<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">8XmZbk9d6Fz4dNPShtwH9Vp</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020000200275</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20180343</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Evaluation of Electrocardiographic Ventricular Depolarization and Repolarization Variables in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1784-3584</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Inan&#305;r</surname>
            <given-names>Mehmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gunes</surname>
            <given-names>Yilmaz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2399-9585</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sincer</surname>
            <given-names>Isa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3893-5376</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Erdal</surname>
            <given-names>Emrah</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Abant Izzet Baysal University Hospital</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Bolu</city>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Abant Izzet Baysal University Hospital, Bolu - Turkey</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Mehmet Inan&#305;r,</bold> Abant Izzet Baysal University Hospital - Cardiology. Bolu 14000 - Turkey. E-mail: <email>mdmehmetinanir@yahoo.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Inan&#305;r M, Gunes Y, Sincer I, Erdal E; Acquisition of data: Inan&#305;r M, Gunes Y; Obtaining financing: Inan&#305;r M, Gunes Y, Erdal E; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Inan&#305;r M, Gunes Y.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>275</fpage>
      <lpage>280</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The risk of cardiovascular events and sudden death increases with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate electrocardiographic markers of arrhythmias in T1DM patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Electrocardiographic parameters reflecting ventricular depolarization and repolarization, namely, QT, QTc, QTd, QTdc, Tp-e, JT, and JTc intervals and Tp-e/QT and Tp-e/QTc ratios, of 46 patients diagnosed with T1DM were retrospectively analyzed and compared with 46 healthy age-, sex-, and body mass-matched controls. Correlations between T1DM duration, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and ventricular repolarization variables were analyzed. P values lower than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Diabetes duration was 16.6 &#177; 7.1 years, and HbA1c was 10.81% &#177; 3.27% in the T1DM group. In comparison with the control group, heart rate, QTc, QTd, QTdc, Tp-e and JTc intervals, Tp-e/QT ratio (p &lt; 0.001), and Tp-e/QTc ratio (p = 0.007) were significantly higher in T1DM patients. T1DM duration and HbA1c levels were significantly correlated with QTc, QTd, QTdc, Tp-e, and JTc intervals and Tp-e/QT and Tp-e/QTc ratios.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>In T1DM patients, potential electrocardiographic repolarization predictors were significantly increased in correlation with disease duration and HbA1c levels. These findings may contribute to the understanding of sudden cardiac death in patients with T1DM.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Diabetes Complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Prevention and Control</kwd>
        <kwd>Arrhythmias, Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Electrocardiography/methods</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Diabetes is a major health problem that is associated with various comorbidities such as hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, and cardiopulmonary diseases. Over long periods of time, it is also a major underlying risk factor for coronary heart disease, heart failure, peripheral artery disease, atrial fibrillation, chronic renal failure, and stroke. It is also associated with an increased mortality risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></p>
      <p>The interval between the beginning of the QRS complex and the end of the T wave in the surface electrocardiogram (ECG) reflects ventricular depolarization and repolarization. Cardiac electrical changes during ventricular repolarization may lead to lethal arrhythmias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Sudden death risk is also increased in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) subjects.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Accordingly, prolonged repolarization has been speculated to play a role in sudden death among T1DM patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></p>
      <p>In this study, we aimed to evaluate potential ventricular arrhythmia predictors of surface ECG, namely, QT and corrected QT (QTc) intervals, QT dispersion (QTd), corrected QTd (QTdc), Tp-e, JT and JTc intervals, and Tp-e/QT and Tp-e/QTc ratios, in patients with T1DM.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study population</title>
        <p>ECG records of 46 patients with T1DM, who were followed in the endocrinology and metabolism diseases outpatient clinic of our hospital between January 2017 and May 2018, were retrospectively analyzed and compared with the ECG results of 46 age-, sex-, and body mass-matched controls. T1DM was defined according to the American Diabetes Association criteria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></p>
        <p>Patients over the age of 45 were not included due to increased probability of unknown atherosclerosis and comorbidities that may affect ECG. Subjects who had history of coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, heart failure, structural heart disease, chronic lung disease, liver or renal failure, thyroid disorders, malignancies, electrolyte imbalances, or any other systemic disease and subjects who were using any drug (e.g. betablockers, calcium channel blockers, antidepressant drugs, etc.) other than insulin were excluded. Subjects who had history of ventricular arrhythmias or atrial fibrillation and subjects who had low QRS voltage, increased QRS duration, left-axis deviation, hypertrophic findings, nonspecific flattening of the T waves, left atrial abnormalities, or ST segment depression on ECG were also excluded due to the probable effects of these ECG changes on the measured ECG parameters.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Electrocardiography</title>
        <p>Twelve-lead ECGs were obtained following a 10-minute rest period, with 10 mm/mV amplitude and 25 mm/s rate with standard lead positions in a supine position, using a commercially available machine (Nihon Kohen Cardiofax ECG-1950 VET). Depending on heart rate, there were four to six beats per lead. ECGs were manually measured, using a magnifying glass (TorQ 150 mm Digital Caliper LCD) by two blinded cardiologists who had no information about the patients. QT intervals were taken from the onset of the QRS complex to the end of the T wave, which was defined as its return to the TP baseline. If U waves were present, the QT interval was measured at the nadir of the curve between the T and U waves. The R-R interval was measured and used to compute the heart rate and to correct QT interval (QTc) with Bazett&#8217;s Formula.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> QT dispersion (QTd) was determined as the difference between the maximum and minimum QT interval in different leads. The Tp-e interval was defined from the peak of T wave to the end of T wave. Measurements of Tp-e interval were performed from precordial leads. Rate QTc and corrected QT dispersion (QTdc) were calculated using Bazett&#8217;s formula (QTc = QT/&#8730;RR). JT intervals were measured from the end of the QRS complex (J point) to the end of the T wave (JTend interval). JTc was calculated using Bazett&#8217;s formula (JTc = JT/&#8730;RR). Tp-e/QT and Tp-e/QTc ratios were also calculated. No patient had fewer than nine measurable leads. Intraobserver and interobserver variations for measurements were less than 5%, and the means of the values defined by the cardiologists were used for analysis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Analyses were carried out using SPSS 20.0 Statistical Package Program for Windows (SPSS Inc, Chicago, Illinois, USA). Quantitative variables are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD), and qualitative variables are expressed as numbers and percentages. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test was used to determine if the data were normally distributed. ECG parameters were normally distributed, and disease duration and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels were not normally distributed. Differences between independent groups were assessed by Student t-test for quantitative variables that were normally distributed and chi-square test for qualitative variables. Spearman correlation analysis was used to examine possible associations between T1DM duration, HbA1c, and ventricular repolarization parameters. P values lower than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Mean diabetes duration was 16.6 &#177; 7.1 years, and mean HbA1c was 10.81% &#177; 3.27% in the T1DM group. Mean age, systolic blood pressure (BP), diastolic BP, body mass index (BMI), and frequencies of sex, smoking, and hyperlipidemia were not significantly different between study patients and control group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>General characteristics of the study groups</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Baseline characteristics</th>
              <th align="center">T1DM (n = 46)</th>
              <th align="center">Control group (n = 46)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">33.8 &#177; 8.8</td>
              <td align="center">33.8 &#177; 6.2</td>
              <td align="center">1.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male/female</td>
              <td align="center">28/18</td>
              <td align="center">28/18</td>
              <td align="center">1.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Systolic BP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">124.4 &#177; 8.7</td>
              <td align="center">121.4 &#177; 6.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.069</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diastolic BP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">81.0 &#177; 4.1</td>
              <td align="center">78.4 &#177; 3.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.581</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking</td>
