<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">3DZWLGhvnCYnfdbnLPy6b5C</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020000200281</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200006</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Clinical Significance of Statistical Differences</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2849-1596</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Abreu</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Maurino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital dos Servidores do Estado</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital dos Servidores do Estado, Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Estimulocor - Aval Clinica e Cardiol&#243;gica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Estimulocor - Aval Clinica e Cardiol&#243;gica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Luiz Maurino Abreu,</bold> Estimulocor - Aval Cl&#237;nica e Cardiol&#243;gica, Av Ataulfo de Paiva 135/1502, Leblon, Rio de Janeiro - Brazil. E-mail: <email>lmaurino@globo.com</email>, <email>lmabreu@cardiol.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>281</fpage>
      <lpage>283</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus/complications, Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Prevention and Control</kwd>
        <kwd>Arrhythmias,Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Electrocardiography/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Data Interpretation Statistical</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Diabetes is a serious chronic condition that occurs when your body cannot produce any or enough insulin or cannot effectively use the insulin it produces, resulting in high blood glucose levels. The so-called type 1 diabetes is caused by a set of genetic, environmental and autoimmune factors affecting insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></p>
    <p>Elevated blood glucose levels even below the diagnostic threshold of diabetes are associated with complications with the greatest impact on morbidity and mortality among people with diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Systematic reviews involving 102 prospective studies in diabetic patients indicate that the relative risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is between 1.6 and 2.6, greater in younger people and slightly higher in women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></p>
    <p>Data published in the recent International Diabetes Federation (IDF Atlas) Atlas confirm that diabetes is one of the largest public health emergencies of the 21st century. By 2019 it is estimated that 468 million people have diabetes and projected to 578 million in 2030, and the alarming number of 700 million in 2045. The estimates are impressive: 135 million cases over 65 years of age; more than one million children and adolescents have type 1 diabetes; four million diabetes-related deaths in 2019 among 20- to 79-year-olds. All these numbers with a significant variation between the various regions of the world.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></p>
    <p>The search for risk markers with the potential to predict diabetes-related adverse outcomes is constant. The high mortality risk of individuals with diabetes cannot be fully explained only by CVD or cardiovascular risk factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></p>
    <p>The article by Inanir et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> in this issue retrospectively analyses electrocardiograms of patients with type 1 diabetes without comorbidities and without any medication except insulin, followed at the endocrinology outpatient clinic of Bolu City University Hospital, Turkey. Patients were compared to a control group of non-diabetic patients matched for age, sex, and body mass index, both groups younger than 45 years. The tracings were analyzed by two cardiologists blinded to the patients' conditions, focusing on the period of ventricular depolarization / repolarization with the various intervals and corrections for heart rate and the relationship with each other. The intervals QT, QTc, QTd, QTdc, Tp-e, JT, and Tp-e/QT, and Tp-e/QTc ratios were calculated. The correlation of these variables with disease duration and HgA1c value was also analyzed. There were statistically significant differences between the two groups with QTc of 412.9 &#177; 36 ms versus 384.2 &#177; 24.6 ms in diabetics compared with controls, respectively (p &lt; 0.001), with a correlation with disease duration and HgA1c levels.</p>
    <p>Several reports in the literature support that an increased QT interval represents a trigger for ventricular arrhythmias and even sudden death, with predictive value for all-cause mortality in diabetic and non-diabetic patients. However, QTc in a healthy population included in the Framinghan Heart Study was not predictive of cardiovascular death or sudden cardiac death. In another study, in healthy elderly, QTc &gt; 450 ms in men and &gt; 470 ms in women was an independent predictive risk factor for sudden cardiac death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></p>
