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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">cQPkzxG5ZN97ppddXtzpxhy</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020000200256</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20180298</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Evaluation of Myocardial Ischemia with iFR (Instantaneous Wave-Free Ratio in the Catheterization Laboratory: A Pilot Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6076-4809</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Heitor Cruz Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8973-4438</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina Meira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Cruz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Jos&#233; Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Emilia Matos do</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0737-6188</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Naval Marcilio Dias</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Naval Marcilio Dias, Rio de janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Federal dos Servidores do Estado</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Federal dos Servidores do Estado, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Centro Universit&#225;rio Estadual da Zona Oeste</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Centro Universit&#225;rio Estadual da Zona Oeste - UEZO, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Maria Cristina Meira Ferreira,</bold> Hospital Federal dos Servidores do Estado - Servi&#231;o de Hemodin&#226;mica - Rua Sacadura Cabral 178 - Sa&#250;de - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>mc.meira.ferreira@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Ferreira MCM, Oliveira GMM; Acquisition of data: Vieira HCA, Ferreira MCM, Nunes LC, Cardoso CJF; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Vieira HCA, Ferreira MCM, Nascimento EM, Oliveira GMM; Statistical analysis: Nascimento EM, Oliveira GMM; Writing of the manuscript: Vieira HCA, Ferreira MCM, Oliveira GMM; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Ferreira MCM, Nascimento EM, Oliveira GMM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>256</fpage>
      <lpage>264</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The Instantaneous Wave-Free Ratio (iFR) is an invasive functional evaluation method that does not require vasoactive drugs to induce maximum hyperemia</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the contribution of the iFR to the therapeutic decision-making of coronary lesions in the absence of non-invasive diagnostic methods for ischemia, or in case of discordance between these methods and coronary angiography.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Method:</title>
          <p>We studied patients older than 18 years, of both sexes, consecutively referred for percutaneous treatment between May 2014 and March 2018. Coronary stenotic lesions were classified by visual estimation of the stenosis diameter into moderate (41-70% stenosis) or severe (71%-90%). An iFR &#8804; 0.89 was considered positive for ischemia. Logistic regression was performed using the elastic net, with placement of stents as outcome variable, and age, sex, arterial hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, smoking, family history, obesity and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) as independent variables. Classification trees, ROC curves, and Box Plot graphs were constructed using the R software. A p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Fifty-two patients with 96 stenotic lesions (56 moderate, 40 severe) were evaluated. The iFR cut-off point of 0.87 showed a sensitivity of 0.57 and 1-specificity of 0.88, demonstrating high accuracy in reclassifying the lesions. Diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and presence of moderate lesions with an iFR &lt; 0.87 were predictors of stent implantation. Stents were used in 32% of lesions in patients with stable coronary artery disease and AMI with or without ST elevation (non-culprit lesions).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The iFR has an additional value to the therapeutic decision making in moderate and severe coronary stenotic lesions, by contributing to the reclassification of lesions and decreasing the need for stenting.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Myocardial Ischemia, Fractional Flow Reserve Myocardial</kwd>
        <kwd>Stents</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>In functional evaluation of coronary stenosis, the use of fractional flow reserve (FFR) to measure pressure instead of flow has been recommended by the American College of Cardiology-American Heart Association, the European Society of Cardiology, and the Brazilian Society of Hemodynamics and Interventional Cardiology guidelines<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> in case of absence or inconclusive results from non-invasive methods to assess ischemia. FFR is an easy-to-perform technique and its efficacy has been demonstrated by several clinical trials, especially those on stable coronary artery disease patients. However, the FFR method is not widely used in clinical practice. One reason for that is that FFR is measured during maximal hyperemia, which is achieved by administration of vasodilator drugs (e.g. adenosine).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></p>
      <p>The instantaneous wave-free ratio (iFR) is a recent, invasive method for functional diagnosis of coronary stenosis, introduced to solve some FFR-related issues, such as the need for intravenous drugs and new vascular access, with higher risk of complications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> The comparison between these methods showed a strong correlation of iFR &lt; 086 with positive FFR (&#8804; 0.80) for ischemia, and of iFR &gt; 0.93 with negative FFR (FFR &gt; 0.80) for ischemia, indicating the high accuracy of the method. Values of iFR located in the range of 0.86-0.93 (called the &#8220;grey-zone&#8221;) showed a weak correlation, and results were confirmed by FFR. This analysis using both iFR and FFR is known as a hybrid approach.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> The iFR was subsequently validated in randomized, controlled clinical trials which showed that the method was non-inferior to FFR, with cut-off points of 0.89 and 0.80 for iFR and FFR, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> The iFR was also shown to be faster to perform and have less adverse events compared with FFR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></p>
      <p>However, whether these results from randomized studies, suggesting that iFR can be used as surrogate for FFR in percutaneous interventions in CAD, can be transposed to clinical practice is still uncertain. Besides, factors like the costs of equipment, inadequate reimbursement, the interventional cardiologist preference, signs and symptoms reported by patients, and the costs and risks associated with adenosine treatment may limit the use of both methods. The use of iFR in a routine manner in patients with multi-vessel diseases and in non-culprit lesions in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients still need to be investigated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></p>
      <p>The present study aimed to evaluate the additional contribution of iFR to the therapeutic decision-making. The iFR was used in coronary disease patients in which the correlation between obstructive atherosclerotic disease and myocardial ischemia had not been clearly established by other conventional diagnostic methods.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>The study was approved by the ethics committee of Marcilio Dias Naval Hospital (approval number CAAE: 58741716.0.000.5256).</p>
      <p>We studied patients older than 18 years, of both sexes, consecutively referred for percutaneous treatment between May 2014 and March 2018. All patients were referred for invasive investigation of myocardial ischemia and decision-making process by the Heart Team, composed by interventional cardiologists, clinical cardiologists and cardiovascular surgeons.</p>
      <p>All patients with moderate (41-70% stenosis) or severe (71%-90%) stenosis according to coronary angiography were included. In all these patients there were doubts about the degree of obstruction, determined by coronary angiography, and its correlation with the presence of ischemia determined by non-invasive methods including ergometric test, myocardial scintigraphy and stress echocardiography.</p>
