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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">56vcQ4qZKdZpv4ft8jrvvPq</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020000200268</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20180296</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Association between Periodontitis, Genetic Polymorphisms and Presence of Coronary Artery Disease in Southern Brazil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3930-500X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Otavio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Eduarda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2139-2379</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Succi</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme de Menezes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brito</surname>
            <given-names>Rui Barbosa de</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Santa Maria</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Santa Maria</city>
          <state>RS</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade S&#227;o Leopoldo Mandic</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Campinas</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade S&#227;o Leopoldo Mandic, Campinas, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Luiz Otavio Rocha</bold>, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - Av Roraima, 1000 pr&#233;dio 48C. Postal Code 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS - Brazil. E-mail: <email>luiz.rocha@ufsm.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Obtaining financing: Rocha LO, Brito Junior RB; Acquisition of data: Rocha LO, Rocha E, Brito Junior RB; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Rocha LO, Rocha E, Succi GM, Brito Junior RB; Statistical analysis: Rocha LO, Rocha E; Writing of the manuscript: Rocha LO, Rocha E, Succi GM, Brito Junior RB; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Rocha LO, Succi GM, Brito Junior RB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>268</fpage>
      <lpage>272</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Periodontitis and coronary artery disease (CAD) share an inflammatory etiology; there is a recent concern regarding the investigation of an association between these two conditions. Current theories indicate that cytokines and proteins have an important role in this process. C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 are inflammatory derivatives produced in the presence of periodontitis and in the pathophysiology of coronary disease. The polymorphisms of CRP + 1444 C &gt; T and IL6-174 G &gt; C are recognized in the literature as being related to CAD.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>This study investigates the association between periodontitis and coronary artery disease, through the presence of PCR and IL-6 polymorphisms.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We selected 80 patients who underwent diagnostic catheterization in the HU of UFSM. The presence of periodontitis was determined by the Community Periodontal Index, whereas the CAD was established by the medical report. DNA was collected from a saliva sample and the presence of polymorphism was determined by PCR and restriction enzymes. A significance level of 5% was adopted.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The mean age of all participants (p = 0.035, OR 2.65; 95%CI: (1.02-6.87) male gender (p = 0.012, OR 3.37; 95% CI: (1.28- (p = 0.013, OR 3.66; 95% CI: (1.27-10.5)), PCR polymorphism + 1444C &gt; T (p = 0.001, OR 6.37; 95% CI:, (2.25-17.9)) and IL6 -174 G &gt; C polymorphism (p = 0.025, OR 2.87, 95% CI: (1.09-7.55)) were statistically associated with the presence of CAD. Age &gt; 60 years and presence of the PCR +1444 C &gt; T polymorphism remained independently associated with CAD after adjustment by logistic regression.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>The presence of the PCR + 1444 C &gt; T polymorphism in this study was independently associated with the presence of coronary artery disease.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Periodontitis</kwd>
        <kwd>Polymorphism, Genetic</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>C-reactive Protein</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease, induced by biofilm consisting of gram-negative bacteria, leading to the destruction of the tissues supporting the tooth,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> with high prevalence worldwide.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> The presence of periodontitis triggers the immune system, locally and at distant sites, high concentrations of cytokines and proinflammatory proteins, as well as bacteremia and endotoxemia caused by the bacteria that populate the disease site.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></p>
      <p>Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a chronic, complex, multifactorial, continuous inflammatory condition that consists in the accumulation of atheromatous plaques in the intima layer of the coronary arteries,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> being responsible for acute coronary syndromes, the main cause of death in the Western hemisphere.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></p>
      <p>Inflammation plays a very important role in both periodontitis and CAD. In order to associate these two conditions, two biologically plausible theories were developed, focusing on the direct and indirect action of the oral bacteria present in periodontitis with the inflammatory and pro-atherogenic mediators.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></p>
      <p>Based on the inflammatory and immunological theories, several studies have been conducted aiming to establish this association through the genetic factor, the presence of polymorphisms in the genes that express the production of these factors and are associated to periodontitis, such as C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></p>
      <p>The simple nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the IL-6 promoter gene may affect the production and expression of this cytokine; consequently, this change in serum levels may result in a relevant biological response.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> The association between the SNP variant -174 G &gt; C (rs1800795) and the increased risk of inflammatory diseases such as CAD has been previously demonstrated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></p>
      <p>Studies point to the SNP rs1136804, also represented as 3 &#8216;UTR +1444 C &gt; T, as the polymorphism with greater associations with CAD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></p>
