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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">tjkq7N8BnmV4NzzK6JrGRdj</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020000200265</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200054</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Invasive Physiological Assessment: From Binary to Continuous</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3258-2458</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Chami&#233;</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abizaid</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiololgia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Invasive Cardiology Department</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Invasive Cardiology Department, Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiololgia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Invasive Cardiology Department</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Invasive Cardiology Department, Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#237;rio Liban&#234;s</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Invasive Cardiology Department</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Invasive Cardiology Department, Hospital S&#237;rio Liban&#234;s, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Daniel Chami&#233;,</bold> Invasive Cardiology Department, Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia. Avenida Dr. Dante Pazzanese, 500, Ibirapuera. Postal Code 04012-180, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>daniel.chamie@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>265</fpage>
      <lpage>267</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Myocardial Ischemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Fractional Flow Reserve</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Stenosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Described by Pijls et al., in 1993, and based on extensive validation and robust clinical data, fractional flow reserve (FFR) was incorporated into the guidelines of myocardial revascularization to guide the need for revascularization of angiographically intermediate stenosis in patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> The broadest arguments for this decision were: (1) by depicting a complex tridimensional structure as a planar silhouette coronary angiography suffers from well-known limitations, it presents large variability in estimating coronary stenosis severity, and it has low ability in predicting the functional significance of epicardial coronary stenoses, and (2) revascularization in stable coronary artery disease based solely on the severity of luminal narrowing, as determined by coronary angiography, does not improve clinical outcomes as compared to optimized medical treatment<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> or versus revascularization of only physiologically significant lesions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></p>
    <p>The central premise of invasive assessment of coronary physiology is to identify myocardial ischemia with superior spatial resolution (per vessel) compared to non-invasive methods (per territory), aiding in the identification of lesions (and, therefore, patients) that are more likely to benefit from revascularization. However, despite the clinical benefits and guideline recommendations, the FFR uptake in clinical practice remains low (&lt; 10%) in most catheterization laboratories around the globe. Costs, time added to procedures, patient discomfort to hyperemic stimulus or contraindications to adenosine use, as well as difficulties in interpretation of physiological traces in certain anatomic situations (e.g., serial/diffuse stenosis), are some of the reasons for FFR underutilization.</p>
    <p>Recently, the introduction of instantaneous wave-free ratio (iFR) led to renewed interest in the use of invasive physiology. The iFR is measured at rest - without the need to achieve maximal hyperemia -, which simplifies the use of coronary physiology in several anatomic scenarios, with shorter procedure time and fewer adverse symptoms for the patient. Seven years after its initial description by Sen et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> two large randomized studies documented the non-inferiority of iFR compared with FFR on the occurrence of adverse clinical outcomes when they were used to guide revascularization of coronary stenoses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> These results were achieved despite a classification mismatch between FFR and iFR in approximately 20% of the cases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></p>
