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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">qnWqmF4GjjyZ6dnvpCTmxmb</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020000200284</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190193</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Longitudinal Shortening of the Left Ventricle by Cine-CMR for Assessment of Diastolic Function in Patients with Aortic Valve Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0732-2814</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio Marrone</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9493-0687</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Clerio Francisco de</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6524-9614</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sampaio</surname>
            <given-names>Roney</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9964-3289</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tarasoutchi</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;vio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3400-0626</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Grinberg</surname>
            <given-names>Max</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4505-3344</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rochitte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Botucatu</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ)</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP)</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor)</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Sergio Marrone Ribeiro,</bold> Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) - Doen&#231;as Tropicais e Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem - Distrito de Rubi&#227;o J&#250;nior s/n. Postal Code 18618-970, Botucatu, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>marrone@fmb.unesp.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Invited editor for this paper: Dr. Jo&#227;o Cavalcante.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Ribeiro SM, Azevedo Filho CF, Sampaio R, Tarasoutchi F, Grinberg M, Kalil-Filho R, Rochitte CE; Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript: Ribeiro SM, Azevedo Filho CF, Rochitte CE; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Azevedo Filho CF, Sampaio R, Tarasoutchi F, Grinberg M, Kalil-Filho R.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>284</fpage>
      <lpage>292</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Diastolic dysfunction, commonly evaluated by echocardiography, is an important early finding in many cardiomyopathies. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) often requires specialized sequences that extends the test time. Recently, feature-tracking imaging has been made available, but still requires expensive software and lacks clinical validation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To assess diastolic function in patients with aortic valve disease (AVD) and compare it with normal controls by evaluating left ventricular (LV) longitudinal displacement by CMR.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We compared 26 AVD patients with 19 normal controls. Diastolic function was evaluated as LV longitudinal displacement in 4-chamber view cine-CMR images using steady state free precession (SSFP) sequence during the entire cardiac cycle with temporal resolution &lt; 50 ms. The resulting plot of atrioventricular junction (AVJ) position versus time generated variables of AVJ motion. Significance level of p &lt; 0.05 was used.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Maximum longitudinal displacement (0.12 vs. 0.17 cm), maximum velocity during early diastole (MVED, 0.6 vs. 1.4s<sup>-1</sup>), slope of the best-fit line of displacement in diastasis (VDS, 0.22 vs. 0.03s<sup>-1</sup>), and VDS/MVED ratio (0.35 vs. 0.02) were significantly reduced in AVD patients compared with controls, respectively. Aortic regurgitation showed significantly worse longitudinal LV shortening compared with aortic stenosis. Higher LV mass indicated worse diastolic dysfunction.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>A simple linear measurement detected significant differences on LV diastolic function between AVD patients and controls. LV mass was the only independent predictor of diastolic dysfunction in these patients. This method can help in the evaluation of diastolic dysfunction, improving cardiomyopathy detection by CMR, without prolonging exam time or depending on expensive software.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases/mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic Imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Aortic Valve Insufficiency</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Diastolic dysfunction is an early marker of cardiac disease and precedes systolic dysfunction. It can occur in the presence or absence of symptoms and with normal or abnormal systolic function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> There is a high morbidity and mortality associated with this condition due to the potential transition to diastolic heart failure, but it may be underdiagnosed because of the diagnostic criteria. Diastolic dysfunction has an increasing incidence with age and is associated with diabetes mellitus, atrial fibrillation, coronary artery disease, pulmonary hypertension,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> and congenital heart diseases. Left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy has been associated with impaired diastolic function, which is commonly described in systemic hypertension, aortic valve diseases and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></p>
      <p>Echocardiography is the most used technique for diastolic dysfunction evaluation in daily clinical routine. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) has been widely used for the evaluation of LV morphology and systolic function due to its excellent image quality and lack of geometric assumptions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> However, CMR is less used for evaluating diastolic function despite the development of several relevant techniques,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> including the use of volumetric filling curves,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> phase-contrast imaging,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> myocardial tissue tagging,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> and strain-encoded imaging.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> The reasons for the limited utilization of these techniques in clinical practice are the time-consuming processes for additional image acquisition and post-processing. For instance, obtaining LV volume curves over the entire cardiac cycle, with the mandatory tracking of endocardial and epicardial contours for all cardiac phases in a cine-CMR series takes a long time and requires a specialized software with automated contour detection. Additionally, other specialized techniques of diastolic dysfunction evaluation require additional sequences of images, such as phase-contrast images, which mean longer CMR exam time. In two recent publications by Saba et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> and Dusch et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> CMR longitudinal LV shortening has been shown to be useful for diastolic dysfunction assessment.</p>
      <p>In the current study, we hypothesized that patients with severe aortic valve stenosis or regurgitation and preserved ejection fraction have diastolic LV dysfunction defined by motion of the atrioventricular junction (AVJ) at CMR.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study population</title>
        <p>We retrospectively identified 26 patients with severe aortic valve disease (AVD) and normal ejection fraction, who underwent CMR and were scheduled for aortic valve replacement surgery, and 19 normal control subjects. Eleven of AVD patients (42.3%) had predominantly aortic insufficiency, and 15 of them (57.7%) had predominantly aortic stenosis. This sample size was based on the number of patients with confirmed diagnosis, available for analysis.</p>
        <p>The patients were clinically followed up at valve disease outpatient clinic of our institution. The exclusion criteria were: age under 18 and over 85 years old, diabetes mellitus, systemic arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia or concomitant significant coronary artery disease. All patients over 40 years old had a coronary angiography, and those with significant coronary artery disease (luminal stenosis &gt;50%) were excluded. Patients with concomitant mitral valve disease were also excluded, as well as the ones with previous cardiac surgery and contraindications for CMR such as pacemaker use, metal clips or other ferromagnetic structures and claustrophobia.</p>
        <p>Healthy volunteers with no significant past medical history had been recruited to establish baseline AVJ motion values. In addition, 19 healthy volunteers (10 men), aged between 24 and 58 years old, without hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease or other significant past medical history, and all with normal CMR examinations were used for comparison with the 26 AVD patients.</p>
        <p>The CMR tests were performed with a 1.5 Tesla clinical scanner (Signa CV/i, GE Medical Systems, Waukesha, Wisconsin/USA) and dedicated cardiac surface phased-array coil. After localization of the heart, eight to 12 contiguous short-axis slices (8.0 mm slice thickness and 2mm gap between the slices), encompassing the entire LV and 4 long-axis slices were selected. The analysis was performed in a four-chamber view. Cine images were acquired with a steady-state free precession pulse sequence (SSFP) with temporal resolution of less than 50 ms and standard parameters: TR 3.9 ms, TE 1.8 ms, flip angle 45&#176;, receiver bandwidth &#177; 125 kHz, field of view (FOV) of 34 x 34 cm, 256x160 matrix, voxel size 1.3 x 2.1 x 8.0mm.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Image and data analyses</title>
