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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">R7GPt4g3GTQ3jbcKXMPPnGc</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020000200313</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.2020003</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Viewpoint</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Treatment of Aortic Stenosis in Elderly Individuals in Brazil: How Long Can We Wait?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1253-1514</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Ant&#244;nio Cartaxo Queiroga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5586-774X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Ramos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0737-6188</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Alberto Urquiza Wanderley</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Jo&#227;o Pessoa</city>
          <state>PB</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Alberto Urquiza Wanderley, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Belo Horizonte</city>
          <state>MG</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Marcelo Ant&#244;nio Cartaxo Queiroga Lopes,</bold> Cardiocenter - Av. Ministro Jos&#233; Am&#233;rico de Almeida, 1450, Torre, Hospital Alberto Urquiza Wanderley. Postal Code 58.040-300, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB - Brazil. E-mail: <email>mqueiroga@cardiol.br</email>, <email>marcelocartaxoqueiroga@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Lopes MACQ, Nascimento BR, Oliveira GMM</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>313</fpage>
      <lpage>318</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Life Expectancy</kwd>
        <kwd>Aging</kwd>
        <kwd>Aged</kwd>
        <kwd>Stenosis Valve Aortic/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Valve Prosthesis</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation</kwd>
        <kwd>Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement/trends</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>The growing life expectancy of the population is increasing the occurrence of diseases affecting the elderly age group, notably the non-rheumatic degenerative valvular diseases and, in particular, aortic stenosis, whose prevalence in elderly individuals older than 75 years has been estimated at 3 to 5%. This is the most common valvular heart disease among elderly individuals, and its severe form is associated with high morbidity and mortality. The life expectancy of patients with aortic stenosis presenting with heart failure and rhythm disturbances is estimated to be less than 2 years. The standard treatment for this disease is cardiac surgery with replacement of the aortic valve by a prosthesis. However, due to high surgical risk, especially in very elderly patients with associated comorbidities, cardiac surgery is contraindicated in about 30% of the cases or is performed with high morbidity and mortality rates according to preoperative scores. For these critically ill patients, a new, less invasive technique consisting of transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) of a bioprosthesis has been considered the therapeutic option of choice, initially tested in patients at very high surgical risk, but currently with evidence of noninferiority compared to open surgery in lower-risk individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> The first TAVI procedure in the world was performed in France in 2002 by Professor Alain Cribier, and the method was pioneered in Brazil in 2008. Since then, a considerable number of patients has been treated. However, despite robust evidence of safety and efficacy, this therapy has still not been incorporated into the supplemental or public health care systems (<italic>Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de</italic> [SUS]) in the country.</p>
    <p>Despite the fact that TAVI has already been evaluated and accepted in the health care systems of several countries with evidence of cost-effectiveness even in individuals at intermediate operative risk,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> the Ministry of Health, based on a position stand from the National Commission for Incorporation of Technologies in the SUS (Conitec), established in 2013, in response to a request by the Brazilian Society for Hemodynamics and of Interventional Cardiology (SBHCI) acting as the petitioner, considered that there was no convenience in incorporating this therapy in Brazil. Conitec, at the time, based on the opinion of a reviewer and disregarding the opinion of prestigious national universities presented in a public consultation on the subject, recommended against the incorporation of the procedure, justifying this decision on three points: a) TAVI would not be a safe and effective procedure due to an allegedly high incidence of stroke within the first 30 days after the procedure, b) the budgetary impact of incorporating TAVI into the SUS would approach 1 billion reais per year, and c) methodological inaccuracies could have affected the economic model presented by the petitioner and the PARTNER B study, which served as the main background for the incorporation of this procedure by all health technology assessment agencies in the world that have requested the incorporation of this technology.</p>
    <p>Currently, robust data published since the issuance of this report, from at least six major randomized clinical trials and international registries,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> suggest no doubt about the appropriateness of the technique in selected patients, resulting in a recent expansion of risk groups in which TAVI would have similar results compared to open surgery, including a reduction in important outcomes like length of hospital stay and neurological events. However, there is no way to obscure the fact that the budgetary impact of the procedure can be high, especially given the demographic changes that the country has been going through in recent decades. Estimates of costs with the technique by the Ministry of Health, as discussed below, seem at first glance inaccurate and based on data that may not reflect the national reality. Estimates of the frequency of use of the procedure calculated by technicians of the Ministry of Health overestimate the access to TAVI in Brazil, projecting a budgetary impact that exceeds a billion dollars.</p>
