<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">Sk9rG8HMXqKkHhLvVvSN8VF</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020000200305</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190016</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiac Alterations in Patients with Familial Lipodystrophy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2526-0656</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Romano</surname>
            <given-names>Minna Moreira Dias</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3249-3455</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>In&#234;s</surname>
            <given-names>Paula Ananda Chacon</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramalho</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Naira Zambelli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Foss</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1090-8165</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Schmidt</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Ribeir&#227;o Preto</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Medicina Interna, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Centro de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Ribeir&#227;o Preto</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Centro de Cardiologia, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1">Mailing Address: Minna Romano, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Medicina Interna - Campus Universit&#225;rio USP, S/N. Postal Code 14040-900, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>minnaromano@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Romano MMD; Acquisition of data: Chacon PAI, Ramalho FNZ; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Romano MMD, Chacon PAI; Writing of the manuscript: Romano MMD, In&#234;s PAC, Ramalho FNZ; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content:sub Romano MMD, Foss MC, Schmidt A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>305</fpage>
      <lpage>312</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>Familial lipodystrophy is a rare genetic condition in which individuals have, besides metabolic changes and body fat deposits, a type of cardiomyopathy that has not been well studied. Many of the patients develop cardiovascular changes, the most commonly reported in the literature being the expression of a type of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. This article, presented as a bibliographic review, reviews the clinical and cardiovascular imaging aspects in this scenario of cardiomyopathy in a rare metabolic disease, based on the latest scientific evidence published in the area. Despite the frequent association of congenital lipodystrophy and ventricular hypertrophy described in the literature, the pathophysiological mechanisms of this cardiomyopathy have not yet been definitively elucidated, and new information on cardiac morphological aspects is emerging in the aegis of recent and advanced imaging methods, such as cardiac magnetic resonance.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Lipodystrophy, Familial Partial/genetics</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic, Magnetic Resonance Imaging/trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Metabolic Diseases/complications</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Lipodystrophy is a rare disease characterized by the loss of adipose tissue, which may be generalized or partial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Its etiology may be congenital or acquired and there is a deficiency in the leptin hormone production, making the carriers of this pathology hyperphagic. Due to the absence of energy storage sites, an ectopic deposition of triglycerides occurs in the skeletal muscle and liver.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></p>
      <p>The reduced ability to store triglycerides and their ectopic deposition are determinant for the predisposition and severity of complications, such as insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, hypertriglyceridemia, hepatic steatosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> and, recently discovered, cardiomyopathy. Presentations such as left ventricular hypertrophy or even dilated cardiomyopathy have been described in patients with lipodystrophy.</p>
      <p>Genetic lipodystrophies can be divided and subdivided into various types, each one with its specific mutation, which determine the most diverse clinical presentations and possible associations with the development of heart disease. Despite that, this condition is extremely rare, with a higher prevalence in populations with high levels of consanguinity.</p>
      <p>This paper aimed to describe familial lipodystrophy and its association with the development of cardiomyopathies, in the light of the latest scientific evidence.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Classification of congenital lipodystrophies</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Congenital Generalized Lipodystrophy (CGL)</title>
          <p>One of the most frequent types of genetic lipodystrophy is the generalized congenital type, characterized by an autosomal recessive disorder, occurring most often in cases of parental consanguinity. This form is present in all geographical regions and, because of the consanguinity cause, it probably has the highest prevalence reported in some regions of Brazil, such as the Northeast.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Individuals with this alteration have an almost total lack of adipose tissue, leading to prominent skeletal musculature regarding its phenotypic aspect. During childhood, many individuals develop hepatosplenomegaly and umbilical prominence; and during adolescence, complications such as diabetes arise.</p>
          <p>This syndrome can manifest in many different forms, being related to one of four existing subtypes and, consequently, to the affected chromosome. Among these subtypes, the Berardinelli-Seip syndrome (BSCL) is well-known, described through the scientific collaboration of the great Brazilian researcher W. Berardinelli. Today it is known that this syndrome is identified by a mutation in chromosome 11q13, which encodes the protein seipin, present in the endoplasmic reticulum, being responsible for the formation of lipid droplets and their fusion within adipocytes. Its absence causes a lack of both metabolically active adipose tissue and mechanical adipose tissue since birth, which may lead to mild mental retardation and cardiomyopathies, making it the most severe of the subtypes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Mandibuloacral dysplasia (MAD) - associated with lipodystrophy</title>
          <p>This is a type of genetic lipodystrophy, in which the individuals have skeletal abnormalities, such as mandibular and clavicular hypoplasia, associated with skin atrophy, delayed teething, cranial suture closure and joint stiffness. As a common feature of lipodystrophies, MAD leads to metabolic complications such as diabetes, insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia, and low HDL-cholesterol levels.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Familial partial lipodystrophy (FPL)</title>
          <p>Familial partial lipodystrophy is, mostly, an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by loss of upper and lower-limb fat as well as trunk<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> fat. These patients have normal fat distribution during childhood and begin to have progressive and variable loss of subcutaneous fat during puberty, typically from the extremities, and in varying degrees from the abdomen and chest.</p>
          <p>Many patients, especially females, show fat accumulation in the face, neck and perineal and intra-abdominal regions. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>) Excess fat accumulation in the dorsocervical (buffalo hump), supraclavicular and submental regions gives these patients a &#8220;cushingoid&#8221; appearance. In women, there may be masculinization, menstrual irregularity and high prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f1">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Characteristics of patients with familial partial lipodystrophy. Panel A shows fat accumulation on the face and neck and panel B, fat accumulation in the perineal and intra-abdominal regions.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-02-0305-90016-gf01.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Five genes may be involved in the pathophysiology of this type of lipodystrophy, all leading to subcutaneous fat loss in the extremities. The most prevalent form of familial lipodystrophy is autosomal dominant type 2, the first familial partial lipodystrophy more formally described: FPLD2 (Familial Partial Lipodystrophy Type 2), also referred to as variant or Dunnigan Syndrome. This syndrome has a prevalence of 1 in 15 million people, affecting both genders equally. The patients develop several metabolic complications such as dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia and diabetes. In addition, they may manifest varying degrees of myopathy, cardiomyopathy, and other conduction system abnormalities, thus proving to be a multisystem dystrophy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></p>
          <p>FPLD2 is characterized by a mutation in the long arm of chromosome 1 (1q21-22) specifically involving lamins A and C or the LMNA gene. Commonly, the mutation that causes FPLD2 affects exon 8 (replacement of arginine by a neutral amino acid at position 482 - R482W), but other mutations in exon 8 and 11 (codon 644 - R644C) have already been described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> It has been shown that the LMNA R482W mutation is more associated with muscle and cardiac abnormalities, such as muscular atrophy and dystrophy, cardiac hypertrophy and advanced atherosclerosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> But the phenotypic differences associated with each specific mutation determinant of FPLD are yet to be elucidated.</p>
          <p>Numerous mutations spread throughout the LMNA protein give rise to diseases commonly called laminopathies that affect muscle, heart, fat, cartilage and bone tissues or lead to early aging syndromes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></p>
          <p>A-type lamins include lamins A (LMNA) and C (LMNC) that arise from alternative splicing of RNA from the LMNA gene. These proteins are expressed in most cells, and they are located in the nuclear envelope and nucleoplasm and play a relevant role in directing the transcription of heterochromatin located on the periphery of the nucleus.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> It is believed that the alteration of these proteins weakens the integrity and structure of the nuclear envelope, which would profoundly deteriorate the structure of the adipocyte nucleus, ultimately leading to premature cell death. In addition, it is known that A-type lamin is capable of interacting with transcription factors such as SREBP1 (Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1), which is involved in the differentiation of adipocytes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Furthermore, it has been observed that type A and C-lamins bind to telomeric sequences, having a role in regulating telomere length.</p>
          <p>The main point common to all types of lipodystrophy is the total or almost total absence of adipose tissue, thus compromising the affected individual's storage of triglycerides and their metabolic activity. Before that, most patients clinically manifest muscular appearance, prominent superficial veins, extremity enlargement, acanthosis nigricans, umbilical prominence or hernia, hyperphagia and accelerated growth, menstrual period irregularity , precocious puberty and menarche, among other signs and symptoms that may include cardiac autonomic changes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></p>
          <p>One of the key points possibly related to the occurrence of cardiomyopathies in patients with lipodystrophy and also associated with all the described types is the accumulation of fat in ectopic tissues, such as the liver and skeletal muscle. Also, the lower capacity to oxidize and store fat promotes dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, development of diabetes mellitus and its complications, which may involve the cardiovascular system.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cardiac impairment in patients with congenital lipodystrophy</title>