        <p>The longitudinal motion of the AVJ was tracked through the cardiac cycle over 20 cardiac phases, on four-chamber view SSFP cine CMR images. The baseline position of the AVJ was defined at end diastole and its longitudinal displacement was measured relative to a reference line drawn between the LV apex (epicardial border, hypointense line corresponding to interface of myocardium and epicardial fat) and the inferior limit (hypointense line) of the coronary sinus running through the AV groove, immediately lateral to AVJ. These specific landmarks showed clear visualization on the cine-MR SSFP images and allowed for a robust tracking throughout the cardiac phases, with minimal blurring or loss of image definition. We did not use the midpoint of the mitral annulus<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> as we aimed to find the septal and lateral AVJ precisely; we also simplified the measure when we traced a unique line with well-defined landmarks. A simple straight line was traced between basal and apical landmarks using the Webpax software tool (Heart Imaging Technologies, LLC. Durham, NC, USA) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). This line is a regular caliper available in all softwares capable of visualization of DICOM images.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Longitudinal displacement of the atrioventricular junction (AVJ). The same four- chamber slice is shown in three different cardiac phases during AVJ rapid movement: A and B, C and D, E and F. On the left column the arrowhead represents the reference used by Saba et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> and the thin arrow shows the anatomical reference used in the present study. Note that when the cardiac motion is faster (small arrow in C and D), we could not precisely identify the site of the mitral valve insertion; however, the adjacent coronary sinus wall is still well defined. On the right column, we showed the lines used for the LV longitudinal measurements on this study (thinner line) and by Saba et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> (thicker line)</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-02-0284-90193-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>LV longitudinal lengths were divided by the longitudinal length at end diastole (maximum length) to provide a percent reduction of longitudinal length, corrected for individual heart sizes. Based on the plots of AVJ position versus time in the cardiac cycle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>), four motion variables were calculated: maximum longitudinal displacement (MD) of the AVJ, maximum velocity during early diastole (MVED), slope of the best-fit line of AVJ velocity in diastasis (VDS), and the ratio of VDS/MVED. The MVED values for each patient were calculated according to the time-versus-displacement graph, a linear regression (straight line) was adjusted for early diastole (slope). The same method was used for VDS considering now the diastasis time. All measurements were performed by two independent blinded radiologists. Cine-CMR images were used for the assessment of LV volume, mass, and function.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Atrioventricular junction (AVJ) displacement-versus-time plot of the normal controls. AVJ position at multiple time points during the cardiac cycle. Error bars represent one standard deviation above and below the mean. MD: maximum displacement; MVED: maximum velocity early diastole; VDS: velocity in diastasis.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-02-0284-90193-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Continuous variables of the AVJ motion are presented as means and standard deviation. Normality distribution was assessed by Shapiro-Wilk test. Data obtained in AVD patients were compared to normal control subjects using the unpaired Student t-test. The categorical variables are presented in percentage.</p>
        <p>Bland-Altman plots were used to compare LV displacement parameters between patients and controls obtained by two independent blinded observers.</p>
        <p>The SAS System and SPSS statistical software packages were used for data analysis with a significance level of p &lt; 0.05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Patients&#8217; age ranged between 26 and 72 years old, with 19 men and seven women. The mean age of AVD patients and healthy volunteers in the study was 46.8 &#177; 13.7 and 43.1&#177; 11.8 years, respectively. All patients were symptomatic, complaining of exertional dyspnea, angina, and syncope (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). Indexes of LV volume and mass are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>. All patients had normal or mild reduction of ejection fraction reduction (mean LV ejection fraction of 53.1 &#177; 9.9%). As expected, patients with predominant aortic regurgitation showed an eccentric hypertrophy pattern with end-diastolic volume and end-systolic volume significantly increased when compared with patients with predominant aortic stenosis, who presented a concentric hypertrophy pattern.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Characteristics of patients with aortic valve disease and controls</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">&#160;</th>
              <th align="center">Aortic regurgitation</th>
              <th align="center">Aortic stenosis</th>
              <th align="center">Controls</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">11(42.3)</td>
              <td align="center">15 (57.7)</td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age, years</td>
              <td align="center">46.0 &#177; 15.7</td>
              <td align="center">48.7 &#177; 11.3</td>
              <td align="center">38.1 &#177; 10.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.610/0.039<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Men, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">10(90.9)</td>
              <td align="center">9(60.0)</td>
              <td align="center">10(52.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.079/0.101<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Weight (kg)</td>
              <td align="center">76.6 &#177; 10.6</td>
              <td align="center">71.2 &#177; 11.9</td>
              <td align="center">67.9 &#177; 15.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.336/0.356<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">27.9 &#177; 3.5</td>
              <td align="center">26.3 &#177; 3.8</td>
              <td align="center">23.5 &#177; 3.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.382/0.021<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Etiology</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Rheumatic</td>
              <td align="center">9(81.8)</td>
              <td align="center">3(20.0)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Bicuspid</td>
              <td align="center">2(18.2)</td>
              <td align="center">8(53.3)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Degenerative/Calcification</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
              <td align="center">4(26.7)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">0.007</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>NYHA Functional class</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">I</td>
              <td align="center">1(9.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0(0.0)</td>
              <td align="center">19(100.0)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">II</td>
              <td align="center">7(63.6)</td>
              <td align="center">8(53.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0(0.0)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">III</td>
              <td align="center">3(27.3)</td>
              <td align="center">7(46.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0(0.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.526</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Heart rate, bpm</td>
              <td align="center">65.0 &#177; 11.9</td>
              <td align="center">81.5 &#177; 20.7</td>
              <td align="center">70.1 &#177; 10.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.027/0.019<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP</td>
              <td align="center">126.7 &#177; 15.1</td>
              <td align="center">121.5 &#177; 15.2</td>
              <td align="center">111.6 &#177; 8.98</td>
              <td align="center">0.505/0.018<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DBP</td>
              <td align="center">80 &#177; 8.9</td>
              <td align="center">71.8 &#177; 12.8</td>
              <td align="center">71.3 &#177; 6.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.183 / 0.143<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Angina</td>
              <td align="center">0(0.0)</td>
              <td align="center">1(6.7)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">0.465</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Syncope</td>
              <td align="center">0(0.0)</td>
              <td align="center">1(6.7)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">0.465</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">6(54.6)</td>
              <td align="center">6(40.0)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">0.100</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
              <td align="center">0(0.0)</td>
              <td align="center">1(13.3)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">0.342</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypercholesterolemia</td>
              <td align="center">0(0.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0(0.0)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center"> -</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking</td>
              <td align="center">0(0.0)</td>
              <td align="center">5(33.3)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">0.100</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Family History of CAD</td>
              <td align="center">4(36.4)</td>
              <td align="center">3(20.0)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">0.190</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>BMI: body mass index; NYHA: New York Heart Association; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; CAD: coronary artery disease;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>comparison the three groups including controls; remaining p values for comparison between aortic regurgitation and stenosis only.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Cardiac magnetic resonance parameters of patients with aortic valve disease and controls</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">&#160;</th>
              <th align="center">Aortic regurgitation</th>
              <th align="center">Aortic stenosis</th>
              <th align="center">Controls</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">11(42.3)</td>
              <td align="center">15 (57.7)</td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEDV, ml</td>
              <td align="center">299.6 &#177; 68.5</td>
              <td align="center">179.99 &#177; 42.1</td>
              <td align="center">129 &#177; 24.7</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVESV, ml</td>
              <td align="center">148.9 &#177; 60.4</td>
              <td align="center">82.0 &#177; 28.7</td>
              <td align="center">45.5 &#177; 9.4</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEF, %</td>
              <td align="center">51.7 &#177; 11.4</td>
              <td align="center">55.1 &#177; 9.1</td>
              <td align="center">64.7 &#177; 5.3</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LV mass, g</td>
              <td align="center">264.2 &#177; 42.4</td>
              <td align="center">272.8 &#177; 45.5</td>