    <p>In this issue of the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, Vieira <italic>et al</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> describe their initial experience with the use of iFR to guide coronary revascularization decision-making in 96 lesions from 52 patients, accumulated for over four years. Out of these, 56 stenoses (58.3%) were graded as intermediate (between 41% and 70%), and 40 (41.7%) were classified as severe (between 71% and 90%), as determined by visual assessment of coronary angiography. In agreement with extensive previous validation, the authors used a cut-off value of iFR of &#8804; 0.89<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> to classify stenoses as hemodynamically significant and decide upon the need for revascularization. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent implantation was the primary outcome used, which was performed in 32% of all studied lesions. However, the median and the interquartile range of iFR observed in intermediate (0.92 [0.82 to 0.94]) and severe (0.79 [0.61 to 1.00]) lesions draw our attention to the fact that a non-negligible proportion of lesions were treated with stent despite the absence of physiological significance as per the iFR evaluations - particularly those of intermediate severity (Figure 4, Vieira et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>). These findings corroborate the idea that physiological information is just one (important) piece of the decision-making puzzle, which should take into account other equally important factors, such as clinical presentation, presence, type and frequency of anginal symptoms, target lesion location, left ventricular function and perspective of long-term prognosis.</p>
    <p>Although relieving significant stenosis through mechanical intervention improves anginal symptoms more effectively than optimal medical treatment,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> this practice does not result in major significant reductions of hard clinical events such as death and myocardial infarction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> It is noteworthy that about half the patients with a positive FFR have a favorable long-term prognosis when maintained on optimal medical therapy alone.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Thus, there is a significant opportunity for medical optimization of some stable patients regardless of the physiological significance of the lesion under investigation, particularly in asymptomatic or oligosymptomatic individuals with lesions that produce minimal physiological impact. These arguments leave room for disagreements with the outcome adopted by Vieira et al,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> which was the performance of PCI or not. On the contrary, a much more complex and thorough assessment (including the physiological evaluation) should support the revascularization decision than simply the &#8220;positive&#8221; or &#8220;negative&#8221; value of a diagnostic index.</p>
    <p>Although the clinical decision for revascularizing coronary stenoses is binary, which ends up justifying the search for cut-off points that determine the choice of one strategy over another, we advocate that invasive coronary physiology should be assessed in a more comprehensive, continuous and interpretative manner. In this sense, similarly to what was demonstrated in the classical study by Hachamovitch et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> robust evidence indicates a linear association between FFR and the risk of adverse cardiac outcomes. Adverse outcome rates increased proportionally with reduced FFR values, revealing a risk continuum, far beyond a fixed cut-off point.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> In addition, lesions with lower FFR values are the ones which receive the greatest absolute benefits from PCI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> On the other hand, for lesions with FFR values around the cut-off point, the benefits of revascularization are lower and at times uncertain.</p>
    <p>Although ischemia determined at the vessel level - in other words, &#8220;positive&#8221; or &#8220;negative&#8221;, as the sum of all lesions throughout the artery length - has been the traditional basis for FFR utilization, a series of technological advances have allowed for a more global and systematic approach to assessing the presence of myocardial ischemia. Through manual pullback of the pressure sensor, the non-hyperemic iFR index allows for the assessment of the functional impact of each lesion along the target vessel segment. Moreover, overlaying these results onto the angiographic images provides a valuable functional-anatomical co-registration. This technique yields a more accurate characterization on the distribution of the physiological effects of coronary heart disease, enabling the diagnosis of focal and diffuse disease (which frequently coexist in the same vessel), in addition to quantifying the contribution of each for the iFR value at the artery level. Furthermore, it is possible to simulate several PCI strategies and estimate the physiological results of the possible intervention. Hence, the result is an evolution from the binary negative/positive to a more comprehensive assessment of the physiological impact of CAD, and the potential benefits of PCI, in case this is the chosen therapeutic strategy. This concept proved to be particularly important in the recent DEFINE-PCI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> pilot study. In a population of 500 patients undergoing PCI with stent implantation, whose procedures were considered successful by angiographic criteria, iFR pullback showed that 24% of the patients treated remained with physiologically significant stenoses. It is worth mentioning the finding that in more than 80% of the cases, the abnormal iFR matched focal stenoses, which are easily treatable, reaffirming the limitations of angiography in identifying coronary flow-limiting lesions. In cases with serial lesions or diffuse disease, the hyperemic flow through one stenosis is affected by the presence of another stenosis in the same artery, making interpretation of FFR values challenging in this frequent anatomic subset. On the other hand, resting flow is stable across almost the entire range of epicardial coronary stenosis severity. Thus, changes in resting pressure are more predictable, and the contribution of each stenosis along the vessel can be more easily estimated, representing a practical advantage of iFR over FFR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></p>
