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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">zT4GgVwL7vwzpZqN94gtfVG</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020000200273</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200038</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Atherosclerosis, Inflammation, and Genetics - And you Thought it Was Just LDL-cholesterol</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6785-7506</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gowdak</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Henrique Wolff</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Medicina do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Incor), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Luis Henrique Wolff Gowdak,</bold> Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Medicina do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Incor). Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05466040, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>luis.gowdak@incor.usp.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>273</fpage>
      <lpage>274</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflammation</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease/history</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality and Morbidity</kwd>
        <kwd>Polymorphism, Genetic</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>As the twentieth century unfolded, based on numerous epidemiological observations and intervention trials, cardiovascular risk factors were identified and targeted with the aim of decreasing cardiovascular disease burden worldwide. Along the centuries, changes in human eating patterns, a progressive decrease in physical activity, and a higher prevalence of obesity, all of which are contributing factors to the alarming rates of diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia we see in our daily practice, have led us to assume that atherosclerosis-related disorders (myocardial infarction, ischemic cardiomyopathy, stroke, and peripheral artery disease) are an inevitable consequence of the evolutionary process we have to face in present times. However, due to advances in noninvasive imaging of the vascular system, atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta and coronary and carotid arteries happen to be found in mummies from ancient Egypt,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> whose estimated mean age at the time of death was only 45 years.</p>
    <p>If the so-called &#8220;classical risk factors&#8221; were less prevalent in ancient times, different, non-traditional factors must have played a significant role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Microbial and parasitic inflammatory burdens that were likely present in ancient cultures inherently lacking modern hygiene and antimicrobials could have evoked a chronic inflammatory status. Given that patients with today&#8217;s chronic systemic inflammatory diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus infection, systemic lupus erythematosus, and rheumatoid arthritis experience early-onset atherosclerosis and coronary events, is it possible that the chronic inflammatory load secondary to infection resulted in atherosclerosis in ancient times? Moreover, atherosclerosis is a complex, multifactorial biological process, and, as such, it is also subject to gene-environment interplay; therefore, although the contribution of today&#8217;s classical risk factors to the development of atherosclerosis is inquestionable, their role in the appearance of atherosclerotic lesions in the vascular tree involves not only inflammation and activation of the immune system but also genetic factors that facilitate or oppose the formation of lipid accumulation in the arterial wall.</p>
    <p>Progress in cell and molecular biology has allowed us to refine our understanding of the mechanisms involved in the onset of atherosclerosis. LDL-cholesterol particles play a significant role in the genesis of atherosclerotic plaque in the presence of endothelial dysfunction, an omnipresent feature in individuals with cardiovascular risk factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells in response to the release of growth factors and the accumulation of mononuclear phagocytes rich in plasma-derived lipids (foam cells) contribute to the development of atheroma.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Further studies revealed that the immune system played a role in atherosclerosis through not only innate (macrophages) but also adaptive (T cell and other lymphocytes) pathways.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Cells directly involved in atherosclerosis establish a complex network of cross-talking by the release of cytokines, notably interleukin-1.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></p>
    <p>Once recognized as an inflammatory disease, a highly sensitive assay for the measurement of C-reactive protein (hsCRP) proved to be a marker for patients at high risk for cardiovascular events due to atherosclerosis and a useful tool in selecting patients for aggressive lipid control for risk reduction. In the JUPITER trial, statin therapy in patients with hsCRP values above the median for the population (&gt; 2 mg/L) but with LDL-cholesterol level &lt; 130 mg/dL had a 44% reduction in first-ever cardiovascular events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> More recently, the CANTOS trial allocated the anti-interleukin-1 antibody (canakinumab) to patients with stable post-acute coronary syndromes who had hsCRP values &gt; 2 mg/L on statin therapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Individuals who achieved a reduction of hsCRP to &lt; 2 mg/L in response to anti-inflammatory therapy had a &gt; 30% reduction in cardiovascular and all-cause mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></p>
