo testados no cen&#225;rio da abla&#231;&#227;o da FA. Apesar de evid&#234;ncias sugerirem que o uso ininterrupto desses f&#225;rmacos seja seguro, h&#225; controv&#233;rsia quanto &#224; sua aplicabilidade, devido ao temor de complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas na vig&#234;ncia de medicamentos que, at&#233; ent&#227;o, n&#227;o continham agente reversor direto. A rivaroxabana, inibidora do fator Xa, foi um dos f&#225;rmacos (DOAC) mais testados de forma ininterrupta e a primeira a mostrar resultados satisfat&#243;rios em estudo cl&#237;nico randomizado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em nosso servi&#231;o, iniciamos a abla&#231;&#227;o sob uso ininterrupto de RIV em meados de 2016, ap&#243;s longa experi&#234;ncia com varfarina ininterrupta (abla&#231;&#227;o com RNI terap&#234;utica). Esse estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a seguran&#231;a em realizar a abla&#231;&#227;o com RF da FA, sob uso ininterrupto de rivaroxabana. </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Desenho do estudo</title>
          <p>Trata-se de estudo retrospectivo, em que uma s&#233;rie consecutiva de 130 pacientes foi submetida &#224; primeira sess&#227;o de abla&#231;&#227;o com RF (janeiro/2016 a outubro/2018) para tratamento de FA sob uso ininterrupto de rivaroxabana (grupo RIV) e comparada a um grupo-controle, composto por 110 pacientes submetidos a procedimentos semelhantes (outubro/2010 a mar&#231;o/2017) sob uso cont&#237;nuo de varfarina (grupo VRF), que apresentavam RNI entre 2 e 3,5 na v&#233;spera do procedimento. Foram exclu&#237;dos desse estudo os pacientes que apresentavam RNI fora da faixa terap&#234;utica especificada, no grupo VRF, e pacientes que usavam outros anticoagulantes ou fizeram a abla&#231;&#227;o com interrup&#231;&#227;o do ACO (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1</xref>). Os desfechos prim&#225;rios analisados foram: taxa de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos (AVE/AIT) e de sangramentos maiores, relacionados ao procedimento (at&#233; 30 dias). Com base nos crit&#233;rios da International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH), foram considerados sangramentos maiores: sangramentos fatais; sangramentos sintom&#225;ticos que atingiram &#225;reas cr&#237;ticas ou &#243;rg&#227;os; que ocasionaram queda &gt; 2g/dL ou necessitaram de reposi&#231;&#227;o de hemoderivados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Desfechos secund&#225;rios foram taxas de sangramentos menores e par&#226;metros relacionados com anticoagula&#231;&#227;o intraoperat&#243;ria, como n&#237;veis m&#233;dios do tempo de coagula&#231;&#227;o ativado (TCA) no procedimento e doses de heparina necess&#225;rias para mant&#234;-los na meta definida (entre 300 e 400 segundos). Todos os dados foram coletados na admiss&#227;o hospitalar e armazenados em banco de dados pr&#243;prio do servi&#231;o. Todos os pacientes submeteram-se &#224; consulta pr&#233;-anest&#233;sica e assinaram termo de consentimento para o procedimento.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f5">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Fluxograma do estudo. ACO: anticoagulante oral; VRF: varfarina; DOAC: anticoagulantes orais de a&#231;&#227;o direta; RIV: rivaroxabana; RNI: rela&#231;&#227;o normatizada internacional</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0435-80386-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolos de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o (pr&#233; e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio)</title>
          <p>No grupo RIV, os pacientes receberam rivaroxabana em dose &#250;nica ap&#243;s o jantar, 20 mg ou 15 mg, conforme <italic>clearance</italic> de creatinina, maior que 50 mL/min/m<sup>2</sup> ou inferior, respectivamente, durante 3 ou mais semanas antes do procedimento. A &#250;ltima dose foi feita na noite anterior ao procedimento e dose seguinte no mesmo dia, ao menos 4 horas ap&#243;s retirada das bainhas e avalia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica.</p>
          <p>No grupo-controle, os pacientes receberam varfarina oral em jejum, para manter RNI entre 2 e 3,5, por no m&#237;nimo 3 semanas antes do procedimento. A RNI foi verificada na v&#233;spera do procedimento. A primeira dose ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o foi feita no mesmo dia ou no dia seguinte, dependendo de nova dosagem de RNI e da avalia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica.</p>