    <p>Therefore, we believe that the introduction of new indexes (e.g. angiography-derived FFR, coronary computed tomography-derived FFR, resting indexes, among others) and new possibilities of understanding the functional effects of coronary stenosis have promoted growing interest in invasive and non-invasive assessment of cardiac physiology in the &#8220;post-FFR era&#8221;. We keep waiting the development of new physiological tools that enable the measurement of myocardial ischemia in an easier and more accurate way (instead of using surrogate outcomes), as well as tools to simplify the study of the coronary microcirculation status. These advances will contribute to a more individualized approach to coronary revascularization decision-making, better understanding of focal and diffuse disease, and treatment of post-MI patients whose microcirculation has been impaired. Until then, we advance our application of physiological assessment, from binary to continuous.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Evaluation of Myocardial Ischemia with iFR (Instantaneous Wave-Free Ratio in the Catheterization Laboratory: A Pilot Study</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o Fisiol&#243;gica Invasiva: Do Bin&#225;rio ao Cont&#237;nuo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3258-2458</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Chami&#233;</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abizaid</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia Invasiva, Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiololgia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia Invasiva, Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia Invasiva, Hospital S&#237;rio Liban&#234;s, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Daniel Chami&#233;,</bold> Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia Invasiva, Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia. Avenida Dr. Dante Pazzanese, 500, Ibirapuera. CEP 04012-180, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>daniel.chamie@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Reserva Fraccionada de Fluxo Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Stents</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Estenose Coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Descrita por Pijls et al. em 1993 e embasada por extensa valida&#231;&#227;o e dados cl&#237;nicos robustos, a reserva de fluxo fracionado (FFR, do ingl&#234;s <italic>fractional flow reserve</italic>) foi incorporada &#224;s diretrizes de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica para guiar a necessidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o de estenoses angiograficamente intermedi&#225;rias em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria (DAC) est&#225;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Os argumentos mais amplos para tal decis&#227;o s&#227;o: (1) a angiografia coron&#225;ria, por apresentar uma complexa estrutura tridimensional como um luminograma planar, padece de conhecidas limita&#231;&#245;es,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>, al&#233;m de possuir alta variabilidade para quantifica&#231;&#227;o da gravidade de estenoses<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> e baixa capacidade em predizer o significado funcional de uma estenose coron&#225;ria epic&#225;rdica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> e (2) a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o de estenoses coron&#225;rias est&#225;veis apenas com base na gravidade da redu&#231;&#227;o luminal determinada pela angiografia coron&#225;ria n&#227;o resulta em melhora de eventos cardiovasculares adversos em compara&#231;&#227;o com o tratamento cl&#237;nico otimizado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> ou contra a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o apenas de les&#245;es funcionalmente significativas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></p>
      <p>A premissa central da fisiologia coron&#225;ria invasiva &#233; identificar a isquemia mioc&#225;rdica com resolu&#231;&#227;o espacial superior (por vaso) &#224; dos m&#233;todos n&#227;o invasivos (por territ&#243;rio), auxiliando a sele&#231;&#227;o de estenoses (e, portanto, de pacientes) mais propensas a se beneficiarem da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, apesar dos benef&#237;cios cl&#237;nicos e recomenda&#231;&#245;es em diretrizes, a ado&#231;&#227;o da FFR na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica permanece baixa (&lt; 10%) na grande maioria dos laborat&#243;rios de cateterismo ao redor do globo. Custo, acr&#233;scimo de tempo ao procedimento, desconforto dos pacientes ao est&#237;mulo hiper&#234;mico ou contra-indica&#231;&#245;es &#224; utiliza&#231;&#227;o da adenosina, bem como dificuldades de interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos tra&#231;ados fisiol&#243;gicos em algumas situa&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas (p. ex. les&#245;es em s&#233;rie/difusas) s&#227;o algumas das explica&#231;&#245;es para a baixa ado&#231;&#227;o da FFR.</p>