      <p>The high prevalence of periodontitis, as well as the high risk of mortality from CAD and a scarcity of studies in this area led to the study of the association between periodontitis and coronary artery disease, by assessing the presence of PCR and IL-6 polymorphisms.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>The sample consisted of 80 patients (mean age 60.5 &#177; 10.5) who underwent diagnostic cardiac catheterization in the hemodynamic laboratory of the University Hospital of <italic>Universidade Federal de Santa Maria</italic> (HUSM) from September 1, 2010 to March 30, 2011 and who agreed to participate in the study by signing the informed consent form.</p>
      <p>Were excluded for the sample Patients who were smokers, diabetics, those with autoimmune diseases and those with fewer than two teeth present in one of the sextants, as well as those who did not agree to participate in the study.</p>
      <p>The study was approved by the Ethics and Research Committee of the S&#227;o Leopoldo Mandic Dental Research Center on 11/26/2014, CAAE: 35879614.7.0000.5374.</p>
      <p>Periodontal examination was performed by the researcher, using the Community Periodontal Index (CPI) and Periodontal Insertion Loss Index (PIP), as recommended by the World Health Organization.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> The use of this index was justified by the partial immobilization of the patient in bed and the short time in which it was available to the examiner. Patients with a CPI score of 3 or 4 and a PIP score above 1 were considered as having periodontitis.</p>
      <p>DNA was extracted from a saliva sample obtained through a mouthwash with 3% glucose solution for 1 minute, and then this material was deposited in capped, sterile test tubes and frozen at -20&#176;C.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></p>
      <p>The diagnosis of CAD was performed through cardiac catheterization, via femoral or radial access, performed by the physicians of the hemodynamic laboratory of the Santa Maria University Hospital. Patients with a positive medical report for the presence of coronary stenosis were considered as having CAD.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Genotyping</title>
        <p>DNA was extracted from saliva samples had using a genomic DNA extraction kit (Norgen Biotek Corp, Canada), and gene amplification was performed by the polymerase chain reaction using the following primer pairs for the +1444 PCR: forward 5 &#8216;- AGCTCGTTAACTATGCTGGGGCA-3&#8217; and reverse 5 - CTTCTCAGCTCTTGCCTTATGAGT-3 &#8216;, with an annealing temperature of 60 &#176;C and for IL-6 -174: forward 5&#8217;-AACCTAATTCTACCCCCCTTGG-3 and reverse 5&#8217;-TCAGAGGCAGCCGAAGAGTT-3&#8217;, with an annealing temperature of 59&#176;C.17</p>
        <p>The amplification was carried out using one cycle at 95&#176;C for 3 min, 29 cycles at 95&#176;C for 1 minute, with annealing temperature varying as cited, for 1 minute, 72&#176;C for 1 minute and a of 72&#176;C cycle for 10 minutes, performed in an automatic cycler.</p>
        <p>Polymerase chain reaction results were then digested by Sdul (Thermo Fischer Scientific, Massachusetts, USA) for +1444 PCR and HaeIII (Thermo Fischer Scientific, Massachusetts, USA) for IL-6 -174, using the specified amounts. The resulting fragments were identified by silver-stained 8% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Genetic analyses were performed in July 2017 at the S&#227;o Leopoldo Mandic molecular biology laboratory, Campinas, SP.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The variables were categorized as follows: CAD as present or absent, periodontitis as present or absent, age &#8805; 60 years or &#8804; 59 years, gender as male or female, ethnicity as white or non-white, overweight and obesity when BMI was &#8805; 25 and &#8804; 24 and polymorphisms by the presence or absence of the risk allele. The outcome was the presence or absence of CAD.</p>
        <p>A significance level of 5% (p &lt; 0.05) was used. The sample was divided into two groups, according to the presence of CAD; case group with 52 patients (mean age of 62.8 &#177; 11.2) and control group with 28 patients (mean age of 56.2 &#177; 8.8).</p>
        <p>The distribution of the genotypes of the two SNPs was tested for the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium by chi-square test (x2), the collected variables were crossed with the chi-square with odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI)</p>
        <p>The variables that showed statistical significance were submitted to adjustment through a binary logistic regression with CAD as outcome and 95% CI.</p>
        <p>All data collected were treated using the SPSS<sup>(&#169;)</sup> version 25 software (IBM<sup>(&#169;)</sup> Corp., New York, NY).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows the association between the studied variables and the presence of coronary artery disease, and it was observed that the age categorized as the cut-off of the mean of all participants, 60 years (p = 0.035), male gender (p = 0.012) and patients with periodontitis (p = 0.013) were statistically related to the presence of CAD. Patients with the + 1444 C &gt; T polymorphism, with the presence of risk allele T (p = 0.001), as well as those with the IL6 -174 G &gt; C polymorphism, with risk allele C (p = 0.025), were associated with the presence of CAD.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Variables analyzed by chi-square with CAD as outcome</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2">Analyzed variables</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">CAD n = 80</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">OR</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">CI (95%)</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Present (%)</th>
              <th align="center">Absent (%)</th>
              <th align="center">Min.</th>
              <th align="center">Max.</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Age</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 60 years</td>
              <td align="center">31 (59.6)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (35.7)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">2.65</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">1.02</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">6.87</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.04</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">&#8804; 59 years</td>
              <td align="center">21 (40.4)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (64.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Gender</td>
              <td align="center">Male</td>
              <td align="center">32 (61.5)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (32.1)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">3.37</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">1.28</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">8.9</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Female</td>
              <td align="center">20 (38.5)</td>
              <td align="center">19 (67.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Overweight and obesity</td>