      <p>The study population was composed of a wide variety of patients - patients with suspected or confirmed diagnosis of stable CAD but inconclusive diagnosis of myocardial ischemia using non-invasive methods; non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients in which the culprit artery had been treated, and invasive functional analysis had been performed in another coronary vessel with moderate-to-severe lesion by angiography; ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients in which invasive functional analysis of moderate-to-severe non-culprit lesion had been performed at least 5 days after the acute event.</p>
      <p>The iFR was performed using the Volcano S5 Imaging System (San Diego, California, USA). The 0,014&#8221; Primewire Prestige&#174; Pressure Guide Wire was used in 2014, and the 0,014&#8221; Verrata Pressure Guide Wire, substitute for the previous version, used in 2015. A guiding catheter was used to advance the guide wire through the lesion.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></p>
      <p>All procedures were performed according to good practice guidelines for iFR measurements, as follows - the 0.014&#8217;&#8217; guidewire was stabilized before handling by infusion of 0.9% saline until completion of the circuitry where the catheter was packed, and connection of the catheter to the console; during this process, the device was kept in stable position until it was recognized by the console software. After the guide wire was introduced into the catheter, it was externalized through the proximal coronary segment, and the guide pressure equalized using a transducer. The transducer guide was then positioned about 3 cm below the lesion.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Also, guide pressure equalization was confirmed at the end of each measure to ensure its stability.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> To confirm the stability of the results, three consecutive measures were performed for each lesion; in case of diverging values, the lowest value was considered for analysis. Intracoronary nitroglycerin (200 &#181;g, bolus) was administered before the measures were performed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></p>
      <p>The iFR was considered positive for myocardial ischemia 0.89 or less.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Categorical variables were described as numbers and percentages. Age (continuous variable) was described as mean and standard deviation, and as minimum, median and maximum values. Normality of the variable age was confirmed by the Shapiro-Wilk test (p = 0.3663). Distribution of the variable iFR was not tested for normality, and described as median and interquartile range.</p>
        <p>A logistic regression was initially performed using the elastic net,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> which is a variable selection method that identifies strongly correlated predictors. This method is particularly useful when the number of predictors (P) is much bigger than the number of observations (n). In this model, the requirement of a stent was the outcome variable, and the independent variables were age, sex, comorbidities (such as systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemias, smoking, family history, obesity and previous AMI). Two logistic regression models were built using the variables selected by the elastic net. In addition, we used a non-parametric classification tree,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> which is useful to detect possible interactions between predictors and provide easily interpreted visual information. The end nodes show the bar graph for the variable &#8216;stenting&#8217;. Additionally, the ROC curve was used to evaluate sensitivity and 1-speciticity of the iFR cut-off, established by the classification tree. Box plots<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> were constructed to depict the distribution of the iFR values for moderate and severe stenoses, considering the use of stents. Statistical calculations were performed using the R package.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> The partykit package of the R software was used for construction of the classification tree.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> A p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Characteristics of the patients</title>
        <p>The iFR was used for assessment of 96 stenotic lesions of 52 patients, with a mean of 1.85 lesions/patient. Median iFR was 0.93 (0.855-0.97); 56 of them were classified as moderate stenosis (58.3%) and 40 of them as severe (41.7%) stenosis. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> shows the study flowchart. Thirty percent of the lesions were treated with stent placement, and in 6.2% of them, despite the presence of ischemia confirmed by functional analysis, the first therapeutic choice was other than stent placement - revascularization surgery due to the coronary anatomy (3.1%) and transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) (3.1%) - these therapeutic decisions were made by the Heart Team.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Flow chart of the study showing the heart team decision making for the stenotic lesions evaluated. iFR: instantaneous wave-free ratio; TAVI: transcatheter aortic valve implantation.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-02-0256-80298-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Regarding the localization of the stenotic lesions, 52 lesions were located in the anterior descending artery (54.1%), 11 in the circumflex artery (11.4%), 9 in the right coronary artery (9.3%), 10 in the diagonal branch (10.4%), 9 in the marginal branch (9.3%), 1 in the left posterior descending coronary artery (1.1%), 1 in the right posterior descendent artery (1.1%), 1 in the intermediate artery (1.1%), 1 in the posterior ventricular branch (1.1%), and 1 in the left main (1.1%). Characteristics of the patients are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. There was a predominance of men and a high frequency of coronary risk factors, especially diabetes mellitus and smoking. The frequency of clinical manifestations was not different between chronic CAD and acute CAD patients. Most patients showed significant lesion in only one vessel, and approximately two thirds of them were not treated with stent placement.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Characteristics of the patients</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="75%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th align="center">n (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Number of patients</td>
                <td align="center">52 (100%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Age</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mean &#177; SD</td>
                <td align="center">66.85 &#177; 11.27</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Median (minimum, maximum)</td>
                <td align="center">66.5 (41, 86)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Sex</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Female</td>
                <td align="center">14 (26.9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male</td>
                <td align="center">38 (73.1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Arterial hypertension</td>
                <td align="center">45 (86.5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">22 (42.3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dyslipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">36 (69.2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Smoking</td>
                <td align="center">17 (32.7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Family history of coronary artery disease</td>
                <td align="center">11 (21.2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Obesity</td>
                <td align="center">3 (5.8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Previous infarction</td>
                <td align="center">7 (13.5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Clinical manifestation</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Stable angina</td>
                <td align="center">19 (36.5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Myocardial acute infarction</td>
                <td align="center">21 (40.4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Others</td>
                <td align="center">12 (23.1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Moderate stenoses</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Without stenosis</td>
                <td align="center">16 (30.8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>With stenosis</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1 lesion</td>