    <p>The Polish Norwegian study (PONS), with a sample of 11,068 participants aged 45 to 64 years, distributed according to metabolic status, showed that the QTc interval progressively increased from those with normal blood glucose to those with impaired glucose tolerance, and was even higher in those with diabetes. The authors concluded that the results suggest that abnormal glucose metabolism affects ventricular repolarization regardless of other concomitant cardiovascular risk factors for diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></p>
    <p>A literature review from 1990 assessing the association between prolonged QTc and risk of cardiovascular mortality and sudden death included seven prospective studies with 36,031 individuals, where 2,677 (8.7%) had QTc &#8805; 440 ms. In this qualitative review, there was no definitive association between QTc interval and cardiovascular mortality or morbidity, except, without much consistency, in those with prior cardiovascular disease. The lack of coherence of the findings between the various subgroups underscores the likelihood that chance, bias, and/or confounding factors are plausible explanations for such disagreements. In addition, the small sample size in each study reduces power, and contributes to the inaccuracy of measurements given the technical challenges and follow-up time, among other uncontrolled factors. There are also variations among protocols used to obtain and analyze measurements in electrocardiographic tracings. When only one recording is used, the individual variability of the QTc interval over 24 hours is highlighted but drawing conclusions from one-time measurements about clinical events that usually occur years later ignores several other common factors in this population. The observation that patients with QTc interval &#8805; 440 ms have a higher risk of total or cardiovascular mortality than those with lower values may reflect the role of QTc as a marker of still subclinical cardiovascular disease. In this analysis, none of the seven studies was designed to test the hypothesis that QTc interval is associated with total or cardiovascular mortality. Thus, uncontrolled confounders arising from uncollected or unknown variables may have influenced the results in either direction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></p>
    <p>QT dispersion (QTd) is defined as the difference between the longest and shortest QT intervals in any of the measured leads. The use of low number of leads was certainly the main cause of the lack of reproducibility repeatedly demonstrated in several studies that analyzed this parameter, making it difficult to determine its clinical significance especially in patients without known heart disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></p>
    <p>Making use of technologies that allow for a larger number of derivations and recordings, with extended time, allowing the analysis of several records at different times is a trend in studies that explore the depolarization / repolarization periods. A study using the body surface mapping system, QT interval was measured in 80 unipolar chest leads, showing QTc 415.2+/-4.1 ms in DM 1 and 401.4+/-6.6 ms in controls (NS).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> The method allows the analysis of the electrocardiogram, the vetocardiogram and the mapping of depolarization / repolarization in more detail.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> The advantage of this procedure is its improved spatial sampling, allowing abnormalities that may be difficult to detect and measure using the 12-lead approach be better defined with the additional electrodes.</p>
    <p>In the 1990s, at our Cardiology Service of the Hospital Federal dos Servidores do Estado, we had the opportunity to use the body surface mapping system in a sample of our population and the results were presented in a scientific conference held in Karlovy Vary, Czech Republic, where the method is quite used at Charles University, Prague. From this center there is an important review published in 2015 analyzing electrocardiographic changes in diabetes, revealing tachycardia, QRS and QT shortening, increased QT dispersion, reduced depolarization wave amplitude, reduced ventricular myocardial activation time, and T wave flattening confirmed by the lowest maximum and minimum value in the isopotential repolarization body surface maps. Most of these changes are even more pronounced in patients with cardiac autonomic neuropathy. Comparison with electrocardiographic changes in other diseases suggests that those present in patients with diabetes are not specific and are caused by an increase in sympathetic nervous system tone, which was indirectly confirmed by findings of heart rate variability in these patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></p>
    <p>As we can see, obtaining measures of the depolarization/repolarization period has a long history and constant challenges. Some of the disparities in interpretation of findings arise from inconsistencies in the measurements obtained. The numerous factors involved in the inaccuracy of QT measurements and their repercussions as predictors in the clinical context make it difficult to assess the significance of minor QT changes even when they are statistically significant.</p>