          <p>Todos os pacientes foram submetidos ao ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico (EcoTE) no dia anterior ao procedimento, para exclus&#227;o de trombos intracavit&#225;rios. O p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (PO) imediato (primeiras 12 horas) foi feito em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) cardiol&#243;gica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Procedimento</title>
          <p>Os procedimentos foram realizados sob anestesia geral, ap&#243;s jejum de 8 horas. A suspens&#227;o de f&#225;rmacos antiarr&#237;tmicos foi decidida individualmente, com base no quadro cl&#237;nico. Como rotina, foram monitorados eletrocardiograma, press&#227;o arterial n&#227;o invasiva e temperatura esofagiana.</p>
          <p>Os procedimentos consistiram em isolamento circunferencial ipsilateral e antral das VP guiados por mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico (Sistema Ensite/NAVX, vers&#245;es 4.1 e 5.0 - St. Jude Medical/Abbott) e fluoroscopia port&#225;til, em ambos os grupos. T&#233;cnicas adicionais de abla&#231;&#227;o, como abla&#231;&#227;o linear e eletrogramas atriais complexos fracionados (&#8220;CFAE&#8221;; do ingl&#234;s, <italic>complex fragmented atrial electrograms</italic>), foram realizadas em alguns casos, de acordo com a prefer&#234;ncia do operador, geralmente em casos de FA persistente e persistente de longa dura&#231;&#227;o. Abla&#231;&#227;o do istmo cavotricusp&#237;deo (ICT) foi realizada sempre que houvesse registro eletrocardiogr&#225;fico de <italic>flutter</italic> atrial t&#237;pico ou que este ocorresse (espontaneamente ou n&#227;o) durante o procedimento. O protocolo padr&#227;o consistiu em tr&#234;s pun&#231;&#245;es femorais &#224; direita, n&#227;o guiadas por ultrassom; cateter decapolar deflect&#237;vel posicionado em seio coronariano, atrav&#233;s de introdutor valvado 7F e duas pun&#231;&#245;es transeptais, realizadas somente com aux&#237;lio de fluoroscopia. Cateteres circulares decapolares ou duodecapolares foram utilizados em bainha convencional SL1 (Swartz<sup>TM</sup>; St. Jude Medical/Abbott) para mapeamento de AE /VP e cateter irrigado para abla&#231;&#227;o (sem ou com sensor de contato) em bainha SL1 ou bainha deflect&#237;vel (Agilis<sup>TM</sup>; St. Jude Medical/Abbott). As aplica&#231;&#245;es de RF foram limitadas &#224; pot&#234;ncia de 20 a 25 W na parede posterior e 30 a 35 W nas demais paredes e monitoradas por curva de imped&#226;ncia, temperatura esofagiana e for&#231;a de contato (quando dispon&#237;vel). Os crit&#233;rios para interrup&#231;&#227;o de uma aplica&#231;&#227;o de RF foram: aumento s&#250;bito da imped&#226;ncia, temperatura esofagiana atingindo 37,5&#176;C e for&#231;a de contato maior que 40 g. As aplica&#231;&#245;es de RF foram realizadas de forma cont&#237;nua, com o objetivo de preencher toda a circunfer&#234;ncia dos antros das VP (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2</xref>). Consideramos isolamento completo das VP o desaparecimento completo dos eletrogramas no cateter circular posicionado na sua por&#231;&#227;o mais proximal (bloqueio de entrada) e tamb&#233;m a demonstra&#231;&#227;o de dissocia&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica entre VP e AE, atrav&#233;s de estimula&#231;&#227;o programada do mesmo cateter circular (bloqueio de sa&#237;da). Teste com adenosina (12 mg) foi realizado ap&#243;s 20 minutos de constatado o isolamento completo das VP e aplica&#231;&#245;es adicionais realizadas, caso houvesse reconex&#227;o VP-AE.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 2 </label>
              <caption>
                <title>Aplica&#231;&#245;es de radiofrequ&#234;ncia. Imagens geradas pela reconstru&#231;&#227;o geom&#233;trica do &#225;trio esquerdo por meio de sistema de mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico (Ensite/NAVX &#8211; St. Jude Medical/Abbott). A. Vis&#227;o anterior. Pontos em vermelho demarcando as aplica&#231;&#245;es de radiofrequ&#234;ncia. B. Vis&#227;o posterior. Pontos em azul demarcando locais de aplica&#231;&#245;es de radiofrequ&#234;ncia em que houve aumento de temperatura esofagiana.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0435-80386-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Anticoagula&#231;&#227;o no procedimento</title>