                <td align="center">18 (34.6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">2 lesions</td>
                <td align="center">16 (30.8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">3 lesions</td>
                <td align="center">2 (3.8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Severe stenoses</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Without stenosi</td>
                <td align="center">25 (48.1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>With stenosis</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1 lesion</td>
                <td align="center">16 (30.8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">2 lesions</td>
                <td align="center">9 (17.3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">3 lesions</td>
                <td align="center">2 (3.8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Stents</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Without stent</td>
                <td align="center">30 (57.7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>With stent</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1 stent</td>
                <td align="center">15 (28.8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">2 stents</td>
                <td align="center">6 (11.5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">3 stents</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1.9%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>SD: standard deviation.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical modelling and graphic analysis</title>
        <p>Two logistic regression models were constructed to evaluate the need for stent placement. Model 1 was implemented using the variables selected by the elastic net - diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, presence of moderate stenosis and positive iFR. Model 2 was composed by the variables that showed statistical significance in the previous model - presence of moderate stenosis and positive iFR. Both dyslipidemia and diabetes mellitus lost statistical significance in the second model (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Logistic regression models</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">Variable</th>
                <th align="center">Estimative</th>
                <th align="center">Standard error</th>
                <th align="center">Odds ration (95%CI)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="5">Model 1</td>
                <td align="center">(Intercept)</td>
                <td align="center">7.8161</td>
                <td align="center">3.0611</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">0.0107</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">0.4511</td>
                <td align="center">0.6360</td>
                <td align="center">1.570 (0.451; 5.461)</td>
                <td align="center">0.4782</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Dyslipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">0.9722</td>
                <td align="center">0.7391</td>
                <td align="center">2.644 (0.621; 11.256)</td>
                <td align="center">0.1884</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Moderate stenosis</td>
                <td align="center">-1.5000</td>
                <td align="center">0.5819</td>
                <td align="center">0.223 (0.071; 0.698)</td>
                <td align="center">0.0099</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="center">iFR</td>
                <td align="center">-9.7182</td>
                <td align="center">3.4198</td>
                <td align="center">0.000 (0.000; 0.049)</td>
                <td align="center">0.0045</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">Model 2</td>
                <td align="center">(Intercept)</td>
                <td align="center">9.7209</td>
                <td align="center">2.8715</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">0.0007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Moderate stenosis</td>
                <td align="center">-1.2414</td>
                <td align="center">0.5389</td>
                <td align="center">0.289 (0.100; 0.831)</td>
                <td align="center">0.0212</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">iFR</td>
                <td align="center">-10.9861</td>
                <td align="center">3.2441</td>
                <td align="center">0.000 (0.000; 0.010)</td>
                <td align="center">0.0007</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>CI: confidence interval.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Classification trees were developed to evaluate interactions between the predictors identified by logistic regression and facilitate their interpretation. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">3</xref>). An iFR &#8804; 0.87 was statistically associated with the occurrence of stent implementation, in nearly 37.5% of moderate stenotic lesions.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Classification tree for the logistic regression model 1; stent placement was observed in 69.2% of patients with iFR (instantaneous wave-free ratio) &#8804; 0.87; and in 17.4% of patients with iFR &gt; 0.87.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-02-0256-80298-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Classification tree for the logistic regression model 2; stent implantation was observed in 7.5% of patients with moderate stenosis and iFR (instantaneous wave-free ratio) &#8804; 0.87.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-02-0256-80298-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref> shows the box plot of the distribution of iFR values for moderate and severe lesions treated with stent placement. Among these, median iFR was 0.92 (0.82-0.94) for moderate lesions and 0.79 (0.61-1.00) for severe lesions, <italic>i.e</italic>., there was a higher variability in iFR values in severe lesions.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Box Plot of the iFR (instantaneous wave-free ratio) values for moderate and severe lesions considering the presence of stents. Median iFR was 0.92 (0.82-0.94) in moderate lesions and 0.79 (0.61-1.00) in severe lesions.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-02-0256-80298-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The ROC curve evaluated sensitivity and 1-specificity of the iFR cut-off determined using the classification tree. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref> depicts the ROC curve for the iFR, with an area under the curve of 0.7933 (95%CI, 0.6918-0.8949). A sensitivity of 0.57 and a 1-specificitity of 0.88 were obtained for an iFR cut-off of 0.87.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>ROC curve for the iFR (instantaneous wave-free ratio); a sensitivity of 0.57 and 1-specificity of 0.88 was observed for the iFR cut-off point of 0.87, obtained from the classification tree. AUC: area under the curve.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-02-0256-80298-gf05.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Previous studies have validated the iFR method in comparison with the FFR. the iFR was shown to be non-inferior to the FFR for composite outcomes in the DEFINE FLAIR study and for all-cause mortality, non-fatal AMI, and unplanned revascularization in the iFR-SWEDEHEART study after one-year follow-up. It is worth pointing out that in the iFR-SWEDEHEART trial, 17.5% of the patients treated had acute coronary syndrome.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> There are no randomized studies comparing iFR-guided revascularization <italic>versus</italic> medical therapy. Also, there is no strong evidence for the use of this new technique in AMI-related lesions or extrapolation of the outcomes to follow-up periods longer than one year. However, in a recent European guideline, a Class I recommendation with a level of evidence A has been issued to the iFR for intermediate lesions with no documentation of previous ischemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></p>
      <p>The analysis of coronary physiology as a prerequisite for the prognostic assessment of moderate stenosis will be probably be incorporated to clinical practice, especially considering the iFR as an alternative to the FFR. As compared with the FFR, iFR is easier and faster to be performed, and prevent the side effects caused by intravenous infusion of vasodilators, especially CAD with acute clinical manifestations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></p>