              <td align="center">7 (15.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (19.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.587</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hyperlipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">3 (6.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (6.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">1.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI</td>
              <td align="center">24.2 &#177; 4.7</td>
              <td align="center">24.1 &#177; 4.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.955</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>BMI: body mass index; BP: blood pressure; T1DM: type 1 diabetes mellitus.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>In comparison with the control group, heart rate, QTc, QTd, QTdc, Tp-e and JTc intervals, and Tp-e/QT and Tp-e/QTc ratios were significantly higher in T1DM patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Electrocardiographic findings of the study population</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">&#160;</th>
              <th align="center">T1DM (n = 46)</th>
              <th align="center">Control group (n = 46)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Heart rate (bpm)</td>
              <td align="center">84.0 &#177; 16.9</td>
              <td align="center">68.3 &#177; 11.3</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">QT ms</td>
              <td align="center">352.6 &#177; 27.4</td>
              <td align="center">362.4 &#177; 22.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.068</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">QTc ms</td>
              <td align="center">412.9 &#177; 36.0</td>
              <td align="center">384.2 &#177; 24.6</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">QTd ms</td>
              <td align="center">29.7 &#177; 13.8</td>
              <td align="center">15.2 &#177; 6.0</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">QTdc ms</td>
              <td align="center">34.5 &#177; 15.0</td>
              <td align="center">16.1 &#177; 6.6</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Tp-e ms</td>
              <td align="center">90.3 &#177; 8.1</td>
              <td align="center">74.8 &#177; 9.9</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">JT ms</td>
              <td align="center">275.1 &#177; 23.7</td>
              <td align="center">278.8 &#177; 24.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.456</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">JTc ms</td>
              <td align="center">321.6 &#177; 26.0</td>
              <td align="center">295.5 &#177; 24.7</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Tp-e/QT</td>
              <td align="center">0.26 &#177; 0.03</td>
              <td align="center">0.21 &#177; 0.03</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Tp-e/QTc</td>
              <td align="center">0.22 &#177; 0.03</td>
              <td align="center">0.20 &#177; 0.03</td>
              <td align="center">0.007</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>Bpm: beats per minute; JT: interval from the end of the QRS complex (J point) to the end of the T wave; JTc: corrected JT interval; ms: millisecond; QT: interval from the beginning of the QRS complex to the end of the T wave; QTc: corrected QT interval; QTd: QT dispersion, the difference between the maximum and minimum QT intervals; QTdc: corrected QT dispersion; Tp-e: T-peak to T-end interval.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>T1DM duration and HbA1c levels were significantly correlated with QTc, QTd, QTdc, Tp-e and JTc intervals, and Tp-e/QT and Tp-e/QTc ratios (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Correlations of T1DM disease duration and HbA1c levels with electrocardiographic parameters</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">&#160;</th>
              <th align="center">T1DM duration (years)</th>
              <th align="center">HbA1c (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">QTc ms</td>
              <td align="center">r = 0.417, p &lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">r = 0.414, p &lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">QTd ms</td>
              <td align="center">r = 0.600, p &lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">r = 0.353, p &lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">QTdc ms</td>
              <td align="center">r = 0.669, p &lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">r = 0.608, p &lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Tp-e ms</td>
              <td align="center">r = 0.606, p &lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">r = 0.602, p &lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">JTc</td>
              <td align="center">r = 0.443, p &lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">r = 0.525, p &lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Tp-e/QT</td>
              <td align="center">r = 0.615, p &lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">r = 0.608, p &lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Tp-e/QTc</td>
              <td align="center">r = 0.357, p &lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">r = 0.352, p = 0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>There were no significant correlations between gender, age, BMI, blood pressure, and the measured ECG parameters.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In this study we have found that, in correlation with disease duration and HbA1c levels, QTc, QTd, QTdc, Tp-e, and JTc intervals and Tp-e/QT and Tp-e/QTc ratios on surface ECG, which may be associated with ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death, were significantly increased in T1DM patients. As far as we know, there is no study in the literature that investigates Tp-e and JT intervals or Tp-e/QT and Tp-e/QTc ratios in T1DM patients.</p>
      <p>T1DM patients are at major risk for ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Presence of reentry circuits, triggered activity, and increased autonomy are among possible mechanism for ventricular arrhythmias. The pathophysiological mechanisms behind arrhythmias have not been fully established in diabetic patients. Structural abnormalities caused by prolonged hyperglycemia and increased fibrosis in the myocardium have been speculated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Myocardial fibrosis, cell loss in the living myocardial tissue and myocardial conduction pathways can create a favorable environment for the formation of micro-reentry circuits. Ventricular arrhythmias may also be triggered by the contribution of impaired electrical balance of the heart and increased sympathetic activity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></p>
      <p>QT, QTc, and QTd have been shown to predict ventricular arrhythmic events and sudden death in various clinical situations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> QT interval is an independent predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in individuals with type 2 diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> QT interval represents the time from beginning of ventricular depolarization to completion of repolarization. Because QT is typically affected by heart rate, the heart rate-corrected QT interval (QTc) has been proposed as a more appropriate measure of QT.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> In many cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular diseases, QTc was shown to be increased.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> QTc prolongation has been suggested as an independent marker of ventricular arrhythmias, sudden death, and increased mortality in patients with T1DM as well.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> T1DM patients have been shown to present a positive association of QTc prolongation with age, diabetes duration, and poor metabolic control.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Accordingly, we have also found a positive correlation between QTc and T1DM duration and HbA1c levels.</p>
      <p>QTd, which is defined as the difference between the maximum and minimum QT interval on surface 12-lead ECG,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> represents ventricular repolarization heterogeneity and is reported as a predictor of ventricular arrhythmias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Increased QTd has also been associated with sudden cardiac death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Tokatli et al. reported that QTd was prolonged in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in comparison with controls.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> In this paper, we found that QTd was significantly increased in T1DM patients as well, in correlation with disease duration and glycemic control measured by HbA1c. Uysal et al. have found that QTc and QTdc were prolonged in children and adolescents with T1DM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> This prolongation, however, was not associated with disease duration and glycemic control, which may be explained by the relatively young age and short disease duration.</p>
      <p>QT interval is composed of depolarization and repolarization components, and it is also affected by QRS period.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> However, JT interval is the component of the QT interval that reflects ventricular repolarization alone.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> It has been suggested that JT interval may be a more specific repolarization marker than the QT interval.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> JT interval may also be affected by heart rate. Therefore, JTc may be more appropriate. Accordingly, Alizade et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> reported that prolonged JTc was associated with ventricular arrhythmias.</p>
      <p>Tp-e interval is also a relatively new ECG parameter showing ventricular repolarization. It has been associated with ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death, even in patients with normal QTc.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Tp-e/QT ratio has also recently been used as a new electrocardiographic marker for ventricular repolarization,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> and it has been reported to be associated with malignant ventricular arrhythmias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></p>