    <p>It is now widely accepted that genetic factors also contribute significantly to the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), and the heritability of CAD has been estimated to be between 40% and 60%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Using genome-wide association studies (GWAS), common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) present in &#8805; 5% of the population across the human genome can be identified, and the allele frequency of each SNP can be compared in cases and controls. The first association of CAD revealed by the GWAS approach was a block containing multiple SNP at 9p21.3 locus.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Since then, new SNP have been found to correlate significantly with the presence and extension of atherosclerotic CAD; these SNP are related to different aspects that govern the biology of atherosclerosis including, but not limited to, cell-to-cell interactions, immune response, cholesterol absorption, and lipoprotein(a) levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> The CRP gene +1444C &gt; T variant in the 3&#8217; untranslated region (UTR) influences both basal and stimulated CRP levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></p>
    <p>Investigators from different research facilities have produced a complex, most likely still incomplete picture of the intricate relationship between inflammation-infection, genetics, and atherosclerotic diseases like CAD. In this issue of the <italic>Brazilian Archives of Cardiology</italic>, Rocha et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> sought to investigate the link between periodontal disease (as a model of chronic inflammatory condition) and two specific polymorphisms in genes knowingly related to inflammation (C-reactive protein and interleukin-6), with the presence of CAD in 80 patients from the South Region of Brazil referred for invasive coronary angiography. They found in the multivariate model that male gender and the CRP gene +1444C &gt; T variant were significantly associated with the presence of CAD.</p>
    <p>The authors should be congratulated for their contribution to the field, because replicating the finding of a significant association between a specific SNP and clinical outcomes in different populations strengthens the finding&#8217;s relevance to the occurrence of the measured outcome. Nevertheless, the study would benefit from providing the levels of hsCRP in the population study (as a measurement of chronic inflammatory status) and further detailing the extension of the obstructive pattern, rather than only a dichotomous classification of CAD present/absent based on the medical report. Additionally, I would be very cautious in dismissing the possible association between the IL-6 gene variant and the presence of CAD because of the small number of patients included in the study, which yielded a marginal statistical significance in the multivariate model (p-value = 0.06), given that this association has been validated in previous studies mentioned by the authors.</p>
    <p>Despite its limitations, the work by Rocha et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> draws clinical cardiologists&#8217; attention to the fact that genetics has gone beyond the laboratory and is currently making its way into clinical practice, at least as a tool to help us better understand how different our patients are, even if they are exposed to the same risk factors with which we are all too familiar. We will have to learn how to apply genetic risk scores that may improve our ability to predict the risk of CAD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> beyond what is estimated based on traditional risk factors alone. Gregor Mendel would be delighted to see how far we have come from his early experiments with pea plants more than 150 years ago, but the road to fully understanding the role of genetic factors in complex diseases such as atherosclerosis or hypertension is a long, albeit fascinating one.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Association between Periodontitis, Genetic Polymorphisms and Presence of Coronary Artery Disease in Southern Brazil</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Aterosclerose, Inflama&#231;&#227;o e Gen&#233;tica - E Voc&#234; Achava que Era S&#243; Colesterol LDL</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6785-7506</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gowdak</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Henrique Wolff</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Medicina do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Incor), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Luis Henrique Wolff Gowdak,</bold> Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Medicina do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Incor). Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP 05466040, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>luis.gowdak@incor.usp.