        <p>The World Health Organization, together with the International Society and Federation of Cardiology, has defined cardiomyopathy as a myocardial disease associated or not with cardiac dysfunction and can be classified according to morphological and physiological changes, such as dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy, arrhythmogenic left ventricular cardiomyopathy, metabolic cardiomyopathy, among others.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></p>
        <p>Special attention should be paid, in this context, to metabolic cardiomyopathy, which develops before various pathological conditions associated with systemic metabolic disorders, being characterized by structural and functional changes without concomitant coronary artery disease or hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> The condition, known as diabetic cardiomyopathy, is an under classification of metabolic cardiomyopathy and is defined by the presence of myocardial involvement in patients with diabetes, after excluding other causes such as ischemic myocardial disease. In diabetic cardiomyopathy, there may be left ventricular remodeling and dilation, associated with diastolic and, in some cases, systolic dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></p>
        <p>The glucose metabolism impairment present in diabetes is associated with the higher consumption of fatty acids as an energy source, which is justified by the lack of insulin or resistance to it.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> The almost exclusive use of this compound leads to excess lipids, which may be accumulated in the heart muscle or diverted to non-oxidative pathways, disrupting normal cell function and causing organ dysfunction and apoptosis, a fact called lipotoxicity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> In addition, permanently hyperglycemia can cause damage to the myocardium through proteins modified by advanced glycation end products, as well as oxygen free radicals, leading to their accumulation and myocardial fibrosis, which can result in dysfunction, initially only diastolic.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></p>
        <p>Several cardiac alterations have been described in the literature in patients with lipodystrophy, whether solely morphological alterations or alterations associated with cardiac dysfunction, but the pathophysiological basis involved has not been completely elucidated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Early atherosclerosis, especially in patients with familial partial lipodystrophy, may have a prevalence rate of over 60% and manifests before age 45. With such aggressiveness, the pathophysiological mechanisms involved seem not only to be dependent on metabolic changes, but perhaps on a direct effect of gene mutation on endothelial function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></p>
        <p>In a collection of case series of lipodystrophy prior to the year 2000, several cases with hypertrophic cardiac changes have been described, with or without systolic obstruction to ventricular ejection, many with cardiomegaly and associated systemic arterial hypertension (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Case reports of patients with congenital generalized lipodystrophy</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="75%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Authors/year</th>
                <th align="center">Findings</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Seip (1959)</td>
                <td align="center">3 patients; one with a systolic murmur. 2 had increased blood pressure and cardiomegaly.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Seip (1963)</td>
                <td align="center">5 patients, all with cardiomegaly.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Choremis (1965)</td>
                <td align="center">1 patient: cardiomegaly and arterial hypertension</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Gold et al. (1967)</td>
                <td align="center">2 patients (siblings) with moderate cardiomegaly.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Brunzell et al. (1968)</td>
                <td align="center">Presence of cystic angiomatosis in patients with CGL.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Montenovesi et al. (1971)</td>
                <td align="center">1 patient with cardiomegaly.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bjorntad et al. (1985)</td>
                <td align="center">7 patients, 6 of them with CGL. They had systolic murmur, 3 with left ventricular hypertrophy and 2 with biventricular overload.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Rheuban et al. (1986)</td>
                <td align="center">4 patients, all with systolic ejection murmur and non-obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Klair et al. (1993)</td>
                <td align="center">1 patient with progressive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Chandalia et al. (1995)</td>
                <td align="center">1 patient with 20% obstruction of coronary arteries and presence of atheromatous plaques.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Westvik et al. (1996)</td>
                <td align="center">8 patients, 7 of them with CGL. Presence of cardiomegaly and one death secondary to congestive heart failure.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bjornstad et al. (1996)</td>
                <td align="center">8 patients, 7 of them with CGL. Presence of cardiac hypertrophy.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Viegas et al. (2000)</td>
                <td align="center">1 patient with hypertension and severe symmetric hypertrophy.</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>CGL: Congenital Generalized Lipodystrophy. Adapted from Rego AR, et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></p>
            </fn>
            <attrib>Source: [Adapted from Rego AR, MAG; Faria, CA; Baracho, MFP; Egito, EST; Mesquita, ET; Brand&#227;o Neto, J. Altera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares e metab&#243;licas da lipodistrofia generalizada cong&#234;nita (s&#237;ndrome de seip-berardinelli)]</attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>After the 2000s, publications on isolated or grouped cases showing an association between lipodystrophy and ventricular hypertrophy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> can also been found in the literature, even in very young or still infant patients,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> and, in some cases, the progression of ventricular hypertrophy has been documented.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> In some of these cases identified at early ages, the evolution of cardiomyopathy to global systolic dysfunction in childhood or youth has been documented.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></p>
        <p>Hubert Pan et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> considered that LMNA mutations are generically expressed with muscular dystrophy, lipodystrophies, bone dysplasias, and cardiovascular disease, and, before that, they reported the case of a family with Chinese ancestors with three generations of heart disease, in which 100% of the relatives older than 40 years had the clinical manifestations. The cardiovascular disease shown by the carriers of this mutation consisted of arrhythmias, atrioventricular blocks and dilated cardiomyopathies. Part of these individuals died because of cardiovascular disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></p>
        <p>In 2010, R&#234;go et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> reported a group of 22 patients with CGL2, of which 86.4% had a family history of the disease. Most patients had the common metabolic signs associated with the pathology, such as diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, acanthosis nigricans, hepatosplenomegaly, elevated fasting blood glucose and triglyceride levels and low HDL-cholesterol levels, which contributed to many patients being diagnosed with metabolic syndrome. On cardiovascular examination, part of the patients had arterial hypertension, 50% of the patients had left ventricular concentric hypertrophy and 4.5% had left ventricular eccentric hypertrophy, but all cases had normal patterns in both left ventricular systolic and diastolic function, when evaluated by conventional echocardiography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></p>
        <p>Lupsa et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> studied 44 patients with lipodystrophy, of whom 31 had CGL. The individuals were submitted to genotypic and phenotypic diagnoses, as well as cardiac morphological and geometric analysis. Of the 31 individuals with CGL, 18 had some degree of ventricular hypertrophy, although none of them had LV systolic dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>)</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Genotypic and phenotypic analysis of patients with CGL</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="30%"/>
              <col width="35%"/>
              <col width="35%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Genetic alteration</th>
                <th align="center">Geometrical alteration of the left ventricle</th>
                <th align="center">Electrocardiographic and/or functional analysis</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="4">CGL1 (AGPAT2 mutation)</td>
                <td align="center">9 patients with normal LV mass.</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">17 ECGs were assessed, 9 of them with abnormalities.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">3 patients with mild hypertrophy.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">4 patients with moderate hypertrophy.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">3 patients with severe hypertrophy.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="4">CGL2 (seipin mutation)</td>
                <td align="center">2 patients with normal LV mass.</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">7 ECGs were assessed, 5 of them with abnormalities.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2 patients with mild hypertrophy.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2 patients with moderate hypertrophy.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">4 patients with severe hypertrophy.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LMNA (R133L) mutation</td>
                <td align="center">Normal left ventricular mass.</td>
                <td align="center">Ejection fraction of 35% and low exercise tolerance.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Unknown mutation</td>
                <td align="center">Normal left ventricular mass with concentric remodeling.</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>ECG: Electrocardiogram; LV: left ventricle. Adapted from Lupsa BC, et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></p>
            </fn>
            <attrib>Source: [Adapted from Lupsa BC, Sachdev V, Lungu AO, Rosing DR, Gorden P. Cardiomyopathy in congenital and acquired generalized lipodystrophy: A clinical assessment.]</attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The pathological analysis of the heart was performed in part of this series; in one of the individuals submitted to heart transplantation because of refractory heart failure, and in two others who died from respiratory failure secondary to pneumonia. Two of the patients had CGL1. In one of them, biventricular dilation and myocyte hypertrophy was evidenced, with the presence of vacuolated subendocardial myocytes, as well as subendocardial and epicardial fibrosis with fat and infiltrated with dispersed lymphocytes. The other individual with CGL1 showed mild left ventricular hypertrophy, especially posterolateral. Finally, in the last individual, who had CGL2, left ventricular hypertrophy and an irregular perivascular and interstitial fibrosis were observed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></p>