          <p>Antes das pun&#231;&#245;es transeptais, as bainhas e a agulha transeptal foram lavadas com solu&#231;&#227;o salina, contendo 50 UI/mL de heparina, e o TCA basal foi aferido. A primeira dose de heparina (dose de ataque) foi administrada imediatamente ap&#243;s a primeira pun&#231;&#227;o transeptal (diretamente na bainha), sendo 100 UI/Kg no grupo RIV e 50 UI/Kg no grupo VRF (dose m&#225;xima de 10.000 UI); a dose reduzida no grupo-controle baseou-se em experi&#234;ncia pr&#233;via do grupo e em dados de literatura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> A partir de ent&#227;o, o TCA foi aferido sistematicamente a cada 30 minutos, com o objetivo de permanecer entre 300 e 400 segundos. Doses adicionais de heparina endovenosa foram feitas sempre que o TCA estivesse abaixo de 300 segundos, calculadas de acordo com f&#243;rmula elaborada e testada pelo grupo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					</p>
          <disp-formula id="e2">
            <mml:math id="e02">
              <mml:semantics>
                <mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt">
                  <mml:mtable>
                    <mml:mtr>
                      <mml:mtd columnalign="left">
                        <mml:mi>Grupo</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                        <mml:mi>RIV</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mi>:</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mo>&#8594;</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mi>dose</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                        <mml:mi>Hep</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mfenced close=")" open="(">
                          <mml:mi>UI</mml:mi>
                        </mml:mfenced>
                        <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mfrac>
                          <mml:mrow>
                            <mml:mi>Peso</mml:mi>
                            <mml:mfenced close=")" open="(">
                              <mml:mi>Kg</mml:mi>
                            </mml:mfenced>
                            <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                            <mml:mi>Ic</mml:mi>
                            <mml:mo>*</mml:mo>
                          </mml:mrow>
                          <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                        </mml:mfrac>
                      </mml:mtd>
                    </mml:mtr>
                    <mml:mtr>
                      <mml:mtd columnalign="left">
                        <mml:mi>Grupo</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                        <mml:mi>VRF</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mi>:</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mo>&#8594;</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mi>dose</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                        <mml:mi>Hep</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mfenced close=")" open="(">
                          <mml:mi>UI</mml:mi>
                        </mml:mfenced>
                        <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mfrac>
                          <mml:mrow>
                            <mml:mi>Peso</mml:mi>
                            <mml:mfenced close=")" open="(">
                              <mml:mi>Kg</mml:mi>
                            </mml:mfenced>
                            <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                            <mml:mi>Ic</mml:mi>
                            <mml:mo>*</mml:mo>
                          </mml:mrow>
                          <mml:mn>3</mml:mn>
                        </mml:mfrac>
                      </mml:mtd>
                    </mml:mtr>
                    <mml:mtr>
                      <mml:mtd columnalign="left">
                        <mml:mo>*</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mi>Ic</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mo>&#237;</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mi>ndice</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                        <mml:mi>de</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                        <mml:mi>corre</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mo>&#231;</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mo>&#227;</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mi>o</mml:mi>
