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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">VtPmVncqTGfVvCNkyLghPBv</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020000200254</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200005</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>What is the Real Clinical Significance of Carotid Sinus Hypersensitivity in Clinical Practice? A Dilemma Still Waiting for Answers</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7881-0447</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Wu</surname>
            <given-names>Tan Chen</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Tan Chen Wu,</bold> Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Departamento de Arritmia, Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>tanchen.cardio@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>254</fpage>
      <lpage>255</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Carotid Sinus Massage/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Syncope</kwd>
        <kwd>Aged</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypotension</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Pacing, Artificial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Carotid sinus hypersensitivity (CSH) is defined by pause &#8805; 3 seconds (sinus or atrioventricular block) and/or systolic blood pressure drop &#8805; 50mmHg during carotid sinus massage (CSM).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> The prevalence of CSH varies according to the method and population evaluated in up to 68% of elderly patients with syncope and 35% of asymptomatic individuals over 65 years of age.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Therefore, the cause-effect relationship between carotid sinus hypersensitivity and syncope should always be questioned, and may only be a casual finding and not necessarily the carotid sinus syndrome (CSS), one of the causes of syncope seen mainly in elderly patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></p>
    <p>The clinical relevance of CSH obtained with CSM was questioned in a study recently published by Wu et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> The authors compared the response to CSM between 99 patients with syncope to clarify and 66 asymptomatic patients and found similar rates of CSH between the two groups, with cardioinhibitory response in 24.2 and 25.8% and vasodepressor response in 8.1 and 13.6%, in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients respectively (p = 0.466).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Therefore, CSH may be a nonspecific response in the evaluation of syncope in these patients with dubious clinical significance, especially in the elderly population with multiple comorbidities, often with the possibility of varying etiologies.</p>
    <p>Attempts to refine or modify the definition of positive response have been proposed to enable accuracy in the diagnosis of CSS as the cutoff value of systolic blood pressure &#8804; 85 mmHg combined with symptoms suggested by Solari et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> The authors concluded that one-third of the 164 patients evaluated with isolated vasodepressor form could not be identified with the current criterion (systolic blood pressure drop &#8805; 50 mmHg) compared to the cutoff value of &#8804; 85 mmHg systolic blood pressure. Krediet and colleagues<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> also questioned the current criteria for CSH, considering them to be very sensitive, resulting in the high prevalence observed in the elderly population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> They suggested changing to pause &#8805; 6 seconds and/or lowering mean blood pressure to &lt; 60 mmHg for more than 6 seconds, based on the fact that 6 seconds of asystole are required to cause loss of consciousness;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> that in the general population the 95th percentile for response to CSM was 7.3 seconds of asystole;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> that in clinical follow-up, patients with pauses &gt; 6 seconds (43%) had significant recurrence of syncope compared to patients with 3-6 seconds who had only 0.7% of occurrence;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> and that in the International Study on Syncope of Uncertain Etiology 2 (ISSUE-2) the average pause in observed syncope recurrence was 9 seconds (8-18 seconds).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Based on this new criterion, McDonald and colleagues analyzed mortality according to the current criterion and the criteria proposed by Krediet (described above) and Kerr (pause &gt; 7.3 seconds and systolic blood pressure drop &gt; 77 mmHg).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> In a total of 272 patients, 106 of them (38.9%) had CSH according to the standard criteria, and 141 (51.8%) and 28 (10.3%) according to the Krediet&#8217;s and Kerr&#8217;s criteria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> They did not observe statistical difference in mortality in patients with and without CSH in a mean follow-up of 8.6 years by the standard criterion (32<italic>vs</italic>. 22%, respectively p = 0.073), but noted differences according to Krediet&#8217;s (33<italic>vs</italic>. 19%, p = 0.009) and Kerr&#8217;s (53 <italic>vs</italic>. 23%, p &lt; 0.001) criteria. After adjusting for age and gender, only CSH defined by Kerr&#8217;s criterion was associated with increased total mortality (risk rate 2.023, 95%CI 1.131-3.618, p = 0.009).</p>