              <td align="center">118.1 &#177; 40.5</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Eccentric Hypertrophy, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">10(90.9)</td>
              <td align="center">1(6.7)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Concentric Hypertrophy, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">1(9.1)</td>
              <td align="center">14(93.3)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>LVEDV: left ventricular end-diastolic volume; LVESV: left ventricular end-systolic volume; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LV: left ventricular. Definition criteria of concentric hypertrophy is LV mass to LVEDV ratio &gt; 1.16 g/ml.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>AVJ motion analysis</title>
        <p>Means and standard deviations were calculated for each of the AVJ motion variables (MD, MVED, VDS, VDS/MVED) of AVD patients and normal control subjects. AVJ data were compared between patients and controls. We found statistically significant differences in MD and the three CMR correlates of diastolic LV function (MVED, VDS, VDS/MVED) in patients with AVD compared to normal controls, as noted in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>. Patients with AVD showed significantly lower normalized MD at the AVJ compared to healthy volunteers. AVJ of patients with AVD recoiled at significantly slower normalized maximum velocities (s<sup>-1</sup>) in early diastole compared with healthy volunteers. Conversely, during diastasis, AVJ motion occurred at significantly faster normalized velocities in patients with AVD. We found a 17-fold higher VDS/MVED ratio in AVD compared with healthy volunteers (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figures 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">4</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of atrioventricular motion variables between patients with aortic valve disease (AVD) and healthy volunteers</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">Control</th>
                <th align="center">AVD</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MD (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">-0.169 &#177; 0.034</td>
                <td align="center">-0.115 &#177; 0.035</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MVED (s<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">1.439 &#177; 0.388</td>
                <td align="center">0.65 &#177; 0.413</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VDS (s<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">0.029 &#177; 0.069</td>
                <td align="center">0.224 &#177; 0.232</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VDS/MVED</td>
                <td align="center">0.021 &#177; 0.051</td>
                <td align="center">0.352 &#177; 0.292</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>MD: maximum displacement; MVED: maximum velocity early diastole; VDS: velocity in diastasis.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Displacement-versus-time plot in normal controls (A) and aortic valve disease patients (B). Error bars represent one standard deviation above and below the mean. AVD: aortic valve disease.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-02-0284-90193-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Box plots of the variables of atrioventricular junction motion in patients with aortic valve disease and healthy volunteers. In both groups, the box plots display the sample minimum (lower whisker), lower quartile (lower box subdivision), median (horizontal band), upper quartile (upper box subdivision), and sample maximum (upper whisker) for each of the AVJ motion variables - maximum displacement (MD); maximum velocity early diastole (MVED); velocity diastasis (VDS) and VDS/MVED. Circles indicate outliers (p &lt; 0.0001 for all)</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-02-0284-90193-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The Bland-Altman analysis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>) for MD revealed a bias of -2.81 and 95% CI (confidence interval) of (-3.66 to -1.95) for normal controls (p &lt; 0.001) and a bias of -2.97, 95% CI of (-4.11 to -1.83) for AVD patients with p &lt; 0.001.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Interobserver comparison of maximum displacement measures in normal controls (A) and patients with aortic valve disease (AVD) (B).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-02-0284-90193-gf05.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Comparison of diastolic function based on AVJ parameters between patients with predominant stenosis and predominant regurgitation did show significant differences in all diastolic function at CMR (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>). Impairment of diastolic function was higher in patients with aortic regurgitation compared to stenosis.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Atrioventriculr junction motion variables of patients with predominant aortic stenosis and aortic regurgitation</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">Stenosis</th>
                <th align="center">Regurgitation</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MD (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">-0.130 &#177; 0.036</td>
                <td align="center">-0.093 &#177; 0.018</td>
                <td align="center">0.0026</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MVED(s<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">0,790 &#177; 0.479</td>
                <td align="center">0.470 &#177; 0.200</td>
                <td align="center">0.0312</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VDS(s<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">0.317&#177; 0.262</td>
                <td align="center">0.097 &#177; 0.093</td>
                <td align="center">0.0075</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VDS/MVED</td>
                <td align="center">0.440 &#177; 0.295</td>
                <td align="center">0.231 &#177; 0.252</td>
                <td align="center">0.0703</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>AVJ: atrioventricular junction; MD: maximum displacement; MVED: maximum velocity early diastole; VDS: velocity diastasis.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Diastolic function, LV structure and clinical parameters</title>
        <p>Results of univariate and multiple linear regression analysis including LV mass, volumes and function as well as patient characteristics such as age, gender, heart rate and blood pressure are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Univariate and multiple linear regression analysis (p-values) for the prediction of the diastolic function parameters derived from linear measurements</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">MD</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">MVED</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">VDS</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">VDS/MVED</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">Univariate</th>
                <th align="center">Multiple Linear Regression</th>
                <th align="center">Univariate</th>
                <th align="center">Multiple Linear Regression</th>
                <th align="center">Univariate</th>
                <th align="center">Multiple Linear Regression</th>
                <th align="center">Univariate</th>
                <th align="center">Multiple Linear Regression</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age</td>
                <td align="center">0.087</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">0.059</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">0.912</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">0.130</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Gender</td>
                <td align="center">0.070</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">0.272</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">0.819</td>
                <td align="center">0.04</td>
                <td align="center">0.705</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LV mass</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">0.002</td>
                <td align="center">0.003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVEDV</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">0.366</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">0.154</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVESV</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">0.605</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">0.083</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVEF</td>
                <td align="center">0.002</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">0.610</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">0.004</td>
                <td align="center">0.006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HR</td>
                <td align="center">0.886</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">0.645</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">0.081</td>
                <td align="center">0.025</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SBP</td>
                <td align="center">0.140</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">0.028</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">0.399</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">0.051</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DBP</td>
                <td align="center">0.190</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">0.616</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">0.846</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">0.232</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>MD: maximum displacement; MVED: maximum velocity early diastole; VDS: velocity diastasis; LV: left ventricle; LVEDV: end-diastolic volume; LVESV: end-systolic volume; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; HR: heart rate; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>In a univariate analysis, MD and MVED correlated significantly with LV volume, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and LV mass. MVED also correlated to systolic blood pressure (SBP). VDS/MVED correlated with LV mass, LVEF and heart rate (HR). VDS showed correlation only with LV mass and HR (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>). In a multivariate linear regression model, MD and MVED were predicted only by LV mass. All other parameters of LV structure, volume and function were not predictive of MD and MVED in this multivariate approach. Gender and LV mass independently predicted VDS, while VDS/VMED ratio was predicted by LV mass and LVEF.</p>