    <p>In summary, based on these observations, we cannot affirm that changes in depolarization / repolarization estimated by electrocardiography can be used as predictors of mortality and cardiovascular outcomes in the general population and apparently healthy diabetics. Further research is needed, which should include new technologies for serial measurements of these intervals and their measurement by a central electrocardiography laboratory. Such studies should be specifically designed to test the hypothesis that these depolarization / repolarization changes are associated with cardiovascular mortality</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Evaluation of Electrocardiographic Ventricular Depolarization and Repolarization Variables in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 World Health Organization (WHO) and International Diabetes Federation (IDF). Definition and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and intermediate hyperglycaemia. Report of a WHO/IDF Consultation. Geneva; 2016. [Cited in 2019 Dec 13] Available at: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.who.int/diabetes/publications/diagnosis_diabetes2006/en/">https://www.who.int/diabetes/publications/diagnosis_diabetes2006/en/</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="webpage">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>World Health Organization</collab>
            <collab>International Diabetes Federation</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Definition and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and intermediate hyperglycaemia. Report of a WHO/IDF Consultation</source>
          <publisher-loc>Geneva</publisher-loc>
          <year>2016</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">2019 Dec 13</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Available at: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.who.int/diabetes/publications/diagnosis_diabetes2006/en/">https://www.who.int/diabetes/publications/diagnosis_diabetes2006/en/</ext-link></comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Gerstein HC. Diabetes: Dysglycaemia as a cause of cardiovascular outcomes. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2015;11(9):508-10.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gerstein</surname>
              <given-names>HC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Diabetes: Dysglycaemia as a cause of cardiovascular outcomes</article-title>
          <source>Nat Rev Endocrinol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>508</fpage>
          <lpage>510</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration, Sarwar N, Gao P, Seshasai SRK, Gobin R, Kaptoge S, et al. Diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose concentration, and risk of vascular disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of 102 prospective studies. Lancet. 2010;375(9733):2215-22.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration</collab>
            <name>
              <surname>Sarwar</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gao</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Seshasai</surname>
              <given-names>SRK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gobin</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kaptoge</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose concentration, and risk of vascular disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of 102 prospective studies</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>375</volume>
          <issue>9733</issue>
          <fpage>2215</fpage>
          <lpage>2222</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas, 9th ed. Brussels, Belgium: 2019. [Cited in 2019 Dec 13]. Available at: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.diabetesatlas.org">http://www.diabetesatlas.org</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="webpage">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>International Diabetes Federation</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>DF Diabetes Atlas</source>
          <edition>9thth ed</edition>
          <publisher-loc>Brussels, Belgium</publisher-loc>
          <year>2019</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">2019 Dec 13</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Available at: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.diabetesatlas.org">http://www.diabetesatlas.org</ext-link></comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 Regidor E, Franch J, Segu&#237; M, Serrano R, Rodriguez-Artalejo F, Artola S. Traditional risk factors alone could not explain the excess mortality in patients with diabetes: a national cohort study of older Spanish adults. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(12):2503-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Regidor</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Franch</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Segu&#237;</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Serrano</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rodriguez-Artalejo</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Artola</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Traditional risk factors alone could not explain the excess mortality in patients with diabetes: a national cohort study of older Spanish adults</article-title>