      <p>Recentemente, a introdu&#231;&#227;o da reserva de fluxo instant&#226;neo (iFR, do ingl&#234;s <italic>instantaneous wave-free ratio</italic>) renovou o interesse pelo uso da fisiologia invasiva. A iFR &#233; mensurada em repouso - dispensando a necessidade de hiperemia m&#225;xima -, o que simplifica a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da fisiologia coron&#225;ria em diversos cen&#225;rios anat&#244;micos, com menor incremento de tempo e menos sintomas adversos para os pacientes. Sete anos ap&#243;s sua descri&#231;&#227;o inicial por Sen et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> dois estudos randomizados de grande porte documentaram a n&#227;o-inferioridade da iFR em compara&#231;&#227;o com a FFR quanto &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de desfechos cl&#237;nicos adversos, quando utilizadas para guiar revasculariza&#231;&#227;o de estenoses coron&#225;rias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Esses resultados foram obtidos a despeito da discord&#226;ncia diagn&#243;stica descrita na casa de 20% entre os dois &#237;ndices.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></p>
      <p>Na presente edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Vieira et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> descrevem sua experi&#234;ncia inicial com o uso da iFR para guiar a decis&#227;o de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria em 96 les&#245;es de 52 pacientes acumulados ao longo de quatro anos. Destas, 56 estenoses (58,3%) foram graduadas como intermedi&#225;rias (di&#226;metro de estenose entre 41% e 70%), e 40 (41,7%) classificadas como graves (di&#226;metro de estenose entre 71% e 90%) pela estimativa visual da angiografia coron&#225;ria. Em concord&#226;ncia com extensa valida&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via, os autores utilizaram o valor de iFR &#8804; 0,89<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> para classificar as les&#245;es como hemodinamicamente significativas e decidir pela necessidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. A realiza&#231;&#227;o de interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP) com implante de <italic>stent</italic> foi o desfecho prim&#225;rio utilizado, a qual foi realizada em 32% de todas as les&#245;es estudadas. Entretanto, a mediana e o intervalo interquartil dos valores de iFR observados nas estenoses intermedi&#225;rias (0,92 [0,82 a 0,94]) e graves (0,79 [0,61 a 1,00]) chama aten&#231;&#227;o para o fato de que uma propor&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o desprez&#237;vel de les&#245;es foi tratada com <italic>stent</italic>, a despeito da aus&#234;ncia de impacto fisiol&#243;gico significativo pela avalia&#231;&#227;o com iFR - particularmente aquelas de gravidade intermedi&#225;ria (Figura 4 de Vieira et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>). Esses achados corroboram a no&#231;&#227;o de que a informa&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica &#233; apenas uma pe&#231;a (importante) do quebra-cabe&#231;as da tomada de decis&#227;o, a qual deve levar em conta outros fatores n&#227;o menos relevantes, como a apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, presen&#231;a, tipo, e frequ&#234;ncia de sintomas anginosos, localiza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o alvo, fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e perspectiva de progn&#243;stico no longo prazo.</p>
      <p>Embora o al&#237;vio de uma estenose significativa por interven&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica melhore os sintomas anginosos de forma mais eficiente do que o tratamento cl&#237;nico otimizado,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> essa pr&#225;tica n&#227;o resulta em maior redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos cl&#237;nicos duros como morte e/ou infarto.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> &#201; digno de nota que cerca de metade dos pacientes que possuem les&#245;es com FFR &#8220;positivo&#8221; t&#234;m progn&#243;stico de longo prazo favor&#225;vel quando mantidos apenas em tratamento cl&#237;nico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Fica claro, portanto, que h&#225; uma oportunidade significativa para otimiza&#231;&#227;o de alguns pacientes est&#225;veis a despeito da signific&#226;ncia fisiol&#243;gica da les&#227;o em investiga&#231;&#227;o, particularmente aqueles assintom&#225;ticos ou oligossintom&#225;ticos com les&#245;es que promovam pouco impacto fisiol&#243;gico. Estes argumentos permitem alguma discord&#226;ncia quanto ao desfecho de Vieira et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> ter sido decorrente do implante ou n&#227;o de <italic>stents</italic>. Ao contr&#225;rio, essa decis&#227;o deveria passar por uma avalia&#231;&#227;o muito mais completa do que apenas um valor &#8220;positivo&#8221; ou &#8220;negativo&#8221; de um &#237;ndice diagn&#243;stico.</p>