        <p>In summary, these results indicate that LV mass maintains a significant correlation across the four measured diastolic parameters in the univariate and forward stepwise multiple linear regression. Additionally, gender maintained a significant correlation with VDS and LVEF with VDS/MVED ratio. The remaining variables were not independently correlated with diastolic function parameters derived from linear measurements. Thus, body size (body mass index), HR and blood pressure did not influence significantly linear diastolic parameters measured by CMR.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Novel correlates of diastolic LV function measured by CMR originally investigated in this study were markedly abnormal in patients with AVD. Measured at the AVJ, patients with AVD had significantly lower maximum displacement, slower velocity during early diastolic filling, and higher velocity during diastasis compared to normal control subjects.</p>
      <p>Saba et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> reported diastolic LV function alterations evaluated through the AVJ motion by CMR in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy compared to normal control patients. Results from our control group were very similar to those reported by these authors, although with slightly greater values mainly because we used a more lateral anatomical landmark. Also, we used only one measurement instead of two of AVJ displacement, hence adopting one well-defined reference point of the AVJ lateral wall, in a more simplified method.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>LV hypertrophy and diastolic function</title>
        <p>LV hypertrophy is a recognized risk factor for cardiac morbidity and mortality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> and is associated with systolic and/or diastolic function disturbances.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> In patients with AVD, diastolic and systolic function disturbances have important implications for morbidity and mortality, before and after aortic valve replacement.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> In the study by Lamb et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> the ejection fraction was largely unaffected in the group of patients with severe AVD, suggesting that a deterioration of the ejection fraction should be considered as a sign of severe and advanced disease,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> which was corroborated by other authors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> After aortic valve replacement, LV diastolic function improves, as indicated by parameters of transmitral flow.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> In our results, we not only detect diastolic dysfunction in AVD patients compared to normal controls, but also demonstrated a worse diastolic dysfunction in patients with aortic regurgitation. LV mass was significantly and independently correlated with all linear measurements of diastolic function evaluated by CMR.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Diastolic dysfunction evaluation</title>
        <p>Phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging allows measurement of flow velocity as well as flow volumes across the mitral valve orifice, providing a new means of diastolic function assessment that may be even more sensitive than Doppler echocardiography. Although it is a well-established tool to assess systolic dysfunction, it is rarely used clinically to assess LV diastolic function, which may require additional dedicated sequences and extensive post-processing.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> In this sense, in a recently published study by Dusch at al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> similar to our study, the authors used a horizontal-long axis SSFP sequence, which they called midwall longitudinal fractional shortening. They verified the percentage of shortening of the distance from the anterior leaflet mitral valve basis to apical endocardium in diastole in relation to systole, comparing these measures to the echocardiogram of 80 patients with varied cardiomyopathies and different degrees of diastolic function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Using a simpler method than the one used in the present study, Dusch at al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> were able to detect that the midwall longitudinal fractional shortening of grade II/III was significantly lower than that of grade 0/I.</p>
        <p>Our study shows many advantages of using this new and accurate method for evaluation of LV diastolic function. It does not require the development of an acquisition sequence or post-processing software, and LV diastolic function can be easily evaluated by existing equipment. LV diastolic function can be retrospectively evaluated if prior cine image datasets were stored.</p>
        <p>Nonetheless, our study has several limitations. One of the most significant ones in terms of practicality is the need to perform manually 20 linear measurements in each phase of one cardiac cycle. However, the use of more automated software would help in a faster measurement. Another significant limitation was that AVJ motion and echocardiography variables were not directly correlated. It is possible that LV longitudinal displacement and the velocity of this displacement might suffer influence from LV geometric morphology. However, the LV dimensions measured as LV end-diastolic volume and diameter did not have significant effect on diastolic parameters. Additionally, LV longitudinal displacements are, by definition, normalized by the LV longitudinal dimension, and the other dimensions are incorporated to volume measurements. Despite the practical advantages of using this new method for LV diastolic function evaluation, it would be important, in future studies, to evaluate its accuracy compared to other existing methods in general evaluation of cardiac diseases that cause LV diastolic dysfunction, verifying the sensitivity and specificity in classifying different diastolic dysfunction degrees. Another limitation of the present study was the relatively small number of AVD patients.</p>
        <p>Finally, we have demonstrated that diastolic function evaluation can be performed by the SSFP cine sequences routinely acquired by conventional CMR tests, with no need for additional specific sequences or specific software. The incorporation of this technique to clinical routine would improve the CMR ability to analyze diastolic function, even retrospectively using previously acquired CMR images.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In conclusion, LV longitudinal shortening is a quick and reliable technique for assessment of diastolic dysfunction in AVD patients that can be performed in routine CMR studies without the use of specific or sophisticated software.</p>
      <p>The AJV curve showed significant differences in all diastolic parameters analyzed between AVD patients and normal controls. Further studies should confirm that this method is valuable for other cardiac diseases.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by Funda&#231;&#227;o Zerbini.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Sergio Marrone Ribeiro, from Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - USP.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Zile MR, Brutsaert DL. New concepts in diastolic dysfunction and diastolic heart failure: part I: diagnosis, prognosis, and measurements of diastolic function. Circulation.2002;105(11):1387-93.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zile</surname>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Encurtamento Longitudinal do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo por Cine-RMC para Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Fun&#231;&#227;o Diast&#243;lica em Pacientes com Doen&#231;a Valvar A&#243;rtica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0732-2814</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio Marrone</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9493-0687</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Clerio Francisco de</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6524-9614</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sampaio</surname>
            <given-names>Roney</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9964-3289</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tarasoutchi</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;vio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3400-0626</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Grinberg</surname>
            <given-names>Max</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4505-3344</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rochitte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Sergio Marrone Ribeiro,</bold> Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) - Doen&#231;as Tropicais e Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem - Distrito de Rubi&#227;o J&#250;nior s/n. CEP 18618-970, Botucatu, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>marrone@fmb.unesp.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor convidado para este artigo: Dr. Jo&#227;o Cavalcante.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Ribeiro SM, Azevedo Filho CF, Sampaio R, Tarasoutchi F, Grinberg M, Kalil-Filho R, Rochitte CE; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Ribeiro SM, Azevedo Filho CF, Rochitte CE; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Azevedo Filho CF, Sampaio R, Tarasoutchi F, Grinberg M, Kalil-Filho R.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, comumente avaliada por ecocardiografia, &#233; um importante achado precoce na maioria das cardiomiopatias. A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC) frequentemente requer sequ&#234;ncias espec&#237;ficas que prolongam o tempo de exame. Recentemente, m&#233;todos de imagens com monitoramento de dados (<italic>feature-tracking</italic>) foram desenvolvidos, mas ainda requerem <italic>softwares</italic> caros e carecem de valida&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica em pacientes com doen&#231;a valvar a&#243;rtica (DVA) e compar&#225;-la a controles normais pela medida do deslocamento longitudinal do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) por RMC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>N&#243;s comparamos 26 pacientes com DVA com 19 controles normais. A fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica foi avaliada como uma medida do deslocamento longitudinal do VE nas imagens de cine-RMC no plano quatro c&#226;maras usando a sequ&#234;ncia <italic>steady state free precession</italic> (SSFP) durante todo o ciclo card&#237;aco com resolu&#231;&#227;o temporal &lt; 50 ms. O gr&#225;fico resultante da posi&#231;&#227;o da jun&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular versus tempo gerou vari&#225;veis de movimento da jun&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular. Utilizamos n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de p &lt; 0,005.