      <p>In this context, this study corroborates previous findings of the literature,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> showing that, in situations where there were disagreements between anatomic and functional methods, moderate stenotic lesions in coronary angiography were reclassified, preventing stent implantation in 58% of the cases.</p>
      <p>It is of note that the use of iFR helped in the therapeutic decision-making process, for stent placement, in moderate stenotic lesions in patients with stable CAD, and in non-culprit lesions of STEMI and non-STEMI patients. The combined analysis of the DEFINE-FLAIR and the iFR- SWEDEHEART studies,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> involving 440 patients with acute coronary syndrome, demonstrated a relative advantage of the iFR over FFR in these patients, but more robust studies are needed to confirm this. In the iFR-SWEEDHEART study, 38% of the patients had acute coronary syndrome, 17% of them with AMI without ST elevation, and 21% with unstable angina. The DEFINE-FLAIR trial, however, also included patients with AMI with ST elevation, 3.9% in the iFR group and 3.4% in the FFR group, in which the non-culprit vessel was analyzed at least 48 hours after the acute event.</p>
      <p>Quantification of myocardial ischemia in the presence of serial lesions is challenging,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> as it is frequently seen in the descending coronary artery (DA), where the FFR has not been validated. In our study, 8 patients (15%) showed two or three serial lesions in the DA, with a total of 17 lesions analyzed by iFR. The ischemic component of the lesions was assessed, which was successfully treated with the placement of 5 stents, with no need to approach all the lesions. These data are corroborated by the iFR-GRADIENT Registry with 128 patients, in which the use of the iFR showed high accuracy in reclassifying the lesions in 31% of the cases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></p>
      <p>In the present study, the iFR cut-off of 0.87 showed high accuracy, with 0.57 sensitivity and 1-specificity of 0.88. The inclusion of severe lesions in our analysis may explain the lower sensitivity, as compared with literature data.</p>
      <p>Discordance between FFR and iFR has been reported to occur in 20% of the cases and may be explained by differences in the hyperemic coronary flow velocity,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> which, in the presence of FFR (+) and iFR (-), is similar to that reported in non-stenotic vessels (by angiography). It is possible that such divergence is associated with pathophysiological mechanisms of the measures. Significant pressure differences caused by stenosis between resting and hyperemia indicate a considerable increase in flow, similarly to a coronary flow reserve (which is a directly measured parameter) greater than 2.0. In this context, the presence of an iFR &gt; 0.90 and an FFR &lt; 0.80 has been associated with a coronary flow reserve not limited by flow.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></p>
      <p>In the present study, an iFR &gt; 0.70 was found in the moderate lesions, and a higher variability was observed in severe lesions (0.61-1.00), mostly treated with stent placement. Such variability may be due flow changes associated with collateral supplied by microcirculation, more commonly seen in chronic lesions and in vessels that the irrigated area is not significant. In addition, there were 23 lesions in diagonal, marginal, posterior descending and posterior ventricular branches, corroborating previous hypothesis. Recently, the iFR/FRR-guided assessment has been suggested in complete revascularization in coronary three-vessel disease, venous grafts, and grafts in the circumflex system.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></p>
      <p>The logistic regression models and the classification tress enabled the identification of the variables more frequently related with the coronary flow reserve. Diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, the presence of moderate stenosis and an iFR lower than 0.87 were predictors of stent implantation in moderate and severe lesions of CAD patients, in which results obtained from non-invasive tests and those of coronary angiography were discordant. However, when the model was constructed with significant variables only, only iFR &lt; 0.87 and the presence of moderate stenosis remained in the model, indicating the importance of a functional analysis in this group of patients.</p>
      <p>The main limitation of this study is the lack of both short-term and long-term follow-ups, which would allow us to evaluate whether there was an improvement in the clinical outcomes of the patients. Although a mere visual estimation of the lesion is a known limitation because of interobserver variation, it in fact reflects real-world clinical practice. The primary objective of the study was achieved - we showed the additional contribution of the iFR to the therapeutic decision making in moderate and severe coronary disease, when the correlation between obstructive coronary artery disease and myocardial ischemia is not clearly defined by conventional diagnostic methods.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica na Sala de Hemodin&#226;mica com iFR Instantaneous <italic>Wave-Free Ratio</italic>: Estudo Piloto</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6076-4809</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Heitor Cruz Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8973-4438</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina Meira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">c2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Cruz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Jos&#233; Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Emilia Matos do</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0737-6188</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Naval Marcilio Dias, Rio de janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Federal dos Servidores do Estado, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Centro Universit&#225;rio Estadual da Zona Oeste - UEZO, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Maria Cristina Meira Ferreira,</bold> Hospital Federal dos Servidores do Estado - Servi&#231;o de Hemodin&#226;mica - Rua Sacadura Cabral 178 - Sa&#250;de - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>mc.meira.ferreira@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Ferreira MCM, Oliveira GMM; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Vieira HCA, Ferreira MCM, Nunes LC, Cardoso CJF; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Vieira HCA, Ferreira MCM, Nascimento EM, Oliveira GMM; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Nascimento EM, Oliveira GMM; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Vieira HCA, Ferreira MCM, Oliveira GMM; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Ferreira MCM, Nascimento EM, Oliveira GMM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p><italic>Instantaneous Wave-Free Ratio</italic> (iFR) &#233; um m&#233;todo de avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional invasiva sem necessidade de droga vasoativa para indu&#231;&#227;o de hiperemia m&#225;xima.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Analisar a contribui&#231;&#227;o do iFR na terap&#234;utica das les&#245;es coronarianas com aus&#234;ncia ou discrep&#226;ncia entre os m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos n&#227;o invasivos para isquemia e a angiografia coron&#225;ria.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo:</title>
          <p>Foram estudados pacientes consecutivos com 18 anos ou mais, ambos os sexos, no per&#237;odo de maio de 2014 a mar&#231;o de 2018, com les&#245;es coronarianas classificadas, por medi&#231;&#227;o da porcentagem de di&#226;metro da estenose atrav&#233;s de estimativa visual, em estenoses moderadas (41-70%) ou graves (71%-90%). O iFR &#8804; 0,89 foi considerado positivo para isquemia. Empregou-se regress&#227;o log&#237;stica com <italic>elastic net</italic>, tendo como vari&#225;vel desfecho o emprego de <italic>stent</italic>, e vari&#225;veis independentes: idade, sexo, hipertens&#227;o arterial, diabetes, dislipidemia, tabagismo, hist&#243;ria familiar, obesidade e infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) pr&#233;vio. Foram constru&#237;das &#193;rvores de Classifica&#231;&#227;o, Curva Roc, e gr&#225;ficos Box Plot com o software R. O valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram avaliados 52 pacientes com 96 les&#245;es obstrutivas (56 moderadas, 40 graves). O ponto de corte do iFR de 0,87 apresentou sensibilidade de 0,57 e 1-especificidade de 0,88, demonstrando boa acur&#225;cia para a reclassifica&#231;&#227;o das les&#245;es. Diabetes mellitus, dislipidemia, e presen&#231;a de les&#227;o moderada, com iFR &lt; 0,87 foram preditores do implante de <italic>stents</italic>. Foram empregados <italic>stents</italic> em 32% das les&#245;es de portadores de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana est&#225;vel e IAM com e sem supra de ST (les&#245;es n&#227;o culpadas).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O iFR contribui para a reclassifica&#231;&#227;o das les&#245;es e diminui&#231;&#227;o do emprego de stents, auxiliando na abordagem das les&#245;es moderadas e severas.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Reserva Fracionada de Fluxo Mioc&#225;rdico</kwd>