                      </mml:mtd>
                    </mml:mtr>
                  </mml:mtable>
                </mml:mstyle>
              </mml:semantics>
            </mml:math>
          </disp-formula>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="50%"/>
                <col width="50%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">TCA (seg)</th>
                  <th align="center">Ic*</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">150 - 200</td>
                  <td align="center">75</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">201 - 250</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">251 - 300</td>
                  <td align="center">25</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">&gt; 301</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>A retirada das bainhas foi realizada ainda em sala, ap&#243;s infus&#227;o de sulfato de protamina (5.000 UI).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados referentes a todas as vari&#225;veis foram avaliados quanto &#224; normalidade atrav&#233;s de histograma e teste de D`Agostino &amp; Pearson. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram descritas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o e comparadas utilizando-se teste-T Student n&#227;o pareado, exceto para a vari&#225;vel &#8220;RNI basal&#8221; (dados avaliados como &#8220;n&#227;o normais&#8221;), que foi comparada atrav&#233;s de teste de Mann-Whitney. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas por n&#250;mero absoluto e porcentagens em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; amostra, sendo comparadas utilizando-se o teste exato de Fischer. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi de 5%. Foi utilizado <italic>GraphPad Prism 7.0e Software</italic> para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos grupos foram semelhantes, incluindo escore de CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASC, presen&#231;a de cardiopatia estrutural e predom&#237;nio de FA parox&#237;stica. Ao fim do procedimento, foi comprovado isolamento de 100% das VP em ambos os grupos. O percentual de pacientes que receberam abla&#231;&#227;o linear do AE e do ICT foi semelhante, mas a abla&#231;&#227;o de &#8220;CFAE&#8221; foi mais frequente no grupo VRF, provavelmente pelo abandono progressivo dessa t&#233;cnica nos &#250;ltimos anos. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tempo total do procedimento (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos grupos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Rivaroxabana</th>
                <th align="center">Varfarina</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N</td>
                <td align="center">130</td>
                <td align="center">110</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">57,8 &#177; 1</td>
                <td align="center">60,6 &#177; 1</td>
                <td align="center">0,055</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">96 (73,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">86 (78%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,45</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC</td>
                <td align="center">28,3 &#177; 0,3</td>
                <td align="center">28,6 &#177; 0,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,51</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cardiopatia</td>
                <td align="center">28 (21%)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (19%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,74</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASC</td>
                <td align="center">1,32 &#177; 0,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,23 &#177; 0,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,38</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FA parox&#237;stica</td>
                <td align="center">82 (63%)</td>
                <td align="center">65 (59%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,59</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEVE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">62,26 &#177; 0,6</td>
                <td align="center">65,5 &#177; 0,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DD AE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">42 &#177; 0,6</td>