    <p>Data from the 2017 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study analyzing non-rheumatic heart valve diseases show that even though the age-standardized prevalence of these grouped diseases has remained relatively stable in Brazil from 1990 to 2017, there was a significant increase in Non-rheumatic calcific aortic valve disease, from 53.5 (95% uncertainty interval [95%II]: 48.1 - 59.9) per 100,000 inhabitants in 1990 to 64.4 (95%II: 57.2 - 72.5) per 100,000 inhabitants in 2017 for both men (18.5%) and women (24.2%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> The increase in the absolute prevalence rate of this valvular disease was even more significant, surpassing 114% (95%II: 105.5 - 124.3%) over 27 years, and suggesting a progressive and still growing impact from aortic valve diseases on the country's health care systems (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Absolute prevalence of Non-rheumatic calcific aortic valve disease in Brazil from 1990 to 2017 (Global Burden of Disease 2017).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> </title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-02-0313-20003-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Regarding the causes of death in Brazil, non-rheumatic valvular diseases rose from the 10th position in 1990 to the 9th position in 2017. Although the age-standardized mortality associated with these valvular diseases has remained relatively stable, a considerable increase was observed for degenerative aortic valvular disease. The mortality rate at all ages due to non-rheumatic valvular diseases increased significantly by 87.5% (95%II: 63.5 - 96.9%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>), with a large contribution from the population over the age of 70 years, especially in relation to Non-rheumatic calcific aortic valve disease, which showed a 108% increase in this age group in the evaluated period.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> These trends have also resulted in increased proportional mortality associated with Non-rheumatic calcific aortic valve disease in both sexes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>), suggesting a striking contribution from the changes in the age profile of the population in recent decades to the global burden of valvular disease in Brazil, with a notable impact by the aging of the population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Mortality rate at all ages due to Non-rheumatic calcific aortic valve disease in Brazil from 1990 to 2017 (Global Burden of Disease 2017).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> </title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-02-0313-20003-gf02.tif"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figure 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Proportional mortality from non-rheumatic calcific aortic valve disease in Brazil from 1990 to 2017 (Global Burden of Disease 2017).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> </title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-02-0313-20003-gf03.tif"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Additionally, GBD 2017 data suggest that socioeconomic development is also a determinant of some types of valvular diseases, notably Non-rheumatic calcific aortic valve disease: percentage changes in age-standardized mortality rates from 1990 to 2017 correlated significantly with the sociodemographic development index (SDI) of the Brazilian states in these years (1990: r<sup>2</sup> = 0.17, p = 0.005; 2017: r<sup>2</sup> = 0.23, p = 0.003) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>), and a similar pattern was observed for morbidity, with significant correlations between disability-adjusted life years (DALY) and the SDI in the period.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> These trends are in line with those observed for cardiovascular disease in general in Brazil and in other Portuguese-speaking countries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> However, it should be noted that primary epidemiological data on degenerative aortic valvular disease in Brazil are still scarce, and most estimates derive from statistical modeling.</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f4">
        <label>Figure 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Correlation between the percentage change in mortality rates from non-rheumatic calcific aortic valve disease and the sociodemographic development index (SDI) by Brazilian state in 1990 (A) and 2017 (B).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-02-0313-20003-gf04.tif"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Despite the progressive increase in the prevalence and disease burden associated with degenerative valvular diseases in the country, the number of annual hospitalizations by the SUS for treatment of valvular heart disease remained stable between 2008 and 2018, with a modest increase in costs of around 40%, not adjusted for the inflation in the period<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). At the beginning of the period evaluated in this time series (2008), the first TAVI implantation was performed in Brazil, and current data from the RIBAC national registry, organized by the SBHCI, compute over 800 procedures, with rates of success and complications exceeding those in the literature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> The approximate cost per transfemoral implantation is estimated at R$ 82,826.38, with the prosthesis corresponding to about 80% of this amount.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></p>
    <table-wrap id="t1">
      <label>Table 1</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Number of hospitalizations related to the treatment of valve disease in Brazil from 2008 to 2018. Source: DATASUS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></title>
      </caption>
      <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
        <colgroup>
          <col width="16%"/>
          <col width="7%"/>
          <col width="7%"/>
          <col width="7%"/>
          <col width="7%"/>
          <col width="7%"/>
          <col width="7%"/>
          <col width="7%"/>
          <col width="7%"/>
          <col width="7%"/>
          <col width="7%"/>
          <col width="7%"/>
          <col width="7%"/>
        </colgroup>
        <thead>
          <tr>
            <th align="left">&#160;</th>
            <th align="center">2008</th>
            <th align="center">2009</th>
            <th align="center">2010</th>
            <th align="center">2011</th>
            <th align="center">2012</th>
            <th align="center">2013</th>
            <th align="center">2014</th>
            <th align="center">2015</th>
            <th align="center">2016</th>
            <th align="center">2017</th>
            <th align="center">2018</th>
            <th align="center">TOTAL</th>
          </tr>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">VALVE DISEASE<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref></td>
            <td align="center">1,606</td>
            <td align="center">1,753</td>
            <td align="center">1,647</td>
            <td align="center">1,878</td>
            <td align="center">1,938</td>
            <td align="center">1,938</td>
            <td align="center">1,849</td>
            <td align="center">1,940</td>
            <td align="center">2,068</td>
            <td align="center">2,023</td>