        <kwd>Stents</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Estenose Coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional das les&#245;es obstrutivas coronarianas com a Frational Flow Reserve (FFR), realizada atrav&#233;s da mensura&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o, como substituto do fluxo, para estimar a gravidade da estenose coronariana, est&#225; recomendada pelo principais guidelines quando na aus&#234;ncia ou inconclus&#227;o de m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo de avalia&#231;&#227;o de isquemia, American College of Cardiology-American Heart Association, European Society of Cardiology e Sociedade Brasileira de Hemodin&#226;mica e Cardiologia Intervencionista.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Essa t&#233;cnica &#233; de f&#225;cil utiliza&#231;&#227;o e sua efic&#225;cia foi demonstrada por diversos estudos cl&#237;nicos principalmente direcionados a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) est&#225;vel. Por&#233;m, ainda n&#227;o &#233; amplamente utilizada na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, e uma das raz&#245;es parece ser a necessidade de obten&#231;&#227;o de hiperemia m&#225;xima com o emprego de vasodilatador coronariano, como por exemplo, a adenosina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></p>
        <p>O <italic>instantaneous Wave-Free Ratio</italic> (iFR) &#233; um m&#233;todo mais recente de avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional invasiva, introduzido com o intuito de eliminar fatores relacionados com a metodologia de execu&#231;&#227;o do FFR, como necessidade de infus&#227;o de drogas intravenosas e novo acesso vascular com mais possibilidades de complica&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> A compara&#231;&#227;o entre o m&#233;todos mostrou forte correla&#231;&#227;o dos valores de iFR &lt; 0,86 com os valores positivos para isquemia de FFR (FFR &#8804; 0,80) e, dos valores de iFR &gt; 0,93 com valores negativos de FFR (FFR &gt; 0,80), demonstrando-se a acur&#225;cia desse novo m&#233;todo. Na faixa compreendida de 0,86 a 0,93 de iFR esta correla&#231;&#227;o se mostrou fraca e foi chamada de &#8220;zona cinzenta&#8221; de iFR, sendo indicado o uso de FFR para confirmar o resultado, denominando-se esta abordagem de h&#237;brida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Posteriormente, o uso do iFR foi validado em estudos cl&#237;nicos randomizados e controlados onde demonstrou-se n&#227;o-inferioridade em rela&#231;&#227;o ao FFR, com valor de corte de 0,89 para o iFR, e 0,80 para o FFR,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> tendo sido tamb&#233;m observado menor tempo de realiza&#231;&#227;o, e menor frequ&#234;ncia de efeitos adversos relacionados com o procedimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></p>
        <p>No entanto, persistem d&#250;vidas se os resultados descritos nos estudos randomizados permitiriam a transposi&#231;&#227;o para a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica do uso do iFR em substitui&#231;&#227;o ao FFR, nos procedimentos percut&#226;neos para DAC. Al&#233;m disso, o custo do equipamento, o reembolso inadequado, as prefer&#234;ncias dos cardiologistas intervencionistas, os sinais e sintomas relatados pelos pacientes, e o custo e risco adicionais relacionados com o uso da adenosina, parecem limitar o uso de ambas as t&#233;cnicas. A incorpora&#231;&#227;o do uso rotineiro do iFR para pacientes com doen&#231;a multiarterial, e nas les&#245;es n&#227;o culpadas do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio s&#227;o tamb&#233;m outras lacunas que precisam ser investigadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></p>
        <p>Esse estudo tem como objetivo analisar a contribui&#231;&#227;o aditiva do emprego do iFR na tomada de decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica. O iFR foi empregado em les&#245;es coronarianas em que a correla&#231;&#227;o entre a doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica obstrutiva e a isquemia mioc&#225;rdica n&#227;o estavam claramente elucidadas por m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos empregados anteriormente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>O estudo foi aprovado sob parecer CAAE: 58741716.0.000.5256 do Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa do Hospital Naval Marc&#237;lio Dias.</p>
        <p>Foram estudados pacientes consecutivos, indicados para tratamento percut&#226;neo, com idade superior a 18 anos, de ambos os sexos, no per&#237;odo de maio de 2014 a mar&#231;o de 2018, que tiveram a indica&#231;&#227;o de estudo invasivo de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e a posterior decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica realizada pelo <italic>Heart Team,</italic> composto de cardiologistas intervencionistas, cardiologistas cl&#237;nicos e cirurgi&#245;es cardiovasculares.</p>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos todos os pacientes que apresentavam les&#227;o obstrutiva coronariana pela angiografia coronariana, consideradas como moderadas (entre 41% e 70% de obstru&#231;&#227;o) ou graves (entre 71% a 90%), onde havia d&#250;vida entre o grau de obstru&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica, avaliado pela angiografia coronariana, e a presen&#231;a de isquemia nos m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos n&#227;o invasivos empregados anteriormente, teste ergom&#233;trico, cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica, ecocardiografia com estresse.</p>
        <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi composta por espectro amplo de pacientes para avalia&#231;&#227;o da contribui&#231;&#227;o adicional efetiva do iFR. Participaram do estudo os seguintes pacientes com: quadro cl&#237;nico sugestivo ou definitivo de DAC est&#225;vel com avalia&#231;&#227;o inconclusiva de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica pelos m&#233;todos n&#227;o invasivos; pacientes com quadro cl&#237;nico de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) sem supra de ST, no qual a art&#233;ria culpada foi tratada e a an&#225;lise funcional invasiva foi realizada em outro vaso coron&#225;rio com les&#227;o angiograficamente moderada ou grave; quadro cl&#237;nico de IAM com supra de ST, onde a an&#225;lise funcional invasiva da les&#227;o moderada ou grave n&#227;o culpada foi realizada pelo menos 5 dias ap&#243;s o evento agudo.</p>
        <p>Para realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame de iFR foi utilizado o equipamento S5 da Volcano Corporation/Phillips (San Diego, Calif&#243;rnia-EUA), sendo inicialmente empregada a guia 0,014&#8221; <italic>Prime Wire Prestige GuideWire</italic> e, a partir de 2015, utilizada a guia 0,014&#8221; <italic>Verrata Pressure Guide Wire</italic> que substituiu comercialmente a anterior. Cateteres guias de angioplastia foram sempre utilizados na condu&#231;&#227;o do guia ao local de an&#225;lise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></p>
        <p>Foram seguidos os protocolos de boas pr&#225;ticas de uso de medidas de iFR com estabiliza&#231;&#227;o da guia 0,014&#8221; antes de sua manipula&#231;&#227;o, infundindo soro fisiol&#243;gico 0,9% at&#233; completar o circuito onde a guia se apresenta embalada, e a seguir conectando-a ao console, mantendo o <italic>device</italic> em posi&#231;&#227;o est&#225;vel sobre a mesa de exame sem retir&#225;-la do circuito at&#233; reconhecimento deste pelo software do console. Ap&#243;s ser introduzida no cateter, a guia foi exteriorizada na regi&#227;o proximal das coron&#225;rias avaliadas e, ent&#227;o, realizada a equaliza&#231;&#227;o das press&#245;es com o transdutor. Na sequ&#234;ncia o transdutor da guia foi posicionado cerca de 3 cm abaixo de cada les&#227;o a ser avaliada para iniciarem as medi&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> A equaliza&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m foi confirmada ao final de cada medida para assegurar a manuten&#231;&#227;o da estabilidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Para cada les&#227;o foram realizadas 3 medidas sucessivas para confirma&#231;&#227;o de estabilidade de resultado, sendo considerado o menor, caso tenha ocorrido diverg&#234;ncia entre estes. Antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o das medidas foi injetado <italic>bolus</italic> de 200&#181;g de nitroglicerina intracoronariana.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></p>