                <td align="center">41,7 &#177; 0,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,81</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VP Isoladas (%)</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Abla&#231;&#227;o linear</td>
                <td align="center">14 (10,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (23%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,009</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CFAE</td>
                <td align="center">4 (3%)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (19%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ICT</td>
                <td align="center">35 (26,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (33,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,26</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DDAE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do &#225;trio esquerdo; VP: veias pulmonares; CFAE: eletrogramas atriais complexos fracionados (complex fragmented atrial electrograms); ICT: istmo cavotricusp&#237;deo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>De acordo com o protocolo descrito, nenhum paciente apresentou trombo intracavit&#225;rio no EcoTE da v&#233;spera do procedimento. Vale destacar que nenhum paciente foi exclu&#237;do desse estudo por apresentar trombo em AE.</p>
        <p>N&#227;o houve &#243;bitos.</p>
        <p><bold>Desfechos prim&#225;rios:</bold> Um paciente apresentou AVE isqu&#234;mico relacionado ao procedimento, no grupo RIV, evoluindo com discreta disartria no PO imediato, com resolu&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea em cerca de 48 horas, sem mais sequelas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3</xref>). Esse paciente apresentava FA parox&#237;stica, sem cardiopatia estrutural ou fatores de risco para eventos TE (CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASC = 0).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Acidente vascular encef&#225;lico (AVE). Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica do enc&#233;falo de paciente v&#237;tima de AVE &#8211; les&#227;o hiperintensa em sequ&#234;ncia Flair na topografia do giro central &#224; esquerda, compat&#237;vel com isquemia aguda.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0435-80386-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Nenhum evento tromboemb&#243;lico ocorreu no grupo VRF. Sangramento maior ocorreu em dois pacientes do grupo VRF: 1 hemoperic&#225;rdio, com tamponamento card&#237;aco, e 1 grande hematoma em s&#237;tio de pun&#231;&#227;o femural. O primeiro caso foi controlado por pericardiocentese, reposi&#231;&#227;o vol&#234;mica e administra&#231;&#227;o de sulfato de protamina. O segundo caso requereu transfus&#227;o de hemoderivados e maior tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. Ambos receberam alta hospitalar, sem outras intercorr&#234;ncias. Um sangramento maior - hematoma retroperitoneal - ocorreu no grupo RIV e necessitou de interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica (drenagem), devido &#224; dor incontrol&#225;vel, recebendo alta sem sequelas.</p>
        <p><bold>Desfechos secund&#225;rios:</bold> Apenas um hematoma de s&#237;tio de pun&#231;&#227;o clinicamente n&#227;o relevante foi observado no grupo VRF; nenhum no grupo RIV. Como j&#225; esperado, a RNI basal foi maior no grupo VRF (2,5 &#177; 0,03 vs. 1,2 &#177; 0,02; p &lt; 0,0001), por&#233;m n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a no TCA basal entre os grupos VRF e RIV (123,7 &#177; 3 vs. 118 &#177; 4,2; p = 0,34).</p>
        <p>O n&#237;vel m&#233;dio de TCA durante o procedimento foi adequado em ambos os grupos, dentro da faixa recomendada e semelhante nos grupos RIV e VRF (350,1 &#177; 3 vs. 348,9 &#177; 4; p = 0,79). Entretanto, maior dose de heparina foi utilizada no grupo RIV (9.414 &#177; 199 vs. 6.019 &#177; 185UI; p &lt; 0,0001), para manter esses n&#237;veis ideais de TCA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Resultados: desfechos secund&#225;rios relacionados ao monitoramento dos n&#237;veis de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o. A. Rela&#231;&#227;o normatizada internacional (RNI) pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria. B. Tempo de coagula&#231;&#227;o ativado (TCA) basal, aferido ap&#243;s a primeira pun&#231;&#227;o venosa. C. Dose m&#233;dia de heparina endovenosa utilizada durante todo o procedimento. D. TCA m&#233;dio durante o procedimento.