      <p>Embora a decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica de se revascularizar ou n&#227;o uma estenose coron&#225;ria seja bin&#225;ria, o que acaba justificando a busca por pontos de corte que definam o caminho para uma estrat&#233;gia ou outra, advogamos que a fisiologia coron&#225;ria invasiva seja analisada de forma mais compreensiva, cont&#237;nua e interpretativa. Nesse sentido, &#224; semelhan&#231;a do que foi demonstrado no cl&#225;ssico estudo de Hachamovitch et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> existem evid&#234;ncias robustas que apontam para uma associa&#231;&#227;o linear entre FFR e o risco de eventos card&#237;acos adversos, sendo que as taxas de eventos adversos aumentam proporcionalmente &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o nos valores de FFR, revelando um cont&#237;nuo de risco muito al&#233;m de um ponto de corte fixo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Ademais, as les&#245;es com valores mais baixos de FFR s&#227;o as que experimentam os maiores benef&#237;cios absolutos com a ICP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Contrariamente, em les&#245;es com valores de FFR nas cercanias do seu ponto de corte, os benef&#237;cios da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o menores e, por vezes, incertos.</p>
      <p>Embora a isquemia detectada no n&#237;vel do vaso coron&#225;rio - em outras palavras, &#8220;positivo&#8221; ou &#8220;negativo&#8221; como a somat&#243;ria de todas as estenoses ao longo do vaso avaliado - tenha sido a base hist&#243;rica para a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da FFR, uma s&#233;rie de avan&#231;os tecnol&#243;gicos t&#234;m permitido uma abordagem mais global e sistematizada na forma de se avaliar a presen&#231;a de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. Por meio de <italic>pullback</italic> manual do sensor de press&#227;o, o &#237;ndice n&#227;o hiper&#234;mico iFR permite avaliar o impacto funcional de cada estenose existente no segmento do vaso alvo; ademais, sobrepor esses resultados &#224;s imagens angiogr&#225;ficas fornece um valioso co-registro anat&#244;mico-funcional. Esta t&#233;cnica permite caracterizar com maior precis&#227;o a distribui&#231;&#227;o do impacto fisiol&#243;gico da doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria, possibilitando a identifica&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a difusa e focal (frequentemente coexistentes no mesmo vaso), al&#233;m de quantificar a contribui&#231;&#227;o de cada uma para o valor de iFR no n&#237;vel do vaso. Al&#233;m disso, &#233; poss&#237;vel simular diversas estrat&#233;gias de ICP e estimar qual ser&#225; o resultado fisiol&#243;gico da poss&#237;vel interven&#231;&#227;o. Consequentemente, o resultado &#233; uma evolu&#231;&#227;o do bin&#225;rio positivo/negativo para uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais compreensiva do impacto fisiol&#243;gico da doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria, e do potencial benef&#237;cio da ICP, caso essa seja a estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica escolhida. Isso se mostrou particularmente importante no recente estudo piloto DEFINE-PCI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de 500 pacientes submetidos &#224; ICP com implante de <italic>stent</italic> considerado bem-sucedido por crit&#233;rios angiogr&#225;ficos, a realiza&#231;&#227;o da iFR <italic>pullback</italic> demonstrou que 24% dos casos tratados ainda persistiam com estenoses fisiologicamente significativas. &#201; digno de nota o achado de que mais de 80% das perdas de unidades de iFR eram focais e, portanto, facilmente resolvidas, reafirmando a limita&#231;&#227;o da angiografia em identificar estenoses fluxo-limitantes. Em casos com les&#245;es seriadas ou doen&#231;a difusa, o fluxo hiper&#234;mico atrav&#233;s de uma estenose &#233; afetado pela presen&#231;a de outra estenose no mesmo vaso, tornando a interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos valores de FFR mais dif&#237;cil neste frequente cen&#225;rio anat&#244;mico. Por outro lado, o fluxo de repouso &#233; est&#225;vel atrav&#233;s de quase todo o espectro de gravidade das estenoses coron&#225;rias. Portanto, mudan&#231;as nas press&#245;es de repouso s&#227;o mais previs&#237;veis, e a contribui&#231;&#227;o de cada estenose ao longo do vaso pode ser mais facilmente estimada, representando uma vantagem pr&#225;tica da iFR sobre a FFR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></p>
      <p>Portanto, consideramos que a introdu&#231;&#227;o de novos &#237;ndices (p. ex: FFR derivado da angiografia e da angiotomografia coron&#225;ria, &#237;ndices de repouso, dentre outros) e novas possibilidades de entendimento do impacto funcional de estenoses coron&#225;rias t&#234;m promovido crescente interesse no campo da fisiologia invasiva e n&#227;o invasiva na &#8220;era p&#243;s-FFR&#8221;. Continuamos aguardando o desenvolvimento de novas ferramentas fisiol&#243;gicas que permitam mensurar de forma mais f&#225;cil e acurada a isquemia mioc&#225;rdica (ao inv&#233;s de desfechos substitutos para tal), al&#233;m de ferramentas que simplifiquem a avalia&#231;&#227;o do estado da microcircula&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria. Esses avan&#231;os contribuir&#227;o para uma abordagem mais individualizada acerca da decis&#227;o de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria, de como abordar a doen&#231;a focal e difusa, e como proceder frente aos estados p&#243;s-infarto onde dano ocorreu &#224; microcircula&#231;&#227;o. At&#233; l&#225;, avan&#231;amos na avalia&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica, do bin&#225;rio para o cont&#237;nuo.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica na Sala de Hemodin&#226;mica com iFR Instantaneous Wave-Free Ratio: Estudo Piloto</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