              <td align="center">BMI &#8805; 25</td>
              <td align="center">30(57.7)</td>
              <td align="center">22 (78.6)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">2.68</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.93</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">7.73</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.35</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">BMI &#8804; 24</td>
              <td align="center">22 (42.3)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (21.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2"> Ethnicity</td>
              <td align="center">White</td>
              <td align="center">45 (86.5)</td>
              <td align="center">22 (78.6)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">1.75</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.52</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">5.84</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.06</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Non-White</td>
              <td align="center">7 (13.5)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (21.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Periodontitis</td>
              <td align="center">Present</td>
              <td align="center">26 (50%)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (21.4)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">3.66</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">1.27</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">10.5</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Absent</td>
              <td align="center">26 (50%)</td>
              <td align="center">22 (78.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">CRP +1444 C&gt;TRS 1130864</td>
              <td align="center">T Allele</td>
              <td align="center">43 (82.7)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (42.9)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">6.37</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">2.25</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">17.9</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Non T allele</td>
              <td align="center">9 (17.3)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (57.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">IL6-174 G&gt;CRS 1800795</td>
              <td align="center">C Allele</td>
              <td align="center">30 (57.7)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (32.1)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">2.87</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">1.09</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">7.55</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.029</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Non C allele</td>
              <td align="center">22 (42.3)</td>
              <td align="center">19 (67.9)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>CAD: coronary artery disease; OR: Odds Ratio, CI: confidence interval, significant when the range does not contain the unit. significant p-value &lt; 0.05.</p>
          </fn>
          <attrib>Source: The author.</attrib>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A binary logistic regression analysis was carried out, in which all the significant independent variables were included in the bivariate analyses in a direct way, with the objective of verifying which of them would be predictors of the dependent variable, i.e., the presence of CAD.</p>
      <p>The result of this adjustment (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>) showed that the presence of CAD was still associated with age &gt; 60 years (p = 0.029) and the presence of the PCR polymorphism +1444 C &gt; T (p = 0.014).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Variables adjusted by logistic regression</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="3">Variables</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Chi-square</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Logistic regression</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">OR</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">CI (95%)</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">OR</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">CI (95%)</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Min.</th>
              <th align="center">Max.</th>
              <th align="center">Min.</th>
              <th align="center">Max.</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age &#8805; 60 years</td>
              <td align="center">0.04</td>
              <td align="center">2.65</td>
              <td align="center">1.02</td>
              <td align="center">6.87</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
              <td align="center">3.6</td>
              <td align="center">1.14</td>
              <td align="center">11.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male gender</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
              <td align="center">3.37</td>
              <td align="center">1.28</td>
              <td align="center">8.91</td>
              <td align="center">0.37</td>
              <td align="center">1.71</td>
              <td align="center">0.51</td>
              <td align="center">5.67</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Periodontitis present</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
              <td align="center">3.66</td>
              <td align="center">1.27</td>
              <td align="center">10.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.16</td>
              <td align="center">2.47</td>
              <td align="center">0.68</td>
              <td align="center">8.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CRP +1444 polymorphism</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
              <td align="center">6.37</td>
              <td align="center">2.25</td>
              <td align="center">17.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.014</td>
              <td align="center">4.31</td>
              <td align="center">1.34</td>
              <td align="center">13.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IL6 -174 polymorphism</td>
              <td align="center">0.029</td>
              <td align="center">2.87</td>
              <td align="center">1.09</td>
              <td align="center">7.55</td>
              <td align="center">0.06</td>
              <td align="center">2.94</td>
              <td align="center">0.94</td>
              <td align="center">9.19</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>Significant p-value &lt; 0.05; OR: Odds Ratio; CI: confidence interval, significant when the range does not contain the unit.</p>
          </fn>