        <p>Nelson et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> studied 5 patients with congenital generalized lipodystrophy (2 of them with CGL1 and 3 with CGL2) and 5 control subjects with similar characteristics of age and body mass. Parameters such as total cholesterol levels and blood pressure were similar in both groups. Individuals with lipodystrophy, however, had low HDL cholesterol levels, high fasting blood glucose levels, three-fold higher circulating triglyceride content, and detection of pericardial adipose tissue by cardiovascular imaging methods (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). A morphological and functional analysis of the heart of these patients by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging showed an increase in left ventricular mass with a concentric pattern. However, there was no difference between the final systolic and diastolic volume values &#8203;&#8203;or left ventricular ejection fraction when compared to a control group.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Thus, in the first clinical study that controlled variables such as blood pressure levels and age between subjects with lipodystrophy and controls, there was still a LV geometric difference between the groups, although both showed no functional alterations.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>High resolution magnetic resonance images. (Upper) Four-chamber cardiac magnetic resonance images showing pericardial fat in the patient and in the control. (Middle) The control has fat in the chest wall, while the patient does not, demonstrating a general lack of adipose tissue in the patient. (Lower) The liver appears bright because of hepatic steatosis in the patient with lipodystrophy. The general lack of subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue in the patient with lipodystrophy can be observed. [Adapted from Nelson et. al. Cardiac Steatosis and Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Patients With Generalized Lipodystrophy as Determined by Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Imaging].<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> </title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-02-0305-90016-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Sims-Williams et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> reported the case of a 62-year-old patient with dilated cardiomyopathy and symptomatic heart failure whose twin brother had died from heart failure, as well as their father. The grandfather, on the other hand, had suffered an embolic stroke and also had ventricular hypertrophy. The entire family had an LMNA gene mutation. The echocardiographic evaluation of this individual revealed marked dilation and deterioration of the left ventricular systolic function, with an LV ejection fraction of 18%, associated with a thickness increase in the left ventricular posterior wall. There was also reduction in the right ventricular function and bi-atrial dilation. Based on these facts, the authors hypothesized that most of the cardiomyopathies found in this group of patients also have a familial etiology, and part of them, caused directly by LMNA mutations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></p>
        <p>Scatteia et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> described the case of a 30-year-old man with generalized lipodystrophy, diagnosed from birth and with ejection systolic murmur from childhood. Echocardiographic examinations showed asymmetric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, predominantly in the interventricular septum, mitral regurgitation, but without obstruction of the left ventricular outflow. At the age of 30, the cardiac geometric changes became more evident and ventricular hypertrophy progressed, with an ejection fraction of 71%. With the support of magnetic resonance imaging, it was possible to exclude the presence of myocardial edema, as well as fatty infiltration. This examination revealed a focal area of gadolinium &#8203;&#8203;late enhancement, suggesting local myocardial fibrosis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>). The presence of signs of fibrosis scattered in hypertrophic muscle usually suggests that hypertrophy is primary and not secondary to hemodynamic situations, such as systemic arterial hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A and B are pre-contrast images. C and D are late post-enhancement images. (A) and (B), both showing a hypodense area (arrow) in the anterior hypertrophic region/anteroseptal region excluding, respectively, the presence of fatty infiltration or edema. (C) and (D) showing late gadolinium enhancement area (arrow) involving the anterior/anteroseptal hypertrophic region and compatible with myocardial fibrosis / necrosis [Adapted from Scatteia et al. Asymmetric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in generalized lipodystrophy].<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> </title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-02-0305-90016-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Therefore, as most data in the literature involving lipodystrophy and cardiac geometric and functional changes are based on case reports and case series, the mechanisms involved in this association have yet to be elucidated. The hypothesis of myocardial lipotoxicity is supported by the finding of high triglyceride levels in the hypertrophied cardiomyocytes of some patients, besides the presence of myocardial fat. A probable pathophysiological explanation for lipotoxicity would be a repetitive mechano-sensitive stimulation of elements present in adipogenesis, similarly to patients with preserved residual adipose tissue. In addition, it is also believed that insulin resistance, present in practically all of these individuals, causes an imbalance in the use of substrates by the myocardium, leading to a higher absorption of fatty acids, which may lead to the observed alterations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></p>
        <p>Published in 2017, the study by Joubert et. al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> in an experimental animal model (rodent) of lipodystrophy, was designed to elucidate the pathophysiological basis of myocardial aggression in this disease. Genetically modified mice with no gene for seipin, when compared to controls, showed left ventricular hypertrophy associated with both diastolic and systolic ventricular dysfunction. However, in contrast to what was suggested in other studies, they did not have cardiac triglyceride deposits, contradicting the hypothesis of myocardial lipotoxicity. However, myocardial changes induced in this model correlated with altered glucose metabolism. Based on the findings of this study, it cannot be confirmed that cardiac lipotoxicity is the pathophysiological mechanism involved with hypertrophy and ventricular dysfunction in this disease. But it is quite plausible that the metabolic alteration of glycemic control is indirectly related to transcription factors responsible for the regulation of pro-hypertrophic gene activation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Familial lipodystrophy is a rare condition where individuals show, besides metabolic and skeletal muscle changes, adipose tissue alterations, a type of cardiomyopathy. Cardiac changes commonly described in the literature, in case series, show a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy phenotype. The evolution to left ventricular systolic dysfunction can happen in a percentage of cases. There is not enough information to conclude on the frequency of cardiac functional impairment, such as the diastolic dysfunction type, or even incipient systolic changes.</p>
      <p>Still, despite the frequent association of congenital lipodystrophy and ventricular hypertrophy, the pathophysiological mechanisms remain unknown. Hypotheses that the altered glucose metabolism caused by the disease is responsible for activation of pro-hypertrophy genes could explain such association.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by FAPESP.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of a scientific initiation thesis submitted by Paula Ananda In&#234;s Chacon, from FMRP-USP.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>ERRATUM</label>
        <p>
          <bold>February 2020 Issue, vol. 114 (2), pages 305-312</bold>
        </p>
        <p>In the Review Article &#8220;Cardiac Alterations in Patients with Familial Lipodystrophy&#8221;, with DOI number: https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20190016, published in the journal <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia,</italic> 114(2):305-312, on page 305, where you read:</p>
        <p>Paula Ananda In&#234;s Chacon</p>
        <p>Read:</p>
        <p>Paula Ananda Chacon In&#234;s</p>
        <p>on page 311, where you read:</p>
        <p>Chacon PAI</p>
        <p>Read:</p>
        <p>In&#234;s PAC</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Lupsa BC, Sachdev V, Lungu AO, Rosing DR, Gorden P. Cardiomyopathy in congenital and acquired generalized lipodystrophy: A clinical assessment. <italic>Medicine (Baltimore)</italic>. 2010;89(4):245-50.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lupsa</surname>
              <given-names>BC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sachdev</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lungu</surname>
              <given-names>AO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosing</surname>
              <given-names>DR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gorden</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiomyopathy in congenital and acquired generalized lipodystrophy: A clinical assessment</article-title>
          <source>Medicine (Baltimore)</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>89</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>245</fpage>
          <lpage>250</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Nelson MD, Victor RG, Szczepaniak EW, Simha V, Garg A, Szczepaniak LS. Cardiac steatosis and left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with generalized lipodystrophy as determined by magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging. <italic>Am. J. Cardiol</italic>. 2013;112(7):1019-24.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nelson</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Victor</surname>
              <given-names>RG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Szczepaniak</surname>
              <given-names>EW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Simha</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garg</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Szczepaniak</surname>
              <given-names>LS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac steatosis and left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with generalized lipodystrophy as determined by magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging</article-title>
          <source>Am. J. Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>112</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>1019</fpage>
          <lpage>1024</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Garg A. Clinical review#: Lipodystrophies: Genetic and acquired body fat disorders. <italic>J Clin Endocrinol Metab</italic>. 2011;96(11):3313-25.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Garg</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Clinical review#: Lipodystrophies: Genetic and acquired body fat disorders</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Endocrinol Metab</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>96</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>3313</fpage>
          <lpage>3325</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Fiorenza CG, Chou SH, Mantzoros CS. Lipodystrophy: Pathophysiology and advances in treatment. <italic>Nat Rev Endocrinol</italic>. 2011;7(3):137-50</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fiorenza</surname>
              <given-names>CG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chou</surname>