      <p>Most studies assessing ventricular depolarization or repolarization abnormalities in T1DM have used QTc duration and QTdc. However, Tp-e, JT, JTc intervals, and Tp-e/QT and Tp-e/QTc ratios have not been studied. We have found that, in addition to QTc and QTdc, Tp-e and JTc intervals and Tp-e/QT and Tp-e/QTc ratios are increased in T1DM subjects, in association with disease duration and HbA1c levels.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>Manual calculation of measurements instead of computer-assisted calculations may be a limitation. Automated measurement systems have been developed for QT measurement, but some problems currently exist with these systems.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> Manual identification of T-end is also problematic, cardiologist-dependent, and poorly reproducible. Therefore, automated methods may be preferrable.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> Long-term ambulatory ECG monitorization methods might be valuable for documenting the association between the surface ECG parameters studied and arrhythmias. The number of patients in our study was relatively small. A larger patient population would provide more precise results. Association between ECG parameters may be evaluated along with other potential mechanisms for sudden death, such as autonomic dysfunction and fibrosis detected by magnetic resonance imaging. Lack of clinical follow up of the patients regarding arrhythmias and sudden death is another important limitation.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>Previous studies have shown that QTc and QTdc prolongation is important in terms of malignant ventricular arrhythmias in patients with T1DM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> However, Tp-e and JTc intervals and Tp-e/QT and Tp-e/QTc ratios had not previously been measured in patients with T1DM. This study shows that these relatively new repolarization indices and potential electrocardiographic predictors of ventricular arrhythmias are significantly increased in T1DM. Further studies are needed to confirm our results. We hope that clinical significance of this finding for the prediction of malignant arrhythmias will be evaluated in future long-term follow-up and large-scale prospective studies.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Abant Izzet Baysal University Hospital under the protocol number 2018-216. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Vasiliadis I, Kolovou G, Mavrogeni S, Nair DR, Mikhailidis DP. Sudden cardiac death and diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Complications. 2014;28(4):573-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vasiliadis</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kolovou</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mavrogeni</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nair</surname>
              <given-names>DR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mikhailidis</surname>
              <given-names>DP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Sudden cardiac death and diabetes mellitus</article-title>
          <source>J Diabetes Complications</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>573</fpage>
          <lpage>579</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Melendez-Ramirez LY, Richards RJ, Cefalu WT. Complications of type 1 diabetes. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2010;39(3):625-40.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Melendez-Ramirez</surname>
              <given-names>LY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Richards</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cefalu</surname>
              <given-names>WT</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Complications of type 1 diabetes</article-title>
          <source>Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>625</fpage>
          <lpage>640</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Orchard TJ, Costacou T, Kretowski A, Nesto RW. Type 1 diabetes and coronary artery disease. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(11):2528-38.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Orchard</surname>
              <given-names>TJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Costacou</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kretowski</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nesto</surname>
              <given-names>RW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Type 1 diabetes and coronary artery disease</article-title>
          <source>Diabetes Care</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>2528</fpage>
          <lpage>2538</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Maser RE, Wolfson SK Jr, Ellis D, Stein EA, Drash AL, Becker DJ, et al. Cardiovascular disease and arterial calcification in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: interrelations and risk factor profiles. Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study-V. Arterioscler Thromb. 1991;11(4):958-65.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Maser</surname>
              <given-names>RE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wolfson</surname>
              <given-names>SK</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ellis</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stein</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Drash</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Becker</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiovascular disease and arterial calcification in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: interrelations and risk factor profiles. Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study-V</article-title>
          <source>Arterioscler Thromb</source>
          <year>1991</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>958</fpage>
          <lpage>965</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 Monitillo F, Leone M, Rizzo C, Passantino A, Iacoviello M. Ventricular repolarization measures for arrhythmic risk stratification. World J Cardiol. 2016;8(1):57-73.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Monitillo</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leone</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rizzo</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Passantino</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Iacoviello</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Ventricular repolarization measures for arrhythmic risk stratification</article-title>
          <source>World J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>57</fpage>
          <lpage>73</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 Weston PJ. The dead in bed syndrome revisited: a review of the evidence. Diabetes Manag. 2012;2(3):233-41.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Weston</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The dead in bed syndrome revisited: a review of the evidence</article-title>
          <source>Diabetes Manag</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>233</fpage>
          <lpage>241</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 American Diabetes Association. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes -2018. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(Suppl 1):S13-S27.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>American Diabetes Association</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes -2018</article-title>
          <source>Diabetes Care</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>41</volume>
          <supplement>Suppl 1</supplement>
          <fpage>S13</fpage>
          <lpage>S27</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 Bazett HC. An analysis of the time relations of electrocardiograms. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 1997;2(2):177-94.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bazett</surname>
              <given-names>HC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>An analysis of the time relations of electrocardiograms</article-title>
          <source>Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol</source>
          <year>1997</year>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>177</fpage>
          <lpage>194</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9 Cox AJ, AzeemA, Yeboah J, Soliman EZ, Aggarwal SR, Bertoni AG, et al. Heart rate-corrected QT interval is an independent predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in individuals with type 2 diabetes: the Diabetes Heart Study. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(5):1454-61.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cox</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Azeem</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yeboah</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Soliman</surname>
              <given-names>EZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aggarwal</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bertoni</surname>
              <given-names>AG</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Heart rate-corrected QT interval is an independent predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in individuals with type 2 diabetes: the Diabetes Heart Study</article-title>
          <source>Diabetes Care</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>1454</fpage>
          <lpage>1461</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10 Mandala S, Di TC. ECG Parameters for malignant ventricular arrhythmias: a comprehensive review. J Med Biol Eng. 2017;37(4):441-53.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mandala</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Di</surname>
              <given-names>TC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>ECG Parameters for malignant ventricular arrhythmias: a comprehensive review</article-title>
          <source>J Med Biol Eng</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>441</fpage>
          <lpage>453</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11 Kato T, Yamashita T, Sekiguchi A, Sagara K, TakamuraM, Takata S, et al. What are arrhythmogenic substrates in diabetic rat atria? J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2006;17(8):890-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kato</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yamashita</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sekiguchi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sagara</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Takamura</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Takata</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>What are arrhythmogenic substrates in diabetic rat atria?</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>890</fpage>