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Deslocamento longitudinal m&#225;ximo (0,12 vs. 0,17 cm), velocidade m&#225;xima em in&#237;cio de di&#225;stole (0,6 vs. 1,4s<sup>-1</sup>), velocidade m&#225;xima na di&#225;stase (0,22 vs. 0,03s<sup>-1</sup>) e a raz&#227;o entre a velocidade m&#225;xima na di&#225;stase e a velocidade m&#225;xima em di&#225;stole inicial (0,35 vs. 0,02) foram significativamente menores nos pacientes com DVA em compara&#231;&#227;o aos controles normais, respectivamente. Pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica apresentaram medidas de encurtamento longitudinal do VE significativamente piores em compara&#231;&#227;o aqueles com estenose a&#243;rtica. O aumento da massa ventricular esquerda indicou pior disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Esta simples medida linear detectou diferen&#231;as significativas na fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE entre pacientes com DVA e controles normais. A massa ventricular esquerda foi o &#250;nico preditor independente de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica nesses pacientes. Este m&#233;todo pode auxiliar na avalia&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, melhorando a detec&#231;&#227;o de cardiomiopatias por RMC sem prolongar o tempo de exame ou depender de caros <italic>softwares</italic>.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares/mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Espectroscopia por Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia da Valva A&#243;rtica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica &#233; um marcador precoce de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca e precede a disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica. Pode ocorrer na presen&#231;a ou na aus&#234;ncia de sintomas, e fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica normal ou anormal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> A disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica est&#225; associada &#224; alta morbidade e mortalidade por sua potencial transi&#231;&#227;o &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca diast&#243;lica, por&#233;m, pode ser subdiagnosticada devido aos crit&#233;rios para seu diagn&#243;stico. Sua incid&#234;ncia aumenta com a idade e est&#225; associada com diabetes mellitus, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> e doen&#231;as card&#237;acas cong&#234;nitas. A hipertrofia ventricular esquerda tem sido associada &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, o que &#233; comumente descrito na hipertens&#227;o sist&#234;mica, doen&#231;as da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica e cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></p>
        <p>A ecocardiografia &#233; a t&#233;cnica mais utilizada para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria. A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC) tem sido amplamente utilizada para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da morfologia no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) devido &#224; excelente qualidade de imagem e aus&#234;ncia de suposi&#231;&#245;es geom&#233;tricas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Contudo, a RMC &#233; menos usada para avaliar fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, apesar do desenvolvimento de v&#225;rias t&#233;cnicas importantes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> incluindo curvas de enchimento,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> imagem de contraste de fase,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> marca&#231;&#227;o do tecido mioc&#225;rdico,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> e imagens codificadas por deforma&#231;&#227;o (<italic>strain-encoded</italic>, SENC <italic>imaging</italic>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Os motivos para o uso limitado dessas t&#233;cnicas na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica s&#227;o os processos demorados para a aquisi&#231;&#227;o e o p&#243;s-processamento de novas imagens. Por exemplo, a obten&#231;&#227;o das curvas de volume do VE durante todo o ciclo card&#237;aco, com o tra&#231;ado dos contornos endoc&#225;rdico e epic&#225;rdico para todas as fases card&#237;acas em uma s&#233;rie de cine-RMC requer muito tempo al&#233;m de um software espec&#237;fico com detec&#231;&#227;o autom&#225;tica do contorno. Al&#233;m disso, outras t&#233;cnicas espec&#237;ficas para avaliar a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica requerem sequ&#234;ncias adicionais de imagens, tais como imagens em fases de contraste, o que significa per&#237;odos mais longos de exame por RMC. Em duas publica&#231;&#245;es recentes de Saba et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> e Dusch et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> o encurtamento longitudinal do VE pela RMC mostrou-se &#250;til para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica.</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, nossa hip&#243;tese &#233; a de que pacientes com estenose grave ou regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada apresentam disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE definida por movimenta&#231;&#227;o da jun&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular (JAV) detectada pela RMC.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>N&#243;s identificamos retrospectivamente 26 pacientes com doen&#231;a valvar a&#243;rtica (DVA) grave e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o normal, submetidos &#224; RMC, e agendados para cirurgia de substitui&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica, al&#233;m de 19 indiv&#237;duos controle. Onze dos pacientes com DVA (42.3%) apresentaram predominantemente insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica, e 15 (57,7%) predominantemente estenose a&#243;rtica. O tamanho dessa amostra baseou-se no n&#250;mero de pacientes com diagn&#243;stico confirmado, dispon&#237;vel para an&#225;lise.</p>
          <p>Os pacientes foram acompanhados no ambulat&#243;rio de doen&#231;a valvar de nossa institui&#231;&#227;o. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: idade inferior a 18 anos e superior a 85 anos, diabetes mellitus, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, dislipidemia ou doen&#231;a arterial coronariana concomitante. Todos os pacientes com idade superior a 40 anos possu&#237;am angiografia coron&#225;ria, e aqueles com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana importante (estenose luminal &gt; 50%) foram exclu&#237;dos. Tamb&#233;m foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes com doen&#231;a valvar mitral, pacientes com cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via e contraindica&#231;&#245;es para RMC, tais como marcapasso, clipe met&#225;lico ou outras estruturas ferromagn&#233;ticas e claustrofobia.</p>
          <p>Volunt&#225;rios sadios sem hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica importante foram antes recrutados para estabelecer os valores basais da posi&#231;&#227;o da JAV. Al&#233;m disso, 19 volunt&#225;rios sadios (10 homens), com idade entre 24 e 58 anos, sem hipertens&#227;o, diabetes mellitus, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana ou hist&#243;rica cl&#237;nica importante, e todos com exames de RMC normais foram usados para compara&#231;&#227;o com os pacientes com DVA.</p>
          <p>Os testes de RMC foram realizados usando um scanner 1,5 Tesla (Signa CV/i, GE Medical Systems, Waukesha, Wisconsin/EUA) e bobina de superf&#237;cie do tipo <italic>phased</italic>-<italic>array</italic>. Ap&#243;s a localiza&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o, foram selecionadas oito a 12 cortes em eixo curto (espessura de 8,0 mm e espa&#231;o de 2,0 mm entre os cortes), incluindo todo o VE e quatro cortes em eixo longo. A an&#225;lise foi realizada no plano quatro c&#226;maras. Foram adquiridas imagens por cine-RM com sequ&#234;ncia de pulso Precess&#227;o Livre no Estado Estacion&#225;rio (SSFP, <italic>steady state free precession</italic>), resolu&#231;&#227;o temporal de menos de 50 ms e os seguintes par&#226;metros padr&#245;es: TR 3,9 ms; TE 1,8 ms; &#226;ngulo de flip de 45&#176;, largura de banda &#177; 125 kHz, campo de vis&#227;o de 34 x 34 cm, matriz 256 x 160, voxel 1,3 x 2,1 x 8,0 mm.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise das imagens e dos dados</title>
          <p>A movimenta&#231;&#227;o longitudinal da JAV foi avaliada no decorrer do ciclo card&#237;aco ao longo de 20 fases card&#237;acas, em imagens obtidas por cine-RMC e plano de quatro c&#226;maras. A posi&#231;&#227;o basal da JAV foi definida em di&#225;stole final e seu deslocamento longitudinal medido em rela&#231;&#227;o a uma linha de refer&#234;ncia tra&#231;ada entre o &#225;pice do VE (contorno do epic&#225;rdio, linha de baixa intensidade correspondente &#224; interface do mioc&#225;rdio e da gordura epic&#225;rdica) e o limite inferior (linha de baixa intensidade) do seio coron&#225;rio percorrendo pelo &#243;stio atrioventricular, imediatamente lateral &#224; JAV. Esses pontos espec&#237;ficos foram claramente visualizados nas imagens SSFP pela cine-RM e permitiram um rastreamento robusto pelas fases card&#237;acas, com m&#237;nima perda de defini&#231;&#227;o ou nitidez da imagem. N&#243;s n&#227;o utilizamos o ponto m&#233;dio do anel mitral,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> j&#225; que t&#237;nhamos com objetivo identificar a JAV e lateral de maneira precisa. Ainda, n&#243;s simplificamos a medida ao tra&#231;ar somente uma &#250;nica linha com marcos bem definidas. Uma linha simples reta foi tra&#231;ada entre os marcos basais e apicais usando o programa Webpax (Heart Imaging Technologies, LLC. Durham, NC, EUA) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 1</xref>). Essa linha &#233; um caliper regular dispon&#237;vel em todos os programas capazes de visualizar imagens DICOM.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Deslocamento longitudinal da jun&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular (JAV). O mesmo corte quatro c&#226;maras &#233; apresentado em tr&#234;s fases card&#237;acas diferentes durante o movimento r&#225;pido da JAV: A e B, C e D, E e F. Na coluna da esquerda, a cabe&#231;a da seta representa a refer&#234;ncia usada por Saba et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">9</xref> e a seta estreita indica a refer&#234;ncia anat&#244;mica usada no presente estudo. Observe que, quando o movimento card&#237;aco &#233; mais r&#225;pido (seta pequena em C e D), n&#243;s n&#227;o conseguimos identificar com exatid&#227;o o local da inser&#231;&#227;o da valva mitral; apesar disso, o seio coron&#225;rio adjacente &#233; bem definido. Na coluna da direita, apresentamos as linhas usadas para as medidas longitudinais do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo no presente estudo (linha fina) e usadas no estudo de Saba et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">9</xref> (linha grossa)</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-02-0284-90193-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>As medidas longitudinais do VE foram divididas pelo comprimento longitudinal na di&#225;stole final (comprimento m&#225;ximo) para fornecer uma redu&#231;&#227;o percentual do comprimento longitudinal, corrigida para os tamanhos dos cora&#231;&#245;es individuais. Com base no gr&#225;fico posi&#231;&#227;o da JAV versus tempo no ciclo card&#237;aco (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 2</xref>), foram calculadas quatro vari&#225;veis de movimenta&#231;&#227;o: deslocamento longitudinal m&#225;ximo (DM) da JAV, velocidade m&#225;xima em in&#237;cio de di&#225;stole (VMID), inclina&#231;&#227;o da melhor linha de ajuste da velocidade da JAV na di&#225;stase (IVD) e raz&#227;o IVD/VMID. Os valores de VMID para cada paciente foram calculados de acordo com o gr&#225;fico tempo versus deslocamento, uma regress&#227;o linear (linha reta) foi ajustada para in&#237;cio de di&#225;stole (inclina&#231;&#227;o). O mesmo m&#233;todo foi usado para a IVD considerando o tempo de di&#225;stase. Todas as medidas foram realizadas de maneira cega por dois radiologistas independentes. As imagens obtidas por cine-RMC foram usadas para avalia&#231;&#227;o do volume, da massa e da fun&#231;&#227;o do VE.