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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">X6QM4fT8BW8hHd3TjCtzPFf</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020000200245</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190008</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Long-Term Mortality in Cardioinhibitory Carotid Sinus Hypersensitivity Patient Cohort</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5021-9981</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lacerda</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo de Castro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lorenzo</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea Rocha de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tura</surname>
            <given-names>Bernardo Rangel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Marcela Cedenilla dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Artur Eduardo Cotrim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lacerda</surname>
            <given-names>Renato C&#244;rtes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pedrosa</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Coury</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil1</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil2</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Federal de Bonsucesso</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Federal de Bonsucesso, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil3</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Gustavo de Castro Lacerda,</bold> Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia - Arritmia - Rua das Laranjeiras, 374. Postal Code 22240-008, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>glacerda@cardiol.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Lacerda GC, Lacerda RG, Pedrosa RC; Acquisition of data: Lacerda GC, Guimar&#227;es AEC; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Lacerda GC, Lorenzo AR, Tura BR, Santos MC, Guimar&#227;es AEC, Lacerda RG, Pedrosa RC; Statistical analysis: Lacerda GC, Lorenzo AR, Tura BR; Writing of the manuscript: Lacerda GC, Lorenzo AR, Santos MC, Lacerda RG, Pedrosa RC; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Lacerda GC, Lorenzo AR, Tura BR, Santos MC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>245</fpage>
      <lpage>253</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Cardioinhibitory carotid sinus hypersensitivity (CICSH) is defined as ventricular asystole &#8805; 3 seconds in response to 5-10 seconds of carotid sinus massage (CSM). There is a common concern that a prolonged asystole episode could lead to death directly from bradycardia or as a consequence of serious trauma, brain injury or pause-dependent ventricular arrhythmias.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To describe total mortality, cardiovascular mortality and trauma-related mortality of a cohort of CICSH patients, and to compare those mortalities with those found in a non-CICSH patient cohort.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>In 2006, 502 patients &#8805; 50 years of age were submitted to CSM. Fifty-two patients (10,4%) were identified with CICSH. Survival of this cohort was compared with that of another cohort of 408 non-CICSH patients using Kaplan-Meier curves. Cox regression was used to examine the relation between CICSH and mortality. The level of statistical significance was set at 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>After a maximum follow-up of 11.6 years, 29 of the 52 CICSH patients (55.8%) were dead. Cardiovascular mortality, trauma-related mortality and the total mortality rate of this population were not statistically different from that found in 408 patients without CICSH. (Total mortality of CICSH patients 55.8% vs. 49,3% of non-CICSH patients; p: 0.38).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>At the end of follow-up, the 52 CICSH patient cohort had total mortality, cardiovascular mortality and trauma-related mortality similar to that found in 408 patients without CICSH.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Carotid Sinus,Massage/mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Bradycardia</kwd>
        <kwd>Syncope</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Pacing, Artificial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Carotid sinus hypersensitivity (CSH) is characterized by ventricular asystole &#8805;3 seconds, known as cardioinhibitory carotid sinus hypersensitivity (CICSH) or systolic blood pressure fall &#8805;50 mmHg (vasodepressor carotid sinus hypersensitivity) in response to 5-10 seconds of carotid sinus massage (CSM).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Epidemiologic studies of patients &gt;40 years old have shown that this population have a high prevalence of CSH (10-50%).3,4 This prevalence is even higher among men and in patients with atherosclerosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></p>
      <p>Carotid sinus hypersensitivity can be present with or without spontaneous symptoms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> On the other hand, diagnosis of carotid sinus syncope (CSS) requires the presence of vasodepressor or CICSH and syncope.1,5 Carotid sinus syncope is considered one of the most frequent causes of syncope in the elderly.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Treatment is generally indicated for CSS patients to reduce recurrence of symptoms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> The concern that a prolonged asystole episode could lead to serious trauma, brain injury, pause-dependent ventricular arrhythmias and death is also used to justify treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> The main objective of present study is to describe the long-term mortality rate of a cohort of CICSH patients. Secondly, it compares total mortality, cardiovascular mortality, mortality due to ischemic heart disease and trauma-related mortality of this patient cohort with that of a cohort of patients without CICSH.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>In 2006, in the first phase of the present study, 502 patients were randomly selected among 1,686 outpatients &#8805;50 years of age referred to electrocardiography in a public general hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. These 502 patients were submitted to CSM, 52 (10,4%) were identified with CICSH (ventricular asystole &#8805;3) and, in 450, cardioinhibitory reflex was absent. In all cases, CSM was performed in the supine position, initially on the right side, then on the left side for 10 seconds by a single investigator. More patient selection details and more information about CSM can be found in a previous article.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></p>
      <p>In the present phase of the study, the 502 patients submitted to CSM in 2006 were divided into groups. The first group was formed by the 52 CICSH patients and, for comparison purposes, a second group of 450 patients without CICSH was studied. Survival data was assessed through active follow-up and review of Rio de Janeiro deaths database and the Rio de Janeiro medical admissions database. In the latter, we have searched for all patients who had permanent a pacemaker paid by the state government of Rio de Janeiro. In all cases, we have considered the cause of death described in Rio de Janeiro deaths database. Cardiovascular deaths were those registered under chapter IX of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10); ischemic heart disease deaths were those registered under ICD-10 codes I20 - I25, and trauma related deaths were those registered under ICD codes S00 - T14, T66 - T98, V01 - V29, V80 - V94, V98 - W19, W65 - W74, Y85 - Y89.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethical approval</title>