          <lpage>894</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12 Piers SR, Everaerts K, Van der Geest RJ, Hazebroek MR, Siebelink HM, Pison LA, et al. Myocardial scar predicts monomorphic ventricular tachycardia but not polymorphic ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation in nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Heart Rhythm. 2015;12(10):2106-14.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Piers</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Everaerts</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Van der Geest</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hazebroek</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Siebelink</surname>
              <given-names>HM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pison</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Myocardial scar predicts monomorphic ventricular tachycardia but not polymorphic ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation in nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy</article-title>
          <source>Heart Rhythm</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>2106</fpage>
          <lpage>2114</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13 Qu Z, Weiss JN. Mechanisms of ventricular arrhythmias: from molecular fluctuations to electrical turbulence. Annu Rev Physiol. 2015;77(1):29-55.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Qu</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weiss</surname>
              <given-names>JN</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Mechanisms of ventricular arrhythmias: from molecular fluctuations to electrical turbulence</article-title>
          <source>Annu Rev Physiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>77</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>29</fpage>
          <lpage>55</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14 Vrtovec B, Delgado R, Zewail A, Thomas CD, Richartz BM, Radovancevic B. Prolonged QTc interval and high B-type natriuretic peptide levels together predict mortality in patients with advanced heart failure. Circulation. 2003;107(13):1764-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vrtovec</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Delgado</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zewail</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thomas</surname>
              <given-names>CD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Richartz</surname>
              <given-names>BM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Radovancevic</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prolonged QTc interval and high B-type natriuretic peptide levels together predict mortality in patients with advanced heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>107</volume>
          <issue>13</issue>
          <fpage>1764</fpage>
          <lpage>1769</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15 Chugh SS, Reinier K, Singh T, Uy-Evanado A, Socoteanu C, Peters D, et al. Determinants of prolonged QT interval and their contribution to sudden death risk in coronary artery disease: the Oregon Sudden Unexpected Death Study. Circulation. 2009;119(5):663-70.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chugh</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reinier</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Singh</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Uy-Evanado</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Socoteanu</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peters</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Determinants of prolonged QT interval and their contribution to sudden death risk in coronary artery disease: the Oregon Sudden Unexpected Death Study</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>119</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>663</fpage>
          <lpage>670</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16 Cox A, Azeem A, Yeboah J, Soliman EZ, Aggarwal SR, Bertoni AG, et al. Heart rate-corrected qt interval is an independent predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in individuals with type 2 diabetes: the diabetes heart study. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(5):1454-61.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cox</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Azeem</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yeboah</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Soliman</surname>
              <given-names>EZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aggarwal</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bertoni</surname>
              <given-names>AG</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Heart rate-corrected qt interval is an independent predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in individuals with type 2 diabetes: the diabetes heart study</article-title>
          <source>Diabetes Care</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>1454</fpage>
          <lpage>1461</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17 Elming H, Sonne J, Lublin HK. The importance of the QT interval: a review of the literature. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2003;107(2):96-101.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Elming</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sonne</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lublin</surname>
              <given-names>HK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The importance of the QT interval: a review of the literature</article-title>
          <source>Acta Psychiatr Scand</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>107</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>96</fpage>
          <lpage>101</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18 Okin PM, Devereux RB, Howard BV, Fabsitz RR, Lee ET, Welty TK. Assessment of QT interval and QT dispersion for prediction of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in American Indians: The Strong Heart Study. Circulation. 2000;101(1):61-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Okin</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Devereux</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Howard</surname>
              <given-names>BV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fabsitz</surname>
              <given-names>RR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>ET</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Welty</surname>
              <given-names>TK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Assessment of QT interval and QT dispersion for prediction of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in American Indians: The Strong Heart Study</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>101</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>61</fpage>
          <lpage>66</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19 Rossing P, Breum L, Major-Pedersen A, Sato A, Winding H, Pietersen A, et al. Prolonged QTc interval predicts mortality in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med. 2001;18(3):199-205.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rossing</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Breum</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Major-Pedersen</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sato</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Winding</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pietersen</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prolonged QTc interval predicts mortality in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus</article-title>
          <source>Diabet Med</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>199</fpage>
          <lpage>205</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20 Veglio M, Sivieri R, Chinaglia A, Scaglione L, Cavallo-Perin P. QT interval prolongation and mortality in type 1 diabetic patients: a 5-year cohort prospective study. Neuropathy Study Group of the Italian Society of the Study of Diabetes, Piemonte Affiliate. Diabetes Care. 2000;23(9):1381-3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Veglio</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sivieri</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chinaglia</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scaglione</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cavallo-Perin</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>QT interval prolongation and mortality in type 1 diabetic patients: a 5-year cohort prospective study. Neuropathy Study Group of the Italian Society of the Study of Diabetes, Piemonte Affiliate</article-title>
          <source>Diabetes Care</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>1381</fpage>
          <lpage>1383</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21 Pappachan JM, Sebastian J, Bino BC, Jayaprakash K, Vijayakumar K, Sujathan P, et al. Cardiac autonomic neuropathy in diabetes mellitus: prevalence, risk factors and utility of corrected QT interval in the ECG for its diagnosis. Postgrad Med J. 2008;84(990):205-10.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pappachan</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sebastian</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bino</surname>
              <given-names>BC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jayaprakash</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vijayakumar</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sujathan</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac autonomic neuropathy in diabetes mellitus: prevalence, risk factors and utility of corrected QT interval in the ECG for its diagnosis</article-title>
          <source>Postgrad Med J</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>84</volume>
          <issue>990</issue>
          <fpage>205</fpage>
          <lpage>210</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22 Whitsel EA, Boyko EJ, Siscovick DS. Reassessing the role of QTc in the diagnosis of autonomic failure among patients with diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2000;23(2):241-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Whitsel</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boyko</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Siscovick</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Reassessing the role of QTc in the diagnosis of autonomic failure among patients with diabetes: a meta-analysis</article-title>
          <source>Diabetes Care</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>241</fpage>