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f7">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Gr&#225;fico deslocamento da jun&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular (JAV) versus tempo dos indiv&#237;duos controle. Posi&#231;&#227;o da JAV nos diferentes tempos ao longo do ciclo card&#237;aco. Barras de erro representam um desvio padr&#227;o acima e abaixo da m&#233;dia; DM: deslocamento m&#225;ximo; VMID: velocidade m&#225;xima em in&#237;cio de di&#225;stole; IVD: inclina&#231;&#227;o da melhor linha de ajuste da velocidade da JAV na di&#225;stase.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-02-0284-90193-gf02-pt.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas relacionadas &#224; JAV est&#227;o apresentadas em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o. A normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o foi avaliada pelo teste de Shapiro Wilk. Os pacientes com DVA foram comparados com indiv&#237;duos controles pelo teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas em porcentagem.</p>
          <p>Gr&#225;ficos de Bland-Altman foram usados para comparar par&#226;metros de deslocamento do VE entre pacientes e controles obtidos por dois observadores cegos, independentes.</p>
          <p>O sistema SAS e o programa SPSS foram usados para an&#225;lise dos dados, com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A idade dos pacientes variou entre 26 e 72 anos, com 19 homens e sete mulheres. A idade m&#233;dia dos pacientes com DVA e volunt&#225;rios sadios foi de 46,8 &#177; 13,7 e 43,1 &#177; 11,8 anos, respectivamente. Todos os pacientes eram sintom&#225;ticos, com queixa de dispneia de esfor&#231;o, angina e s&#237;ncope (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 1</xref>). &#205;ndices de volume e massa do VE est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 2</xref>. Todos os pacientes apresentaram fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o normal ou com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o levemente reduzida (m&#233;dia de 53,1 &#177; 9,9%). Conforme o esperado, os pacientes com regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica predominante apresentaram padr&#227;o exc&#234;ntrico de hipertrofia com volume diast&#243;lico final e volume sist&#243;lico final aumentados em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes estenose a&#243;rtica predominante, os quais apresentaram um padr&#227;o de hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes com doen&#231;a valvar a&#243;rtica e indiv&#237;duos controles</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">Regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica</th>
                <th align="center"> Estenose a&#243;rtica</th>
                <th align="center">Controle</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N (%)</td>
                <td align="center">11(42,3)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (57,7)</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">46,0 &#177; 15,7</td>
                <td align="center">48,7 &#177; 11,3</td>
                <td align="center">38,1 &#177; 10,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,610/0,039<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Homens, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">10(90,9)</td>
                <td align="center">9(60,0)</td>
                <td align="center">10(52,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,079/0,101<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peso (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">76,6 &#177; 10,6</td>
                <td align="center">71,2 &#177; 11,9</td>
                <td align="center">67,9 &#177; 15,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,336/0,356<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">27,9 &#177; 3,5</td>
                <td align="center">26,3 &#177; 3,8</td>
                <td align="center">23,5 &#177; 3,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,382/0,021<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Etiologia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Reum&#225;tica</td>
                <td align="center">9(81,8)</td>
                <td align="center">3(20,0)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bic&#250;spide</td>
                <td align="center">2(18,2)</td>
                <td align="center">8(53,3)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Degenerativa/Calcifica&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">4(26,7)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Classe funcional NYHA</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">I</td>
                <td align="center">1(9,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0(0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">19(100,0)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">II</td>
                <td align="center">7(63,6)</td>
                <td align="center">8(53,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0(0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">III</td>
                <td align="center">3(27,3)</td>
                <td align="center">7(46,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0(0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,526</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, bpm</td>
                <td align="center">65,0 &#177; 11,9</td>
                <td align="center">81,5 &#177; 20,7</td>
                <td align="center">70,1 &#177; 10,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,027/0,019<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS</td>
                <td align="center">126,7 &#177; 15,1</td>
                <td align="center">121,5 &#177; 15,2</td>
                <td align="center">111,6 &#177; 8,98</td>
                <td align="center">0,505/0,018<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD</td>
                <td align="center">80 &#177; 8,9</td>
                <td align="center">71,8 &#177; 12,8</td>
                <td align="center">71,3 &#177; 6,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,183/0,143<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Angina</td>
                <td align="center">0(0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">1(6,7)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0,465</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">S&#237;ncope</td>
                <td align="center">0(0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">1(6,7)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0,465</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">6(54,6)</td>
                <td align="center">6(40,0)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0,100</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">0(0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">1(13,3)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0,342</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipercolesterolemia</td>
                <td align="center">0(0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0(0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center"> -</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">0(0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">5(33,3)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0,100</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC</td>
                <td align="center">4(36,4)</td>
                <td align="center">3(20,0)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0,190</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; NYHA: New York Heart Association; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>compara&#231;&#227;o entre os tr&#234;s grupos, incluindo controle; demais valores p referentes &#224; compara&#231;&#227;o entre regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica e estenose.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Par&#226;metros da resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca em pacientes com doen&#231;a a&#243;rtica valvar e indiv&#237;duos controles</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">Regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica</th>
                <th align="center">Estenose a&#243;rtica</th>
                <th align="center">Controles</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">11(42,3)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (57,7)</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VDFVE, ml</td>
                <td align="center">299,6 &#177; 68,5</td>
                <td align="center">179,99 &#177; 42,1</td>
                <td align="center">129,5 &#177; 24,7</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VSFVE, ml</td>
                <td align="center">148,9 &#177; 60,4</td>
                <td align="center">82,0 &#177; 28,7</td>
                <td align="center">45,5 &#177; 9,4</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEVE, %</td>
                <td align="center">51,7 &#177; 11,4</td>
                <td align="center">55,1 &#177; 9,1</td>
                <td align="center">64,7&#177;5,3</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Massa do VE, g</td>
                <td align="center">264,2 &#177; 42,4</td>
                <td align="center">272,8 &#177; 45,5</td>
                <td align="center">118,1&#177;40,5</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">10(90,9)</td>
                <td align="center">1(6,7)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1(9,1)</td>
                <td align="center">14(93,3)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <p>VDFVE: volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VSFVE: volume sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Crit&#233;rios de defini&#231;&#227;o de hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica foi raz&#227;o entre massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e VDFVE &gt; 1,16 g/ml.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise da JAV</title>