          <source>Diabetes Care</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>2503</fpage>
          <lpage>2509</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 Inanir M, Guves Y, Sincer I, Erdal E. Avalia&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas de despolariza&#231;&#227;o e repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular em Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 114(2):275-280.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Inanir</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guves</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sincer</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Erdal</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas de despolariza&#231;&#227;o e repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular em Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>114</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>275</fpage>
          <lpage>280</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 Goldberg RJ, Bengson J, Chen Z, Anderson K, Locate E, Lew D. Duration of QT interval nad total and cardiovascular mortality in health persons (the Framinghan hearth study experience) Am J Cardiol .1991;67(1):55.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Goldberg</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bengson</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anderson</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Locate</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lew</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Duration of QT interval nad total and cardiovascular mortality in health persons (the Framinghan hearth study experience) Am</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>1991</year>
          <volume>67</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>55</fpage>
          <lpage>55</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 Straus SMJM, Kors J&#193;, De Bruin MI: Prolonged QTc interval and risk of sudden cardiac death in a population of older adults, J Am Coll Cardiol.2006;47(2):362-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Straus</surname>
              <given-names>SMJM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kors</surname>
              <given-names>J&#193;</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Bruin</surname>
              <given-names>MI</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prolonged QTc interval and risk of sudden cardiac death in a population of older adults</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>47</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>362</fpage>
          <lpage>367</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9 Vaidean G, Vansal S, Manczuk M, Williams J. Heart-rate corrected QT interval prolongation in impaired fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes: The Polish Norwegian Study (PONS). The FASEB Journal. 2017; 31(1_Suppl):686.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vaidean</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vansal</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manczuk</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Williams</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Heart-rate corrected QT interval prolongation in impaired fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes: The Polish Norwegian Study (PONS)</article-title>
          <source>The FASEB Journal</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>1_</issue>
          <supplement>Suppl</supplement>
          <fpage>686</fpage>
          <lpage>686</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10 Montanez A, Ruskin JN, Hebert PR, Lamas GA, Hennekens CH. Prolonged QT interval and risks of total and cardiovascular mortality and sudden death in the general population: a review and qualitative overview of the prospective cohort studies. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(9):943-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Montanez</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ruskin</surname>
              <given-names>JN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hebert</surname>
              <given-names>PR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lamas</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hennekens</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prolonged QT interval and risks of total and cardiovascular mortality and sudden death in the general population: a review and qualitative overview of the prospective cohort studies</article-title>
          <source>Arch Intern Med</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>164</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>943</fpage>
          <lpage>948</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11 Kautzner J, Autzner J, Yi G, Camm AJ, Malik M. Short and long-term reproducibility of QT, QTc and QT dispersion measurement in healthy subjects. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol.1994;17:92-37.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kautzner</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Autzner</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yi</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Camm</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Malik</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Short and long-term reproducibility of QT, QTc and QT dispersion measurement in healthy subjects</article-title>