          <lpage>247</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23 Giunti S, Bruno G, Lillaz E, Gruden G, Lolli V, Chaturvedi N, et al. Incidence and risk factors of prolonged QTc interval in type 1 diabetes: the EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(8):2057-63.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Giunti</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bruno</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lillaz</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gruden</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lolli</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chaturvedi</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Incidence and risk factors of prolonged QTc interval in type 1 diabetes: the EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study</article-title>
          <source>Diabetes Care</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>2057</fpage>
          <lpage>2063</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24 Macfarlane PW. Measurement of QT dispersion. Heart. 1998;80(5):421-3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Macfarlane</surname>
              <given-names>PW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Measurement of QT dispersion</article-title>
          <source>Heart</source>
          <year>1998</year>
          <volume>80</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>421</fpage>
          <lpage>423</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25 Piccirillo G, Magri D, Matera S, Magnanti M, Torrini A, Pasquazzi E, et al. QT variability strongly predicts sudden cardiac death in asymptomatic subjects with mild or moderate left ventricular systolic dysfunction: a prospective study. Eur Heart J. 2007;28(11):1344-50.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Piccirillo</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Magri</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matera</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Magnanti</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Torrini</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pasquazzi</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>QT variability strongly predicts sudden cardiac death in asymptomatic subjects with mild or moderate left ventricular systolic dysfunction: a prospective study</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1344</fpage>
          <lpage>1350</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26 Zareba W, Moss AJ and le Cessie S. Dispersion of ventricular repolarization and arrhythmic cardiac death in coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 1994;74(6):550-53.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zareba</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moss</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>le Cessie</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Dispersion of ventricular repolarization and arrhythmic cardiac death in coronary artery disease</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>1994</year>
          <volume>74</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>550</fpage>
          <lpage>553</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27 Shimizu H, Ohnishi Y, Inoue T, Yokoyama M. QT and JT dispersion in patients with monomorphic or polymorphic ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation. J Electrocardiol. 2001:34(2):119-25.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shimizu</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ohnishi</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Inoue</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yokoyama</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>QT and JT dispersion in patients with monomorphic or polymorphic ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>J Electrocardiol</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>119</fpage>
          <lpage>125</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28 Tokatli A, Kilicaslan F, Alis M, Yiginer O, Uzun M. Prolonged Tp-e interval, Tp- e/QT ratio and Tp-e/QTc ratio in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Endocrinol Metab. 2016;31(1):105-12.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tokatli</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kilicaslan</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alis</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yiginer</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Uzun</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prolonged Tp-e interval, Tp- e/QT ratio and Tp-e/QTc ratio in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus</article-title>
          <source>Endocrinol Metab</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>105</fpage>
          <lpage>112</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29 Uysal F, Ozboyaci E, Bostan O, Saglam H, Semizel E, Cil E. Evaluation of electrocardiographic parameters for early diagnosis of autonomic dysfunction in children and adolescents with type-1 diabetes mellitus. Pediatr Int. 2014;56(5):675-80.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Uysal</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ozboyaci</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bostan</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saglam</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Semizel</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cil</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Evaluation of electrocardiographic parameters for early diagnosis of autonomic dysfunction in children and adolescents with type-1 diabetes mellitus</article-title>
          <source>Pediatr Int</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>56</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>675</fpage>
          <lpage>680</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>30 Crow RS, Hannan PJ, Folsom AR. Prognostic significance of corrected QT and corrected JT interval for incident coronary heart disease in a general population sample stratified by presence or absence of wide QRS complex: The ARIC study with 13 years of follow-up. Circulation. 2003;108(16):1985-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Crow</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hannan</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Folsom</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prognostic significance of corrected QT and corrected JT interval for incident coronary heart disease in a general population sample stratified by presence or absence of wide QRS complex: The ARIC study with 13 years of follow-up</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>108</volume>
          <issue>16</issue>
          <fpage>1985</fpage>
          <lpage>1989</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <mixed-citation>31 Bihlmeyer NA, Brody JA, Smith AV, Warren HR, Lin H, Isaacs A, et al. ExomeChip-Wide Analysis of 95 626 Individuals Identifies 10 Novel Loci Associated With QT and JT Intervals. Circ Genom Precis Med. 2018;11(1):e001758.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bihlmeyer</surname>
              <given-names>NA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brody</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>AV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Warren</surname>
              <given-names>HR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lin</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Isaacs</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>ExomeChip-Wide Analysis of 95 626 Individuals Identifies 10 Novel Loci Associated With QT and JT Intervals</article-title>
          <source>Circ Genom Precis Med</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <elocation-id>e001758</elocation-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <label>32</label>
        <mixed-citation>32 Spodick DH. Reduction of QT-interval imprecision and variance by measuring the JT interval. Am J Cardiol. 1992;70(1):103.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Spodick</surname>
              <given-names>DH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Reduction of QT-interval imprecision and variance by measuring the JT interval</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>1992</year>
          <volume>70</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>103</fpage>
          <lpage>103</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <label>33</label>
        <mixed-citation>33 Alizade E, Avci A, Fidan S, Tabak&#231;i M, Bulut M, Zehir R, et al. The effect of chronic anabolic-androgenic steroid use on Tp-E interval, Tp-E/Qt ratio, and Tp-E/Qtc ratio in male bodybuilders. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2015;20(6):592-600.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Alizade</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Avci</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fidan</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tabak&#231;i</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bulut</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zehir</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The effect of chronic anabolic-androgenic steroid use on Tp-E interval, Tp-E/Qt ratio, and Tp-E/Qtc ratio in male bodybuilders</article-title>
          <source>Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>592</fpage>
          <lpage>600</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <label>34</label>
        <mixed-citation>34 Panikkath R, Reinier K, Uy-Evanado A, Teodorescu C, Hattenhauer J, Mariani R, et al. Prolonged Tpeak-to-tend interval on the resting ECG is associated with increased risk of sudden cardiac death. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2011;4(4):441-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Panikkath</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reinier</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Uy-Evanado</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Teodorescu</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hattenhauer</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mariani</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prolonged Tpeak-to-tend interval on the resting ECG is associated with increased risk of sudden cardiac death</article-title>
          <source>Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>441</fpage>
          <lpage>447</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <label>35</label>
        <mixed-citation>35 Erikssen G, Liestol K, Gullestad L, Haugaa KH, Bendz B, Amlie JP. The terminal part of the QT interval (T peak to T end): a predictor of mortality after acute myocardial infarction. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2012;17(2):85-94.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Erikssen</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liestol</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gullestad</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haugaa</surname>