          <p>Foram calculados as m&#233;dias e os desvios padr&#245;es de cada vari&#225;vel da movimenta&#231;&#227;o da JAV (DM, VMID, IVD e IVD/VMID) dos pacientes com DVA e controles normais. Os dados da JAV foram comparados entre pacientes e controles. Encontramos diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas no DM, e nos tr&#234;s par&#226;metros da RMC relacionados &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o do VE (VMID, IVD e IVD/VMID) em pacientes com DVA em compara&#231;&#227;o aos controles normais, como observado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 3</xref> e na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 3</xref>. Os pacientes com DVA mostraram menor DM na JAV em compara&#231;&#227;o aos volunt&#225;rios sadios. A JAV dos pacientes com DVA recuou a uma velocidade m&#225;xima (s<sup>-1</sup>) significativamente menor em in&#237;cio da di&#225;stole em compara&#231;&#227;o a volunt&#225;rios sadios. Por outro lado, durante a di&#225;stase, o deslocamento da JAV ocorreu em velocidades significativamente maiores em pacientes com DVA. Encontramos uma raz&#227;o IVD/VMID 17 vezes maior em pacientes com DVA em compara&#231;&#227;o aos volunt&#225;rios sadios (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figuras 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">4</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis do deslocamento da jun&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular entre pacientes com doen&#231;a valvar a&#243;rtica e volunt&#225;rios sadios</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                  <th align="center">Controle</th>
                  <th align="center">DVA</th>
                  <th align="center">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DM (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,169 &#177; 0,034</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,115 &#177; 0,035</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VMID (s<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,439 &#177; 0,388</td>
                  <td align="center">0,65 &#177; 0,413</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IVD (s<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,029 &#177; 0,069</td>
                  <td align="center">0,224 &#177; 0,232</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IVD/VMID</td>
                  <td align="center">0,021 &#177; 0,051</td>
                  <td align="center">0,352 &#177; 0,292</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <p>DM: deslocamento m&#225;ximo; VMID: velocidade m&#225;xima em in&#237;cio de di&#225;stole; IVD: inclina&#231;&#227;o da melhor linha de ajuste da velocidade da jun&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular na di&#225;stase</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>
            <fig id="f8">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Gr&#225;fico deslocamento versus tempo em indiv&#237;duos controles (A) e pacientes com doen&#231;a valvar a&#243;rtica (DVA) (B). Barras de erros representam um desvio padr&#227;o acima e abaixo da m&#233;dia.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-02-0284-90193-gf03-pt.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f9">
              <label>Figura 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Box plots das vari&#225;veis do deslocamento da jun&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular (JAV) em pacientes com doen&#231;a a&#243;rtica valvar e volunt&#225;rios sadios. Em ambos os grupos, os box plots apresentam o limite inferior, o primeiro quartil (subdivis&#227;o inferior da caixa), mediana (linha horizontal), quartil superior (subdivis&#227;o inferior da caixa) e limite superior para cada uma das vari&#225;veis do deslocamento da JAV - deslocamento m&#225;ximo (DM); velocidade m&#225;xima em in&#237;cio de di&#225;stole (VMID); inclina&#231;&#227;o da melhor linha de ajuste da velocidade da JAV na di&#225;stase (IVD) e raz&#227;o IVD/VMID. Os c&#237;rculos indicam os valores at&#237;picos (outliers) (p &lt; 0,0001 para todos).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-02-0284-90193-gf04-pt.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>A an&#225;lise de Bland-Altman (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 5</xref>) para o DM revelou um vi&#233;s de -2,81 e IC (interval de confian&#231;a) de 95% de -3,66 a -1,95 para os controles (p &lt; 0,001), e um vi&#233;s de -2.97 e IC 95% de -4,11 a -1,83 para os pacientes com DVA (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f10">
              <label>Figura 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre observadores das medidas de deslocamento m&#225;ximo (MD) em controles (A) e pacientes com doen&#231;a valvar a&#243;rtica (B).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-02-0284-90193-gf05-pt.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica baseada nos par&#226;metros da JAV entre pacientes com estenose predominante e pacientes com regurgita&#231;&#227;o predominante apresentou diferen&#231;as significativas em todos os par&#226;metros da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica medidos por RMC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 4</xref>). Dist&#250;rbios da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica foram maiores em pacientes com regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes com estenose.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t9">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Vari&#225;veis do deslocamento da jun&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular em pacientes com estenose a&#243;rtica e regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                  <th align="center">Estenose</th>
                  <th align="center">Regurgita&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DM (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,130 &#177; 0,036</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,093 &#177; 0,018</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0026</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VMID (s<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,790 &#177; 0,479</td>
                  <td align="center">0,470 &#177; 0,200</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0312</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IVD (s<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,317&#177; 0,262</td>
                  <td align="center">0,097 &#177; 0,093</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0075</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IVD/VMID</td>
                  <td align="center">0,440 &#177; 0,295</td>
                  <td align="center">0,231 &#177; 0,252</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0703</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN11">
                <p>DM: deslocamento m&#225;ximo; VMID: velocidade m&#225;xima em in&#237;cio de di&#225;stole; IVD: inclina&#231;&#227;o da melhor linha de ajuste da velocidade da jun&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular na di&#225;stase.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Par&#226;metros da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, da estrutura do VE e par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos</title>
          <p>Resultados da an&#225;lise univariada e da an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla incluindo massa, volume e fun&#231;&#227;o do VE, bem como caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes tais como idade, sexo, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e press&#227;o arterial est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t10">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise univariada e an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla (valores de p) para a predi&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros de fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica derivados de medidas lineares</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="11%"/>
                <col width="11%"/>
                <col width="11%"/>
                <col width="11%"/>
                <col width="11%"/>
                <col width="11%"/>
                <col width="11%"/>
                <col width="11%"/>
                <col width="11%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2">DM</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2">VMID</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2">IVD</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2">VDS/MVED</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                  <th align="center">Univariada</th>
                  <th align="center">Regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla</th>
                  <th align="center">Univariada</th>
                  <th align="center">Regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla</th>
                  <th align="center">Univariada</th>
                  <th align="center">Regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla</th>
                  <th align="center">Univariada</th>
                  <th align="center">Regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">0,087</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">0,059</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">0,912</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">0,130</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo</td>
                  <td align="center">0,070</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">0,272</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">0,819</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                  <td align="center">0,705</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Massa do VE</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VDFVE</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">0,366</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">0,154</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VSFVE</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">0,605</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">0,083</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FEVE</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">0,610</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                  <td align="center">0,006</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FC</td>
                  <td align="center">0,886</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">0,645</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,081</td>
                  <td align="center">0,025</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAS</td>
                  <td align="center">0,140</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">0,028</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">0,399</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">0,051</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAD</td>