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflama&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana/hist&#243;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade &amp; Morbidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Polimorfismo Gen&#233;tico</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>No desenrolar do s&#233;culo vinte, com base em numerosas observa&#231;&#245;es epidemiol&#243;gicas e ensaios de interven&#231;&#227;o, fatores de risco cardiovascular foram identificados e direcionados com a finalidade de diminuir a carga global de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Ao longo dos s&#233;culos, as mudan&#231;as nos padr&#245;es alimentares de seres humanos, o decl&#237;nio progressivo em atividade f&#237;sica e uma elevada preval&#234;ncia de obesidade - todos sendo fatores que contribuem a taxas alarmantes de diabetes, hipertens&#227;o e hipercolesterolemia que vemos na nossa pr&#225;tica di&#225;ria - nos levaram a supor que doen&#231;as relacionadas &#224; aterosclerose (infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica, acidente vascular cerebral e doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica) s&#227;o consequ&#234;ncias inevit&#225;veis do processo evolucion&#225;rio que enfrentamos nos tempos atuais. No entanto, devido aos avan&#231;os nas t&#233;cnicas n&#227;o invasivas de imagem do sistema vascular, les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas na aorta e nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias e car&#243;tidas tamb&#233;m s&#227;o encontradas em m&#250;mias do Egito antigo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> cuja idade m&#233;dia estimada no momento da morte era de apenas 45 anos.</p>
      <p>Se os assim chamados &#8220;fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos&#8221; foram menos prevalentes nos tempos antigos, outros fatores n&#227;o tradicionais devem ter exercido um papel significativo no desenvolvimento e progress&#227;o de aterosclerose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Cargas inflamat&#243;rias microbianas e parasit&#225;rias que provavelmente estavam presentes em culturas antigas, inerentemente sem higiene moderna e antimicrobianos, podem ter provocado um estado inflamat&#243;rio cr&#244;nico. Considerando que pacientes com as doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias sist&#234;micas cr&#244;nicas de hoje, que incluem infec&#231;&#227;o pelo v&#237;rus da imunodefici&#234;ncia humana, l&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico e artrite reumat&#243;ide apresentam aterosclerose e eventos coron&#225;rios precoces, poder&#237;amos supor que a carga inflamat&#243;ria cr&#244;nica secund&#225;ria &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o resultou em aterosclerose nos tempos antigos? Al&#233;m disso, a aterosclerose &#233; um processo biol&#243;gico complexo e multifatorial e, como tal, tamb&#233;m est&#225; sujeita &#224; intera&#231;&#227;o gene-ambiente; portanto, embora seja inquestion&#225;vel a contribui&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos de hoje ao desenvolvimento da aterosclerose, o seu papel no aparecimento de les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas na &#225;rvore vascular envolve n&#227;o apenas inflama&#231;&#227;o e a ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema imunol&#243;gico mas tamb&#233;m fatores gen&#233;ticos que facilitam ou se op&#245;em &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o de ac&#250;mulos lip&#237;dicos na parede arterial.</p>
      <p>O progresso na biologia celular e molecular permitiu o aprimoramento da nossa compreens&#227;o dos mecanismos envolvidos no aparecimento da aterosclerose. As part&#237;culas de colesterol LDL desempenham um papel significativo na g&#234;nese de placa ateroscler&#243;tica na presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, uma caracter&#237;stica onipresente em indiv&#237;duos com fatores de risco cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> A prolifera&#231;&#227;o e a migra&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas musculares lisas em resposta &#224; libera&#231;&#227;o de fatores de crescimento e ao ac&#250;mulo de fag&#243;citos mononucleares ricos em lip&#237;dios derivados do plasma (c&#233;lulas espumosas) contribuem ao desenvolvimento de ateroma.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Estudos posteriores revelaram que o sistema imunol&#243;gico exerceu um papel na aterosclerose, n&#227;o apenas por vias inatas (macr&#243;fagos), mas tamb&#233;m por vias adaptativas (c&#233;lulas T e outros linf&#243;citos).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> C&#233;lulas diretamente envolvidas na aterosclerose estabelecem uma rede complexa de conversa&#231;&#227;o cruzada pela libera&#231;&#227;o de citocinas, notadamente interleucina-1.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></p>
      <p>Uma vez reconhecida uma doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria, um ensaio altamente sens&#237;vel para a medi&#231;&#227;o da prote&#237;na C-reativa (PCRas) provou ser um marcador para pacientes com alto risco de eventos cardiovasculares devido &#224; aterosclerose, bem como uma ferramenta &#250;til na sele&#231;&#227;o pacientes para controle lip&#237;dico agressivo para redu&#231;&#227;o de riscos. No ensaio JUPITER, a terapia com estatinas em pacientes com valores de PCRas acima da mediana da popula&#231;&#227;o (&gt; 2 mg/L) mas com n&#237;vel de colesterol LDL &lt; 130 mg/dL obteve uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 44% nos primeiros eventos cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Mais recentemente, o ensaio CANTOS alocou o anticorpo anti-interleucina-1 (canaquinumabe) a pacientes com s&#237;ndromes coron&#225;rias p&#243;s-agudas est&#225;veis que apresentavam valores de PCRas &gt; 2 mg/L durante terapia com estatinas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Os indiv&#237;duos que conseguiram uma redu&#231;&#227;o de PCRas para &lt; 2 mg/L em resposta &#224; terapia anti-inflamat&#243;ria obtiveram uma redu&#231;&#227;o superior a 30% na mortalidade cardiovascular e por todas as causas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></p>