    <p>In this issue, the study by Lacerda and colleagues<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> observed the evolution of 502 patients undergoing CSM, with 52 patients presenting cardioinhibitory response or asystole &#8805; 3 seconds. When compared to the 408 patients with physiological response (or without CSH), the authors did not observe differences in either cardiovascular or trauma-related mortality, with total mortality rates of 55.8 <italic>vs</italic>. 49.3% (p = 0.38) in patients with and without cardioinhibitory response respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Among the 52 patients with cardioinhibitory response to CSM, only 7 patients had a history of syncope and no pacemaker implantation was required in any of them. The low prevalence of patients with syncope in the study, placed as a limitation, may have further reinforced the indifference in the evolution of patients with or without cardioinhibitory CSH. These results reinforce the hypothesis of the limitation of CSH findings to clinical applicability in most of the observed cases and are in agreement with the current literature.</p>
    <p>Therefore, CSH remains a matter of evaluation, with controversy since its definition, based predominantly on small, old studies with technical limitations of the time, and the heterogeneity of the methods employed in the CSM. The lack of accuracy has been pointed as a factor in the low specificity of the finding, making it difficult, and sometimes confusing the clinician, for the proper diagnosis of CSS in the investigation of syncope to be performed, which requires response to CSM according to the criteria for CSH combined with reproduction of clinical symptoms during the maneuver. The findings of the article rekindle, once again in the literature, the need for reevaluation of the current parameters described in the consensus on CSH, the bases for the correct diagnosis, appropriate treatment and prognosis of CSS in syncope.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Long-Term Mortality in Cardioinhibitory Carotid Sinus Hypersensitivity Patient Cohort</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Qual o Significado Cl&#237;nico Real da Hipersensibilidade do Seio Carot&#237;deo na Pr&#225;tica Cl&#237;nica? Um Dilema Ainda a Espera de Respostas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7881-0447</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Wu</surname>
            <given-names>Tan Chen</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Tan Chen Wu,</bold> Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Departamento de Arritmia, Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>tanchen.cardio@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Massagem Seio Carot&#237;deo/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ncope</kwd>
        <kwd>Idoso</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipotens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Estimula&#231;&#227;o Cardiaca Artificial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A hipersensibilidade do seio carot&#237;deo (HSC) &#233; definida por pausa &#8805; 3 segundos (sinusal ou em forma de bloqueio atrioventricular) e/ou queda da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &#8805; 50 mmHg durante a massagem do seio carot&#237;deo (MSC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A preval&#234;ncia da HSC &#233; vari&#225;vel, de acordo com o m&#233;todo e a popula&#231;&#227;o avaliada, em at&#233; 68% de pacientes idosos com s&#237;ncopes e 35 % de indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos com mais de 65 anos de idade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Portanto, deve-se questionar sempre a rela&#231;&#227;o causa-efeito entre hipersensibilidade do seio carot&#237;deo e s&#237;ncope, podendo ser apenas um achado casual e n&#227;o necessariamente ser a s&#237;ndrome do seio carot&#237;deo (SSC), uma das causas da s&#237;ncope observada principalmente em pacientes idosos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></p>
      <p>A relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica da HSC obtida com MSC foi questionada em um estudo publicado recentemente por Wu e colaboradores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Os autores compararam a resposta &#224; MSC entre 99 pacientes com s&#237;ncope a esclarecer e 66 pacientes assintom&#225;ticos e encontraram taxas de HSC semelhantes entre os dois grupos, com resposta cardioinibit&#243;ria em 24,2 e 25,8% e vasodepressora em 8,1 e 13,6%, em pacientes sintom&#225;ticos e assintom&#225;ticos respectivamente (p = 0,466).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Portanto, a HSC pode ser uma resposta inespec&#237;fica na avalia&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ncope nesses pacientes com significado cl&#237;nico d&#250;bio, especialmente na popula&#231;&#227;o idosa, com m&#250;ltiplas comorbidades, muitas vezes com possibilidade de etiologias variadas.</p>
