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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">yJbpvnyWjnCbhwbnWMZzCcM</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020000200293</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190903</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>New Paradigms in the Evaluation of Diastolic Function by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Aortic Valvopathy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7152-1810</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Salemi</surname>
            <given-names>Vera Maria Cury</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Dantas Tavares de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Araujo</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; de Arimat&#233;ia Batista</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Jo&#227;o Pessoa</city>
          <state>PB</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Vera Maria Cury Salemi,</bold> Av. Jandira, 185. apto. 41B, Postal Code 04080000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>verasalemi@uol.com.br</email>.</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>293</fpage>
      <lpage>294</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Aortic Stenosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Diastolic Function</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Magnetic Resonance</kwd>
        <kwd>Aortic Valvopathy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>The noninvasive analysis of left ventricular diastolic function is a challenge in clinical practice. Estimation of the time constant of isovolumetric relaxation - or Tau constant - is the best and most established parameter for ventricular diastolic function analysis. However, this measure is obtained through an invasive assessment and it is very difficult to acquire.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> In clinical practice, echocardiography is considered a key tool, among all the complementary exams that can be used to evaluate diastolic function, validated in relation to the pressure-volume curves by catheterization, restricting the invasive evaluation to be used in exceptional cases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Thus, echocardiography remains the first-line noninvasive method, providing data on early diastolic dysfunction through indices that reflect relaxation, compliance, and also indirect measurements of ventricular filling pressures.</p>
    <p>The latest recommendations for diastolic dysfunction assessment by echocardiography basically include analysis of the left ventricle without structural changes and preserved ejection fraction, as well as a flowchart for cases of left ventricular ejection fraction reduction/structural change.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> However, the classification of the degree of diastolic dysfunction and its application in the therapeutic management of valvular heart disease remains controversial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Moreover, aortic stenosis may be associated with mitral annulus calcification, which may lead to a reduction of the mitral orifice area, with an increase in early transmitral diastolic velocity (E), while the Doppler lateral mitral annulus velocity (e&#8217;) may be reduced due to limitation of the posterior cusp excursion, which may lead to an artificial increase in the E/e&#8217; ratio. In aortic regurgitation, however, the aortic reflux jet may interfere with the mitral flow, which, when significant, can lead to a restrictive ventricular filling pattern; however, the accuracy of E/e&#8217; ratio is questionable.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></p>
    <p>The present study proposes the analysis of diastolic function by analyzing left ventricular (LV) longitudinal movement, quantified by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> The study population consists of three groups according to hemodynamic stress: aortic stenosis (significant afterload increase), aortic regurgitation (consistent preload increase), both valvopathies compared with a healthy group. Both valvopathies comprised a comparative group with the controls. This study demonstrated that the LV longitudinal movement analysis was reduced in patients with aortic valve disease when compared to the control group, and that among patients with valvular disease, patients with aortic regurgitation had lower values than those with stenosis.</p>
    <p>The cMRI is an attractive imaging modality capable of providing morphological, functional, perfusion and tissue characterization data in a single examination, with irrefutable spatial resolution. In the evaluation of diastolic function, recent techniques have shown encouraging results, especially those based on the myocardial strain assessment through feature tracking. However, the need for improvements in image postprocessing and acquisition times, together with the limited availability and relatively high cost of the employed software, limit a broader use of these relatively new technologies in clinical practice.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> It is in this context that the elegant study by Ribeiro et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> is located and has its greatest strength: in the cost-benefit of four variables obtained simply and quickly in the four-chamber view for indirect evaluation of diastolic dysfunction, without the need for additional specific sequences or the use of specific software. However, before proposing the incorporation of this technique into clinical routine, some important methodological considerations are necessary. We know that the ventricular longitudinal shortening measured by cMRI is classically related to ventricular systolic function and, more recently, also to diastolic dysfunction measured by echocardiography, even in patients with preserved ejection fraction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></p>