          <attrib>Source: The author.</attrib>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Periodontitis is a chronic, multifactorial inflammatory disease, resulting from a series of dysbiosis processes, activating the production of proteins and proinflammatory cytokines and signaling processes, thus, according to recent epidemiological, interventional and functional studies, establishing a causal association with the development of coronary artery disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></p>
      <p>The dichotomized age over 60 years and the male gender were also statistically associated with a higher probability of presenting CAD. It is noteworthy that age and male gender are already known risk factors for coronary artery disease and periodontitis,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> so much so that many studies adjust for these factors only when analyzing atherosclerosis. However, regarding the association between periodontitis and CAD, with the influence of other independent covariates, it was decided to keep them, in view of the contribution of adjustments in logistic regression models.</p>
      <p>The presence of periodontitis in the bivariate analysis was significantly associated with CAD (p = 0.013; OR = 3.66 CI (95%) 1.27-10.5). This association has been studied for decades. A cross-sectional study with 60,174 participants that analyzed the association between periodontitis and CAD found a statistically significant association between the two conditions with an odds ratio of 1.59 and CI (95%) between 1.31 and 1.81, after adjustment for confusion factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></p>
      <p>In the present study we verified the association between periodontal inflammation and polymorphisms (IL6 and CRP) aiming to verify its possible association with CAD. We observed a strong association (p = 0.001) between the presence of the PCR + 1444 C &gt; T polymorphism, risk allele T and the case group with OR = 6.37; (95%) 2.25 - 17.9, which contradicts authors who analyzed five studies, totaling 18,637 participants, where the PCR + 1444 C &gt; T polymorphism was adjusted for confounding factors and compared regarding the presence of CAD, but found no association between this polymorphism and coronary disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> It is possible to infer that this association may arise from CRP serum levels maintained by chronic periodontitis over several years.</p>
      <p>The presence of this association is corroborated by studies comparing the size of atherosclerotic plaques in relation to the PCR polymorphism at this SNP (+1444 C &gt; T) in 196 patients with CAD from a database of studies evaluating the use of nitrates (ENCORE) in Switzerland, concluding that the carriers of this polymorphism were independently prone to larger plaque volumes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></p>
      <p>These results lead us to believe that somehow the presence of this polymorphism, probably through CRP serum levels, acts directly in the atherosclerotic process, as indicated by recent studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></p>
      <p>The IL6 -174 G &gt; C polymorphism was statistically associated with the presence of CAD (p = 0.025, OR = 2.87 CI (95%) 1.09-7.55). These findings are in agreement with authors who investigated the association of this polymorphism with the risk of CAD in 484 Chinese individuals, and found that the IL6 -174 G &gt; C polymorphism was positively associated with the risk of CAD (p = 0.001 OR = 2.18 CI 95%) 1.26 - 3.77), in agreement to our findings, but with a higher statistical significance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></p>
      <p>In a recent study, 280 patients were analyzed in an attempt to correlate five polymorphisms, among them IL6 -174 G &gt; C, with CAD in a population from northern India. In this analysis, the authors did not find any statistical significance regarding this polymorphism and CAD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Similarly, Brazilian authors analyzed 200 patients with acute coronary syndrome and their association with the presence of the IL6 -174 G &gt; C polymorphism in Pernambuco, Brazil, and found no significant association between the presence of the risk alleles and acute coronary syndrome.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></p>
      <p>The variables that were significant were included in a bivariate logistic regression model with the purpose of adjusting the independence of these associations, verifying which of them would predict CAD. The most uniform model was the one that remained independently associated with CAD, age &gt; 60 years and the presence of the +1444 C &gt; T PCR polymorphism (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>Considering the limitation of the type of study (case-control) where the information about the exposure or factor is obtained after the occurrence of the disease and there is no way to differentiate the chronology between the exposure and the disease onset, to determine a direct causal association between periodontitis and CAD becomes more difficult. The fact that this association is present may indicate preventive and curative treatments for the control of periodontitis, aiming to reduce the group of factors that contribute to the formation and development of CAD, besides the known risk factors.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>Based on the analyzed data, it can be concluded that the age over 60 years and the presence of the PCR + 1444 C &gt; T polymorphism were independent predictors associated with coronary artery disease.</p>
      <p>The presence of periodontitis and male gender did not remain associated with CAD after adjusting by logistic regression.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Luiz Ot&#225;vio Rocha, from <italic>Centro de Gradua&#231;&#227;o S&#227;o Leopoldo Mandic</italic>.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the <italic>Centro de Gradua&#231;&#227;o S&#227;o Leopoldo Mandic</italic> under the protocol number CAAE: 35879614.7.0000.5374. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Rela&#231;&#227;o entre Periodontite, Polimorfismos Gen&#233;ticos e Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana no Sul do Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
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          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Otavio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Eduarda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2139-2379</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Succi</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme de Menezes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brito</surname>