            <td align="center">2,090</td>
            <td align="center">20,730</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">VULVAR SURGERY</td>
            <td align="center">8,045</td>
            <td align="center">8,344</td>
            <td align="center">7,745</td>
            <td align="center">8,297</td>
            <td align="center">8,518</td>
            <td align="center">8,176</td>
            <td align="center">8,130</td>
            <td align="center">7,937</td>
            <td align="center">7,756</td>
            <td align="center">7,758</td>
            <td align="center">7,574</td>
            <td align="center">88,280</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">MITRAL VALVULOPLASTY</td>
            <td align="center">477</td>
            <td align="center">551</td>
            <td align="center">478</td>
            <td align="center">473</td>
            <td align="center">403</td>
            <td align="center">431</td>
            <td align="center">408</td>
            <td align="center">341</td>
            <td align="center">206</td>
            <td align="center">236</td>
            <td align="center">200</td>
            <td align="center">4,204</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">OTHER VALVULOPLASTY</td>
            <td align="center">451</td>
            <td align="center">477</td>
            <td align="center">445</td>
            <td align="center">486</td>
            <td align="center">456</td>
            <td align="center">527</td>
            <td align="center">515</td>
            <td align="center">513</td>
            <td align="center">399</td>
            <td align="center">427</td>
            <td align="center">391</td>
            <td align="center">5,087</td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>
      <table-wrap-foot>
        <fn id="TFN1">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>Hospitalizations due to other surgical procedures related to valve diseases</p>
        </fn>
      </table-wrap-foot>
    </table-wrap>
    <p>Conitec defended that the budgetary impact estimate was not the main determinant for its unfavorable opinion, but gave evidence contrary to this assertion when insisted on maintaining the estimate at levels completely dissonant from the reality of health care in Brazil, especially concerning the SUS. The new budgetary impact estimate was calculated after public consultation but was presented without emphasis in the final report (restricted to two lines on page 25), hindering its visibility, while the prior estimate modified by Conitec after the public consultation continued to be largely detailed on a table over several pages (for example, pages 17, 18, and 19), leading the reader to an inaccurate conclusion that this would still be the estimate that the commission considered to be correct.</p>
    <p>The new estimate reduced the budgetary impact by more than 300 million reais per year. The Conitec considered that the budgetary impact would still be high, but did not indicate with clarity which levels were considered acceptable. Also unclear were the reasons why Conitec abandoned its first budgetary impact estimate without adopting the new estimate presented by the petitioner, which was based on the reality of health care in Brazil through its expert panel, indicating a far more feasible impact in view of the Ministry of Health budget and the provision of medical procedures to the Brazilian population by SUS. Instead, estimated data from other countries were primarily considered for the analysis.</p>
    <p>Without a clear connection with the remainder of the opinion, page 25 of the final Conitec report presents the budgetary impact estimate, which is subject to several criticisms in addition to those presented. First, it should be emphasized the mentioning of the study by Wood<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> showing the estimated increasing use of TAVI in Europe, with an annual rate of 40.9 million inhabitants, which would be proportional to 8,025 procedures/year in Brazil.</p>
    <p>Conitec constantly criticizes the use of international instead of national data. Interestingly, in this case, to calculate the budgetary impact, Conitec used an European estimate, which would be particularly questionable in this context, since 1) TAVI has been registered and practiced for much longer in Europe than in Brazil; 2) the epidemiological characteristics of the European population are different from those of the Brazilian population in terms of being older and with a longer time elapsed since the epidemiological transition, which increases the number of patients aged over 75 years, and consequently the prevalence and the number of procedures. It is important to mention that the European population is estimated at 700 million inhabitants, that is, much larger than the Brazilian population; 3) the European health care systems, particularly in Germany, have a different stance from that of the Brazilian government regarding the emergence of technological innovations and is much more receptive to new health care technologies; 4) the Brazilian health care system, particularly specialized and medium/high complexity care, as is the case with TAVI, is not evenly distributed throughout the country, and besides, Brazilian hospital structure, diagnostic infrastructure, and clinical staff is not as widely available or efficient as those in European countries, and thus, the rate of diagnosis and procedures performed in the country would not be nearly compatible with European ones; 5) the number of 8,518 procedures/year is very close to the 9,000 procedures/year performed in the United States upon the request for incorporation (with the United States having a much larger population than Brazil), and, as mentioned in the public consultation, is a number incompatible with the epidemiological and health care access characteristics of the Brazilian population.</p>
    <p>Still regarding the estimate of the number of procedures per year, it is noteworthy that, through a comparative analysis with similar procedures offered by the SUS, it is easily seen that such estimate is at least unrealistic. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows, based on official data from the Department of Informatics of the Unified Health System (DATASUS), the number of surgical cardiac valvular procedures performed in Brazil between 2008 and 2018. It is noteworthy that the data provided by DATASUS do not allow the identification of the age of the patients, the valve treated, or the etiology and type of valvular disease. Data related to prosthetic valve implantation include both mitral and aortic implantations.</p>