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-03-0435-80386-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A abla&#231;&#227;o de FA, sob uso ininterrupto de varfarina (RNI terap&#234;utica), foi durante muito tempo a estrat&#233;gia de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o periprocedimento mais recomendada para preven&#231;&#227;o de eventos TE, principalmente AVE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Estudos, em sua maioria observacionais, reportaram baixos &#237;ndices de AVE e complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas com essa estrat&#233;gia. Contudo, na pr&#225;tica, assim como no uso cl&#237;nico da varfarina, h&#225; dificuldade em manter a RNI na faixa terap&#234;utica de forma est&#225;vel no per&#237;odo periprocedimento, fazendo com que pacientes corram riscos tromboemb&#243;licos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> ou tenham seus procedimentos suspensos.</p>
        <p>Os resultados cl&#237;nicos favor&#225;veis dos DOAC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> incentivaram sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o no cen&#225;rio da abla&#231;&#227;o da FA em todo o mundo, mesmo antes da publica&#231;&#227;o de maiores evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas. Diferentemente do uso cl&#237;nico, o efeito anticoagulante desses f&#225;rmacos ainda n&#227;o havia sido testado em uma situa&#231;&#227;o trombog&#234;nica distinta, relacionada com a presen&#231;a de bainhas e cateteres no AE e les&#245;es endoc&#225;rdicas causadas pela RF. Os resultados iniciais da dabigatrana como f&#225;rmaco anticoagulante no per&#237;odo da abla&#231;&#227;o da FA foram desfavor&#225;veis, com maiores taxas de complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas e emb&#243;licas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Entretanto, suspeitou-se que a suspens&#227;o do f&#225;rmaco por 24 a 48 horas antes do procedimento (uso interrompido) possa ter influenciado nos resultados desse estudo.</p>
        <p>A rivaroxabana foi comparada com a varfarina, dessa vez sem interrup&#231;&#227;o do DOAC, em um estudo prospectivo e multic&#234;ntrico, que envolveu 642 pacientes. Os pacientes (CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASC=2/FA parox = 50%) tomavam a &#250;ltima dose de rivaroxabana na noite anterior ao procedimento, garantindo que este fosse realizado dentro da janela terap&#234;utica do f&#225;rmaco, e n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s complica&#231;&#245;es emb&#243;licas e hemorr&#225;gicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Os DOAC na abla&#231;&#227;o da FA foram testados em estudos multic&#234;ntricos e randomizados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> No Venture-AF Trial, primeiro <italic>trial</italic> randomizado comparando um DOAC (rivaroxabana) de forma ininterrupta &#224; varfarina na abla&#231;&#227;o de FA, a taxa de eventos TE ou hemorr&#225;gicos foi baixa, similar entre os grupos;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> no RE-CIRCUIT Trial, o uso da dabigatrana resultou em menos complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas que a varfarina (1,6% <italic>vs.</italic> 6,9%; p &lt; 0,001).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> No AXAFA-AFNET 5 foram 674 pacientes randomizados para abla&#231;&#227;o sob uso cont&#237;nuo de apixabana ou varfarina. O desfecho combinado de morte, AVE ou sangramento foi semelhante (22/318 pts vs. 23/315 pts; p = 0,0002 para n&#227;o inferioridade). A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica encef&#225;lica, ap&#243;s o procedimento, evidenciou taxas semelhantes de les&#245;es isqu&#234;micas cerebrais &#8220;silenciosas&#8221;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> No AEIOU trial, Reynolds MR et al. descreveram taxas semelhantes de sangramentos e nenhum AVE em tr&#234;s grupos - edoxabana ininterrupta, interrupta (suspens&#227;o de uma dose) e varfarina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Metan&#225;lise que incluiu 7.400 pts de 15 estudos observacionais e 1 randomizado reportou tend&#234;ncia a menor taxa de eventos TE nos pacientes que receberam rivaroxabana em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; varfarina (p = 0,052), com complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas semelhantes (1,15% vs. 1,66%; p = 0,23).