            <given-names>Rui Barbosa de</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade S&#227;o Leopoldo Mandic, Campinas, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Luiz Otavio Rocha</bold>, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - Av Roraima, 1000 pr&#233;dio 48C. CEP 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS - Brasil. E-mail: <email>luiz.rocha@ufsm.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Rocha LO, Brito Junior RB; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Rocha LO, Rocha E, Brito Junior RB; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Rocha LO, Rocha E, Succi GM, Brito Junior RB; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Rocha LO, Rocha E; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Rocha LO, Rocha E, Succi GM, Brito Junior RB; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Rocha LO, Succi GM, Brito Junior RB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A periodontite e a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) compartilham uma etiologia inflamat&#243;ria. Existe preocupa&#231;&#227;o na investiga&#231;&#227;o de associa&#231;&#227;o entre essas duas condi&#231;&#245;es. H&#225; citocinas e prote&#237;nas com papel importante neste processo, como a prote&#237;na C-reativa (PCR) e a interleucina 6 (IL-6), que s&#227;o derivados inflamat&#243;rios produzidos na presen&#231;a da periodontite e na fisiopatologia da DAC. Os polimorfismos da PCR+1444 C &gt; T e da IL-6 -174 G &gt; C s&#227;o reconhecidos na literatura como relacionados &#224; DAC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Este estudo objetiva comprovar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre periodontite e DAC, atrav&#233;s da presen&#231;a dos polimorfismos da PCR e da IL-6.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram selecionados 80 pacientes que se submeteram ao cateterismo diagn&#243;stico no Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM). A periodontite foi determinada pelo &#237;ndice periodontal comunit&#225;rio; a DAC, pelo laudo m&#233;dico. Foi coletado o &#225;cido desoxirribonucleico (DNA) pela saliva e estabelecido o polimorfismo pela avalia&#231;&#227;o da PCR/RFLP. Foi adotado um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A idade mediana de todos os participantes (p = 0,035; OR 2,65; IC 95% [1,02-6,87]), g&#234;nero masculino (p = 0,012; OR 3,37; IC 95% [1,28-8,9]), periodontite (p = 0,013; OR 3,66; IC 95% [1,27-10,5]), polimorfismo da PCR +1444 C &gt; T (p = 0,001; OR 6,37; IC 95% [2,25-17,9]) e polimorfismo da IL-6 -174G &gt; C (p = 0,025; OR 2,87; IC 95% [1,09-7,55]) foram estatisticamente relacionados &#224; DAC. Ap&#243;s ajuste com a regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, mantiveram-se independentemente associadas &#224; DAC a idade maior que 60 anos e o polimorfismo da PCR +1444 C &gt; T.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>O polimorfismo da PCR +1444 C &gt; T, neste estudo, esteve independentemente relacionado &#224; DAC.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Periodontite</kwd>
        <kwd>Polimorfismo Gen&#233;tico</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Prote&#237;na C-Reativa</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Periodontite &#233; uma doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria cr&#244;nica, desencadeada por bact&#233;rias componentes do biofilme dental, que causa destrui&#231;&#227;o dos tecidos de suporte do dente,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> com alta preval&#234;ncia em todo mundo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> A periodontite estimula por meio do sistema imune, localmente e em s&#237;tios distantes, concentra&#231;&#245;es elevadas de citocinas e prote&#237;nas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias, bem como bacteremia e endotoxemia, em virtude das bact&#233;rias que se proliferam nessa regi&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></p>
        <p>A doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria cr&#244;nica, complexa, multifatorial, cont&#237;nua, formada pelo ac&#250;mulo de placas ateromatosas na camada &#237;ntima das art&#233;rias coronarianas,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> sendo respons&#225;vel pelas s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas, principal causa de morte no hemisf&#233;rio ocidental.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></p>
        <p>Em geral, as inflama&#231;&#245;es desempenham um papel muito importante tanto na periodontite como na DAC. Com o intuito de ligar estas duas condi&#231;&#245;es, foram desenvolvidas duas teorias biologicamente plaus&#237;veis, com foco nas atua&#231;&#245;es direta e indireta das bact&#233;rias orais presentes na periodontite junto aos mediadores inflamat&#243;rios e pr&#243;-aterog&#234;nicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></p>
        <p>Com base nas teorias inflamat&#243;rias e imunol&#243;gicas, v&#225;rios estudos t&#234;m sido conduzidos com o objetivo de relacionar essa associa&#231;&#227;o ao fator gen&#233;tico, pela presen&#231;a de polimorfismos, nos genes que expressam a produ&#231;&#227;o desses fatores e s&#227;o relacionados &#224; periodontite, como a prote&#237;na C-reativa (PCR) e a interleucina 6 (IL-6).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></p>
        <p>O polimorfismo de nucleot&#237;dio simples (SNP) do gene promotor da IL-6 pode afetar a produ&#231;&#227;o e a express&#227;o dessa citocina, consequentemente, esta altera&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos pode resultar em resposta biol&#243;gica relevante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Tem sido demonstrada a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a variante SNP -174G &gt; C (rs 1800795) e o aumento do risco de doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias, como a DAC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></p>
        <p>Estudos apontam para o SNP rs 1136804, tamb&#233;m representado como 3&#8217; UTR +1444 C &gt; T, como o polimorfismo com maiores associa&#231;&#245;es a DAC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></p>
        <p>As altas incid&#234;ncias de periodontite, o elevado risco de mortalidade da DAC e uma lacuna de trabalhos nesta &#225;rea motivaram a condu&#231;&#227;o deste estudo buscando evid&#234;ncias da associa&#231;&#227;o entre periodontite e DAC, pela comprova&#231;&#227;o dos polimorfismos da PCR e IL-6.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>A amostra considerou 80 pacientes (idade m&#233;dia 60,5 &#177; 10,5) que se submeteram a cateterismo card&#237;aco diagn&#243;stico no laborat&#243;rio de hemodin&#226;mica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (HU-UFSM) no per&#237;odo de 01 de setembro de 2010 at&#233; 30 de mar&#231;o de 2011 e que concordaram em participar do experimento assinando o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
        <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise os pacientes tabagistas, diab&#233;ticos, portadores de doen&#231;as autoimunes, aqueles que tinham menos de dois dentes presentes em um dos sextantes, bem como os que n&#227;o concordaram em participar do estudo.</p>
        <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa do Centro de Pesquisas Odontol&#243;gicas S&#227;o Leopoldo Mandic, em 26/11/2014, CAAE: 35879614.7.0000.5374.</p>