              <given-names>SH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mantzoros</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Lipodystrophy: Pathophysiology and advances in treatment</article-title>
          <source>Nat Rev Endocrinol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>137</fpage>
          <lpage>150</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 Garg A, Peshock RM, Fleckenstein JL. Adipose tissue distribution pattern in patients with familial partial lipodystrophy (dunnigan variety). <italic>J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.</italic> 1999;84(1):170-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Garg</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peshock</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fleckenstein</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Adipose tissue distribution pattern in patients with familial partial lipodystrophy (dunnigan variety)</article-title>
          <source>J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>84</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>170</fpage>
          <lpage>174</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 Nolis T. Exploring the pathophysiology behind the more common genetic and acquired lipodystrophies. <italic>J Hum Genet</italic>. 2014;59((1):16-23.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nolis</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Exploring the pathophysiology behind the more common genetic and acquired lipodystrophies</article-title>
          <source>J Hum Genet</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>59</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>16</fpage>
          <lpage>23</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 Le&#227;o LMC, Alencar RC, Rodrigues GdC, Bouzas I, Gallo P, Rossini A. Lipodistrofia parcial familiar do tipo dunnigan: Aten&#231;&#227;o ao diagn&#243;stico precoce. <italic>Rev Bras Ginecol e Obstet</italic>. 2011;33((2):99-103.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Le&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>LMC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alencar</surname>
              <given-names>RC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>GdC</surname>
              <given-names>Rodrigues</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bouzas</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gallo</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rossini</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Lipodistrofia parcial familiar do tipo dunnigan: Aten&#231;&#227;o ao diagn&#243;stico precoce</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Ginecol e Obstet</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>99</fpage>
          <lpage>103</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 Vantyghem MC, Pigny P, Maurage CA, Rouaix-Emery N, Stojkovic T, Cuisset JM, et al. Patients with familial partial lipodystrophy of the dunnigan type due to a lmna r482w mutation show muscular and cardiac abnormalities.. <italic>Clin Endocrinol Metab</italic>. 2004;89((11):5337-46.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vantyghem</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pigny</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maurage</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rouaix-Emery</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stojkovic</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cuisset</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Patients with familial partial lipodystrophy of the dunnigan type due to a lmna r482w mutation show muscular and cardiac abnormalities</article-title>
          <source>Clin Endocrinol Metab</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>89</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>5337</fpage>
          <lpage>5346</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9 Vadrot N, Duband-Goulet I, Cabet E, Attanda W, Barateau A, Vicart P, et al. The p.R482w substitution in a-type lamins deregulates srebp1 activity in dunnigan-type familial partial lipodystrophy. <italic>Hum Mo Genet</italic>. 2015;24:(7)2096-109.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vadrot</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Duband-Goulet</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cabet</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Attanda</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barateau</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vicart</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The p.R482w substitution in a-type lamins deregulates srebp1 activity in dunnigan-type familial partial lipodystrophy</article-title>
          <source>Hum Mo Genet</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>2096</fpage>
          <lpage>2109</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10 Ponte C. Neuropatia auton&#244;mica cardiovascular precoce em indiv&#237;duos com lipodistrofia generalizada cong&#234;nita. Tese. Fortaleza:Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;; 2016.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="thesis">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ponte</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Neuropatia auton&#244;mica cardiovascular precoce em indiv&#237;duos com lipodistrofia generalizada cong&#234;nita</source>
          <comment>Tese</comment>
          <publisher-loc>Fortaleza</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;</publisher-name>
          <year>2016</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11 Sisakian H. Cardiomyopathies: Evolution of pathogenesis concepts and potential for new therapies. <italic>World J Cardiol</italic>. 2014;6(6):478-94.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sisakian</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiomyopathies: Evolution of pathogenesis concepts and potential for new therapies</article-title>
          <source>World J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>478</fpage>
          <lpage>494</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12 Nishida K, Otsu K. Inflammation and metabolic cardiomyopathy. <italic>Cardiovasc. Res.</italic> 2017;113(4):389-98.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nishida</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Otsu</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Inflammation and metabolic cardiomyopathy</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc. Res.</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>113</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>389</fpage>
          <lpage>398</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13 Trachanas K, Sideris S, Aggeli C, Poulidakis E, Gatzoulis K, Tousoulis D, et al. Diabetic cardiomyopathy: From pathophysiology to treatment. <italic>Hellenic J Cardiol</italic>. 2014;55(5):411-21.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Trachanas</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sideris</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aggeli</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Poulidakis</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gatzoulis</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tousoulis</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Diabetic cardiomyopathy: From pathophysiology to treatment</article-title>
          <source>Hellenic J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>55</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>411</fpage>
          <lpage>421</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14 Wende AR, Abel ED. Lipotoxicity in the heart. <italic>Biochim Biophys Acta</italic>. 2010;1801(3):311-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wende</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abel</surname>
              <given-names>ED</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Lipotoxicity in the heart</article-title>
          <source>Biochim Biophys Acta</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>1801</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>311</fpage>
          <lpage>319</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15 Bidault G, Garcia M, Vantyghem MC, Ducluzeau PH, Morichon R, Thiyagarajah K, et al. Lipodystrophy-linked lmna p.R482w mutation induces clinical early atherosclerosis and in vitro endothelial dysfunction. <italic>Arterioscler. Thromb Vasc Biol</italic>. 2013;33(9):2162-71.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bidault</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garcia</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vantyghem</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ducluzeau</surname>
              <given-names>PH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morichon</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thiyagarajah</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Lipodystrophy-linked lmna p.R482w mutation induces clinical early atherosclerosis and in vitro endothelial dysfunction</article-title>
          <source>Arterioscler. Thromb Vasc Biol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>2162</fpage>
          <lpage>2171</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16 Rego AR, Rego MAC, Faria CA; Baracho MFP; Egito EST; Mesquita ET, et al. Altera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares e metab&#243;licas da lipodistrofia generalizada cong&#234;nita (s&#237;ndrome de seip-berardinelli). <italic>Rev SOCERJ</italic>. 2007;20(2):1-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rego AR</surname>
              <given-names>Faria CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baracho</surname>
              <given-names>MFP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Egito</surname>
              <given-names>EST</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mesquita</surname>
              <given-names>ET</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Altera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares e metab&#243;licas da lipodistrofia generalizada cong&#234;nita (s&#237;ndrome de seip-berardinelli)</article-title>
          <source>Rev SOCERJ</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17 Viegas RF, Diniz RV, Viegas TM, Lira EB, Almeida DR. Cardiac involvement in total generalized lipodystrophy (berardinelli- seip syndrome). <italic>Arq Bras Cardiol</italic>. 2000;75(3):243-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Viegas</surname>
              <given-names>RF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Diniz</surname>
              <given-names>RV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Viegas</surname>
              <given-names>TM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lira</surname>
              <given-names>EB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Almeida</surname>
              <given-names>DR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac involvement in total generalized lipodystrophy (berardinelli- seip syndrome)</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>75</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>243</fpage>
          <lpage>248</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18 Friguls B, Coroleu W, del Alcazar R, Hilbert P, Van Maldergem L, Pintos-Morell G. Severe cardiac phenotype of berardinelli-seip congenital lipodystrophy in an infant with homozygous e189x bscl2 mutation. <italic>Eur J Med Genet</italic>. 2009;52(1):14-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Friguls</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coroleu</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>del Alcazar</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hilbert</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Van Maldergem</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pintos-Morell</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Severe cardiac phenotype of berardinelli-seip congenital lipodystrophy in an infant with homozygous e189x bscl2 mutation</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Med Genet</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>52</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>14</fpage>