                  <td align="center">0,190</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">0,616</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">0,846</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">0,232</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN12">
                <p>DM: deslocamento m&#225;ximo; VMID: velocidade m&#225;xima em in&#237;cio de di&#225;stole; IVD: inclina&#231;&#227;o da melhor linha de ajuste da velocidade da jun&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular na di&#225;stase; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VDFVE: volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VSFVE: volume sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Em an&#225;lise univariada, o DM e o VMID correlacionaram significativamente com volume do VE, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE), e massa do VE. O VMID tamb&#233;m se correlacionou com press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS). IVD/VMID correlacionou-se com massa do VE, FEVE e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC). A IVD mostrou correla&#231;&#227;o somente com a massa do VE e com a FC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>). Em um modelo de regress&#227;o linear multivariado, somente a massa do VE foi preditora de DM e VMID. Todos os demais par&#226;metros do VE - estrutura, volume e fun&#231;&#227;o - n&#227;o foram preditores de DM e VMID nesta abordagem multivariada. A vari&#225;vel sexo e a massa do VE foram preditores independentes da IVD, e a raz&#227;o IVD/VMID foi prevista pela massa do VE e pela FEVE.</p>
          <p>Em resumo, esses resultados indicam que a massa do VE mant&#233;m uma correla&#231;&#227;o com os quatro par&#226;metros de fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica medidos na regress&#227;o univariada e na regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla (sele&#231;&#227;o pelo m&#233;todo <italic>forward stepwise</italic>). Al&#233;m disso, sexo e FEVE mantiveram correla&#231;&#227;o significativa com IVD e IVD/VMID, respectivamente. As demais vari&#225;veis n&#227;o se correlacionaram de maneira independente com os par&#226;metros da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica derivados das medidas lineares. Portanto, o tamanho corporal (&#237;ndice de massa corporal), a FC e a press&#227;o arterial n&#227;o tiveram influ&#234;ncia significativa sobre par&#226;metros da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica lineares medidos por RMC.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Novos par&#226;metros relacionados &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o do VE medidos por RMC, e avaliados neste estudo original, encontraram-se notavelmente anormais em pacientes com DVA. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da JAV mostrou que os pacientes com DVA apresentaram deslocamento m&#225;ximo significativamente menor, menor velocidade durante enchimento diast&#243;lico, e maior velocidade durante di&#225;stase quando comparados a indiv&#237;duos controle.</p>
        <p>Saba et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> relataram altera&#231;&#245;es na fun&#231;&#227;o do VE avaliadas pela movimenta&#231;&#227;o da JAV por RMC em pacientes com cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica em compara&#231;&#227;o a pacientes controles. Os resultados do nosso grupo controle foram similares aos relatados por esses autores, por&#233;m com valores um pouco mais altos por termos usados uma marca anat&#244;mica mais lateral. Ainda, n&#243;s usamos somente uma medida do deslocamento da JAV em vez de duas, adotando, assim, um ponto de refer&#234;ncia mais bem definido da parede lateral da JAV, por um m&#233;todo mais simplificado.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Hipertrofia do VE e fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica</title>
          <p>A hipertrofia do VE &#233; um fator de risco de morbidade e mortalidade card&#237;aca reconhecido<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> e est&#225; associada com dist&#250;rbios da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e/ou diast&#243;lica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Em pacientes com DVA, dist&#250;rbios da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e sist&#243;lica t&#234;m implica&#231;&#245;es importantes para a morbidade e mortalidade, antes e ap&#243;s substitui&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> No estudo de Lamb et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o manteve-se inalterada no grupo de pacientes com DVA grave, sugerindo que uma deteriora&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o poderia ser considerada um sinal de doen&#231;a grave e avan&#231;ada,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> o que foi corroborado por outros autores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Ap&#243;s a substitui&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica, a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE melhora, como indicado pelos par&#226;metros do fluxo transmitral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Em nossos resultados, n&#243;s detectamos n&#227;o somente uma disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica nos pacientes com DVA em compara&#231;&#227;o a controles normais, mas tamb&#233;m demonstramos uma pior disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. A massa do VE correlacionou-se significativamente e independentemente com todas as medidas lineares da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica avaliadas por RMC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica</title>
          <p>O exame de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica com contraste de fase permite a medida da velocidade de fluxo e dos volumes de fluxo atrav&#233;s do orif&#237;cio da v&#225;lvula mitral, fornecendo um novo meio de avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. Apesar de ser uma ferramenta bem estabelecida para avaliar a disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, &#233; raramente utilizada na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE, o que pode demandar mais sequ&#234;ncias espec&#237;ficas e um p&#243;s-processamento mais longo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Nesse sentido, em um estudo recentemente publicado por Dusch et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> os autores usaram uma sequ&#234;ncia SSFP no eixo horizontal, a qual denominaram encurtamento fracional longitudinal da parede m&#233;dia. Eles verificaram a porcentagem de encurtamento da dist&#226;ncia entre a base do folheto anterior da v&#225;lvula mitral at&#233; o endoc&#225;rdio apical na di&#225;stole em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; s&#237;stole, comparando essas medidas com o ecocardiograma de 80 pacientes com v&#225;rias cardiomiopatias e diferentes graus de fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Em um m&#233;todo mais simples que o usado no presente estudo, Dusch et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> detectaram que encurtamento fracional longitudinal da parede m&#233;dia cfoi significativamente menor no grau II/II em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grau 0/I.</p>
          <p>Nosso estudo apresenta muitas vantagens deste m&#233;todo novo e preciso para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE. O m&#233;todo n&#227;o requer uma sequ&#234;ncia de aquisi&#231;&#227;o ou programa de p&#243;s-processamento, e a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE pode ser facilmente avaliado pelo equipamento existente. A fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE pode ser avaliada retrospectivamente se imagens adquiridas por cine-RM previamente tenham sido armazenadas.</p>
          <p>Por&#233;m, nosso estudo tem v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es. Uma das principais limita&#231;&#245;es em termos de praticidade &#233; a necessidade de serem realizadas 20 medidas lineares em cada fase do ciclo card&#237;aco. No entanto, o uso de programas mais automatizados permitiria na realiza&#231;&#227;o mais r&#225;pida das medidas. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o importante foi o fato de que as vari&#225;veis da movimenta&#231;&#227;o da JAV e vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas n&#227;o terem sido diretamente correlacionadas. &#201; poss&#237;vel que o deslocamento longitudinal do VE e a velocidade desse deslocamento possa sofrer influ&#234;ncia da morfologia do VE. Contudo, as dimens&#245;es do VE medidas como volume e di&#226;metro finais do VE n&#227;o tiveram efeito significativo sobre os par&#226;metros diast&#243;licos. Al&#233;m disso, os deslocamentos longitudinais do VE s&#227;o, por defini&#231;&#227;o, normalizados pela dimens&#227;o longitudinal do VE, e outras dimens&#245;es s&#227;o incorporadas &#224;s medidas de volume. Apesar das vantagens pr&#225;ticas de se usar este novo m&#233;todo para avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE, seria importante, em estudos futuros, avaliar sua acur&#225;cia em compara&#231;&#227;o a outros m&#233;todos existente na avalia&#231;&#227;o geral das doen&#231;as card&#237;acas que causam disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE, verificando a sensibilidade e a especificidade em classificar diferentes graus de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o do presente estudo foi o n&#250;mero relativamente pequeno de pacientes com DVA.</p>
          <p>Finalmente, n&#243;s demonstramos que a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica pode ser realizada por sequ&#234;ncias SSFP por cine-RM adquiridas de rotina em exames de RMC, sem necessidade de adquirir sequ&#234;ncias espec&#237;ficas adicionais ou uso de programas espec&#237;ficos. A incorpora&#231;&#227;o desta t&#233;cnica &#224; rotina cl&#237;nica melhoraria a capacidade da RMC em analisar a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, inclusive retrospectivamente a partir de imagens previamente adquiridas por RMC.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O encurtamento longitudinal do VE &#233; uma t&#233;cnica r&#225;pida e confi&#225;vel para avalia&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica em pacientes com DVA que pode ser realizada em estudos de RMC de rotina sem necessidade de programas espec&#237;ficos ou sofisticados.</p>
        <p>A curva de movimenta&#231;&#227;o da JAV mostrou diferen&#231;as significativas em todos os par&#226;metros de fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica analisados entre pacientes com DVA e controles normais. Mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar o valor do m&#233;todo em outras doen&#231;as card&#237;acas.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela Funda&#231;&#227;o Zerbini.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de P&#243;s-doutorado de Sergio Marrone Ribeiro pela Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - USP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