          <source>Pacing Clin Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>1994</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <fpage>92</fpage>
          <lpage>37</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12 Janickova-Zdarska D, Peliskova P, Charvat J, Mlcek M, Medova E, Kitnar O: ECG Body Surface Mapping (BSM) in type 1 diabetic patients. Physiol Res. 2007;56:403-10.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Janickova-Zdarska</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peliskova</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Charvat</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mlcek</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Medova</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kitnar</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>ECG Body Surface Mapping (BSM) in type 1 diabetic patients</article-title>
          <source>Physiol Res</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>56</volume>
          <fpage>403</fpage>
          <lpage>410</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13 Ziad I, Miller JM, Zipes DP. Clinical arrhythmology and electrophysiology . 3rd ed. Canada:Elsevier; 2019. p.57-99.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ziad</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miller</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zipes</surname>
              <given-names>DP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Clinical arrhythmology and electrophysiology</source>
          <edition>3rd ed</edition>
          <publisher-loc>Canada</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Elsevier</publisher-name>
          <year>2019</year>
          <fpage>57</fpage>
          <lpage>99</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14 Kittnar O: Electrocardiographic changes in Diabetes Mellitus ( Review ). Physiol Res. 2015; 64 (Suppl. 5): S559-S566.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kittnar</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Electrocardiographic changes in Diabetes Mellitus ( Review )</article-title>
          <source>Physiol Res</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>64</volume>
          <supplement>Suppl. 5</supplement>
          <fpage>S559</fpage>
          <lpage>S566</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Significado Cl&#237;nico das Diferen&#231;as Estat&#237;sticas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2849-1596</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Abreu</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Maurino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital dos Servidores do Estado, Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Estimulocor - Aval Clinica e Cardiol&#243;gica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Luiz Maurino Abreu,</bold> Estimulocor - Aval Cl&#237;nica e Cardiol&#243;gica, Av Ataulfo de Paiva 135/1502, Leblon, Rio de Janeiro - Brasil. E-mail: <email>lmaurino@globo.com</email>, <email>lmabreu@cardiol.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Preven&#231;&#227;o e Controle</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Interpreta&#231;&#227;o Estat&#237;stica de Dados</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Diabetes &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica s&#233;ria que ocorre quando o organismo n&#227;o consegue produzir insulina (ou o faz em quantidade insuficiente) ou n&#227;o consegue utilizar a insulina que produz, resultando em n&#237;veis elevados de glicose no sangue. O diabetes conhecido como do tipo 1 &#233; causado por um conjunto de fatores gen&#233;ticos, ambientais e autoimunes afetando as c&#233;lulas beta pancre&#225;ticas produtoras de insulina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></p>
      <p>Valores aumentados da glicemia, mesmo abaixo do limiar de diagn&#243;stico de diabetes, est&#227;o associados a complica&#231;&#245;es com grande impacto na morbimortalidade em pessoas com diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas envolvendo 102 estudos prospectivos em diab&#233;ticos indicam que o risco relativo de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCVs) est&#225; entre 1,6 e 2,6, sendo maior em jovens e ligeiramente maior nas mulheres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></p>
      <p>Dados publicados no recente Atlas da <italic>International Diabetes Federation</italic> (IDF Atlas) confirmam que o diabetes &#233; uma das maiores emerg&#234;ncias em sa&#250;de p&#250;blica do s&#233;culo XXI. Em 2019, estima-se que 468 milh&#245;es de pessoas tenham diabetes e projeta-se para 2030, 578 milh&#245;es e para 2045 o alarmante n&#250;mero de 700 milh&#245;es. As estimativas impressionam: 135 milh&#245;es de casos acima de 65 anos de idade; mais de 1 milh&#227;o de crian&#231;as e adolescentes t&#234;m diabetes tipo 1; quatro milh&#245;es de &#243;bitos relacionados ao diabetes em 2019 entre pessoas de 20 a 79 anos. Todos esses n&#250;meros com uma significativa varia&#231;&#227;o entre as diversas regi&#245;es do mundo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></p>