    <p>In this DATASUS estimate, the total number of surgeries for prosthetic valve implantation does not exceed 8,518 per year. In 11 years, 88,280 surgeries for prosthetic valve implantation were performed in Brazil considering all age groups and implantations of any heart valve. Additionally, the total number of valvular surgeries, including those associated with myocardial revascularization, multiple valvular replacement, and prosthetic valve implantation, reached a maximum of 11,315 procedures in the year of 2012. Because it is intended for a subgroup of older patients (&gt; 75 years) with aortic stenosis, TAVI would certainly not have been performed with a frequency similar to that of all valvular surgeries performed in the SUS. Also, a large meta-analysis has suggested that among patients with aortic stenosis - even in developed countries - around 20% have a severe form of the disease. Of these, only about 60% would be eligible for TAVI, with 20% of inoperable or intermediate or high-risk patients. Of these, only about 60% would be eligible for TAVI, with 20% of inoperable or intermediate or high-risk patients - the better established indications for the procedure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></p>
    <p>Despite the absence of primary estimate data for TAVI indication in Brazil, we can apply demographic and epidemiological data for further detailing. Considering the latest GBD 2017 modeling in relation to the prevalence of calcific aortic valvular disease, we would have 64.4/100,000 inhabitants.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Data from an IBGE census estimated an approximately 12.9 million elderly individuals aged &#8805; 70 years in Brazil in 2019, which would result in roughly 8,400 patients with clinically significant disease in a very conservative estimate. If, alternatively, the estimated prevalence in the literature of about 3 to 5% in individuals &#8805; 75 years is applied to IBGE data<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> (a population of 7.7 million), and extrapolating the results from the largest available meta-analysis of aortic stenosis,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> we would have about 9,300 to 12,000 patients presumably eligible for TAVI in Brazil in 2019. Considering the estimates of the National Supplementary Health Agency that 24.3% of the Brazilian population had access to private health care plans in 2019, and also the aforementioned issues related to difficulties in access and infrastructure limitations in the annual history of valvular surgeries in the SUS,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> the projections of financial impact presented by Conitec are undoubtedly overestimated against objective data.</p>
    <p>Of note, the Ministry of Health's technical position remains unchanged, at least in relation to the frequency of use and the budgetary impact of TAVI in Brazil. In the discussion of Project Act 5.460/2016 determining the mandatory coverage of TAVI in the SUS, which has already been approved by the Chamber of Deputies, the Ministry of Health - in response to the Finance and Taxation Commission on June 26, 2018, after 11 years from the request to Conitec - maintained its position regarding the projections discussed here.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></p>
    <p>Finally, in addition to budgetary issues, it is of fundamental importance the development of technological infrastructure and professional training in the Brazilian public health system for the implementation of complex treatments in most diverse areas, in a process of industrial development of health care, contemporary to the inexorable process of medical innovation. Regarding the example of structural cardiovascular interventions, other modalities - such as percutaneous repair of mitral regurgitation and percutaneous treatment of congenital valvular heart disease - have already been described in the literature, and should soon be brought also to the discussion table of public policy managers and lawmakers. In this sense, emphasis should be placed on recent efforts by the national cardiological societies, with the seal of the Brazilian Medical Association, for the development of courses for training and professional certification.</p>
    <p>In conclusion, the process of incorporating new technologies into the SUS - notably TAVI - must be currently discussed in depth and in a multidisciplinary and professional fashion, based on objective data and technical discretion, with due emphasis on epidemiological, technical, infrastructural, and budgetary issues.</p>
    <p>The persistence of the overly restrictive position in the incorporation of technologies into the health care system in Brazil (in TAVI&#8217;s case, the delay in the incorporation exceeds a decade), in addition to resulting in the inconvenient phenomenon of requiring a judicial process, impels to other routes to obtain treatment access, which are much slower and more complex, such as the legislative path, thwarting the just expectations placed by the civil society in the Public Power, especially considering that universal, full, equal, and free access to the health care system has been established in Brazil in article 196 of the Federal Constitution.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgment</title>
      <p>We would like to thank Renato Azeredo Teixeira for formatting the figures.</p>
    </ack>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
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          <subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
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      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Tratamento da Estenose A&#243;rtica do Idoso no Brasil: At&#233; Quando Podemos Esperar?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1253-1514</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Ant&#244;nio Cartaxo Queiroga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5586-774X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Ramos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0737-6188</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">4</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Alberto Urquiza Wanderley, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Marcelo Ant&#244;nio Cartaxo Queiroga Lopes,</bold> Cardiocenter - Av. Ministro Jos&#233; Am&#233;rico de Almeida, 1450, Torre, Hospital Alberto Urquiza Wanderley. CEP 58.040-300, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB - Brasil. E-mail: <email>mqueiroga@cardiol.br</email>, <email>marcelocartaxoqueiroga@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Lopes MACQ, Nascimento BR, Oliveira GMM</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Expectativa de Vida</kwd>
        <kwd>Envelhecimento</kwd>
        <kwd>Idoso</kwd>