          <lpage>16</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19 Khalife WI, Mourtada MC, Khalil J. Dilated cardiomyopathy and myocardial infarction secondary to congenital generalized lipodystrophy. <italic>Tex Heart Inst J</italic>. 2008;35(2):196-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Khalife</surname>
              <given-names>WI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mourtada</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khalil</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Dilated cardiomyopathy and myocardial infarction secondary to congenital generalized lipodystrophy</article-title>
          <source>Tex Heart Inst J</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>196</fpage>
          <lpage>199</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20 Debray FG, Baguette C, Colinet S, Van Maldergem L, Verellen-Dumouin C. Early infantile cardiomyopathy and liver disease: A multisystemic disorder caused by congenital lipodystrophy. <italic>Mol. Genet Metab.</italic> 2013;109(2):227-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Debray</surname>
              <given-names>FG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baguette</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Colinet</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Van Maldergem</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Verellen-Dumouin</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Early infantile cardiomyopathy and liver disease: A multisystemic disorder caused by congenital lipodystrophy</article-title>
          <source>Mol. Genet Metab.</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>109</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>227</fpage>
          <lpage>229</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21 Bhayana S, Siu VM, Joubert GI, Clarson CL, Cao H, Hegele RA. Cardiomyopathy in congenital complete lipodystrophy. <italic>Clin Genet</italic>. 2002;61(4):283-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bhayana</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Siu</surname>
              <given-names>VM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Joubert</surname>
              <given-names>GI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clarson</surname>
              <given-names>CL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cao</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hegele</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiomyopathy in congenital complete lipodystrophy</article-title>
          <source>Clin Genet</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>61</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>283</fpage>
          <lpage>287</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22 Madej-Pilarczyk A, Niezgoda A, Janus M, Wojnicz R, Marchel M, Fidzianska A, et al. Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy with severe heart failure overlapping with lipodystrophy in a patient with lmna mutation p.Ser334del. <italic>J Apll Genetics</italic>.. 2017;58(1)87-91.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Madej-Pilarczyk</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Niezgoda</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Janus</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wojnicz</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marchel</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fidzianska</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy with severe heart failure overlapping with lipodystrophy in a patient with lmna mutation p.Ser334del</article-title>
          <source>J Apll Genetics</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>58</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>87</fpage>
          <lpage>91</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23 Pan H, Richards AA, Zhu X, Joglar JA, Yin HL, Garg V. A novel mutation in lamin a/c is associated with isolated early-onset atrial fibrillation and progressive atrioventricular block followed by cardiomyopathy and sudden cardiac death. <italic>Heart Rhythm</italic>. 2009;6(5):707-10.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pan</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Richards</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhu</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Joglar</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yin</surname>
              <given-names>HL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garg</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A novel mutation in lamin a/c is associated with isolated early-onset atrial fibrillation and progressive atrioventricular block followed by cardiomyopathy and sudden cardiac death</article-title>
          <source>Heart Rhythm</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>707</fpage>
          <lpage>710</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24 Rego AG, Mesquita ET, Faria CA, Rego MA, Baracho Mde F, Santos MG,et al. Cardiometabolic abnormalities in patients with berardinelli-seip syndrome]. <italic>Arq Bras Cardiol</italic>. 2010;94(1):109-18.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rego</surname>
              <given-names>AG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mesquita</surname>
              <given-names>ET</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Faria</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rego</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baracho Mde</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiometabolic abnormalities in patients with berardinelli-seip syndrome]</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>94</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>109</fpage>
          <lpage>118</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25 Sims-Williams HP, Nye HJ, Walker PR. Dilated cardiomyopathy and skeletal myopathy: Presenting features of a laminopathy. <italic>BMJ Case Rep</italic>. 2013;jan 17;:pii bcr 2012007574.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sims-Williams</surname>
              <given-names>HP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nye</surname>
              <given-names>HJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Walker</surname>
              <given-names>PR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Dilated cardiomyopathy and skeletal myopathy: Presenting features of a laminopathy</article-title>
          <source>BMJ Case Rep</source>
          <day>17</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2013</year>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="pii">2012007574</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26 Scatteia A, Pagano C, Pascale C, Guarini P, Marotta G, Perrone-Filardi P, et al. Asymmetric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in generalized lipodystrophy. <italic>Int J Cardiol</italic>. 2016 Jan 1;202:724-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Scatteia</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pagano</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pascale</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guarini</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marotta</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Perrone-Filardi</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Asymmetric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in generalized lipodystrophy</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <day>01</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>202</volume>
          <fpage>724</fpage>
          <lpage>725</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27 Joubert M, Jagu B, Montaigne D, Marechal X, Tesse A, Ayer A, et al. The sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor dapagliflozin prevents cardiomyopathy in a diabetic lipodystrophic mouse model. <italic>Diabetes</italic>. 2017;66(4):1030-40.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Joubert</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jagu</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Montaigne</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marechal</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tesse</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ayer</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor dapagliflozin prevents cardiomyopathy in a diabetic lipodystrophic mouse model</article-title>
          <source>Diabetes</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>66</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>1030</fpage>
          <lpage>1040</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo de Revis&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Altera&#231;&#245;es Cardiovasculares em Pacientes Portadores de Lipodistrofia Familiar</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2526-0656</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Romano</surname>
            <given-names>Minna Moreira Dias</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3249-3455</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>In&#234;s</surname>
            <given-names>Paula Ananda Chacon</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramalho</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Naira Zambelli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Foss</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1090-8165</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Schmidt</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Medicina Interna, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Centro de Cardiologia, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Minna Romano,</bold> Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Medicina Interna - Campus Universit&#225;rio USP, S/N. CEP 14040-900, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>minnaromano@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Romano MMD; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Chacon PAI, Ramalho FNZ; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Romano MMD In&#234;s PAC; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Romano MMD, Chacon PAI, Ramalho FNZ; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Romano MMD, Foss MC, Schmidt A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>A lipodistrofia familiar &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica rara na qual indiv&#237;duos apresentam, al&#233;m das altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas e de dep&#243;sitos de gordura f&#237;sicos, um tipo de cardiomiopatia pouco estudada. Muitos dos pacientes desenvolvem altera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares, sendo a mais comumente reportada em literatura, a express&#227;o de um tipo de cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica. Este artigo, apresentado como uma revis&#227;o bibliogr&#225;fica, revisa os aspectos cl&#237;nicos e de imagem cardiovascular neste cen&#225;rio de cardiomiopatia em doen&#231;a metab&#243;lica rara, com base nas &#250;ltimas evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas publicadas na &#225;rea. Apesar da frequente associa&#231;&#227;o de lipodistrofia cong&#234;nita e hipertrofia ventricular descrita em literatura, os mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos desta cardiomiopatia ainda n&#227;o est&#227;o definitivamente elucidados, e novas informa&#231;&#245;es do aspecto morfol&#243;gico card&#237;aco surgem &#224; &#233;gide de recentes e avan&#231;ados m&#233;todos de imagem como a resson&#226;ncia card&#237;aca magn&#233;tica.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Lipodistrofia Parcial Familiar/gen&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica</kwd>
        <kwd>Imagem por Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Metab&#243;licas/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A lipodistrofia &#233; uma doen&#231;a rara que se caracteriza pela perda do tecido adiposo, podendo esta ser de forma generalizada ou parcial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Sua etiologia pode ser cong&#234;nita ou adquirida e h&#225; defici&#234;ncia de produ&#231;&#227;o do horm&#244;nio leptina, tornando os portadores dessa patologia hiperf&#225;gicos. Devido &#224; aus&#234;ncia de locais para armazenamento de energia, ocorre uma deposi&#231;&#227;o ect&#243;pica de triglicer&#237;deos no m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico e no f&#237;gado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></p>