      <p>A busca de marcadores de risco com o potencial de predizer eventos adversos relacionados com diabetes &#233; constante. O alto risco de mortalidade em indiv&#237;duos com diabetes n&#227;o pode ser completamente explicado somente pelas DCVs ou pelos fatores de risco cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></p>
      <p>Artigo de Inanir et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> neste n&#250;mero dos ABC analisa, de modo retrospectivo, eletrocardiogramas de pacientes portadores de diabetes tipo 1 sem comorbidades e sem qualquer medica&#231;&#227;o exceto a insulina, acompanhados no ambulat&#243;rio de endocrinologia do Hospital Universit&#225;rio da cidade de Bolu, Turquia. Os pacientes foram comparados a um grupo controle de n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos pareados por idade, sexo e &#237;ndice de massa corporal, ambos os grupos com menos de 45 anos. Os tra&#231;ados foram analisados por dois cardiologistas cegos para as condi&#231;&#245;es dos pacientes, com foco no per&#237;odo de despolariza&#231;&#227;o/repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular com os v&#225;rios intervalos e suas corre&#231;&#245;es pela frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e rela&#231;&#245;es entre si. Foram calculados os intervalos QT, QTc, QTd, QTdc, Tp-e, JT e as rela&#231;&#245;es Tp-e/QT e Tp-e/QTc. Tamb&#233;m foi analisada a correla&#231;&#227;o dessas vari&#225;veis com o tempo de doen&#231;a e o valor de HgA1c. Os resultados apontaram diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre os dois grupos, com o QTc de 412,9 &#177; 36 ms versus 384,2 &#177; 24,6 ms em diab&#233;ticos em compara&#231;&#227;o aos controles, respectivamente (p &lt; 0,001), e correla&#231;&#227;o com tempo de diabetes e n&#237;veis de HgA1c.</p>
      <p>Existem na literatura v&#225;rios estudos afirmando que um intervalo QT aumentado representa um gatilho para arritmias ventriculares e at&#233; mesmo morte s&#250;bita, com valor preditivo para mortalidade por todas as causas em indiv&#237;duos diab&#233;ticos e indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos. Entretanto, o QTc em uma popula&#231;&#227;o saud&#225;vel inclu&#237;da no Framinghan Heart Study n&#227;o foi preditivo de morte cardiovascular ou morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca. J&#225; outro estudo, em idosos saud&#225;veis, QTc &gt; 450 ms em homens e &gt; 470 ms em mulheres foi fator de risco preditivo independente para morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></p>
      <p>O The Polish Norwegian Study (PONS), com uma amostra de 11 068 participantes com idades entre 45 e 64 anos, distribu&#237;dos de acordo com seu status metab&#243;lico, mostrou que o intervalo QTc aumentou progressivamente, dos indiv&#237;duos com glicemia normal &#224;queles com toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose diminu&#237;da, sendo ainda maiores naqueles com diabetes. Os autores conclu&#237;ram que os resultados sugerem um metabolismo anormal da glicose afeta a repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular independentemente de outros fatores de risco cardiovascular concomitantes ao diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></p>
      <p>Uma revis&#227;o da literatura a partir de 1990 avaliando a associa&#231;&#227;o entre QTc prolongado e risco de mortalidade cardiovascular e morte s&#250;bita incluiu sete estudos prospectivos com 36 031 indiv&#237;duos, onde 2677 (8,7%) apresentavam um QTc &#8805; 440 ms. Nessa revis&#227;o qualitativa, n&#227;o se identificou nenhuma associa&#231;&#227;o definitiva entre o intervalo QTc e mortalidade ou morbidade cardiovascular, exceto, sem muita consist&#234;ncia, naqueles com doen&#231;a cardiovascular pr&#233;via. A falta de coer&#234;ncia dos achados entre os v&#225;rios subgrupos ressalta a probabilidade que o acaso, vieses e/ou fatores de confus&#227;o sejam explica&#231;&#245;es plaus&#237;veis para tais discord&#226;ncias. Al&#233;m disso, o n&#250;mero pequeno da amostra em cada estudo reduz poder, e contribui para a imprecis&#227;o das medidas, dados os desafios t&#233;cnicos e tempo de seguimento dos pacientes, al&#233;m de outros fatores n&#227;o controlados. Ainda, existem varia&#231;&#245;es entre os protocolos usados para se obter e analisar medidas nos tra&#231;ados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos. Quando se utiliza somente um registro, fica clara a variabilidade individual do intervalo QTc no per&#237;odo de 24 horas. Contudo, tirar conclus&#245;es a partir de medidas obtidas em um s&#243; momento acerca de eventos cl&#237;nicos que geralmente ocorrem anos depois ignora diversos outros fatores comuns nesta popula&#231;&#227;o. A observa&#231;&#227;o de que pacientes com intervalo QTc &#8805; 440 ms t&#234;m maior risco de mortalidade total ou cardiovascular em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles com valores menores pode refletir o papel do QTc como marcador de doen&#231;a cardiovascular ainda subcl&#237;nica. Nesta an&#225;lise, nenhum dos sete estudos foi desenhado para testar a hip&#243;tese de que o intervalo QTc esteja associado &#224; mortalidade total ou cardiovascular. Assim, fatores de confus&#227;o decorrentes de vari&#225;veis n&#227;o coletadas ou desconhecidas podem ter influenciado os resultados em qualquer dire&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></p>