              <given-names>KH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bendz</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Amlie</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The terminal part of the QT interval (T peak to T end): a predictor of mortality after acute myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>85</fpage>
          <lpage>94</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <label>36</label>
        <mixed-citation>36 Castro-Torres Y, Carmona-Puerta R, Katholi RE. Ventricular repolarization markers for predicting malignant arrhythmias in clinical practice. World J Clin Cases. 2015;3(8):705-20.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Castro-Torres</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carmona-Puerta</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Katholi</surname>
              <given-names>RE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Ventricular repolarization markers for predicting malignant arrhythmias in clinical practice</article-title>
          <source>World J Clin Cases</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>3</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>705</fpage>
          <lpage>720</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <label>37</label>
        <mixed-citation>37 Antzelevitch C, Oliva A. Amplification of spatial dispersion of repolarization underlies sudden cardiac death associated with catecholaminergic polymorphic VT, long QT, short QT and Brugada syndromes. J Intern Med. 2006;259(1):48-58.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Antzelevitch</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliva</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Amplification of spatial dispersion of repolarization underlies sudden cardiac death associated with catecholaminergic polymorphic VT, long QT, short QT and Brugada syndromes</article-title>
          <source>J Intern Med</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>259</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>48</fpage>
          <lpage>58</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B38">
        <label>38</label>
        <mixed-citation>38 Grasser EK, Ernst B, Thurnheer M, Schultes B. QT Interval Shortening After Bariatric Surgery Depends on the Applied Heart Rate Correction Equation. Obes Surg. 2017;27(4):973-82.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Grasser</surname>
              <given-names>EK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ernst</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thurnheer</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schultes</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>QT Interval Shortening After Bariatric Surgery Depends on the Applied Heart Rate Correction Equation</article-title>
          <source>Obes Surg</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>973</fpage>
          <lpage>982</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B39">
        <label>39</label>
        <mixed-citation>39 Giuliani C , Agostinelli A , Di Nardo F , Fioretti S , Burattini L. Automatic identification of the repolarization endpoint by computing the dominant T-wave on a reduced number of leads. Open Biomed Eng J. 2016 Apr 30;10:43-50.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Giuliani</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Agostinelli</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Di Nardo</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fioretti</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Burattini</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Automatic identification of the repolarization endpoint by computing the dominant T-wave on a reduced number of leads</article-title>
          <source>Open Biomed Eng J</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <month>04</month>
          <day>30</day>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <fpage>43</fpage>
          <lpage>50</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B40">
        <label>40</label>
        <mixed-citation>40 Isaksen JL, Graff C, Ellervik C, Jensen JS, Rossing P, Kanters JK, et al. Cardiac repolarization and depolarization in people with Type 1 diabetes with normal ejection fraction and without known heart disease: a case-control study. Diabet Med. 2018;35(10):1337-44.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Isaksen</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Graff</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ellervik</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jensen</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rossing</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kanters</surname>
              <given-names>JK</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac repolarization and depolarization in people with Type 1 diabetes with normal ejection fraction and without known heart disease: a case-control study</article-title>
          <source>Diabet Med</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1337</fpage>
          <lpage>1344</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Vari&#225;veis Eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas de Despolariza&#231;&#227;o e Repolariza&#231;&#227;o Ventricular em Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1784-3584</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Inan&#305;r</surname>
            <given-names>Mehmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gunes</surname>
            <given-names>Yilmaz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2399-9585</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sincer</surname>
            <given-names>Isa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3893-5376</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Erdal</surname>
            <given-names>Emrah</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="original">Abant Izzet Baysal University Hospital, Bolu - Turquia</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Mehmet Inan&#305;r,</bold> Abant Izzet Baysal University Hospital - Cardiology. Bolu 14000 - Turquia. E-mail: <email>mdmehmetinanir@yahoo.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Inan&#305;r M, Gunes Y, Sincer I, Erdal E; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Inan&#305;r M, Gunes Y; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Inan&#305;r M, Gunes Y, Erdal E; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Inan&#305;r M, Gunes Y.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O risco de eventos cardiovasculares e morte s&#250;bita aumenta com diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar alguns marcadores eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos de arritmias em pacientes com DM1.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Par&#226;metros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos que refletem despolariza&#231;&#227;o e repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, a saber, os intervalos QT, QTc, QTd, QTdc, Tp-e, JT e JTc e as rela&#231;&#245;es Tp-e/QT e Tp-e/QTc, de 46 pacientes diagnosticados com DM1 foram retrospectivamente analisados e comparados com 46 controles saud&#225;veis, pareados por idade, sexo e massa corporal. As correla&#231;&#245;es entre dura&#231;&#227;o de DM1, HbA1c e vari&#225;veis de repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular foram analisadas. Foram considerados estatisticamente significativos os valores de p inferiores a 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A dura&#231;&#227;o de diabetes foi de 16,6 &#177; 7,1 anos, e HbA1c foi 10,81% &#177; 3,27% no grupo DM1. Em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle, a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, os intervalos QTc, QTd, QTdc, Tp-e e JTc, a rela&#231;&#227;o Tp-e/QT (p &lt; 0,001) e a rela&#231;&#227;o Tp-e/QTc (p = 0,007) foram significativamente mais altos em pacientes com DM1. A dura&#231;&#227;o de DM1 e os n&#237;veis de HbA1c foram significativamente correlacionados com os intervalos QTc, QTd, QTdc, Tp-e e JTc e com as rela&#231;&#245;es Tp-e/QT e Tp-e/QTc.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Em pacientes com DM1, potenciais preditores eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos de repolariza&#231;&#227;o foram significativamente aumentados em correla&#231;&#227;o com a dura&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a e com os n&#237;veis de HbA1c. Estes achados podem contribuir &#224; compreens&#227;o da morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca em pacientes com DM1.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Complica&#231;&#245;es do Diabetes</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Preven&#231;&#227;o e Controle</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A diabetes &#233; um problema grave de sa&#250;de que est&#225; associado a v&#225;rias comorbidades, tais como hipertens&#227;o, doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica e doen&#231;as cardiopulmonares. Durante per&#237;odos longos de tempo, &#233; tamb&#233;m um fator de risco subjacente importante para doen&#231;a card&#237;aca coron&#225;ria, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica e acidente vascular cerebral. Tamb&#233;m est&#225; associada com um risco aumentado de mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></p>
        <p>O intervalo entre o come&#231;o do complexo QRS e o fim da onda T no eletrocardiograma (ECG) de superf&#237;cie reflete a despolariza&#231;&#227;o e a repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Altera&#231;&#245;es el&#233;tricas card&#237;acas durante a repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular podem resultar em arritmias letais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> O risco de morte s&#250;bita tamb&#233;m aumenta em indiv&#237;duos com diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Nesse sentido, especula-se que a repolariza&#231;&#227;o prolongada desempenhe um papel na morte s&#250;bita entre pacientes com DM1.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></p>