        <p>A redu&#231;&#227;o na capacidade de estocar triglicer&#237;deos e a deposi&#231;&#227;o ect&#243;pica dos mesmos s&#227;o determinantes para a predisposi&#231;&#227;o e gravidade de complica&#231;&#245;es, como resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, diabetes mellitus, hipertrigliceridemia, esteatose hep&#225;tica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> e, recentemente descoberta, a cardiomiopatia. Apresenta&#231;&#245;es como a hipertrofia ventricular esquerda ou at&#233; mesmo uma cardiomiopatia dilatada j&#225; foram descritas em portadores de lipodistrofia.</p>
        <p>As lipodistrofias gen&#233;ticas podem ser divididas e subdivididas em variados tipos, cada qual com suas muta&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas, que determinam as mais diversas apresenta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e poss&#237;veis rela&#231;&#245;es com o desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as card&#237;acas. Apesar disto, esta condi&#231;&#227;o &#233; extremamente rara, com maior preval&#234;ncia em popula&#231;&#245;es com alta consanguinidade.</p>
        <p>Neste texto, objetivou-se a descri&#231;&#227;o da lipodistrofia familiar e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com o desenvolvimento de cardiomiopatias, &#224; luz das mais recentes evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Classifica&#231;&#227;o das lipodistrofias cong&#234;nitas</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Lipodistrofia cong&#234;nita generalizada (LGC)</title>
            <p>Um dos mais frequentes tipos de lipodistrofia gen&#233;tica &#233; a cong&#234;nita generalizada, caracterizado por uma desordem autoss&#244;mica recessiva, ocorrendo com mais frequ&#234;ncia em casos de consanguinidade parental, presente em todas as regi&#245;es geogr&#225;ficas e, provavelmente pela comum consanguineidade, com a maior preval&#234;ncia reportada em algumas regi&#245;es do Brasil como a regi&#227;o Nordeste.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Os indiv&#237;duos com esta altera&#231;&#227;o apresentam-se com uma falta quase total de tecido adiposo, ocasionando ent&#227;o uma proemin&#234;ncia da musculatura esquel&#233;tica em seu aspecto fenot&#237;pico. Durante a inf&#226;ncia, muitas crian&#231;as desenvolvem hepatoesplenomegalia e proemin&#234;ncia umbilical; e durante a adolesc&#234;ncia surgem complica&#231;&#245;es como diabetes.</p>
            <p>Essa s&#237;ndrome pode manifestar-se nas mais variadas formas, estando relacionada a um de quatro subtipos existentes e, consequentemente, ao cromossomo afetado. Dentre estes subtipos, &#233; not&#243;ria a s&#237;ndrome de <italic>Berardinelli-Seip</italic> (LGC 2), descrita atrav&#233;s de colabora&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica do grande pesquisador Brasileiro W. Berardinelli. Hoje sabe-se que esta s&#237;ndrome &#233; identificada por uma muta&#231;&#227;o no cromossomo 11q13, o qual codifica a prote&#237;na seipina, presente no ret&#237;culo endoplasm&#225;tico, sendo respons&#225;vel pela forma&#231;&#227;o das got&#237;culas lip&#237;dicas e a fus&#227;o dessas no interior de adip&#243;citos. Sua aus&#234;ncia ocasiona uma falta tanto do tecido adiposo metabolicamente ativo quanto daquele com fun&#231;&#245;es mec&#226;nicas, desde o nascimento, podendo levar a um retardo mental leve e a cardiomiopatias, tornando esse o mais grave dos subtipos.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Displasia mandibuloacral (DMA) - associada &#224; lipodistrofia</title>
            <p>Este &#233; um tipo de lipodistrofia gen&#233;tica, na qual o indiv&#237;duo apresenta-se com anormalidades esquel&#233;ticas como hipoplasia mandibular e clavicular, associada &#224; atrofia cut&#226;nea, atraso de denti&#231;&#227;o, fechamento de suturas cranianas e rigidez articular. Como caracter&#237;stica comum das lipodistrofias, a DMA leva a complica&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas como diabetes, resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, hipertrigliceridemia e baixos n&#237;veis de HDL-colesterol.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Lipodistrofia parcial familiar (LPF)</title>
            <p>A lipodistrofia parcial familiar &#233;, em sua maioria, uma desordem autoss&#244;mica dominante caracterizada por perda de gordura corporal dos membros superiores e inferiores, bem como do tronco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Esses pacientes tem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal de gordura durante a inf&#226;ncia e, durante a puberdade, come&#231;am a apresentar perda progressiva e vari&#225;vel de gordura subcut&#226;nea, tipicamente de extremidades, e em diferentes graus de abdome e t&#243;rax.</p>
            <p>Muitos pacientes, principalmente do sexo feminino, apresentam ac&#250;mulo de gordura em rosto, pesco&#231;o e em regi&#245;es perineal e intra-abdominal. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>) O excesso de ac&#250;mulo de gordura em regi&#227;o dorsocervical (corcova de b&#250;falo), supraclavicular e submentual d&#225; a estes pacientes um aspecto &#8220;cushingoide&#8221;. Em mulheres, pode haver masculiniza&#231;&#227;o, irregularidade menstrual e elevada preval&#234;ncia de s&#237;ndrome dos ov&#225;rios polic&#237;sticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> </p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f4">
                <label>Figura 1</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Caracter&#237;sticas de pacientes com lipodistrofia parcial familiar. No Painel A &#233; evidenciado ac&#250;mulo de gordura em rosto e pesco&#231;o e no Painel B em regi&#245;es perineal e intra-abdominal.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-02-0305-90016-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
            </p>
            <p>Cinco genes podem estar envolvidos na fisiopatologia deste tipo de lipodistrofia, todos eles levando a perda de gordura subcut&#226;nea nas extremidades. A forma mais prevalente de lipodistrofia familiar &#233; a autoss&#244;mica dominante do tipo 2, a primeira lipodistrofia parcial familiar descrita mais formalmente: FPLD2 (do ingl&#234;s, <italic>Familial Partial Lipodystrophy Type 2</italic>), denominada tamb&#233;m como variante ou S&#237;ndrome de Dunnigan. Essa s&#237;ndrome tem uma preval&#234;ncia de 1 para cada 15 milh&#245;es de pessoas, afetando igualmente ambos os sexos. Os pacientes desenvolvem uma s&#233;rie de complica&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas, como dislipidemia, hipertrigliceridemia e diabetes. Al&#233;m disso, podem manifestar graus variados de miopatia, cardiomiopatia e outras anormalidades do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o, demonstrando assim ser uma distrofia multissist&#234;mica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></p>
            <p>FPLD2 caracteriza-se por uma muta&#231;&#227;o no bra&#231;o longo do cromossomo 1, 1q21-22, envolvendo especificamente as l&#226;minas A e C ou o gene LMNA. Comumente, a muta&#231;&#227;o causadora de FPLD2 afeta o exon 8 (substitui&#231;&#227;o da arginina por um amino&#225;cido neutro na posi&#231;&#227;o 482 - R482W), por&#233;m, outras muta&#231;&#245;es no exon 8 e 11 (c&#243;don 644 - R644C) j&#225; foram descritas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Foi demonstrado que a muta&#231;&#227;o LMNA R482W est&#225; mais associada a anormalidades musculares e card&#237;acas, como atrofia e distrofia muscular, hipertrofia card&#237;aca e aterosclerose avan&#231;ada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Por&#233;m as diferen&#231;as fenot&#237;picas associadas a cada muta&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica determinante de FPLD n&#227;o foram ainda bem elucidadas.</p>
            <p>Numerosas muta&#231;&#245;es espalhadas por toda a prote&#237;na LMNA d&#227;o origem a doen&#231;as comumente chamadas laminopatias que afetam tecidos musculares, card&#237;acos, adiposos, cartilaginosos e &#243;sseos ou levam a s&#237;ndromes de envelhecimento precoce.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></p>
            <p>As l&#226;minas do tipo A incluem as l&#226;minas A (LMNA) e C (LMNC) que surgem a partir de "splicing" alternativo do RNA do gene LMNA. Essas prote&#237;nas s&#227;o expressas na maioria das c&#233;lulas, onde se encontram no envelope nuclear e no nucleoplasma e t&#234;m papel relevante no direcionamento da transcri&#231;&#227;o da heterocromatina localizada na periferia do n&#250;cleo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Acredita-se que a altera&#231;&#227;o dessas prote&#237;nas enfraque&#231;a a integridade e a estrutura do envelope nuclear, o que deterioraria profundamente a estrutura do n&#250;cleo do adip&#243;cito, conduzindo em &#250;ltima inst&#226;ncia &#224; morte celular prematura. Al&#233;m disso, sabe-se que a l&#226;mina tipo A &#233; capaz de interagir com fatores de transcri&#231;&#227;o, como o SREBP1 (do ingl&#234;s, <italic>Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1</italic>), envolvido na diferencia&#231;&#227;o de adip&#243;citos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Ademais, foi visto que l&#226;minas A e C se ligam a sequ&#234;ncias telom&#233;ricas, tendo papel na regula&#231;&#227;o do comprimento dos tel&#244;meros.</p>
            <p>O ponto principal e comum a todos os tipos de lipodistrofia &#233; a aus&#234;ncia total ou quase total do tecido adiposo, comprometendo assim o armazenamento de triglicer&#237;deos do indiv&#237;duo afetado e a sua atividade metab&#243;lica. Diante disso, a maioria dos pacientes manifesta clinicamente uma apar&#234;ncia musculosa, uma proemin&#234;ncia de veias superficiais, aumento de extremidades, acantose nigrans, proemin&#234;ncia ou h&#233;rnia umbilical, hiperfagia e crescimento acelerado, irregularidade do per&#237;odo menstrual, pubarca e menarca precoce, entre outros sinais e sintomas que podem incluir altera&#231;&#245;es auton&#244;micas card&#237;acas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></p>
            <p>Um dos pontos chave possivelmente relacionado &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de cardiomiopatias nos pacientes com lipodistrofia e tamb&#233;m associado a todos os tipos apresentados &#233; o ac&#250;mulo de gordura em tecidos ect&#243;picos, como o f&#237;gado e o m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico. Al&#233;m disso, a menor capacidade de oxidar e armazenar gordura promove a dislipidemia, resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, desenvolvimento de <italic>diabetes mellitus</italic> e suas complica&#231;&#245;es que podem envolver o sistema cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Comprometimento card&#237;aco em portadores de lipodistrofia cong&#234;nita</title>
          <p>A Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de, em conjunto com a Sociedade Internacional e Federa&#231;&#227;o de Cardiologia definem a cardiomiopatia como uma doen&#231;a do mioc&#225;rdio associada ou n&#227;o a disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, podendo ser classificada de acordo com as altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas e fisiol&#243;gicas, como cardiomiopatia dilatada, cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, cardiomiopatia restritiva, cardiomiopatia ventricular esquerda arritmog&#234;nica, cardiomiopatia metab&#243;lica, dentre outras.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></p>
          <p>Uma aten&#231;&#227;o especial neste contexto deve ser dada a cardiomiopatia metab&#243;lica, a qual se desenvolve diante de v&#225;rias condi&#231;&#245;es patol&#243;gicas associadas a dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos sist&#234;micos, sendo caracterizada por altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais e funcionais sem doen&#231;a arterial coronariana ou hipertens&#227;o concomitantes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> A condi&#231;&#227;o conhecida como cardiomiopatia diab&#233;tica &#233; uma subclassifica&#231;&#227;o da cardiomiopatia metab&#243;lica e &#233; definida pela presen&#231;a de envolvimento mioc&#225;rdico em pacientes com diabetes, exclu&#237;das outras causas como doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do mioc&#225;rdio. Na cardiomiopatia diab&#233;tica pode haver remodelamento e dilata&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, associado &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e/ou sist&#243;lica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></p>