        <p>O iFR foi considerado positivo para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica com valor igual ou inferior a 0,89.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas em termos de contagens e percentuais. A descri&#231;&#227;o da vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua idade foi feita atrav&#233;s da m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o, sendo tamb&#233;m apresentado o valor m&#225;ximo, m&#237;nimo e a mediana. A normalidade da vari&#225;vel idade foi constatada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk (p = 0,3663). A normalidade do IFR n&#227;o foi comprovada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk (p &lt; 0,0001), sendo apresentada como mediana, e intervalo interquartil.</p>
          <p>A regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foi empregada inicialmente com o uso do <italic>elastic net</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> m&#233;todo de sele&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis, que identifica grupos de preditores fortemente correlacionados. O <italic>Elastic net</italic> &#233; &#250;til quando o n&#250;mero de preditores (P) &#233; muito maior do que o n&#250;mero de observa&#231;&#245;es (n). Este modelo teve como vari&#225;vel desfecho a necessidade de emprego de <italic>stent</italic>. As vari&#225;veis independentes empregadas foram: idade, sexo, e a presen&#231;a de comorbidades como hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, diabetes mellitus, dislipidemias, tabagismo, hist&#243;ria familiar, obesidade e presen&#231;a de IAM pr&#233;vio. Foram constru&#237;dos dois modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica com as vari&#225;veis selecionadas pelo <italic>elastic net</italic>. Foi constru&#237;da ainda uma &#193;rvore de Classifica&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o param&#233;trica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> &#250;til para encontrar poss&#237;veis intera&#231;&#245;es entre os preditores e por sua f&#225;cil interpreta&#231;&#227;o visual. Os n&#243;s terminais apresentam os gr&#225;ficos de barras para o desfecho emprego do <italic>stent.</italic> Adicionalmente, empregou-se a Curva Roc para avaliar a sensibilidade e 1-especificidade do ponto de corte para os valores do iFR, estabelecido pela &#225;rvore de classifica&#231;&#227;o. Gr&#225;ficos do tipo Box Plot<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> foram constru&#237;dos para demonstrar a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos valores do iFR para as les&#245;es moderadas e graves, considerando o emprego dos stents. O pacote R foi usado para a constru&#231;&#227;o dos c&#225;lculos estat&#237;sticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Para a implementa&#231;&#227;o das &#225;rvores de classifica&#231;&#227;o foi utilizado o pacote partykit <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> do software R. Valor de (p &lt; 0,05) foi considerado para signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes</title>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o por iFR, foi realizada em 96 les&#245;es obstrutivas de 52 pacientes, com m&#233;dia de 1,85 les&#245;es/paciente. A vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua iFR, apresentou mediana igual a 0,93 (primeiro quartil 0,855; terceiro quartil 0,97). Dessas 56 foram consideradas moderadas (58,3%) e 40 graves (41,7%) por medi&#231;&#227;o da porcentagem de di&#226;metro da estenose atrav&#233;s de estimativa visual. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 1</xref> demonstra o fluxograma do estudo. O percentual total de les&#245;es tratados com <italic>stent,</italic> foi de 30%, e 6,2% deixaram de recebem <italic>stent</italic> apesar da positividade para isquemia na an&#225;lise funcional, sendo: 3,1% por indica&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o devido a anatomia coronariana, e 3,1% por implante associado de transcateter de valva a&#243;rtica (TAVI), estas decis&#245;es foram tomadas por conduta terap&#234;utica do Heart Team.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Fluxograma do estudo demonstrando as les&#245;es tratadas ap&#243;s decis&#227;o do Heart Team.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-02-0256-80298-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Quanto &#224; anatomia coronariana podemos observar que: 52 les&#245;es foram observadas na art&#233;ria descendente anterior (54,1%), 11 na circunflexa (11,4%), 9 na coron&#225;ria direita (9,3%), 10 na diagonal (10,4%), 9 na marginal (9,3%), 1 no ramo descendente posterior esquerdo (1,1%), 1 no ramo descendente posterior direito (1,1%), 1 na marginalis (1,1%), 1 no ramo ventricular posterior (1,1%), e 1 caso de tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda (1,1%). As caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o analisada podem ser observadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>. Observa-se predomin&#226;ncia do sexo masculino, grande frequ&#234;ncia de fatores de risco coronariano, especialmente diabetes mellitus e tabagismo. Ressalte-se que as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas da doen&#231;a coronariana tiveram ocorr&#234;ncia semelhante, DAC cr&#244;nica e aguda. A maioria dos pacientes tinha les&#227;o significativa em apenas um vaso, e em cerca de dois ter&#231;os, n&#227;o houve a coloca&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stent</italic>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes estudados</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="75%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="center">n (%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N&#250;mero de Pacientes</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (100%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Idade</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">M&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center">66,85 &#177; 11,27</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Mediana (m&#237;nimo; m&#225;ximo)</td>
                  <td align="center">66,5 (41; 86)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Sexo</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (26,9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (73,1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o arterial</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (86,5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (42,3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (69,2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (32,7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria Familiar para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (21,2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Obesidade</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (5,8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Infarto pr&#233;vio</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (13,5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Apresenta&#231;&#227;o Clinica</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Angina Est&#225;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (36,5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (40,4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Outros</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (23,1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Les&#245;es Moderadas</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sem les&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (30,8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Com les&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">1 les&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (34,6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">2 les&#245;es</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (30,8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">3 les&#245;es</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3,8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Les&#245;es