        <p>Neste estudo, visamos avaliar potenciais preditores de arritmia ventricular no ECG de superf&#237;cie, a saber, os intervalos QT e QT corrigido (QTc), dispers&#227;o do intervalo QT (QTd), QTd corrigido (QTdc), os intervalos Tp-e, JT e JTc e as rela&#231;&#245;es Tp-e/QT e Tp-e/QTc em pacientes com DM1.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>Registros de ECG de 46 pacientes com DM1, os quais foram acompanhados na cl&#237;nica ambulatorial de endocrinologia e doen&#231;as metab&#243;licas do nosso hospital entre janeiro 2017 e maio 2018, foram analisados retrospectivamente e comparados com os resultados de ECG de 46 controles pareados por idade, sexo e massa corporal. DM1 foi definido de acordo com os crit&#233;rios da American Diabetes Association.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></p>
          <p>Pacientes acima da idade de 45 anos n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos devido &#224; probabilidade aumentada de aterosclerose e comorbidades desconhecidas que poderiam afetar o ECG. Foram exclu&#237;dos sujeitos com hist&#243;rico de doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria, doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural, doen&#231;a pulmonar cr&#244;nica, insufici&#234;ncia hep&#225;tica ou renal, dist&#250;rbios da tire&#243;ide, malignidades, desequil&#237;brios eletrol&#237;ticos ou quaisquer doen&#231;as sist&#234;micas e sujeitos que estavam usando qualquer droga (e.g. betabloqueador, bloqueador dos canais de c&#225;lcio, antidepressivo, etc.) excetuando-se a insulina. Tamb&#233;m foram exclu&#237;dos os sujeitos com hist&#243;rico de arritmias ventriculares ou fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e os sujeitos que apresentaram baixa voltagem do QRS, dura&#231;&#227;o aumentada do QRS, desvio do eixo esquerdo, achados hipertr&#243;ficos, achatamento inespec&#237;fico da onda T, anormalidades do &#225;trio esquerdo ou depress&#227;o do segmento ST no ECG, devido aos prov&#225;veis efeitos destas altera&#231;&#245;es nos par&#226;metros de ECG medidos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Eletrocardiografia</title>
          <p>Foram obtidos ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de repouso de 10 minutos, com 10 mm/mV de amplitude, a 25 mm/s de velocidade, com as deriva&#231;&#245;es nas posi&#231;&#245;es padr&#227;o, em posi&#231;&#227;o supina, usando uma m&#225;quina comercialmente dispon&#237;vel (Nihon Kohen Cardiofax ECG-1950 VET). Dependendo da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, houve de quatro a seis batimentos por deriva&#231;&#227;o. Os ECG foram medidos manualmente, utilizando uma lupa (TorQ 150 mm Digital Caliper LCD), por dois cardiologistas cegos que n&#227;o tinham informa&#231;&#245;es sobre os pacientes. Os intervalos QT foram medidos desde o in&#237;cio do complexo QRS at&#233; o fim da onda T, o qual foi definido como o seu retorno &#224; linha de base do TP. Quando ondas U estavam presentes, o intervalo QT foi medido ao nadir da curva entre as ondas T e U. O intervalo R-R foi medido e utilizado para calcular a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e corrigir o intervalo QT (QTc) com a f&#243;rmula de Bazett.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> A dispers&#227;o do QT (QTd) foi determinada como a diferen&#231;a entre o intervalo QT m&#225;ximo e o intervalo QT m&#237;nimo, em deriva&#231;&#245;es diferentes. O intervalo Tp-e foi definido do pico da onda T at&#233; o fim da onda T. As medi&#231;&#245;es do intervalo Tp-e foram realizadas a partir das deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais. QTc e dispers&#227;o do QT corrigido (QTdc) foram calculados usando a f&#243;rmula de Bazett (QTc = QT/&#8730;RR). Intervalos JT foram medidos do fim do complexo QRS (ponto J) at&#233; o fim da onda T (intervalo JTend). JTc foi calculado usando a f&#243;rmula de Bazett (JTc = JT/&#8730;RR). Tamb&#233;m foram calculadas as rela&#231;&#245;es Tp-e/QT e Tp-e/QTc. Nenhum paciente teve menos de nove deriva&#231;&#245;es mensur&#225;veis. As varia&#231;&#245;es intraobservadores e interobservadores para as medidas foram inferiores a 5%, e foram utilizadas para an&#225;lise as m&#233;dias dos valores definidos pelos cardiologistas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Realizaram-se as an&#225;lises utilizando o programa SPSS 20.0 Statistical Package para Windows (SPSS Inc, Chicago, Illinois, EUA). As vari&#225;veis quantitativas s&#227;o expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP), e as vari&#225;veis qualitativas s&#227;o expressas em n&#250;meros e porcentagens. Foi utilizado o teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov para determinar se os dados estavam distribu&#237;dos normalmente. Os par&#226;metros de ECG estavam distribu&#237;dos normalmente, e dura&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a e n&#237;veis de HbA1c n&#227;o estavam distribu&#237;dos normalmente. Avaliaram-se as diferen&#231;as entre grupos independentes pelo teste t de Student para vari&#225;veis quantitativas que estavam distribu&#237;dos normalmente e pelo teste do qui quadrado para vari&#225;veis qualitativas. A an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman foi utilizada para examinar poss&#237;veis associa&#231;&#245;es entre a dura&#231;&#227;o de DM1, HbA1c e par&#226;metros de repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Foram considerados estatisticamente significativos os valores de p inferiores a 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de diabetes foi de 16,6 &#177; 7,1 anos, e o HbA1c m&#233;dio foi 10,81% &#177; 3,27% no grupo DM1. As m&#233;dias de idade, press&#227;o arterial (PA) sist&#243;lica, PA diast&#243;lica e &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) e as frequ&#234;ncias de sexo, tabagismo e hiperlipidemia n&#227;o foram significativamente diferentes entre os pacientes do estudo e os do grupo controle (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos grupos estudados</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas de linha de base</th>
                <th align="center">DM1 (n = 46)</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo controle (n = 46)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">33,8 &#177; 8,8</td>
                <td align="center">33,8 &#177; 6,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Masculino/feminino</td>
                <td align="center">28/18</td>
                <td align="center">28/18</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PA sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">124,4 &#177; 8,7</td>
                <td align="center">121,4 &#177; 6,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,069</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PA diast&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">81,0 &#177; 4,1</td>
                <td align="center">78,4 &#177; 3,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,581</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">7 (15,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (19,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,587</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hiperlipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">3 (6,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (6,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC</td>
                <td align="center">24,2 &#177; 4,7</td>
                <td align="center">24,1 &#177; 4,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,955</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>DM1: diabetes mellitus tipo 1; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; PA: press&#227;o arterial.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, QTc, QTd, QTdc, os intervalos Tp-e e JTc e as rela&#231;&#245;es Tp-e/QT e Tp-e/QTc foram significativamente mais altos nos pacientes com DM1 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">DM1 (n = 46)</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo controle (n = 46)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">84,0 &#177; 16,9</td>
                <td align="center">68,3 &#177; 11,3</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">QT ms</td>
                <td align="center">352,6 &#177; 27,4</td>
                <td align="center">362,4 &#177; 22,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,068</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">QTc ms</td>
                <td align="center">412,9 &#177; 36,0</td>
                <td align="center">384,2 &#177; 24,6</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">QTd ms</td>
                <td align="center">29,7 &#177; 13,8</td>
                <td align="center">15,2 &#177; 6,0</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">QTdc ms</td>
                <td align="center">34,5 &#177; 15,0</td>
                <td align="center">16,1 &#177; 6,6</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tp-e ms</td>
                <td align="center">90,3 &#177; 8,1</td>
                <td align="center">74,8 &#177; 9,9</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">JT ms</td>
                <td align="center">275,1 &#177; 23,7</td>
                <td align="center">278,8 &#177; 24,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,456</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">JTc ms</td>
                <td align="center">321,6 &#177; 26,0</td>
                <td align="center">295,5 &#177; 24,7</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tp-e/QT</td>
                <td align="center">0,26 &#177; 0,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,21 &#177; 0,03</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tp-e/QTc</td>
                <td align="center">0,22 &#177; 0,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,20 &#177; 0,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>Bpm: batimentos por minuto; JT: intervalo do fim do complexo QRS (ponto J) at&#233; o fim da onda T; JTc: intervalo JT corrigido; ms: milissegundos; QT: intervalo do come&#231;o do complexo QRS at&#233; o fim da onda T; QTc: intervalo QT corrigido; QTd: dispers&#227;o do intervalo QT, a diferen&#231;a entre o intervalo QT m&#225;ximo e o intervalo QT m&#237;nimo; QTdc: dispers&#227;o do intervalo QT corrigido; Tp-e: intervalo pico-fim da onda T.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A dura&#231;&#227;o de DM1 e os n&#237;veis de HbA1c foram significativamente correlacionados com QTc, QTd, QTdc, os intervalos Tp-e e JTc e as rela&#231;&#245;es Tp-e/QT e Tp-e/QTc (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o da dura&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a e dos n&#237;veis de HbA1c com os par&#226;metros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">Dura&#231;&#227;o de DM1 (anos)</th>
                <th align="center">HbA1c (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">QTc ms</td>
                <td align="center">r = 0,417; p &lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">r = 0,414; p &lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">QTd ms</td>