          <p>A dificuldade do metabolismo da glicose presente no diabetes est&#225; associada ao maior consumo de &#225;cidos graxos como fonte energ&#233;tica, tal fato justificado pela falta de insulina ou pela resist&#234;ncia &#224; mesma.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> O uso quase exclusivo desse composto leva ao excesso de lip&#237;deos, os quais podem ser acumulados no m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco ou desviados para vias n&#227;o oxidativas, interrompendo a fun&#231;&#227;o celular normal e ocasionando disfun&#231;&#227;o org&#226;nica e apoptose, fato denominado lipotoxicidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Al&#233;m disso, a hiperglicemia de forma permanente pode causar dano ao mioc&#225;rdio atrav&#233;s de prote&#237;nas modificadas tanto por produtos finais de glica&#231;&#227;o avan&#231;ada quanto por radicais livres de oxig&#234;nio, levando ao seu ac&#250;mulo e fibrose mioc&#225;rdica que pode resultar na disfun&#231;&#227;o, inicialmente diast&#243;lica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></p>
          <p>Diversas altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas j&#225; foram descritas na literatura em pacientes portadores de lipodistrofia, sejam elas altera&#231;&#245;es unicamente morfol&#243;gicas ou associadas &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, por&#233;m as bases fisiopatol&#243;gicas envolvidas ainda n&#227;o foram completamente elucidadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Aterosclerose precoce, principalmente em pacientes com lipodistrofia parcial familiar pode ter prevalencia superior a 60% e manifesta antes dos 45 anos. Com tal agressividade, os mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos envolvidos, parecem n&#227;o ser apenas dependentes das altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas, mas talvez de um efeito direto da muta&#231;&#227;o g&#234;nica na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></p>
          <p>Em colet&#226;nea de s&#233;ries de casos de lipodistrofia anteriores ao ano de 2000, v&#225;rios casos com altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas do tipo hipertrofias s&#227;o descritos, com ou sem obstru&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica &#224; eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular, muitos com cardiomegalia e hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica associados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Colet&#226;neas de casos de pacientes portadores de lipodistrofia generalizada cong&#234;nita</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="75%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Ano</th>
                  <th align="center">Achados</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">1959</td>
                  <td align="center">3 pacientes; um deles com sopro sist&#243;lico. 2 apresentavam aumento de press&#227;o arterial e cardiomegalia.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">1963</td>
                  <td align="center">5 pacientes, todos portadores de cardiomegalia.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">1965</td>
                  <td align="center">1 paciente, evidenciado cardiomegalia e hipertens&#227;o arterial</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">1967</td>
                  <td align="center">2 pacientes (irm&#227;os) portadores de cardiomegalia moderada.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">1968</td>
                  <td align="center">Presen&#231;a de angiomatose c&#237;stica em pacientes com LGC.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">1971</td>
                  <td align="center">1 paciente portadora de cardiomegalia.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">1985</td>
                  <td align="center">7 pacientes, sendo 6 deles com LGC. Apresentaram sopro sist&#243;lico, 3 com hipertrofia ventricular esquerda e 2 com sobrecarga biventricular.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">1986</td>
                  <td align="center">4 pacientes, todos eles com sopro sist&#243;lico de eje&#231;&#227;o e quadro de cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica n&#227;o-obstrutiva.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">1993</td>
                  <td align="center">1 paciente com cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica progressiva.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">1995</td>
                  <td align="center">1 paciente com obstru&#231;&#227;o de 20% de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias e presen&#231;a de placas ateromatosas.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">1996</td>
                  <td align="center">8 pacientes, sendo 7 deles com LGC. Presen&#231;a de cardiomegalia e uma morte por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">1996</td>
                  <td align="center">8 pacientes, sendo 7 deles com LGC. Presen&#231;a de hipertrofia card&#237;aca.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">2000</td>
                  <td align="center">1 paciente com hipertens&#227;o arterial e hipertrofia sim&#233;trica severa.</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>LGC: Lipodistrofia Generalizada Cong&#234;nita.</p>
              </fn>
              <attrib>Fonte: [Adaptada de Rego AR, MAG; Faria, CA; Baracho, MFP; Egito, EST; Mesquita, ET; Brand&#227;o Neto, J. Altera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares e metab&#243;licas da lipodistrofia generalizada cong&#234;nita (s&#237;ndrome de seip-berardinelli)]</attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Ap&#243;s os anos 2000, publica&#231;&#245;es de casos isolados ou agrupados mostrando associa&#231;&#227;o entre lipodistrofias e hipertrofia ventricular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> tamb&#233;m s&#227;o encontradas em literatura, mesmo em pacientes bem jovens ou ainda lactentes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> tendo sido documentada, em alguns casos, progress&#227;o da hipertrofia ventricular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Em alguns destes casos identificados em idades precoces, h&#225; documenta&#231;&#227;o de evolu&#231;&#227;o da cardiomiopatia para disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica global ainda na inf&#226;ncia ou juventude.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></p>
          <p>Pan et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> consideraram que as muta&#231;&#245;es LMNA expressam-se de uma forma gen&#233;rica, com distrofia muscular, lipodistrofias, displasias &#243;sseas e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e, diante disso, relataram o caso de uma fam&#237;lia de ancestrais chineses com tr&#234;s gera&#231;&#245;es de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca, nas quais 100% dos familiares com mais de 40 anos apresentavam as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. A doen&#231;a cardiovascular apresentada pelos portadores dessa muta&#231;&#227;o consistia em arritmias, bloqueios atrioventriculares e cardiomiopatias dilatadas. Parte destes faleceu por causa cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></p>
          <p>Em 2010, R&#234;go et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> reportaram um grupo de 22 pacientes portadores de LGC2, dos quais 86,4% apresentaram hist&#243;ria familiar da doen&#231;a. Grande parte dos pacientes apresentavam os sinais metab&#243;licos comuns associados &#224; patologia, como <italic>diabetes mellitus</italic>, resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, acantose nigrans, hepatoesplenomegalia, eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de glicemia de jejum e triglicer&#237;deos e baixos n&#237;veis de HDL-colesterol, o que contribuiu para que muitos pacientes fossem diagnosticados com s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica. Ao exame cardiovascular, parte dos pacientes apresentou hipertens&#227;o arterial, 50% apresentaram hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e 4,5% hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, mas todos os casos apresentavam padr&#245;es de normalidade na fun&#231;&#227;o tanto sist&#243;lica quanto diast&#243;lica de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, quando avaliados por ecocardiografia convencional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></p>
          <p>Lupsa et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> estudaram 44 pacientes com lipodistrofia, dos quais 31 apresentavam LGC. Os indiv&#237;duos foram submetidos a diagn&#243;sticos genot&#237;pico e fenot&#237;pico, al&#233;m de an&#225;lise morfol&#243;gica e geom&#233;trica card&#237;aca. Dentre os 31 indiv&#237;duos com LGC, 18 apresentaram algum grau de hipertrofia ventricular, embora em nenhum destes houvesse disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica de VE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>)</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise genot&#237;pica e fenot&#237;pica de pacientes portadores de LGC</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="30%"/>
                <col width="35%"/>
                <col width="35%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Altera&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica</th>
                  <th align="center">Altera&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</th>
                  <th align="center">An&#225;lise eletrocardiogr&#225;fica e/ou funcional</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="4">LGC1 (muta&#231;&#227;o do AGPAT2)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 pacientes com massa normal.</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="4">Observados 17 ECG, sendo 9 deles com anormalidades.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">3 pacientes com hipertrofia discreta.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">4 pacientes com hipertrofia moderada.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">3 pacientes com hipertrofia grave.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="4">LGC2 (muta&#231;&#227;o seipina)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 pacientes com massa normal.</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="4">Observados 7 ECG, sendo 5 deles com anormalidades.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">2 pacientes com hipertrofia discreta.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">2 pacientes com hipertrofia moderada.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">4 pacientes com hipertrofia grave.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Muta&#231;&#227;o LMNA (R133L)</td>
                  <td align="center">Massa normal do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</td>
                  <td align="center">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 35% e baixa toler&#226;ncia aos exerc&#237;cios.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Muta&#231;&#227;o desconhecida</td>
                  <td align="center">Massa normal do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, com remodelamento conc&#234;ntrico.</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>ECG: eletrocardiografia.</p>
              </fn>
              <attrib>Fonte: Adaptada de Lupsa BC, et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></attrib>