Graves</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sem les&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (48,1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Com les&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">1 les&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (30,8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">2 les&#245;es</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (17,3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">3 les&#245;es</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3,8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Stents</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sem stent</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (57,7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Com stent</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">1 stent</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (28,8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">2 stents</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (11,5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">3 stents</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1,9%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>DP: desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Modelagem estat&#237;stica e an&#225;lise gr&#225;fica</title>
          <p>Foram constru&#237;dos dois modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para avaliarmos a necessidade de emprego de <italic>stent</italic>. O modelo 1 foi implementado com as vari&#225;veis selecionadas pelo <italic>elastic net</italic>, que dentre as muitas vari&#225;veis, selecionou as seguintes: diabetes mellitus, dislipidemia, presen&#231;a de les&#227;o moderada e iFR positivo. O modelo 2 foi composto pelas vari&#225;veis que apresentaram relev&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica ao n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%: presen&#231;a de les&#227;o moderada e iFR positivo. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabela 2</xref> apresenta os resultados obtidos atrav&#233;s da implementa&#231;&#227;o dos modelos log&#237;sticos, observando-se que a dislipidemia e o diabetes perderam signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica no segundo modelo.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="15%"/>
                <col width="15%"/>
                <col width="15%"/>
                <col width="15%"/>
                <col width="15%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                  <th align="center">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th align="center">Estimativa</th>
                  <th align="center">Erro padr&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center">Raz&#227;o de chances (IC 95%)</th>
                  <th align="center">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="5">Modelo 1</td>
                  <td align="center">(Intercepto)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,8161</td>
                  <td align="center">3,0611</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0107</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">0,4511</td>
                  <td align="center">0,6360</td>
                  <td align="center">1,570 (0,451; 5,461)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,4782</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">0,9722</td>
                  <td align="center">0,7391</td>
                  <td align="center">2,644 (0,621; 11,256)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1884</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Les&#227;o Moderada</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,5000</td>
                  <td align="center">0,5819</td>
                  <td align="center">0,223 (0,071; 0,698)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0099</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <td align="center">iFR</td>
                  <td align="center">-9,7182</td>
                  <td align="center">3,4198</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000 (0,000; 0,049)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0045</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="3">Modelo 2</td>
                  <td align="center">(Intercepto)</td>
                  <td align="center">9,7209</td>
                  <td align="center">2,8715</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0007</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Les&#227;o Moderada</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,2414</td>
                  <td align="center">0,5389</td>
                  <td align="center">0,289 (0,100; 0,831)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0212</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">iFR</td>
                  <td align="center">-10,9861</td>
                  <td align="center">3,2441</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000 (0,000; 0,010)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0007</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>As &#193;rvores de Classifica&#231;&#227;o foram realizadas para avaliarmos as intera&#231;&#245;es entre os preditores apontados pela an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, tornando f&#225;cil sua interpreta&#231;&#227;o. Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">3</xref> s&#227;o apresentadas as &#193;rvores de Classifica&#231;&#227;o para os dois modelos. Observa-se que o iFR &#8804; 0,87 foi estatisticamente associado com a coloca&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stents</italic> em cerca de 37.5% das les&#245;es moderadas.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f7">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#193;rvore de classifica&#231;&#227;o para o modelo 1, observando-se a coloca&#231;&#227;o dos stents em 69,2% dos pacientes com iFR &#8804; 0,87; e em 17,4% dos pacientes com iFR &gt; 0,87.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-02-0256-80298-gf02-pt.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f8">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#193;rvore de classifica&#231;&#227;o para o modelo 2 indicando a coloca&#231;&#227;o dos stents em 37,5% dos pacientes com les&#227;o moderada e iFR &#8804; 0,87.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-02-0256-80298-gf03-pt.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 4</xref> demonstra-se o gr&#225;fico Box Plot da distribui&#231;&#227;o dos valores do iFR para as les&#245;es moderadas e graves, considerando o emprego dos <italic>stents.</italic> Para os vasos nos quais os <italic>stents</italic> foram empregados, observa-se que a mediana do iFR foi de 0,92 (0,82-0,94), nas les&#245;es moderadas, e 0,79 (0,61-1,00) nas les&#245;es graves. Nota-se ainda, que a variabilidade foi maior nas les&#245;es consideradas graves, o que determinou em sua maioria a coloca&#231;&#227;o dos <italic>stents.</italic></p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f9">
              <label>Figura 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Gr&#225;fico Box Plot da distribui&#231;&#227;o dos valores do iFR (instantaneous Wave-Free Ratio) para as les&#245;es moderadas e graves, considerando o emprego dos stents. A mediana do iFR foi de 0,92 (0,82-0,94), nas les&#245;es moderadas, e 0,79 (0,61-1,00) nas les&#245;es graves.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-02-0256-80298-gf04-pt.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>A Curva Roc avaliou a sensibilidade e 1-especificidade do ponto de corte para os valores do iFR, estabelecido pela &#225;rvore de classifica&#231;&#227;o. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 5</xref> mostra a curva ROC correspondente ao iFR, com a AUC de 0.7933 (IC 95%, 0,6918-0,8949). Para o ponto de corte de 0,87 no IFR, obtido atrav&#233;s da &#225;rvore de classifica&#231;&#227;o, observa-se sensibilidade = 0,57 e 1-especificidade = 0,88.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f10">