                <td align="center">r = 0,600; p &lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">r = 0,353; p &lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">QTdc ms</td>
                <td align="center">r = 0,669; p &lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">r = 0,608; p &lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tp-e ms</td>
                <td align="center">r = 0,606; p &lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">r = 0,602; p &lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">JTc</td>
                <td align="center">r = 0,443; p &lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">r = 0,525; p &lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tp-e/QT</td>
                <td align="center">r = 0,615; p &lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">r = 0,608; p &lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tp-e/QTc</td>
                <td align="center">r = 0,357; p &lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">r = 0,352; p = 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>N&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#245;es significativos entre sexo, idade, IMC, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e os par&#226;metros de ECG medidos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Neste estudo, verificamos que, em correla&#231;&#227;o com a dura&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a e os n&#237;veis de HbA1c, os intervalos QTc, QTd, QTdc, Tp-e e JTc e as rela&#231;&#245;es Tp-e/QT e Tp-e/QTc no ECG de superf&#237;cie, os quais par&#226;metros podem ser associados com arritmias ventriculares e morte s&#250;bita, foram significativamente aumentados em pacientes com DM1. At&#233; onde n&#243;s sabemos, n&#227;o h&#225; estudos na literatura que investiguem os intervalos Tp-e e JT ou as rela&#231;&#245;es Tp-e/QT e Tp-e/QTc em pacientes com DM1.</p>
        <p>Pacientes com DM1 est&#227;o em maior risco de arritmias ventriculares e morte s&#250;bita.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> A presen&#231;a de circuitos de reentrada, atividade desencadeada e maior autonomia est&#227;o entre os poss&#237;veis mecanismos de arritmias ventriculares. Os mecanismos patol&#243;gicos subjacentes &#224;s arritmias n&#227;o t&#234;m sido plenamente estabelecidos em pacientes com diabetes. Abnormalidades estruturais causadas por hiperglicemia prolongada e o aumento de fibrose no mioc&#225;rdio foram especulados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, perda de c&#233;lulas no tecido mioc&#225;rdico vivo e vias de condu&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica podem criar um ambiente favor&#225;vel para a forma&#231;&#227;o de circuitos de reentrada. Arritmias ventriculares tamb&#233;m podem ser desencadeadas pela contribui&#231;&#227;o do equil&#237;brio el&#233;trico prejudicado e pelo aumento da atividade simp&#225;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></p>
        <p>Demonstrou-se que QT, QTc e QTd predizem eventos arr&#237;tmicos ventriculares e morte s&#250;bita em v&#225;rias situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> O intervalo QT &#233; um preditor importante de mortalidade cardiovascular e de todas as causas em indiv&#237;duos com diabetes mellitus tipo 2.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> O intervalo QT representa o tempo a partir do come&#231;o de despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular at&#233; a conclus&#227;o da repolariza&#231;&#227;o. Devido ao fato que o QT &#233; afetado pela frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, o intervalo QT corrigido pela frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (QTc) foi proposto como uma medida mais apropriada do QT.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Em muitas doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e n&#227;o cardiovasculares, o QTc mostrou-se aumentado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> O prolongamento do QTc foi sugerido como um marcador independente de arritmias ventriculares, morte s&#250;bita e aumento da mortalidade, tamb&#233;m em pacientes com DM1.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Demonstrou-se que pacientes com DM1 apresentam uma associa&#231;&#227;o positiva do prolongamento do QTc com idade, dura&#231;&#227;o de diabetes e controle metab&#243;lico deficiente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Nesse sentido, n&#243;s tamb&#233;m encontramos uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre o QTc e a dura&#231;&#227;o de DM1 e os n&#237;veis de HbA1c.</p>
        <p>O QTd, o qual &#233; definido como a diferen&#231;a entre o intervalo QT m&#225;ximo e o intervalo QT m&#237;nimo no ECG de superf&#237;cie de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> representa heterogeneidade da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular e foi relatado como um preditor de arritmias ventriculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> O aumento do QTd tamb&#233;m foi associado com morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Tokatli et al. relataram que o QTd foi prolongado em pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 em compara&#231;&#227;o com controles.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Neste estudo, verificamos que o QTd foi significativamente mais alto em pacientes com DM1 tamb&#233;m em correla&#231;&#227;o com a dura&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a e o controle glic&#234;mico medido pelo HbA1c. Uysal et al. acharam que o QTc e o QTdc foram prolongados em crian&#231;as e adolescentes com DM1.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Esta prolonga&#231;&#227;o, por&#233;m, n&#227;o foi associada com a dura&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a e o controle glic&#234;mico. Isto pode ser explicado pela idade relativamente jovem e a curta dura&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a.</p>
        <p>O intervalo QT &#233; composto de componentes de despolariza&#231;&#227;o e repolariza&#231;&#227;o. &#201; tamb&#233;m afetado pelo per&#237;odo QRS,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> por&#233;m o intervalo JT &#233; o componente do intervalo QT que reflete apenas a repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Foi sugerido que o intervalo JT possa ser um marcador mais espec&#237;fico de repolariza&#231;&#227;o que o intervalo QT.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> O intervalo JT pode ser afetado pela frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca tamb&#233;m. Portanto, o JTc pode ser mais apropriado. Nesse sentido, Alizade et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> relataram que o JTc prolongado estava associado com arritmias ventriculares.</p>
        <p>O intervalo Tp-e tamb&#233;m &#233; um par&#226;metro de ECG relativamente novo para mostrar repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular; foi associado a arritmias ventriculares e morte s&#250;bita, mesmo em pacientes com QTc normal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> A rela&#231;&#227;o Tp-e/QT tamb&#233;m foi utilizada recentemente como um novo marcador eletrocardiogr&#225;fico para repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> e foi relatado que est&#225; associado com arritmias ventriculares malignas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></p>
        <p>A maioria dos estudos que avaliaram abnormalidades de despolariza&#231;&#227;o ou repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular em pacientes com DM1 utilizou a dura&#231;&#227;o do QTc e o QTdc, mas os intervalos Tp-e, JT e JTc e as rela&#231;&#245;es Tp-e/QT e Tp-e/QTc n&#227;o foram estudados. N&#243;s encontramos que, em adi&#231;&#227;o aos intervalos QTc e QTdc, os intervalos Tp-e e JTc e as rela&#231;&#245;es Tp-e/QT e Tp-e/QTc aumentam em sujeitos com DM1, em associa&#231;&#227;o com a dura&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a e os n&#237;veis de HbA1c.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Os c&#225;lculos manuais das medi&#231;&#245;es, em vez de c&#225;lculos assistidos por computador, podem constituir uma limita&#231;&#227;o. Sistemas de medi&#231;&#227;o automatizados t&#234;m sido desenvolvidos para medi&#231;&#227;o de QT, por&#233;m atualmente existem alguns problemas com esses sistemas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> A identifica&#231;&#227;o manual de T-end tamb&#233;m &#233; problem&#225;tica, cardiologista-dependente e pouco reproduz&#237;vel. Por este motivo, os m&#233;todos automatizados podem ser prefer&#237;veis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> Os m&#233;todos de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o de ECG ambulatorial a longo prazo podem ser valiosos para documentar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os par&#226;metros de ECG de superf&#237;cie estudados e as arritmias. O n&#250;mero de pacientes no nosso estudo foi relativamente pequeno. Uma popula&#231;&#227;o maior de pacientes forneceria resultados mais precisos. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre os par&#226;metros de ECG poderia ser avaliada em conjun&#231;&#227;o com outros mecanismos potenciais de morte s&#250;bita, tais como disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica e fibrose detectada por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica. A aus&#234;ncia de acompanhamento cl&#237;nico dos pacientes quanto a arritmias e morte s&#250;bita constitui outra limita&#231;&#227;o importante.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Estudos pr&#233;vios demonstraram que o prolongamento de QTc e QTdc &#233; importante em termos de arritmias ventriculares malignas em pacientes com DM1.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> No entanto, os intervalos Tp-e e JTc e as rela&#231;&#245;es Tp-e/QT e Tp-e/QTc n&#227;o haviam sido previamente medidos em pacientes com DM1. Este estudo mostra que estes relativamente novos &#237;ndices de repolariza&#231;&#227;o e poss&#237;veis preditores de arritmias ventriculares aumentam significativamente em pacientes com DM1. Mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar os nossos resultados. N&#243;s esperamos que a signific&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica destes achados para a predi&#231;&#227;o de arritmias malignas ser&#225; avaliada em estudos futuros com acompanhamento a longo prazo e estudos prospectivos de grande escala.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Abant Izzet Baysal University Hospital sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 2018/216. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