              <attrib>Fonte: [Adaptada de Lupsa BC, Sachdev V, Lungu AO, Rosing DR, Gorden P. Cardiomyopathy in congenital and acquired generalized lipodystrophy: A clinical assessment.]</attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Em parte desta casu&#237;stica, foi feita a an&#225;lise patol&#243;gica do cora&#231;&#227;o. Em um dos indiv&#237;duos que foi submetido a transplante card&#237;aco por insufici&#234;ncia cardiaca refrat&#225;ria e em outros dois que faleceram por insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria secund&#225;ria a pneumonia. Dois dos pacientes eram portadores de LGC1. Em um deles foi evidenciada dilata&#231;&#227;o bi-ventricular, hipertrofia de mi&#243;citos com a presen&#231;a de mi&#243;citos subendoc&#225;rdicos vacuolados, al&#233;m de fibrose subendoc&#225;rdica e epic&#225;rdica com gordura e infiltrado de linf&#243;citos dispersos. No outro indiv&#237;duo com LGC1 demonstrou-se leve hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, principalmente posterolateral. Por fim, no &#250;ltimo indiv&#237;duo, este que apresentava LGC2, houve demonstra&#231;&#227;o de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda e uma fibrose perivascular e intersticial irregular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></p>
          <p>Nelson et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> estudaram 5 pacientes portadores de lipodistrofia generalizada cong&#234;nita (2 deles com LGC1 e 3 com LGC2) e 5 indiv&#237;duos controles que apresentavam caracter&#237;sticas semelhantes de idade e massa corporal. Par&#226;metros como n&#237;veis de colesterol total e press&#227;o arterial foram semelhantes para ambos os grupos. Indiv&#237;duos com lipodistrofia, por&#233;m, apresentaram baixos n&#237;veis de HDL-colesterol, n&#237;veis elevados de glicemia de jejum, teor tr&#234;s vezes maior de triglicer&#237;deos circulantes, al&#233;m da detec&#231;&#227;o de tecido adiposo peric&#225;rdico por m&#233;todos de imagem cardiovascular (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2</xref>). Uma an&#225;lise morfol&#243;gica e funcional do cora&#231;&#227;o desses pacientes pela resson&#226;ncia card&#237;aca magn&#233;tica mostrou um aumento da massa de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de padr&#227;o conc&#234;ntrico. No entanto, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre valores de volume sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico final ou na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em rela&#231;&#227;o a um grupo controle.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Assim, em um primeiro estudo cl&#237;nico que controlou vari&#225;veis como os n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial e idade entre indiv&#237;duos com lipodistrofia e controles, ainda houve diferen&#231;a geom&#233;trica de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo entre os grupos, embora ambos n&#227;o apresentassem altera&#231;&#245;es funcionais.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f5">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Imagens de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o. (Superior) Imagens de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca de quatro c&#226;maras, observa-se a presen&#231;a de gordura peric&#225;rdica no paciente e no controle. (Meio) O controle tem gordura na parede tor&#225;cica, enquanto o paciente n&#227;o, demonstrando uma falta geral de tecido adiposo no paciente. (Inferior) O f&#237;gado parece brilhante por causa de esteatose hep&#225;tica no paciente com lipodistrofia. Observa-se a falta geral de tecido adiposo subcut&#226;neo e visceral no paciente com lipodistrofia. [Adaptada de Nelson et. al. Cardiac Steatosis and Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Patients With Generalized Lipodystrophy as Determined by Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Imaging].<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> </title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-02-0305-90016-gf02-pt.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Sims-Williams et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> reportaram o caso de um paciente de 62 anos, com cardiomiopatia dilatada e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sintom&#225;tica, cujo irm&#227;o g&#234;meo havia falecido por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, assim como o pai. O av&#244;, por outro lado, havia sofrido um acidente vascular cerebral emb&#243;lico e tamb&#233;m apresentava hipertrofia ventricular. Toda esta fam&#237;lia apresentava muta&#231;&#227;o do gene LMNA. O exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico deste indiv&#237;duo revelou uma acentuada dilata&#231;&#227;o e deteriora&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, com uma fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 18%, associado a um aumento da espessura na parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Havia tamb&#233;m redu&#231;&#227;o na fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita e uma dilata&#231;&#227;o bi-atrial. Baseado nisto, os autores levantaram a hip&#243;tese de que grande parte das cardiomiopatias encontradas neste grupo de pacientes seja tamb&#233;m de etiologia familiar e, parte dessas, ocasionadas diretamente pelas muta&#231;&#245;es LMNA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></p>
          <p>Scatteia et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> descreveram o caso de um homem de 30 anos, portador de lipodistrofia generalizada, diagnosticada desde o nascimento e com sopro sist&#243;lico ejetivo desde a inf&#226;ncia. Exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos mostraram uma cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica assim&#233;trica, com predomin&#226;ncia no septo interventricular, insufici&#234;ncia mitral, mas sem obstru&#231;&#227;o ao fluxo do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Aos 30 anos as altera&#231;&#245;es geom&#233;tricas card&#237;acas tornaram-se mais evidentes e houve progress&#227;o da hipertrofia ventricular, mantendo-se a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 71%. Com o apoio da resson&#226;ncia card&#237;aca magn&#233;tica, neste paciente, foi poss&#237;vel excluir a presen&#231;a de edema mioc&#225;rdico, assim como a infiltra&#231;&#227;o gordurosa. Este exame revelou uma &#225;rea focal de realce tardio, sugerindo fibrose mioc&#225;rdica localizada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref>). A presen&#231;a de sinais de fibrose entremeando o m&#250;sculo hipertr&#243;fico normalmente sugere que a hipertrofia seja prim&#225;ria e n&#227;o secund&#225;ria a situa&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas como a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Imagens A e B pr&#233;-contraste. Imagens C e D p&#243;s-contraste tardio. (A) e (B), ambas mostrando uma &#225;rea hipointensa (seta) na regi&#227;o hipertr&#243;fica anterior / &#226;ntero-septal regi&#227;o excluindo, respectivamente, a presen&#231;a de infiltra&#231;&#227;o gordurosa ou edema. (C) e (D) mostrando &#225;rea de realce tardio do gadol&#237;nio (seta) envolvendo a regi&#227;o hipertr&#243;fica anterior / &#226;ntero-septal e compat&#237;vel com fibrose/necrose mioc&#225;rdica [Adaptada de Scatteia et al. Asymmetric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in generalized lipodystrophy].<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> </title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-02-0305-90016-gf03-pt.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Assim, como a maioria dos dados em literatura que envolvem lipodistrofia e altera&#231;&#245;es geom&#233;tricas e funcionais card&#237;acas est&#227;o embasados em relatos de casos e s&#233;ries, os mecanismos envolvidos nesta associa&#231;&#227;o est&#227;o ainda por ser elucidados. A hip&#243;tese de lipotoxicidade mioc&#225;rdica &#233; sustentada por meio do achado de n&#237;veis elevados de triglicer&#237;deos nos cardiomi&#243;citos hipertrofiados de alguns pacientes, al&#233;m da presen&#231;a de gordura mioc&#225;rdica. Uma prov&#225;vel explica&#231;&#227;o fisiopatol&#243;gica para a lipotoxicidade seria a de uma estimula&#231;&#227;o mecano-sens&#237;vel repetitiva de elementos presentes na adipog&#234;nese, &#224; semelhan&#231;a do que ocorre em pacientes com tecido adiposo residual preservado. Al&#233;m disso, acredita-se tamb&#233;m que a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, presente em praticamente todos estes indiv&#237;duos provoque um desequil&#237;brio na utiliza&#231;&#227;o de substratos pelo mioc&#225;rdio, ocasionando uma maior absor&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cidos graxos pelo mesmo, podendo levar &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es obtidas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></p>
          <p>Publicado em 2017, o estudo de Joubert et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> em modelo experimental animal (roedores) de lipodistrofia foi desenhado para tentar elucidar as bases fisiopatol&#243;gicas da agress&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica nesta doen&#231;a. Camundongos geneticamente modificados com aus&#234;ncia do gene para seipina, quando comparados a seus controles, apresentaram hipertrofia ventricular esquerda associada &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular tanto diast&#243;lica quanto sist&#243;lica. Por&#233;m, ao contr&#225;rio do sugerido em outros estudos, os mesmos n&#227;o apresentaram dep&#243;sitos de triglicer&#237;deos card&#237;acos, contradizendo a hip&#243;tese de lipotoxicidade mioc&#225;rdica. No entanto, as altera&#231;&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas induzidas neste modelo correlacionaram-se com o metabolismo alterado de glicose. Com base nos achados deste estudo, n&#227;o se pode confirmar que seja a lipotoxicidade card&#237;aca o mecanismo fisiopatol&#243;gico envolvido com a hipertrofia e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular na doen&#231;a. Mas, torna-se bastante plaus&#237;vel, a hip&#243;tese de que a altera&#231;&#227;o metab&#243;lica do controle glic&#234;mico, indiretamente, esteja relacionada a fatores de transcri&#231;&#227;o respons&#225;veis pela regula&#231;&#227;o da ativa&#231;&#227;o de genes pr&#243;-hipertr&#243;ficos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A lipodistrofia familiar &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o rara onde indiv&#237;duos apresentam, al&#233;m das altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas e de tecido adiposo m&#250;sculo-esquel&#233;tico, um tipo de cardiomiopatia. As altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas comumente descritas em literatura, em s&#233;ries de casos, s&#227;o de uma cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica. A evolu&#231;&#227;o para disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda pode acontecer em uma porcentagem de casos. N&#227;o h&#225; explora&#231;&#227;o suficiente para concluir sobre a frequ&#234;ncia de acometimento funcional card&#237;aca do tipo disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ou mesmo altera&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;licas incipientes.</p>
        <p>Ainda, apesar da frequente associa&#231;&#227;o de lipodistrofia cong&#234;nita e hipertrofia ventricular, os mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos ainda s&#227;o desconhecidos. Hip&#243;teses de que o metabolismo alterado de glicose presente na doen&#231;a seja respons&#225;vel por ativa&#231;&#227;o de genes pr&#243;-hipertrofia poderiam explicar tal associa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPESP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de inicia&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica da Paula Ananda In&#234;s Chacon pela FMRP-USP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>ERRATA</label>
          <p>
            <bold>Edi&#231;&#227;o de Fevereiro de 2020, vol. 114 (2), p&#225;gs. 305-312</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No Artigo de Revis&#227;o &#8220;Altera&#231;&#245;es Cardiovasculares em Pacientes Portadores de Lipodistrofia Familiar&#8221;, com n&#250;mero de DOI: https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20190016, publicado no peri&#243;dico Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, 114(2):305-312, na p&#225;gina 305, onde se lia:</p>
          <p>Paula Ananda In&#234;s Chacon</p>
          <p>Leia-se:</p>
          <p>Paula Ananda Chacon In&#234;s</p>
          <p>na p&#225;gina 311, onde lia:</p>
          <p>Chacon PAI</p>
          <p>Leia-se:</p>
          <p>In&#234;s PAC</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