        <p>O exame periodontal foi executado pelo pr&#243;prio pesquisador, que utilizou o &#237;ndice periodontal comunit&#225;rio (IPC) e o &#237;ndice de perda de inser&#231;&#227;o periodontal (PIP) preconizados pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> O uso destes &#237;ndices foram justificados pela imobiliza&#231;&#227;o parcial do paciente no leito e o curto espa&#231;o de tempo em que o mesmo ficou &#224; disposi&#231;&#227;o do examinador. Pacientes com escore IPC 3 ou 4 e escore PIP acima de 1 foram considerados portadores de periodontite.</p>
        <p>O DNA foi coletado da saliva por meio de um bochecho com solu&#231;&#227;o de glicose a 3% durante 1 minuto. Em seguida o material foi depositado em tubos de ensaio esterilizados com tampa e congelados a &#8722;20&#176;C.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></p>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico da DAC foi confirmado pelo cateterismo card&#237;aco, via pun&#231;&#227;o femoral ou radial, realizado pelos m&#233;dicos do laborat&#243;rio de hemodin&#226;mica do HU-UFSM. Foram considerados pacientes com DAC aqueles que apresentaram laudo m&#233;dico positivo para presen&#231;a de estenose coronariana.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Genotipagem</title>
          <p>As amostras de saliva contaram com DNA coletado por meio de <italic>kit</italic> de extra&#231;&#227;o de DNA gen&#244;mico (Norgen Biotek Corp, Canad&#225;). Realizou-se a amplifica&#231;&#227;o dos genes pela rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia da polimerase utilizando os seguintes pares de iniciadores para a PCR +1444 - <italic>forward</italic> 5&#8217;, AGCTCGTTAACTATGCTGGGGCA-3&#8217;, e <italic>reverse</italic> 5, CTTCTCAGCTCTTGCCTTATGAGT - 3&#8217;, com temperatura de anelamento de 60&#176;C; e para o IL-6 -174 - <italic>forward</italic> 5&#8217;, AACCTAATTCTACCCCCCTTGG-3, e <italic>reverse</italic> 5&#8217;, CAGAGGCAGCCGAAGAGTT-3&#8217;, com temperatura de anelamento de 59&#176;C.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></p>
          <p>A amplifica&#231;&#227;o ocorreu atrav&#233;s de um ciclo de 95&#176;C por 3 minutos, 29 ciclos de 95&#176;C por 1 minuto, com temperatura de anelamento variando conforme citado, por 1 minuto, 72&#176;C por 1 minuto e um ciclo de 72&#176;C por 10 minutos, realizada em termociclador autom&#225;tico.</p>
          <p>Os resultados da rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia da polimerase foram digeridos pelas enzimas Sdul (Thermo Fischer Scientific, Massachusetts, USA) para PCR +1444 e HaeIII (Thermo Fischer Scientific, Massachusetts, USA) para IL-6 -174, nas quantidades especificadas pelo fabricante, no processo de polimorfismo de restri&#231;&#227;o de tamanho de fragmento. Os fragmentos resultantes foram identificados por eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida a 8% corado por nitrato de prata. As an&#225;lises gen&#233;ticas foram executadas em julho de 2017 no laborat&#243;rio de biologia molecular da Faculdade S&#227;o Leopoldo Mandic, Campinas, SP.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis foram apresentadas de forma categorizada: a DAC como presente ou ausente; a periodontite como presente ou ausente; a idade como maior ou igual a 60 anos ou menor ou igual a 59 anos; o g&#234;nero como masculino ou feminino; a ra&#231;a como branca ou n&#227;o branca, o sobrepeso e obesidade como com IMC maior ou igual a 25 e menor ou igual a 24; e os polimorfismos pela presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia do alelo de risco. O desfecho foi a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de DAC.</p>
          <p>Foi utilizado um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
          <p>A amostra foi dividida em dois grupos de acordo com a presen&#231;a da DAC: grupo-caso com 52 pacientes (idade m&#233;dia de 62,8 &#177; 11,2) e grupo-controle com 28 pacientes (idade m&#233;dia de 56,2 &#177; 8,8).</p>
          <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos gen&#243;tipos dos dois SNP foi testada para o equil&#237;brio de Hardy-Weinberg pelo chi-quadrado (x2). As vari&#225;veis coletadas foram cruzadas com o desfecho de DAC atrav&#233;s do chi-quadrado com Odds Ratio (OR) e intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95%.</p>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis que se mostraram significativas foram submetidas ao ajuste por uma regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bin&#225;ria ainda com a DAC como desfecho e IC 95%.</p>
          <p>Todos os dados coletados foram tratados com o programa SPSS<sup>(&#169;)</sup> vers&#227;o 25, IBM<sup>(&#169;)</sup>Corp., Nova York, NY.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref> mostra a rela&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis estudadas e a DAC. Foi poss&#237;vel avaliar que a idade categorizada no ponto de corte da m&#233;dia de todos os participantes, 60 anos (p = 0,035), o g&#234;nero masculino (p = 0,012) e os pacientes que apresentavam periodontite (p = 0,013) estiveram estatisticamente relacionados &#224; presen&#231;a de DAC.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Vari&#225;veis analisadas pelo chi-quadrado com desfecho a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis analisadas</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">DAC (n = 80)</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">OR</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">IC 95%</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Presen&#231;a (%)</th>
                <th align="center">Aus&#234;ncia (%)</th>
                <th align="center">M&#237;n.</th>
                <th align="center">M&#225;x.</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 60 anos</td>
                <td align="center">31 (59,6)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (35,7)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">2,65</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">1,02</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">6,87</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">&#8804; 59 anos</td>
                <td align="center">21 (40,4)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (64,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">G&#234;nero</td>
                <td align="center">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">32 (61,5)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (32,1)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">3,37</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">1,28</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">8,9</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">20 (38,5)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (67,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Sobrepeso e obesidade</td>
                <td align="center">IMC &#8805; 25</td>