        <p>The protocol was approved by the local ethics committee (approval statement number 2.383.341) conforming to the standards of the Brazilian National Committee of Research Ethics (resolution 466/2012).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>All data were analyzed using the R Core Team (2018) software. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to verify the normality of the data. Normally distributed continuous data are shown as mean and standard deviation and the differences between the two groups are compared using unpaired Student's t-test. Categorical data are presented as absolute and relative frequencies and are compared using x2 or Fisher's exact tests as appropriate. The level of statistical significance was set at 0.05.</p>
        <p>Time to event was defined as the time between the date of CSM and death or end of the study; December 31, 2017. The time to event was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier survival curves, which were compared using the log-rank test. Risk factors associated with mortality were analyzed using the Cox regression analysis. Two models were created, the first adjusted by sex, age and presence of atherosclerosis; the second model made additional adjustments for smoking history, history of hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Patients&#8217; characteristics</title>
        <p>In the first phase of the study, 52 CICSH patients were identified among the 502 patients submitted to CSM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Only 7 of the 52 CICSH patients had a history of syncope and 40 of them used negative chronotropic drugs. Those 52 patients were advised to avoid inadvertent stimulation of the carotid sinus and, in 12, the dosage of negative chronotropic drugs was reduced. At that time, none of the 52 patients has been submitted to permanent pacemaker implantation.</p>
        <p>The baseline characteristics of the patients with and without CICSH are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">table 1</xref>. Patients with CICSH were more likely to be male and had higher prevalence of structural heart disease and atherosclerosis.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline characteristics of the patients with and without CICSH</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">42 patients lost to follow-up (without CICSH)</th>
                <th align="center">408 patients without CICSH</th>
                <th align="center">52 CICSH patients</th>
                <th align="center">52 CICSH x 408 without CICSH P value. OR (95% CI)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male sex</td>
                <td align="center">14/42 (33.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">206/408 (50.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">39/52 (75.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.001 OR: 2.94 (1.52-5.67)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age (mean &#177; SD)</td>
                <td align="center">65.4 &#177; 10.4</td>
                <td align="center">64.93 &#177; 9.74</td>
                <td align="center">66.31 &#177; 8.15</td>
                <td align="center">0.33</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age &#8805; 65 years</td>
                <td align="center">20/42 (47.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">203/408 (49.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">31/52 (59.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Heart rate before CSM (mean &#177; SD)</td>
                <td align="center">68.6 &#177; 13.6</td>
                <td align="center">68.7 &#177; 14.19</td>
                <td align="center">62.4 &#177; 15.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Unexplained falls or syncope in the year preceding CSM</td>
                <td align="center">8/42 (19.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">56/408 (13.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">7/52 (13.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.95</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Structural heart disease</td>
                <td align="center">19/42 (45.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">277/408 (67.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">46/52 (88.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.002 OR: 3.62 (1.51-8.70)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Atherosclerosis</td>
                <td align="center">18/42 (42.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">198/408 (48.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">37/52 (71.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.002 OR: 2.61 (1.39-4.91)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">History of AMI</td>
                <td align="center">10/42 (23.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">128/408 (31.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">28/52 (53.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.001 OR: 2.55 (1.42-4.58)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Previous myocardial revascularization</td>
                <td align="center">5/42 (11.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">88/408 (21.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">20/52 (38.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.007 OR: 2.27 (1.23-4.17)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Previous CABG</td>
                <td align="center">2/42 (4.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">58/408 (14.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">16/52 (30.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.002 OR: 2.68 (1.40-5.14)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Previous PCI</td>
                <td align="center">3/42 (7.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">30/408 (7.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">4/52 (7.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.93</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Atrial fibrillation</td>
                <td align="center">2/42 (4.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">20/408 (4.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">2/52 (3.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.73</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal ECG</td>
                <td align="center">13/42 (31%)</td>
                <td align="center">112/408 (27.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">8/52 (15.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Negative chronotropic drug use</td>
                <td align="center">28/42 (66.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">235/408 (57.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">40/52 (76.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.007 OR: 2.45 (1.25-4.18)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hypertension</td>
                <td align="center">29/42 (23.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">311/408 (76.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">40/52 (76.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.91</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">10/42 (26.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">93/408 (22.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">14/52 (26.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.51</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dyslipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">20/42 (47.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">215/408 (52.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">35/52 (67.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.046 OR: 1.84 (1.00-3.40)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Smoking</td>