      <p>Atualmente, est&#225; amplamente aceito que os fatores gen&#233;ticos tamb&#233;m contribuem significativamente ao risco de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), e a herdabilidade da DAC foi estimada entre 40% e 60%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Utilizando estudos de associa&#231;&#227;o ampla do genoma (GWAS), &#233; poss&#237;vel identificar polimorfismos de nucleot&#237;deo &#250;nico (SNP) comuns, presentes em mais de 5% da popula&#231;&#227;o em todo o genoma humano e comparar a frequ&#234;ncia al&#233;lica de cada SNP em casos e controles. A primeira associa&#231;&#227;o de DAC revelada pela abordagem GWAS foi um bloco contendo m&#250;ltiplos SNP no l&#243;cus 9p21.3.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Desde ent&#227;o, foi verificado que novos SNP se correlacionam &#224; presen&#231;a e &#224; extens&#227;o de DAC ateroscler&#243;tica de maneira significativa; estes SNP est&#227;o relacionados a aspectos diferentes que governam a biologia de aterosclerose, incluindo, entre outros, intera&#231;&#245;es c&#233;lula a c&#233;lula, resposta imunol&#243;gica, absor&#231;&#227;o de colesterol e n&#237;veis de lipoprote&#237;na (a).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> O gene da PCR + variante 1444C &gt; T na regi&#227;o n&#227;o traduzida 3&#8217; (UTR) influencia os n&#237;veis basais e estimulados de PCR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></p>
      <p>Investigadores de diferentes institui&#231;&#245;es de pesquisa t&#234;m produzido uma imagem complexa e provavelmente ainda incompleta da intricada rela&#231;&#227;o entre inflama&#231;&#227;o-infec&#231;&#227;o, gen&#233;tica e doen&#231;as ateroscler&#243;ticas como DAC. Neste n&#250;mero de <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, Rocha et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> visaram buscar a liga&#231;&#227;o entre doen&#231;a periodontal (como modelo de uma condi&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria cr&#244;nica) e dois polimorfismos espec&#237;ficos em genes sabidamente relacionados &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o (prote&#237;na C reativa e interleucina-6), com a presen&#231;a de DAC em 80 pacientes da Regi&#227;o Sul do Brasil indicados para angiografia coron&#225;ria invasiva. Eles verificaram, no modelo multivariado, que o sexo masculino e o gene da PCR + variante 1444C &gt; T foram significativamente associados &#224; presen&#231;a de DAC.</p>
      <p>Devem ser parabenizados os autores pela sua contribui&#231;&#227;o &#224; &#225;rea, porque replicar o achado de uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre um SNP espec&#237;fico e desfechos cl&#237;nicos em popula&#231;&#245;es diferentes fortalece a relev&#226;ncia do achado &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia do desfecho medido. No entanto, o estudo se beneficiaria ao fornecer os n&#237;veis de PCRas na popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo (como uma medida do estado inflamat&#243;rio cr&#244;nico) e ao detalhar mais a extens&#227;o do padr&#227;o obstrutivo, em vez de apresentar apenas uma classifica&#231;&#227;o dicot&#244;mica de DAC presente/ausente com base no relat&#243;rio m&#233;dico. Adicionalmente, eu seria muito cauteloso em descartar a poss&#237;vel associa&#231;&#227;o entre a variante do gene IL-6 e a presen&#231;a de DAC, devido ao n&#250;mero pequeno de pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo, que apresentou uma signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica marginal no modelo multivariado (valor de p = 0,06), considerando que essa associa&#231;&#227;o foi validada em estudos pr&#233;vios mencionados pelos autores.</p>
      <p>Apesar das suas limita&#231;&#245;es, o trabalho de Rocha et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> chama a aten&#231;&#227;o dos cardiologistas cl&#237;nicos para o fato de que a gen&#233;tica est&#225; saindo do laborat&#243;rio para ser introduzida na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, pelo menos como uma ferramenta para nos ajudar a melhor entender o quanto os nossos pacientes s&#227;o diferentes, mesmo se eles est&#227;o expostos aos mesmo fatores de risco com os quais n&#243;s estamos t&#227;o familiarizados. Teremos que aprender como aplicar escores de risco gen&#233;tico que possam aprimorar a nossa capacidade de predizer o risco de DAC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> al&#233;m do que &#233; estimado com base apenas nos fatores de risco tradicionais. Gregor Mendel ficaria emocionado ao ver qu&#227;o longe n&#243;s temos ido a partir dos seus primeiros experimentos com ervilha h&#225; mais de 150 anos; mas o caminho para completamente entender o papel dos fatores gen&#233;ticos em doen&#231;as complexas como a aterosclerose ou a hipertens&#227;o ser&#225; longo, embora fascinante.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Rela&#231;&#227;o entre Periodontite, Polimorfismos Gen&#233;ticos e Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana no Sul do Brasil</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