                <td align="center">30 (57,7)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (78,6)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">2,68</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,93</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">7,73</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,35</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">IMC &#8804; 24</td>
                <td align="center">22 (42,3)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (21,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Ra&#231;a</td>
                <td align="center">Branca</td>
                <td align="center">45 (86,5)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (78,6)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">1,75</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,52</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">5,84</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o branca</td>
                <td align="center">7 (13,5)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (21,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Periodontite</td>
                <td align="center">Presen&#231;a</td>
                <td align="center">26 (50%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (21,4)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">3,66</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">1,27</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">10,5</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Aus&#234;ncia</td>
                <td align="center">26 (50%)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (78,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">PCR +1444 C &gt; TRS 1130864</td>
                <td align="center">Com alelo T</td>
                <td align="center">43 (82,7)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (42,9)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">6,37</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">2,25</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">17,9</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Sem alelo T</td>
                <td align="center">9 (17,3)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (57,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">IL-6-174 G &gt; CRS 1800795</td>
                <td align="center">Com alelo C</td>
                <td align="center">30 (57,7)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (32,1)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">2,87</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">1,09</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">7,55</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,029</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Sem alelo C</td>
                <td align="center">22 (42,3)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (67,9)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>OR: raz&#227;o de chances; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; significativo quando o intervalo n&#227;o contiver a unidade; p: valor significativo &lt; 0,05.</p>
            </fn>
            <attrib>Fonte: autoria pr&#243;pria.</attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os pacientes portadores do polimorfismo da PCR +1444 C &gt; T, com presen&#231;a do alelo de risco T (p = 0,001), bem como os portadores do polimorfismo da IL-6 -174 G &gt; C, alelo de risco C (p = 0,025), foram associados &#224; DAC.</p>
        <p>Na sequ&#234;ncia foi realizada avalia&#231;&#227;o de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bin&#225;ria na qual foram carregadas todas as vari&#225;veis independentes significativas nas an&#225;lises bivariadas de maneira direta com o objetivo de verificar quais delas seriam previsoras da vari&#225;vel dependente de DAC.</p>
        <p>O resultado deste ajuste (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>) demonstrou que continuaram relacionadas &#224; DAC idade maior que 60 anos (p = 0,029) e polimorfismo da PCR +1444 C &gt; T (p = 0,014).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Vari&#225;veis ajustadas pela regress&#227;o log&#237;stica</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">Vari&#225;veis analisadas</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Chi-quadrado</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">OR</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">IC 95%</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">OR</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">IC 95%</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">M&#225;x.</th>
                <th align="center">&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">M&#225;x.</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade &#8805; 60 anos</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
                <td align="center">2,65</td>
                <td align="center">1,02</td>
                <td align="center">6,87</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
                <td align="center">3,6</td>
                <td align="center">1,14</td>
                <td align="center">11,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">G&#234;nero masculino</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">3,37</td>
                <td align="center">1,28</td>
                <td align="center">8,91</td>
                <td align="center">0,37</td>
                <td align="center">1,71</td>
                <td align="center">0,51</td>
                <td align="center">5,67</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Periodontite</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">3,66</td>
                <td align="center">1,27</td>
                <td align="center">10,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,16</td>
                <td align="center">2,47</td>
                <td align="center">0,68</td>
                <td align="center">8,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Polimorfismo PCR +1444</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">6,37</td>
                <td align="center">2,25</td>
                <td align="center">17,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,014</td>
                <td align="center">4,31</td>
                <td align="center">1,34</td>
                <td align="center">13,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Polimorfismo IL-6 -174</td>
                <td align="center">0,029</td>
                <td align="center">2,87</td>
                <td align="center">1,09</td>
                <td align="center">7,55</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
                <td align="center">2,94</td>
                <td align="center">0,94</td>
                <td align="center">9,19</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>p: valor significativo &lt; 0,05; OR: raz&#227;o de chances; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; significativo quando o intervalo n&#227;o contiver a unidade.</p>
            </fn>