        <kwd>Estenose da Valva A&#243;rtica/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Pr&#243;teses Valvulares Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Implante de Pr&#243;tese de Valva Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Substitui&#231;&#227;o da Valva A&#243;rtica Transcateter/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Com o aumento da expectativa de vida da popula&#231;&#227;o, tornam-se mais comuns as doen&#231;as pr&#243;prias da faixa et&#225;ria dos idosos, dentre as quais merecem &#234;nfase as valvopatias degenerativas n&#227;o reum&#225;ticas, notadamente a estenose a&#243;rtica, cuja preval&#234;ncia em idosos com mais de 75 anos de idade tem sido estimada em 3 a 5%. Trata-se da valvopatia mais frequente entre os idosos, e, na sua forma grave, &#233; associada a alta morbidade e letalidade. Estima-se que pacientes acometidos por estenose a&#243;rtica que apresentam insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e dist&#250;rbios do ritmo tenham expectativa de vida inferior a 2 anos. O tratamento padr&#227;o para essa doen&#231;a &#233; a cirurgia card&#237;aca para substitui&#231;&#227;o da valva a&#243;rtica por uma pr&#243;tese. Todavia, em decorr&#234;ncia do alto risco cir&#250;rgico, sobretudo nos pacientes muito idosos e com comorbidades associadas, a cirurgia card&#237;aca &#233; contraindicada em cerca de 30% dos casos ou realizada com elevados &#237;ndices de morbidade e mortalidade de acordo com os escores pr&#233;-cir&#250;rgicos. Uma nova t&#233;cnica, menos invasiva, que consiste no implante por cateter de biopr&#243;tese valvar a&#243;rtica (<italic>transcatheter aortic valve implantation</italic> [TAVI]) tem sido considerada a op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica de escolha, inicialmente testada em pacientes de risco cir&#250;rgico muito elevado, mas atualmente com evid&#234;ncias de n&#227;o inferioridade em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; cirurgia aberta em indiv&#237;duos de menor risco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> O primeiro procedimento de TAVI no mundo foi realizado em 2002 na Fran&#231;a pelo professor Alain Cribier, e a modalidade foi empregada pioneiramente no Brasil em 2008. Desde ent&#227;o, um n&#250;mero consider&#225;vel de pacientes j&#225; foi tratado. Contudo, apesar das eloquentes evid&#234;ncias de seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia, essa terapia ainda n&#227;o foi incorporada aos sistemas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica (Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de [SUS]) ou suplementar no pa&#237;s.</p>
      <p>A despeito do TAVI j&#225; ter sido avaliado e aceito nos sistemas de sa&#250;de de diversos pa&#237;ses com evid&#234;ncias de custo-efetividade inclusive em indiv&#237;duos de risco operat&#243;rio intermedi&#225;rio,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> o Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, fundamentado em posicionamento da Comiss&#227;o Nacional de Incorpora&#231;&#227;o de Tecnologias no SUS (Conitec) exarada em 2013, cujo demandante foi a Sociedade Brasileira de Hemodin&#226;mica e Cardiologia Intervencionista (SBHCI), considerou n&#227;o haver conveni&#234;ncia na incorpora&#231;&#227;o dessa terapia no Brasil. A Conitec, &#224; &#233;poca, com base em opini&#227;o emitida por parecerista n&#227;o publicizado, desconsiderando a opini&#227;o de prestigiosas institui&#231;&#245;es universit&#225;rias nacionais exposta em consulta p&#250;blica sobre a mat&#233;ria, recomendou a n&#227;o incorpora&#231;&#227;o do procedimento, justificando seu posicionamento em tr&#234;s pontos: a) o TAVI n&#227;o seria um procedimento seguro e eficaz em decorr&#234;ncia de uma incid&#234;ncia supostamente alta de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) nos primeiros 30 dias ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento, b) o impacto or&#231;ament&#225;rio da incorpora&#231;&#227;o do TAVI no SUS se aproximaria de 1 bilh&#227;o de reais por ano e c) haveria imprecis&#245;es metodol&#243;gicas no modelo econ&#244;mico apresentado pela demandante e no estudo PARTNER B, o qual serviu como principal subs&#237;dio para a incorpora&#231;&#227;o do referido procedimento em todas as ag&#234;ncias que avaliam tecnologias em sa&#250;de no mundo.</p>
      <p>Atualmente, dados robustos publicados desde a emiss&#227;o deste parecer, a partir de pelo menos seis grandes ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados e registros internacionais,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> sugerem n&#227;o haver d&#250;vidas sobre a apropria&#231;&#227;o da t&#233;cnica para pacientes selecionados, resultando em recente amplia&#231;&#227;o dos grupos de risco nos quais o TAVI teria resultados superpon&#237;veis &#224; cirurgia aberta, inclusive com redu&#231;&#227;o de desfechos importantes como tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o e eventos neurol&#243;gicos. No entanto, n&#227;o h&#225; como obscurecer o fato de que o impacto or&#231;ament&#225;rio do procedimento pode ser elevado, principalmente frente &#224;s mudan&#231;as demogr&#225;ficas pelas quais o pa&#237;s vem passando nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas. As estimativas do disp&#234;ndio do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de com a t&#233;cnica, como discutiremos a seguir, parecem-nos &#224; primeira vista imprecisas e baseadas em dados que podem n&#227;o retratar a realidade nacional. As estimativas de frequ&#234;ncia de utiliza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento feitas pelos t&#233;cnicos do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de superestimam o acesso ao TAVI no Brasil, projetando-se um impacto or&#231;ament&#225;rio bilion&#225;rio.</p>
      <p>Dados do estudo <italic>Global Burden of Disease</italic> (GBD) 2017 analisando as doen&#231;as valvares card&#237;acas n&#227;o reum&#225;ticas demonstram que, apesar da preval&#234;ncia padronizada por idade destas doen&#231;as agrupadas ter permanecido relativamente est&#225;vel no Brasil de 1990 a 2017, houve um aumento significativo da estenose a&#243;rtica n&#227;o reum&#225;tica, de 53,5 (intervalo de incerteza de 95% [II95%]: 48,1 - 59,9) por 100.000 habitantes em 1990 para 64,4 (II95%: 57,2 - 72,5) por 100.000 habitantes em 2017, tanto para homens (18.5%) quanto para mulheres (24.2%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> O aumento da taxa absoluta de preval&#234;ncia desta valvopatia foi ainda mais significativo, superando 114% (II95%: 105,5 - 14,3%) em 27 anos, e sugerindo um impacto progressivo e ainda crescente da estenose a&#243;rtica n&#227;o reum&#225;tica sobre os sistemas de sa&#250;de do pa&#237;s (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preval&#234;ncia absoluta da estenose a&#243;rtica n&#227;o reum&#225;tica no Brasil de 1990 a 2017 (Global Burden of Disease 2017).