    <p>However, the authors did not directly correlate the ventricular longitudinal movement variables with Doppler echocardiographic variables, data with broad and widespread importance in the noninvasive investigation of diastolic dysfunction, or with invasive variables to validate these measurements.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Although the authors assumed this fact as an important limitation of the study, this absence makes it impossible to estimate the accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and predictive values of this methodology. Furthermore, the lack of interobserver agreement assessment and internal and external validation, associated with the fact that the case group consisted of a very heterogeneous population (stenosis and valve regurgitation), require that these results be interpreted with extreme caution and cannot be extrapolated to other samples or distinct cardiomyopathies before being clinically validated. Other relevant data is consensually accepted that patients with severe aortic valve disease, either stenosis or regurgitation, already showing morphological alteration and ventricular compliance, are symptomatic. Patients with advanced aortic valvopathy have higher ventricular mass and reduced ejection fraction, when compared with the healthy group. In this context, measures of systolic and diastolic function can be expected to differ from those of the healthy control group.</p>
    <p>As a suggestion for future studies, the inclusion of other variables, easily obtained in the basic cMRI sequences, such as left atrial volume (a chronic marker of diastolic dysfunction and cardiovascular risk) or the presence of late LV enhancement (indicator of fibrosis as a potential substrate for myocardial impairment) would certainly add important data to the debate on the role of cMRI in LV diastolic dysfunction. Moreover, it would be interesting to perform its validation with methods that are clinically used as invasive measures of the Tau constant, or through echocardiography parameters, which are validated measures for the analysis of diastolic function in different heart diseases.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Longitudinal Shortening of the Left Ventricle by Cine-CMR for Assessment of Diastolic Function in Patients with Aortic Valve Disease</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Novos Paradigmas na Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Fun&#231;&#227;o Diast&#243;lica pela Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca na Valvopatia A&#243;rtica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7152-1810</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Salemi</surname>
            <given-names>Vera Maria Cury</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Dantas Tavares de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Araujo</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; de Arimat&#233;ia Batista</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Para&#237;ba, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Vera Maria Cury Salemi,</bold> Av. Jandira, 185. apto. 41B, CEP 04080000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>verasalemi@uol.com.br</email>.</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Estenose A&#243;rtica</kwd>
        <kwd>Fun&#231;&#227;o Diast&#243;lica</kwd>
        <kwd>Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Valvopatia A&#243;rtica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A an&#225;lise n&#227;o invasiva da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#233; um desafio na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. A estimativa da constante de tempo do relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico - ou constante de Tau -&#233; o melhor e mais bem estabelecido par&#226;metro para an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ventricular. Por&#233;m, tal medida &#233; realizada de forma invasiva e de aquisi&#231;&#227;o bastante laboriosa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, dentre todos os exames complementares que podem ser utilizados para avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, o ecocardiograma &#233; considerado a ferramenta-chave, validado em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s curvas de press&#227;o-volume pelo cateterismo, restringindo a avalia&#231;&#227;o invasiva para casos excepcionais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Assim, o ecocardiograma permanece como m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo de primeira linha, fornecendo dados de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica precoce por meio de &#237;ndices que refletem o relaxamento, a complac&#234;ncia e, ainda, medidas indiretas das press&#245;es de enchimento ventricular.</p>
      <p>As &#250;ltimas recomenda&#231;&#245;es da avalia&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica pela ecocardiografia basicamente incluem a an&#225;lise do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo sem altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais e com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada, assim como um fluxograma para os casos de redu&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o/altera&#231;&#227;o estrutural do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Por&#233;m, a classifica&#231;&#227;o do grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e sua aplica&#231;&#227;o no manejo terap&#234;utico nas valvopatias continua controversa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Al&#233;m disso, a estenose a&#243;rtica pode estar associada &#224; calcifica&#231;&#227;o do anel mitral, que pode levar &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea do orif&#237;cio mitral, com aumento da velocidade diast&#243;lica transmitral precoce (E). A velocidade do anel mitral lateral tecidual (e&#8217;), por sua vez, pode estar reduzida por limita&#231;&#227;o da excurs&#227;o da c&#250;spide posterior, o que se traduz em aumento artificial da rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217;. J&#225; na insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica, o jato do refluxo a&#243;rtico pode interferir no fluxo mitral; quando importante, tal interfer&#234;ncia pode levar ao padr&#227;o de enchimento ventricular do tipo restritivo. Sendo assim, a acur&#225;cia da E/e&#8217; torna-se question&#225;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></p>