            <attrib>Fonte: autoria pr&#243;pria.</attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Periodontite &#233; uma doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria cr&#244;nica, multifatorial, resultante de uma s&#233;rie de processos de disbiose, ativando a produ&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;nas e citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias e processos de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o. Por estes motivos, segundo estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos, intervencionais e funcionais recentes, estabelecem um nexo causal com o desenvolvimento da DAC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></p>
        <p>A idade dicotomizada maior de 60 anos e o g&#234;nero masculino foram associados estatisticamente a maiores chances de apresentar tamb&#233;m a DAC. &#201; not&#243;rio que a idade e o g&#234;nero masculino sejam fatores de risco j&#225; conhecidos da doen&#231;a coronariana e da periodontite,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> tanto que muitos estudos realizam o ajuste para estes fatores quando analisam apenas a aterosclerose, por&#233;m na rela&#231;&#227;o entre periodontite e DAC com influ&#234;ncia de outras covari&#225;veis independentes, optou-se por mant&#234;-las com vistas a ajustes de contribui&#231;&#227;o nos modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica.</p>
        <p>A periodontite, na an&#225;lise bivariada, mostrou-se associada significativamente com a DAC (p = 0,013; OR 3,66; IC 95% [1,27-10,5]). Esta rela&#231;&#227;o vem sendo pesquisada por d&#233;cadas. Estudo transversal com 60.174 participantes analisou a rela&#231;&#227;o entre periodontite e DAC e encontrou rela&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica significativa entre as duas condi&#231;&#245;es com OR de 1,59 e IC 95%, entre 1,31 e 1,81, ap&#243;s o ajuste para os fatores de confus&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></p>
        <p>Neste estudo verificou-se a associa&#231;&#227;o de polimorfismos ligados &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o periodontal (IL-6 e PCR) e sua poss&#237;vel associa&#231;&#227;o a DAC. Observamos forte associa&#231;&#227;o (p = 0,001) entre a presen&#231;a do polimorfismo da PCR +1444 C &gt; T, alelo de risco T e o grupo-caso com OR 6,37; IC 95% (2,25-17,9), o que contradiz autores que analisaram cinco estudos, totalizando 18.637 participantes, nos quais o polimorfismo da PCR +1444 C &gt; T foi ajustado para os fatores de confus&#227;o e comparados com a presen&#231;a da DAC, e n&#227;o encontraram associa&#231;&#227;o entre este polimorfismo e a doen&#231;a coronariana.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> &#201; poss&#237;vel inferir que esta rela&#231;&#227;o possa advir dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos da PCR mantidos pela periodontite cr&#244;nica ao longo de v&#225;rios anos.</p>
        <p>Esta rela&#231;&#227;o &#233; corroborada por estudos que compararam o tamanho das placas ateroscler&#243;ticas e o polimorfismo da PCR +1444 C &gt; T em 196 pacientes com DAC provenientes de um banco de dados de estudos que avaliaram o uso de nitratos (ENCORE) na Su&#237;&#231;a, concluindo que os portadores deste polimorfismo, foram ligados independentemente a volumes de placa maiores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></p>
        <p>Estes resultados nos levam a crer que, de alguma forma, este tipo de polimorfismo atue diretamente no processo ateroscler&#243;tico, provavelmente atrav&#233;s dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de PCR, como indicam recentes estudos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></p>
        <p>O polimorfismo da IL-6 -174 G &gt; C mostrou-se estatisticamente relacionado com a DAC (p = 0,025; OR 2,87; IC 95% [1,09-7,55]). Estes achados est&#227;o de acordo com autores que investigaram a rela&#231;&#227;o deste polimorfismo com o risco de DAC em 484 chineses e encontraram que o polimorfismo da IL-6 -174 G &gt; C foi positivamente associado ao risco de DAC (p = 0,001; OR 2,18; IC 95% [1,26-3,77]), de acordo com nossos achados, por&#233;m com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica maior.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></p>
        <p>Em contrapartida, em estudo recente, foram analisados 280 pacientes em uma popula&#231;&#227;o do norte da &#205;ndia para cinco tipos de polimorfismos, dentre eles o IL-6 -174 G &gt; C. Nesta an&#225;lise, os autores n&#227;o encontraram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica entre polimorfismo e DAC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Da mesma forma, autores brasileiros analisaram 200 pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com o polimorfismo da IL-6 -174 G &gt; C em Pernambuco, Brasil, n&#227;o encontrando rela&#231;&#227;o significativa entre os alelos de risco e a s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></p>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis que se mostraram significativas foram inclu&#237;das em um modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bivariada com vistas a ajustar a independ&#234;ncia dessas associa&#231;&#245;es, verificando quais seriam preditoras de DAC. O modelo mais uniforme foi o que manteve independentemente associadas &#224; DAC a idade maior que 60 anos e a presen&#231;a do polimorfismo da PCR +1444 C &gt; T (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>Considerando a limita&#231;&#227;o do tipo de estudo (caso-controle), em que a informa&#231;&#227;o sobre a exposi&#231;&#227;o ou o fator &#233; obtida ap&#243;s a ocorr&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a, n&#227;o havendo como distinguir a cronologia entre essa exposi&#231;&#227;o e o aparecimento da doen&#231;a, determinar uma rela&#231;&#227;o de casualidade direta entre a periodontite e a DAC torna-se mais dif&#237;cil. O fato desta associa&#231;&#227;o estar presente pode indicar tratamentos preventivos e curativos para controle da periodontite com o objetivo de tentar diminuir o conjunto de fatores que contribuem para a forma&#231;&#227;o e o desenvolvimento da DAC, al&#233;m dos fatores de risco j&#225; conhecidos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Com base nos dados obtidos, pode-se concluir que a idade maior que 60 anos e a presen&#231;a do polimorfismo da PCR +1444 C &gt; T foram preditores independentes associados &#224; DAC.</p>
        <p>A periodontite e o g&#234;nero masculino n&#227;o se mantiveram associados &#224; DAC ap&#243;s o ajuste pela regress&#227;o log&#237;stica.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Luiz Ot&#225;vio Rocha pelo Centro de Gradua&#231;&#227;o S&#227;o Leopoldo Mandic.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Centro de Gradua&#231;&#227;o S&#227;o Leopoldo Mandic sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CAAE: 35879614.7.0000.5374. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