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> </title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-02-0313-20003-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s causas de morte no Brasil, as doen&#231;as valvares n&#227;o reum&#225;ticas subiram da 10&#170;. posi&#231;&#227;o em 1990 para a 9&#170;. posi&#231;&#227;o em 2017. Apesar da mortalidade padronizada por idade associada a estas valvopatias ter permanecido relativamente est&#225;vel, um aumento consider&#225;vel foi observado para a estenose a&#243;rtica n&#227;o reum&#225;tica. J&#225; a taxa de mortalidade em todas as idades das valvopatias n&#227;o reum&#225;ticas teve um significativo aumento de 87,5% (IC95%: 63,5 - 96,9%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2</xref>), com grande contribui&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o com idade acima de 70 anos, especialmente em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; estenose a&#243;rtica n&#227;o reum&#225;tica, que apresentou um aumento de 108% nesta faixa et&#225;ria no per&#237;odo avaliado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Tais tend&#234;ncias resultaram tamb&#233;m no aumento da mortalidade proporcional associada a valvopatias degenerativas em ambos os sexos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3</xref>), sugerindo uma marcante contribui&#231;&#227;o das mudan&#231;as do perfil et&#225;rio da popula&#231;&#227;o nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas sobre a carga global de doen&#231;as valvares no Brasil, com not&#225;vel impacto do envelhecimento populacional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Taxa de mortalidade em todas as idades por estenose a&#243;rtica n&#227;o reum&#225;tica no Brasil de 1990 a 2017 (Global Burden of Disease 2017).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> </title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-02-0313-20003-gf02-pt.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f7">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mortalidade proporcional por estenose a&#243;rtica n&#227;o reum&#225;tica no Brasil, de 1990 a 2017 (Global Burden of Disease 2017).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> </title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-02-0313-20003-gf03-pt.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Adicionalmente, dados do GBD 2017 sugerem que o desenvolvimento socioecon&#244;mico seja tamb&#233;m um determinante de alguns tipos de doen&#231;as valvares, notadamente a estenose a&#243;rtica n&#227;o reum&#225;tica: mudan&#231;as percentuais nas taxas de mortalidade padronizadas por idade pela doen&#231;a entre 1990 e 2017 se correlacionaram significativamente com o &#237;ndice de desenvolvimento sociodemogr&#225;fico (IDS) dos estados brasileiros nestes anos (1990: r<sup>2</sup> = 0,17, p = 0,005; 2017: r<sup>2</sup> = 0,23, p = 0,003) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 4</xref>), e padr&#227;o semelhante foi observado para a morbidade, com correla&#231;&#245;es significativas entre anos de vida ajustados por incapacidade (<italic>disability-adjusted life years</italic> [DALY]) e IDS no per&#237;odo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Tais tend&#234;ncias est&#227;o em acordo com as observadas para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares em geral no Brasil e em outros pa&#237;ses de l&#237;ngua portuguesa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Deve-se notar, entretanto, que dados epidemiol&#243;gicos prim&#225;rios sobre a doen&#231;a valvar a&#243;rtica degenerativa no Brasil s&#227;o ainda escassos, e a maioria das estimativas derivam de modelagem estat&#237;stica.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f8">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre a varia&#231;&#227;o percentual das taxas de mortalidade por estenose a&#243;rtica n&#227;o reum&#225;tica e o &#237;ndice de desenvolvimento sociodemogr&#225;fico (IDS) por estado no Brasil em 1990 (A) e 2017 (B).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-02-0313-20003-gf04-pt.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Apesar do progressivo aumento da preval&#234;ncia e da carga de doen&#231;a associados &#224;s doen&#231;as valvares degenerativas no pa&#237;s, o n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es anuais pelo SUS para tratamento de valvopatias permaneceu est&#225;vel entre 2008 e 2018, com um aumento modesto das despesas da ordem de 40%, n&#227;o descontada a infla&#231;&#227;o no per&#237;odo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>). No in&#237;cio do per&#237;odo avaliado nesta s&#233;rie temporal (2008) foi realizado o primeiro implante de TAVI no Brasil, e dados do registro nacional RIBAC, organizado pela SBHCI, computaram mais de 800 procedimentos, com taxas de sucesso e incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es superpon&#237;veis &#224;s da literatura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Estima-se um custo aproximado de R$ 82.826,38 por implante por via transfemoral, com a pr&#243;tese correspondendo a cerca de 80% deste valor.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>N&#250;mero de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es relacionadas com o tratamento da doen&#231;a valvar no Brasil de 2008 a 2018 Fonte: DATASUS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="7%"/>
            <col width="7%"/>
            <col width="7%"/>
            <col width="7%"/>
            <col width="7%"/>
            <col width="7%"/>
            <col width="7%"/>
            <col width="7%"/>
            <col width="7%"/>
            <col width="7%"/>
            <col width="7%"/>
            <col width="7%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">&#160;</th>
              <th align="center">2008</th>
              <th align="center">2009</th>
              <th align="center">2010</th>
              <th align="center">2011</th>
              <th align="center">2012</th>
              <th align="center">2013</th>
              <th align="center">2014</th>
              <th align="center">2015</th>
              <th align="center">2016</th>
              <th align="center">2017</th>
              <th align="center">2018</th>
              <th align="center">TOTAL</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DOEN&#199;A VALVAR<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center">1.606</td>
              <td align="center">1.753</td>
              <td align="center">1.647</td>
              <td align="center">1.878</td>
              <td align="center">1.938</td>
              <td align="center">1.938</td>
              <td align="center">1.849</td>
              <td align="center">1.940</td>
              <td align="center">2.068</td>
              <td align="center">2.023</td>
              <td align="center">2.090</td>
              <td align="center">20.730</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CIRURGIA VALVAR</td>
              <td align="center">8.045</td>
              <td align="center">8.344</td>
              <td align="center">7.745</td>
              <td align="center">8.297</td>
              <td align="center">8.518</td>
              <td align="center">8.176</td>
              <td align="center">8.130</td>
              <td align="center">7.937</td>
              <td align="center">7.756</td>
              <td align="center">7.758</td>