              <label>Figura 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Curva ROC correspondente ao iFR (instantaneous Wave-Free Ratio. Para o ponto de corte de 0.87 no iFR, obtido atrav&#233;s da &#225;rvore de classifica&#231;&#227;o, observa-se sensibilidade = 0,57 e 1-especificidade = 0,88. AUC: &#225;rea sobre a Curva ROC.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-02-0256-80298-gf05-pt.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O emprego do iFR foi validado, em compara&#231;&#227;o ao FFR, nos estudos DEFINE FLAIR e iFR-SWEDEHEART, que demonstraram a n&#227;o-inferioridade do iFR para os desfechos compostos no primeiro, e com desfecho de morte por todas causas, IAM n&#227;o fatal ou revasculariza&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o explicada no segundo, com seguimento de 1 ano. Cabe ressaltar que no iFR-SWEDEHEART, 17,5% dos pacientes tratados tinham S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda como forma de apresenta&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Estudos randomizados comparando a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o guiada por iFR com a guiada por angiografia versus terapia m&#233;dica n&#227;o est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o existem evid&#234;ncias robustas que apoiem o uso dessa nova tecnologia nas les&#245;es decorrentes da apresenta&#231;&#227;o do IAM, ou que permitam extrapolar os desfechos para al&#233;m de 1 ano de seguimento. No entanto, recente <italic>guideline</italic> europeu recomenda-a com Classe I, n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia A, para les&#245;es intermedi&#225;rias sem documenta&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via de isquemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise da fisiologia coronariana como requisito para a avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica de les&#245;es moderadas provavelmente ser&#225; incorporada na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, especialmente considerando-se o iFR como alternativa ao FFR, por ser de mais f&#225;cil e r&#225;pida execu&#231;&#227;o, e evitar os efeitos colaterais proporcionados pela infus&#227;o dos vasodilatadores, condi&#231;&#245;es requeridas especialmente na presen&#231;a de DAC com apresenta&#231;&#227;o aguda.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></p>
        <p>Nesse contexto, esse estudo corrobora os achados da literatura,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> onde a an&#225;lise da reserva de fluxo instant&#226;neo (iFR) permitiu que as les&#245;es moderadas pela angiografia coronariana, onde havia a discord&#226;ncia entre os m&#233;todos anat&#244;micos e funcionais, fossem reclassificadas, e em cerca de 58% delas n&#227;o ocorresse a coloca&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stents</italic>.</p>
        <p>H&#225; que se ressaltar que a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do iFR auxiliou na tomada de decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica, com implante de <italic>stent</italic>, nas les&#245;es com obstru&#231;&#245;es moderadas em pacientes portadores de DAC est&#225;vel e nas les&#245;es n&#227;o culpadas dos portadores de IAM com e sem supra de ST. An&#225;lise combinada dos resultados dos estudos DEFINE-FLAIR e iFR- SWEDEHEART,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> com 440 pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, demonstrou vantagem relativa do emprego do iFR nesses pacientes, sendo necess&#225;rios estudos mais robustos para confirma&#231;&#227;o desse achado. No iFR-SWEEDHEART 17,3% dos pacientes do estudo apresentavam IAM sem supra de ST e 21,3% angina inst&#225;vel, caracterizando 38% de pacientes com SCA, enquanto no estudo DEFINE-FLAIR foram inclu&#237;dos tamb&#233;m pacientes com IAM com supra de ST, sendo 3,9% no grupo iFR e 3,4% no grupo FFR, nos quais o vaso n&#227;o culpado foi analisado pelo menos 48h ap&#243;s o evento agudo.</p>
        <p>Uma grande dificuldade na an&#225;lise angiogr&#225;fica &#233; a quantifica&#231;&#227;o funcional isqu&#234;mica de cada les&#227;o na presen&#231;a de les&#245;es sequenciais,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> como ocorre frequentemente na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente anterior (DA), sendo que o FFR tamb&#233;m n&#227;o est&#225; validado neste cen&#225;rio. Em nosso estudo, 8 pacientes (15%), apresentavam 2 ou 3 les&#245;es sequenciais em DA, totalizando 17 les&#245;es abordadas pelo iFR, sendo quantificada separadamente o componente isqu&#234;mico de cada uma e delas, com implante em 5 stents nestas les&#245;es obtendo sucesso em negativar a isquemia do vaso estudados sem a necessidade de abordar todas as les&#245;es apresentadas. Neste sentido, o iFR-GRADIENT Registry com 128 pacientes, corrobora o emprego desta an&#225;lise pelo iFR reclassificando as les&#245;es em 31% dos casos, com boa acur&#225;cia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></p>
        <p>Em nosso estudo, o ponto de corte do iFR de 0,87 identificado pela &#193;rvore de Classifica&#231;&#227;o, apresentou sensibilidade de 0,57 e 1-especificidade de 0,88, demonstrando boa acur&#225;cia. Provavelmente a menor sensibilidade observada em nosso estudo, se comparada com outros da literatura (87%), se deveu a inclus&#227;o de les&#245;es graves.</p>
        <p>A discord&#226;ncia entre o FFR e o iFR ocorre em 20% dos casos, e est&#225; relacionada com a velocidade do fluxo coronariano hiper&#234;mico,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> ressaltando-se que quando havia FFR (+) e iFR (-), o fluxo observado foi semelhante ao demonstrado nos vasos n&#227;o esten&#243;ticos das angiografias. Provavelmente essa diverg&#234;ncia est&#225; relacionada com os mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos das mensura&#231;&#245;es. Grandes modifica&#231;&#245;es da press&#227;o atrav&#233;s de uma estenose, entre o repouso e a hiperemia indicam um grande aumento de fluxo, semelhante aos valores medidos diretamente da Reserva de Fluxo Coronariano (RFC) &gt; 2,0. Nesse contexto, a presen&#231;a de iFR &gt; 0,90 e FFR &lt; 0,80 se associou com RFC n&#227;o limitada por fluxo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></p>
        <p>No presente estudo o iFR &gt; 0,70 foi observado nas les&#245;es moderadas, enquanto a variabilidade foi maior nas les&#245;es consideradas graves (0,61 a 1,00), o que determinou em sua maioria a coloca&#231;&#227;o dos <italic>stents.</italic> Essa variabilidade observada nas les&#245;es graves provavelmente reflete altera&#231;&#245;es de fluxo associadas a colaterais supridas por microcircula&#231;&#227;o, que s&#227;o mais frequentes nas les&#245;es cr&#244;nicas e em vasos onde a &#225;rea irrigada n&#227;o &#233; significativa. No presente estudo, 23 les&#245;es ocorreram em sub-ramos diagonais e marginais, descendente posterior e ventricular posterior, corroborando a hip&#243;tese anterior. Recentemente, tem sido sugerido que a avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional guiada pelo emprego do iFR/FFR poderia auxiliar nas revasculariza&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas completas das anastomoses das les&#245;es de 3 vasos, enxertos venosos, e enxertos no sistema circunflexo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></p>
        <p>O uso dos modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica e das &#225;rvores de classifica&#231;&#227;o permitiu identificar as vari&#225;veis mais frequentemente implicadas na reserva de fluxo coronariano. Observou-se que o diabetes mellitus, a dislipidemia, e a presen&#231;a de les&#227;o moderada e iFR inferior a 0,87 foram preditores do implante de <italic>stents</italic> nas les&#245;es moderadas e severas dos pacientes portadores de DAC, nos quais os exames complementares n&#227;o invasivos discordaram da an&#225;lise anat&#244;mica realizada pela angiografia coronariana. No entanto, quanto o modelo foi constru&#237;do somente com as vari&#225;veis significativas, permaneceram apenas o iFR &lt; 0,87 e a presen&#231;a de les&#245;es moderadas, sinalizando a import&#226;ncia da avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional nesse grupo de pacientes.</p>
        <p>A principal limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo &#233; a falta de seguimento de curto e longo prazo, para que se possa observar a presen&#231;a de melhora dos desfechos cl&#237;nicos. A estimativa visual da les&#227;o realizada neste estudo &#233; um conhecido limitante pela variabilidade que ocorre interobservador, por&#233;m traduz o mundo real por ser a mais utilizada na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria. O objetivo proposto para a experi&#234;ncia inicial do grupo com a avalia&#231;&#227;o do iFR foi atingido, concluindo-se que houve contribui&#231;&#227;o aditiva do m&#233;todo para a tomada de decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica nas les&#245;es coronarianas moderadas e graves, em que a correla&#231;&#227;o entre a doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica obstrutiva e a isquemia mioc&#225;rdica n&#227;o estavam claramente elucidadas por m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos empregados.</p>
      </sec>
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    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