      <p>O presente estudo prop&#245;e a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica com base na an&#225;lise da movimenta&#231;&#227;o longitudinal do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) quantificada pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo consiste em tr&#234;s grupos, de acordo com o estresse hemodin&#226;mico: estenose a&#243;rtica (aumento importante da p&#243;s-carga), insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica (aumento consistente da pr&#233;-carga), ambas valvopatias comparadas com um grupo saud&#225;vel. As valvopatias em conjunto formaram um grupo comparativo com o controle. Esse estudo demonstrou, pela an&#225;lise do movimento longitudinal do VE, que tal movimenta&#231;&#227;o encontrava-se reduzida em pacientes com valvopatia a&#243;rtica em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo-controle e que, dentre os valvopatas, os pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica apresentam valores menores que os dos pacientes com estenose.</p>
      <p>A RMC &#233; uma atrativa modalidade de imagem, capaz de fornecer dados morfol&#243;gicos, funcionais, perfusionais e de caracteriza&#231;&#227;o tecidual em um &#250;nico exame, com resolu&#231;&#227;o espacial incontest&#225;vel. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, t&#233;cnicas recentes t&#234;m alcan&#231;ado resultados encorajadores, especialmente aquelas que se baseiam na avalia&#231;&#227;o do <italic>strain</italic> mioc&#225;rdico por monitoramento de dados (<italic>feature-tracking</italic>). No entanto, a necessidade de melhorias no p&#243;s-processamento de imagem e nos tempos de aquisi&#231;&#227;o, somada &#224; limitada disponibilidade e ao relativo alto custo dos <italic>softwares</italic> empregados, cerceiam a maior abrang&#234;ncia dessas tecnologias relativamente novas na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> &#201; nesse contexto que o elegante estudo de Ribeiro <italic>et al.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> se insere e tem sua maior for&#231;a: no custo-benef&#237;cio de quatro vari&#225;veis obtidas de maneira simples e r&#225;pida no plano de quatro c&#226;maras para avalia&#231;&#227;o indireta da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, sem necessidade de sequ&#234;ncias espec&#237;ficas adicionais ou uso de programas exclusivos. No entanto, antes de propor a incorpora&#231;&#227;o desta t&#233;cnica &#224; rotina cl&#237;nica, algumas importantes considera&#231;&#245;es metodol&#243;gicas s&#227;o imperativas. Sabemos que o encurtamento longitudinal do ventr&#237;culo medido por RMC &#233; classicamente relacionado com a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular e, mais recentemente, foi associado tamb&#233;m &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica medida pela ecocardiografia, mesmo em pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></p>
      <p>Apesar disso, os autores n&#227;o correlacionaram diretamente as vari&#225;veis da movimenta&#231;&#227;o longitudinal ventricular &#224;s vari&#225;veis eco-Dopplercardiogr&#225;ficas, dados de ampla e disseminada import&#226;ncia na investiga&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, ou &#224;s vari&#225;veis invasivas para valida&#231;&#227;o dessas medidas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Embora os autores tenham assumido tal fato como uma importante limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo, tal aus&#234;ncia impossibilita a estimativa de acur&#225;cia, sensibilidade, especificidade e valores preditivos dessa metodologia. Outrossim, a falta de avalia&#231;&#227;o da concord&#226;ncia interobservadores e de valida&#231;&#227;o interna e externa, associada ao fato de o grupo-caso ser composto por uma popula&#231;&#227;o significativamente heterog&#234;nea (estenose e insufici&#234;ncia valvar), exige que tais resultados sejam interpretados com extrema cautela, n&#227;o podendo ser extrapolados para outras amostras ou distintas cardiomiopatias antes de serem clinicamente validados. Outro dado relevante &#233; ser consensualmente aceito que pacientes com valvopatia a&#243;rtica grave, seja estenose ou insufici&#234;ncia, j&#225; com altera&#231;&#227;o morfol&#243;gica e da complac&#234;ncia ventricular, encontram-se sintom&#225;ticos. Os pacientes com valvopatia a&#243;rtica avan&#231;ada apresentam maior massa ventricular e redu&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, quando comparados com o grupo saud&#225;vel. Nesse contexto, &#233; esperado que medidas de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica estejam diferentes em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo-controle saud&#225;vel.</p>
      <p>Como sugest&#227;o para futuros trabalhos, a inclus&#227;o de outras vari&#225;veis facilmente obtidas nas sequ&#234;ncias b&#225;sicas de RMC, como volume do &#225;trio esquerdo (um marcador cr&#244;nico de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e de risco cardiovascular) ou a presen&#231;a de realce tardio do VE (indicador de fibrose como potencial substrato para comprometimento mioc&#225;rdico), certamente enriqueceria o debate sobre o papel da RMC na disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE. Al&#233;m disso, seria interessante a sua valida&#231;&#227;o por m&#233;todos clinicamente utilizados, como medidas invasivas da constante de Tau, ou por par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, que s&#227;o medidas j&#225; validadas para an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica em diferentes cardiopatias.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Encurtamento Longitudinal do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo por Cine-RMC para Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Fun&#231;&#227;o Diast&#243;lica em Pacientes com Doen&#231;a Valvar A&#243;rtica.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