      <p>A dispers&#227;o do QT (QTd) &#233; definida como a diferen&#231;a entre o maior e menor intervalo QT em qualquer das deriva&#231;&#245;es medidas. O baixo n&#250;mero de deriva&#231;&#245;es foi certamente a principal causa da falta de reprodutibilidade repetidamente demonstrada em v&#225;rios trabalhos que analisam essa medida, tornando dif&#237;cil estabelecer seu significado cl&#237;nico principalmente em pacientes sem doen&#231;a card&#237;aca conhecida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></p>
      <p>O uso de tecnologias que permitem um maior n&#250;mero de deriva&#231;&#245;es e registros, com tempo prolongado, e an&#225;lise de v&#225;rios registros em momentos diferentes &#233; uma tend&#234;ncia em estudos que exploram os per&#237;odos de despolariza&#231;&#227;o/repolariza&#231;&#227;o. Estudo utilizando sistema de mapeamento de superf&#237;cie (<italic>body surface mapping</italic>), o intervalo QT foi medido em 80 deriva&#231;&#245;es tor&#225;cicas unipolares, mostrando valores de QTc 415,2+/-4.1 ms em DM 1 e 401,4+/-6,6 ms nos controles (NS).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> O m&#233;todo permite a an&#225;lise do eletrocardiograma, do vetocardiograma, e o mapeamento da despolariza&#231;&#227;o/repolariza&#231;&#227;o de forma mais detalhada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> A vantagem desse procedimento &#233; sua melhor amostragem espacial, permitido que anormalidades dif&#237;ceis de serem detectadas e medidas usando-se a abordagem de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es possam ser mais bem definidas com os eletrodos adicionais.</p>
      <p>Nos anos 90, em nosso Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia do Hospital Federal dos Servidores do Estado, tivemos a oportunidade de utilizar o sistema e colecionar uma amostra de nossos pacientes que foi apresentada em um congresso cient&#237;fico em Karlovy Vary, Rep&#250;blica Tcheca, pa&#237;s em que o m&#233;todo &#233; bastante utilizado na Charles University em Praga. Deste centro, foi publicada uma importante revis&#227;o em 2015 analisando altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;fica no diabetes, revelando taquicardia, encurtamento de QRS e QT, aumento da dispers&#227;o de QT, redu&#231;&#227;o da amplitude de ondas de despolariza&#231;&#227;o, tempo de ativa&#231;&#227;o reduzido do mioc&#225;rdio ventricular e achatamento das ondas T confirmado pelo menor valor m&#225;ximo e m&#237;nimo nos mapas de repolariza&#231;&#227;o isopotencial da superf&#237;cie corporal. A maioria dessas altera&#231;&#245;es &#233; ainda mais pronunciada em pacientes com neuropatia auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca. A compara&#231;&#227;o com altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas em outras doen&#231;as sugere que aquelas presentes nos pacientes com diabetes n&#227;o s&#227;o espec&#237;ficas e s&#227;o causadas por um aumento no t&#244;nus do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico, o que foi indiretamente confirmado pelos achados de variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca nesses pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></p>
      <p>Como podemos ver, a obten&#231;&#227;o de medidas do per&#237;odo despolariza&#231;&#227;o/repolariza&#231;&#227;o tem uma longa hist&#243;ria e constantes desafios. Algumas das disparidades nas interpreta&#231;&#245;es dos achados surgem das inconsist&#234;ncias das medidas obtidas. Os in&#250;meros fatores envolvidos na imprecis&#227;o das medidas do QT e suas repercuss&#245;es como preditores no contexto cl&#237;nico tornam dif&#237;cil avaliar o significado de pequenas altera&#231;&#245;es do QT mesmo quando estatisticamente significativas.</p>
      <p>Em resumo, com base nessas observa&#231;&#245;es, n&#227;o podemos afirmar que altera&#231;&#245;es de despolariza&#231;&#227;o/repolariza&#231;&#227;o estimadas por tra&#231;ados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos possam ser utilizadas como preditores de mortalidade e desfechos cardiovasculares na popula&#231;&#227;o geral e em diab&#233;ticos aparentemente saud&#225;veis. Mais pesquisas s&#227;o necess&#225;rias, que devem incluir novas tecnologias para medidas seriadas desses intervalos e sua aferi&#231;&#227;o por um laborat&#243;rio central de eletrocardiografia. Tais estudos devem ser delineados especificamente para testar a hip&#243;tese de que essas altera&#231;&#245;es de despolariza&#231;&#227;o/repolariza&#231;&#227;o est&#227;o associadas com mortalidade cardiovascular.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Vari&#225;veis Eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas de Despolariza&#231;&#227;o e Repolariza&#231;&#227;o Ventricular em Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