              <td align="center">7.574</td>
              <td align="center">88.280</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VALVOPLASTIA MITRAL</td>
              <td align="center">477</td>
              <td align="center">551</td>
              <td align="center">478</td>
              <td align="center">473</td>
              <td align="center">403</td>
              <td align="center">431</td>
              <td align="center">408</td>
              <td align="center">341</td>
              <td align="center">206</td>
              <td align="center">236</td>
              <td align="center">200</td>
              <td align="center">4.204</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">OUTRAS VALVOPLASTIAS</td>
              <td align="center">451</td>
              <td align="center">477</td>
              <td align="center">445</td>
              <td align="center">486</td>
              <td align="center">456</td>
              <td align="center">527</td>
              <td align="center">515</td>
              <td align="center">513</td>
              <td align="center">399</td>
              <td align="center">427</td>
              <td align="center">391</td>
              <td align="center">5.087</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Interna&#231;&#245;es decorrentes de outros procedimentos cir&#250;rgico relacionados com a doen&#231;a valvar</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Embora a Conitec afirme que a estimativa de impacto or&#231;ament&#225;rio n&#227;o tenha sido a principal determinante para o seu parecer desfavor&#225;vel, esta comiss&#227;o deu ind&#237;cios contr&#225;rios a tal assertiva, na medida em que insistiu em manter sua estimativa em patamares completamente dissonantes da realidade assistencial do Brasil, principalmente no que concerne ao SUS. A nova estimativa de impacto or&#231;ament&#225;rio foi elaborada ap&#243;s consulta p&#250;blica, mas colocada sem destaque no relat&#243;rio definitivo (restrita a duas linhas da p&#225;gina 25), dificultando a visibilidade, enquanto a estimativa antiga, modificada pela pr&#243;pria Conitec ap&#243;s a consulta p&#250;blica, continuou largamente pormenorizada em tabela, ao longo de v&#225;rias p&#225;ginas (por exemplo, as p&#225;ginas 17, 18 e 19), induzindo o leitor &#224; conclus&#227;o imprecisa de que aquela ainda seria a estimativa que a comiss&#227;o considerou correta.</p>
      <p>A nova estimativa reduziu o impacto or&#231;ament&#225;rio em mais de 300 milh&#245;es de reais por ano. A Conitec considerou que o impacto or&#231;ament&#225;rio ainda seria elevado, mas n&#227;o indicou com clareza quais seriam os patamares considerados aceit&#225;veis. Tampouco, explicitou os motivos pelos quais abandonou a sua primeira estimativa de impacto or&#231;ament&#225;rio, sem com isso ter adotado a nova estimativa apresentada pela demandante, a qual se baseou na realidade assistencial brasileira por meio de seu painel de especialistas, indicando um impacto bem mais fact&#237;vel tendo em vista o or&#231;amento do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de e a oferta de procedimentos m&#233;dicos pelo SUS &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. Em vez disso, foram primariamente considerados para an&#225;lise dados oriundos de estimativas de outros pa&#237;ses.</p>
      <p>Na p&#225;gina 25 do relat&#243;rio final da Conitec, sem uma clara conex&#227;o com o restante do parecer, est&#225; a estimativa de impacto or&#231;ament&#225;rio, a qual &#233; pass&#237;vel de diversas cr&#237;ticas, al&#233;m das explicitadas. Primeiramente, deve-se ressaltar que foi citado o estudo de Wood,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> o qual mostra a estimativa de crescente utiliza&#231;&#227;o de TAVI na Europa, com uma taxa anual de 40,9 milh&#245;es de habitantes, que seria proporcional a 8.025 procedimentos/ano no caso brasileiro.</p>
      <p>A Conitec sempre critica o uso de dados internacionais em detrimento dos dados nacionais, mas curiosamente neste caso, para calcular o impacto or&#231;ament&#225;rio, faz uso de uma estimativa europeia, o que seria particularmente question&#225;vel neste contexto, visto que: 1) o TAVI &#233; registrado e praticado na Europa h&#225; muito mais tempo do que no Brasil; 2) as caracter&#237;sticas epidemiol&#243;gicas da popula&#231;&#227;o europeia s&#227;o diferentes das da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, sendo a primeira mais idosa e com maior tempo transcorrido desde a transi&#231;&#227;o epidemiol&#243;gica, o que aumenta o n&#250;mero de pacientes com idade acima dos 75 anos, e por consequ&#234;ncia, a preval&#234;ncia e o n&#250;mero de procedimentos. &#201; importante mencionar que a popula&#231;&#227;o da Europa gira em torno dos 700 milh&#245;es de habitantes, ou seja, muito maior do que a do Brasil; 3) os sistemas de sa&#250;de europeus, particularmente o da Alemanha, t&#234;m uma postura diferente comparada &#224; do governo brasileiro frente &#224; chegada de inova&#231;&#245;es tecnol&#243;gicas, sendo muito mais abertos &#224; incorpora&#231;&#227;o de novas tecnologias em sa&#250;de; 4) o sistema de sa&#250;de brasileiro, particularmente em aten&#231;&#227;o especializada e de m&#233;dia/alta complexidade, como &#233; o caso do TAVI, n&#227;o est&#225; distribu&#237;do uniformemente em todo pa&#237;s e, al&#233;m disso, o Brasil n&#227;o tem estrutura hospitalar, infraestrutura diagn&#243;stica e corpo cl&#237;nico t&#227;o amplamente dispon&#237;veis e eficientes quanto os de pa&#237;ses europeus, sendo assim, a taxa de diagn&#243;stico e realiza&#231;&#227;o de procedimentos no pa&#237;s n&#227;o seriam, nem de perto, compat&#237;veis com as europeias; 5) o n&#250;mero de 8.025 procedimentos/ano &#233; muito pr&#243;ximo dos 9.000 procedimentos/ano realizados nos Estados Unidos por ocasi&#227;o da demanda de incorpora&#231;&#227;o (sendo que os Estados Unidos possui uma popula&#231;&#227;o muito maior do que a do Brasil), e como foi mencionado na consulta p&#250;blica, &#233; um n&#250;mero incompat&#237;vel com as carater&#237;sticas epidemiol&#243;gicas e de acesso &#224; sa&#250;de da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira.</p>
      <p>Ainda no que concerne &#224; estimativa anual de n&#250;mero de procedimentos, cabe ressaltar que, por meio de uma an&#225;lise comparativa com procedimentos semelhantes ofertados pelo SUS, constata-se facilmente que tal estimativa &#233;, no m&#237;nimo, irreal. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref> demonstra, com base em dados oficiais do Departamento de Inform&#225;tica do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (DATASUS), a quantidade de procedimentos de cirurgia valvar realizados no Brasil entre 2008 e 2018. Cabe ressaltar que os dados disponibilizados pelo DATASUS n&#227;o permitem identificar a faixa et&#225;ria dos pacientes, a valva tratada, nem tampouco a etiologia e o tipo de doen&#231;a valvar. Nos dados relativos ao implante de pr&#243;tese valvar, est&#227;o inclu&#237;dos tanto os implantes mitrais quanto os a&#243;rticos.</p>