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Sawhney V et al. compararam os DOAC (64% rivaroxabana) &#224; varfarina, ininterruptos em 1.884 procedimentos de abla&#231;&#227;o de FA e n&#227;o encontraram diferen&#231;a entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao desfecho prim&#225;rio, composto por morte, TE ou sangramentos maiores (2,2% <italic>vs.</italic> 1,4%; p = 0,2).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Com esses resultados, agora mais consistentes, a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter da FA sob uso ininterrupto de varfarina, dabigatrana ou rivaroxabana passou a ter recomenda&#231;&#227;o classe I no &#250;ltimo consenso de especialistas (HRS, EHRA, ECAS, APHRS, SOLAECE), publicado em 2017.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em nosso servi&#231;o, que conta com uma experi&#234;ncia de 14 anos em abla&#231;&#227;o de FA, com atuais 50 a 100 procedimentos/ano, ap&#243;s longo per&#237;odo utilizando varfarina ininterrupta (RNI terap&#234;utica) para abla&#231;&#227;o de FA, elegemos a rivaroxabana como alternativa, com base nos resultados iniciais apresentados, na maior adapta&#231;&#227;o &#224; rotina, ao protocolo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio do grupo e &#224; farmacocin&#233;tica do f&#225;rmaco. A dose tomada &#224; noite possibilitou que o procedimento fosse realizado no dia seguinte, com o paciente dentro da janela terap&#234;utica do f&#225;rmaco e, ao mesmo tempo, fora do seu pico de a&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, a dose seguinte, a ser tomada no dia da abla&#231;&#227;o, seria feita ap&#243;s algumas horas do fim do procedimento, tempo h&#225;bil para observarmos complica&#231;&#245;es. As baixas taxas gerais de eventos adversos que reportamos em ambos os grupos foram concordantes com resultados de literatura j&#225; citados. Chamou nossa aten&#231;&#227;o a baixa taxa de eventos hemorr&#225;gicos no grupo RIV, mesmo aqueles relacionados ao acesso venoso, realizado por pun&#231;&#227;o convencional, sem aux&#237;lio de ultrassom (US). Essa ferramenta tem sido utilizada para guiar pun&#231;&#245;es venosas em pacientes sob uso de anticoagulantes. Dados de metan&#225;lise (quatro estudos observacionais) demonstraram redu&#231;&#227;o de 60% e 66% nas taxas de complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares maiores e menores, respectivamente, com o uso de US.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Entretanto, estudos randomizados ainda n&#227;o confirmaram esses dados. Yamada et al. randomizaram 320 pacientes para pun&#231;&#245;es guiadas ou n&#227;o por US (Ultra-Fast Trial); relataram menor tempo para pun&#231;&#227;o, menor uso de fluoroscopia, menos pun&#231;&#245;es arteriais inadvertidas e dor local no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio quando utilizado o US, por&#233;m sem diferen&#231;a significativa quanto &#224;s complica&#231;&#245;es maiores (vasculares).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Na casu&#237;stica apresentada, devemos considerar que a abordagem do nosso grupo nos acessos - apenas tr&#234;s pun&#231;&#245;es femorais, sem pun&#231;&#245;es jugulares ou ecocardiograma intracard&#237;aco (introdutores mais calibrosos) - possa ter contribu&#237;do para baixos &#237;ndices de complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o podemos descartar que o m&#233;todo com US, se utilizado para guiar as pun&#231;&#245;es, teria evitado tais complica&#231;&#245;es. Por outro lado, AVE isqu&#234;mico ocorreu em um paciente desse grupo, fato que n&#227;o havia sido observado com a varfarina em toda a experi&#234;ncia do grupo. Consideramos o evento como ocasional, visto que, estatisticamente, corresponde &#224;s taxas reportadas na literatura. O principal receio em se utilizar rivaroxabana &#233; a falta de &#8220;ant&#237;doto&#8221; direto em caso de complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas, em especial o tamponamento card&#237;aco, evento potencialmente letal se n&#227;o tratado rapidamente. Este estudo n&#227;o nos permitiu avaliar essa situa&#231;&#227;o de risco, pois nenhum tamponamento card&#237;aco ocorreu. Nos estudos com DOAC dispon&#237;veis at&#233; ent&#227;o, apesar de alguns relatarem maior drenagem em casos de tamponamento card&#237;aco, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas no manejo dessas complica&#231;&#245;es ou na mortalidade, comparando-se com a varfarina. No J-CARAF (registro japon&#234;s em abla&#231;&#227;o de FA), ao contr&#225;rio, houve menor taxa de derrames peric&#225;rdicos que necessitaram drenagem com DOAC do que com a varfarina (p &lt; 0,05).