      <p>Tentativas de refinamento ou modifica&#231;&#227;o da defini&#231;&#227;o da resposta positiva foram propostas para possibilitar acur&#225;cia no diagn&#243;stico da SSC como o valor de corte da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &#8804; 85 mmHg aliado aos sintomas sugerido por Solari e colaboradores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Os autores conclu&#237;ram que um ter&#231;o dos 164 pacientes avaliados com forma vasodepressora isolada n&#227;o puderam ser identificados com o crit&#233;rio vigente (queda da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &#8805; 50 mmHg) quando comparado com o valor de corte de &#8804; 85mmHg da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica. Krediet e colaboradores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> tamb&#233;m questionaram os crit&#233;rios atuais para HSC, considerando como sendo muito sens&#237;veis, resultando na alta preval&#234;ncia observada na popula&#231;&#227;o idosa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Sugeriram a mudan&#231;a para a pausa &#8805; 6 segundos e/ou queda da press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia para &lt; 60 mmHg por mais de 6 segundos, baseada no fato de que s&#227;o necess&#225;rios 6 segundos de assistolia para ocasionar a perda da consci&#234;ncia;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> que na popula&#231;&#227;o geral o percentil 95 para resposta a MSC foi de 7,3 segundos de assistolia;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> que no seguimento cl&#237;nico tiveram recorr&#234;ncia significativa da s&#237;ncopes os paciente com pausas &gt; 6 segundos (43%), comparados aos pacientes com 3-6 segundos que apresentaram somente 0,7% de ocorr&#234;ncia;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> e que no <italic>International Study on Syncope of Uncertain Etiology 2</italic> (ISSUE-2) a m&#233;dia de pausa na recorr&#234;ncia observada da s&#237;ncope foi de 9 segundos (8-18 segundos).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Baseado nesse novo crit&#233;rio, McDonald e colaboradores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> analisaram a mortalidade de acordo com o crit&#233;rio vigente e o crit&#233;rio proposto por Krediet (descrito acima) e Kerr (pausa &gt; 7,3 segundos e queda da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &gt; 77 mmHg).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Em um total de 272 pacientes, 106 (38,9%) tinham HSC de acordo com o crit&#233;rio padr&#227;o, 141 (51,8%) e 28 (10,3%) de acordo com crit&#233;rio de Krediet e Kerr. N&#227;o observaram diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica na mortalidade em pacientes com e sem HSC em seguimento m&#233;dio de 8,6 anos pelo crit&#233;rio padr&#227;o (32 <italic>vs.</italic> 22%, respectivamente p = 0,073), por&#233;m notaram diferen&#231;as de acordo com crit&#233;rio de Krediet (33 <italic>vs.</italic> 19%, p = 0,009) e Kerr (53 <italic>vs.</italic> 23%, p &lt; 0,001). Ap&#243;s ajustes por idade e sexo, somente a HSC definida pelo crit&#233;rio de Kerr foi associada ao aumento da mortalidade total (taxa de risco 2,023, IC 95% 1,131-3,618, p = 0,009).</p>
      <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o, o estudo realizado por Lacerda e colaboradores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> observaram a evolu&#231;&#227;o dos 502 pacientes submetidos a MSC, com 52 pacientes apresentando resposta cardioinibit&#243;ria ou assistolia &#8805; 3 segundos. Quando comparados aos 408 pacientes com resposta fisiol&#243;gica (ou sem HSC), os autores n&#227;o observaram diferen&#231;as tanto na mortalidade cardiovascular como na mortalidade relacionada ao trauma, com taxas de mortalidade total de 55,8 <italic>vs.</italic> 49,3% (p = 0,38), em pacientes com e sem resposta cardioinibit&#243;ria respectivamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Entre os 52 pacientes com resposta cardioinibit&#243;ria &#224; MSC, somente 7 pacientes tinham hist&#243;ria de s&#237;ncope e n&#227;o foi necess&#225;rio o implante de marca-passo em nenhum desses pacientes. A baixa preval&#234;ncia de pacientes com s&#237;ncope no estudo, colocada como limita&#231;&#227;o, pode ter refor&#231;ado ainda mais a indiferen&#231;a na evolu&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes com ou sem HSC cardioinibit&#243;ria. Esses resultados refor&#231;am a hip&#243;tese da limita&#231;&#227;o dos achados da HSC para a aplicabilidade cl&#237;nica na maioria dos casos observados e est&#227;o de acordo com a literatura vigente.</p>
      <p>Portanto, a HSC continua sendo uma quest&#227;o em avalia&#231;&#227;o, com controv&#233;rsias desde a sua defini&#231;&#227;o, baseada predominantemente em pequenos estudos antigos com limita&#231;&#245;es t&#233;cnicas pr&#243;prias da &#233;poca, al&#233;m da heterogeneidade dos m&#233;todos empregados na MSC. A falta de acur&#225;cia tem sido apontada como fator na baixa especificidade do achado, dificultando, e por vezes confundindo o cl&#237;nico, para o diagn&#243;stico apropriado da SSC na investiga&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ncope, que exige resposta &#224; MSC de acordo com os crit&#233;rios para HSC aliada &#224; reprodu&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas cl&#237;nicos durante a manobra. Os achados do artigo reacendem, mais uma vez na literatura, a necessidade de reavalia&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros vigentes e descritos nos consensos sobre a HSC, bases para o diagn&#243;stico correto, tratamento adequado e progn&#243;stico da SSC na s&#237;ncope.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