      <p>Nesta estimativa do DATASUS, o n&#250;mero total de cirurgias para implantes de pr&#243;tese valvar n&#227;o ultrapassa 8.518 por ano. Em 11 anos, foram realizados 88.280 cirurgias de implante de pr&#243;tese valvar no Brasil, considerando todas as faixas et&#225;rias e implantes em quaisquer valvas card&#237;acas. Al&#233;m disso, o n&#250;mero total de cirurgias valvares, incluindo aquelas associadas com procedimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, troca valvar m&#250;ltipla e implantes de pr&#243;tese valvar, alcan&#231;ou no m&#225;ximo 11.315 procedimentos no ano de 2012. O TAVI, por destinar-se a subgrupo de pacientes de idade mais avan&#231;ada (&gt; 75 anos) portadores de estenose a&#243;rtica, certamente n&#227;o teria uma frequ&#234;ncia de realiza&#231;&#227;o em magnitude equipar&#225;vel &#224; de todas as cirurgias valvares realizadas no &#226;mbito do SUS. Ademais, uma grande metan&#225;lise sugere que dentre os pacientes portadores de estenose a&#243;rtica - mesmo em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos - cerca de 20% t&#234;m a forma grave da doen&#231;a. Destes, cerca de 60% seriam eleg&#237;veis para o TAVI, sendo 20% pacientes inoper&#225;veis ou de risco elevado e intermedi&#225;rio. Destes, cerca de 60% seriam eleg&#237;veis para o TAVI, sendo 20% pacientes inoper&#225;veis ou de risco elevado e intermedi&#225;rio - as indica&#231;&#245;es mais bem estabelecidas para o procedimento..<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></p>
      <p>Apesar da aus&#234;ncia de dados prim&#225;rios de estimativa de indica&#231;&#227;o de TAVI no Brasil, podemos aplicar dados demogr&#225;ficos e epidemiol&#243;gicos para um melhor detalhamento. Considerando a modelagem mais recente do GBD 2017 em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; preval&#234;ncia de estenose a&#243;rtica n&#227;o reum&#225;tica, ter&#237;amos 64,4/100.000 habitantes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Dados do censo do IBGE estimaram aproximadamente 12,9 milh&#245;es de idosos com idade &#8805; 70 anos no Brasil em 2019, o que a grosso modo resultaria em cerca de 8.400 pacientes portadores de doen&#231;a clinicamente significativa, em uma estimativa bastante conservadora. Se, alternativamente, a estimativa de preval&#234;ncia da literatura de cerca de 3 a 5% em indiv&#237;duos &#8805; 75 anos for aplicada aos dados do IBGE <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> (popula&#231;&#227;o de 7,7 milh&#245;es), e extrapolando os resultados da maior metan&#225;lise dispon&#237;vel sobre estenose a&#243;rtica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> ter&#237;amos cerca de 9.300 a 12.000 pacientes presumivelmente eleg&#237;veis para TAVI no Brasil em 2019. Considerando as estimativas da Ag&#234;ncia Nacional de Sa&#250;de Suplementar de que 24,3% da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira teve acesso a planos privados de assist&#234;ncia m&#233;dica em 2019, e tamb&#233;m as quest&#245;es supracitadas relacionadas &#224; dificuldade de acesso e &#224;s limita&#231;&#245;es de infraestrutura ao hist&#243;rico anual de realiza&#231;&#227;o de cirurgias valvares no SUS,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> as proje&#231;&#245;es de impacto financeiro apresentadas pela Conitec est&#227;o indubitavelmente superestimadas frente a dados objetivos.</p>
      <p>Merece destaque, tamb&#233;m, que persiste inalterada a posi&#231;&#227;o t&#233;cnica do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, ao menos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; frequ&#234;ncia de utiliza&#231;&#227;o e ao impacto or&#231;ament&#225;rio do TAVI no Brasil. Na discuss&#227;o do Projeto de Lei 5.460/2016 determinando a obrigatoriedade de cobertura do TAVI no SUS, j&#225; aprovado na C&#226;mara dos Deputados, o Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de - em resposta encaminhada &#224; Comiss&#227;o de Finan&#231;as e Tributa&#231;&#227;o em 26 de junho de 2018, ap&#243;s 5 anos da demanda feita &#224; Conitec - manteve seu posicionamento relativo &#224;s proje&#231;&#245;es aqui discutidas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></p>
      <p>Finalmente, para al&#233;m de quest&#245;es or&#231;ament&#225;rias, &#233; de fundamental import&#226;ncia que se desenvolva no sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de brasileiro infraestrutura tecnol&#243;gica e capacita&#231;&#227;o profissional para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de tratamentos complexos nas mais diversas &#225;reas, em um processo de desenvolvimento industrial da assist&#234;ncia &#224; sa&#250;de, contempor&#226;neo ao inexor&#225;vel processo de inova&#231;&#227;o da medicina. No que tange ao exemplo das interven&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares estruturais, outras modalidades - como o reparo percut&#226;neo da insufici&#234;ncia mitral e o tratamento percut&#226;neo das cardiopatias valvares cong&#234;nitas - j&#225; s&#227;o uma realidade na literatura, e em breve devem ser tamb&#233;m trazidas &#224; mesa de discuss&#227;o dos gestores e formuladores de pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas. Neste sentido, s&#227;o not&#225;veis os recentes esfor&#231;os das sociedades cardiol&#243;gicas nacionais para o desenvolvimento, com a chancela da Associa&#231;&#227;o M&#233;dica Brasileira, de cursos de capacita&#231;&#227;o e certifica&#231;&#227;o profissional.</p>
      <p>Em conclus&#227;o, &#233; necess&#225;rio que o processo de incorpora&#231;&#227;o de novas tecnologias no SUS - notadamente o TAVI - seja discutido de forma profunda, multidisciplinar e profissional neste momento, com base em dados objetivos e discricionariedade t&#233;cnica pr&#243;pria, dando-se a devida import&#226;ncia a quest&#245;es epidemiol&#243;gicas, t&#233;cnicas, infraestruturais e or&#231;ament&#225;rias.</p>
      <p>A persist&#234;ncia da posi&#231;&#227;o demasiadamente restritiva na incorpora&#231;&#227;o de tecnologias no sistema de sa&#250;de no Brasil (no caso do TAVI, o retardo para incorpora&#231;&#227;o &#233; superior a uma d&#233;cada), al&#233;m de resultar no inconveniente fen&#244;meno de judicializa&#231;&#227;o, fomenta outras formas para busca de acesso aos tratamentos, bem mais morosas e complexas, como a via legislativa, frustrando as justas expectativas depositadas pela sociedade civil no Poder P&#250;blico, mormente quando no Brasil se consagrou o acesso universal, integral, igualit&#225;rio e gratuito ao sistema de sa&#250;de, consoante ao que determina o artigo 196 da Constitui&#231;&#227;o Federal.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimento</title>
        <p>Gostar&#237;amos de agradecer a Renato Azeredo Teixeira pela formata&#231;&#227;o das figuras.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