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em geral, nas situa&#231;&#245;es de sangramentos maiores, com varfarina ou DOAC, recomendam-se medidas de suporte (reposi&#231;&#227;o salina e f&#225;rmacos vasoativos), revers&#227;o da heparina (sulfato de protamina), uso eventual de complexo protomb&#237;nico ou fator VII e drenagem imediata por pericardiocentese, devendo o servi&#231;o estar preparado para a abordagem imediata dessas intercorr&#234;ncias. Certamente, a disponibilidade de agente reversor direto traria maior sensa&#231;&#227;o de seguran&#231;a ao procedimento, mas h&#225; de se considerar o risco potencial de complica&#231;&#245;es tromboemb&#243;licas ao se reverter completamente a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s extensas aplica&#231;&#245;es de RF no endoc&#225;rdio atrial esquerdo. No RE-CIRCUIT <italic>trial</italic>, as complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas com a dabigatrana foram tratadas sem o uso do agente reversor direto espec&#237;fico, o idarucizumab, apesar de sua disponibilidade nos centros envolvidos no estudo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> &#201; consenso que, independentemente da estrat&#233;gia de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o periprocedimento eleita, heparina endovenosa deve ser administrada antes ou imediatamente depois da primeira pun&#231;&#227;o transeptal, em doses que mantenham n&#237;veis de TCA entre 300 e 400 segundos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Estudos anteriores mostraram que pacientes em uso cont&#237;nuo de varfarina atingem n&#237;veis-alvo de TCA mais rapidamente e com menores doses de heparina, quando comparados aos que fizeram transi&#231;&#227;o com heparina n&#227;o fracionada para a abla&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> No caso de uso ininterrupto de DOAC para abla&#231;&#227;o, estudos mais recentes reportam que doses maiores de heparina s&#227;o necess&#225;rias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Devido a esses dados, usamos uma dose de ataque e doses adicionais (f&#243;rmula descrita anteriormente) de heparina nos pacientes do grupo VRF. Nossos achados mostraram que, assim como ocorreu com a enoxaparina, pacientes em uso de rivaroxabana receberam maiores doses de heparina para alcan&#231;ar n&#237;veis adequados de TCA, quando comparados aos que usavam varfarina ininterrupta. A reposi&#231;&#227;o de heparina bem controlada nesses pacientes, utilizando a f&#243;rmula descrita previamente testada no grupo, evitou tamb&#233;m grandes extrapola&#231;&#245;es nos n&#237;veis de TCA (acima de 400 segundos), o que pode ter influenciado na baixa incid&#234;ncia de eventos hemorr&#225;gicos.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Podemos considerar como limita&#231;&#245;es potenciais: (1) estudo retrospectivo, n&#227;o randomizado; (2) ao contr&#225;rio do grupo VAR, a RNI basal no grupo RIV n&#227;o foi necessariamente coletada no dia anterior ao procedimento, mas de maneira aleat&#243;ria nas semanas ou dias que o antecederam; entretanto, essa considera&#231;&#227;o talvez n&#227;o tenha impacto, devido &#224; pouca influ&#234;ncia dos DOAC na RNI. (3) O fato de n&#227;o ter havido tamponamento card&#237;aco no grupo RIV nos impossibilitou concluir sobre a gravidade dessa complica&#231;&#227;o hemorr&#225;gica nesse grupo de pacientes ou comparar sua abordagem ao grupo-controle. (4) Em rela&#231;&#227;o a eventos isqu&#234;micos cerebrais, o estudo limitou-se a dados cl&#237;nicos, n&#227;o sendo feito estudo de imagem de rotina para investiga&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es isqu&#234;micas ditas silenciosas, j&#225; descritas nesses procedimentos.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A abla&#231;&#227;o com radiofrequ&#234;ncia da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial sob uso ininterrupto de rivaroxabana foi segura com baixos &#237;ndices de complica&#231;&#245;es tromboemb&#243;licas ou hemorr&#225;gicas, quando comparada &#224; estrat&#233;gia convencional de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o com varfarina ininterrupta.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