                <td align="center">7/42 (16.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">41/408 (10%)</td>
                <td align="center">10/52 (19.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.047 OR: 2.13 (0.99-4.56)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>CICSH: cardioinhibitory carotid sinus hypersensitivity; OR: Odds ratio; CSM: carotid sinus massage; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting; PCI: Percutaneous coronary artery intervention.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Follow-up of the 52 CICSH patients</title>
        <p>Twenty-seven of the 52 CICSH patients were actively followed up. At the end of the study, none of them had been submitted to permanent pacemaker implantation, 19 were alive and 8 had died. Data about the remaining 25 patients were retrieved at Rio de Janeiro databases of death and medical admissions. Twenty-one of those were dead and 4 were alive. None of those patients had been submitted to permanent pacemaker implantation.</p>
        <p>Overall, 29 of the 52 patients (55.8%) identified with CICSH had died at the end of the study (maximum follow up time of 11,6 years). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Study design and results. CSM: Carotid sinus massage; CICSH: cardioinhibitory carotid sinus hypersensitivity.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-02-0245-90008-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Furthermore, the mortality rate of the 7 CICSH patients with history of syncope was 57,1%. This mortality rate was similar to that found in the 45 CICSH patients that did not have this symptom (55,5%).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Follow-up of patients without CICSH</title>
        <p>We could not find any information in 42 of the 450 patients without CICSH. One hundred and two patients were actively followed up. Data about the remaining 306 patients without CICSH were retrieved at Rio de Janeiro databases of death and medical admissions. Overall, 201 of the 408 patients without CICSH were dead (49.3%) at the end of follow-up, none had been submitted to permanent pacemaker implantation. One of the 207 patients that was alive at the end of follow-up had been submitted to permanent pacemaker implantation due do complete AV block.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Patients with and without CICSH - Endpoint comparisons</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> outlines the study design and compares the deathrate of patients with and without CICSH.</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref> shows the distribution of responses to right and left CSM in patients who died during follow-up and in patients who were alive at the end of the study. Median duration of RR intervals observed during CSM were similar in both groups of patients.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Duration of the longest RR interval observed during right and left carotid sinus massage. Boxplots on the left of each square represent patients who died during follow-up. Boxplots on the right represent patients who were alive at the end of the study.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-02-0245-90008-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> compares the total mortality, cardiovascular mortality, mortality due to ischemic heart disease and trauma-related mortality of the 52 CICSH patients with the 408 patients without CICSH. Survival curves are presented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">figure 3</xref>. The total mortality rate of the 52 CICSH patients was 21.1% at 5 years and 51.9% at 10 years, with median survival time of 10.0 years (95% CI: 7.4 - 12.6 years). The survival curves of patients with and without CICSH were similar without any significant statistical difference. Both Cox regression models failed to reveal any association between CICSH and mortality. In both models, age at the time of CSM, and presence of atherosclerosis were independently associated with mortality. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>)</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Survival curves of patients with (in blue) and without CICSH (in red) CICSH: Cardioinhibitory carotid sinus hypersensitivity.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-02-0245-90008-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mortality at the end of follow-up of patients with and without CICSH</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">With CICSH</th>
                <th align="center">Without CICSH</th>
                <th align="center">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Number of dead patients at the end of follow-up</td>
                <td align="center">29/52 (55.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">201/408 (49.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.38</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Number of cardiovascular deaths</td>
                <td align="center">11/52 (21.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">76/408 (18.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.66</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Number of coronary artery disease related deaths</td>
                <td align="center">7/52 (13.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">32/408 (7.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Number of cerebrovascular related deaths</td>
                <td align="center">2/52 (3.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">13/408 (3.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.80</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>CICSH: Cardioinhibitory carotid sinus hypersensitivity.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cox regression results and relation between CICSH and all-cause mortality</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                <th align="left">Odds Ratio</th>
                <th align="center">95% Confidence Interval</th>
                <th align="center">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Cox model 1</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;CICSH present</td>
                <td align="center">0.921</td>
                <td align="center">0.618 - 1.372</td>
                <td align="center">0.686</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Age</td>
                <td align="center">1.037</td>
                <td align="center">1.022 - 1.051</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Male sex</td>
                <td align="center">1.144</td>
                <td align="center">0.874 - 1.498</td>
                <td align="center">0.328</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Atherosclerosis</td>
                <td align="center">1.733</td>
                <td align="center">1.321 - 2.276</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Cox model 2</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;CICSH present</td>
                <td align="center">0.946</td>
                <td align="center">0.633 - 1.412</td>
                <td align="center">0.785</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Age</td>
                <td align="center">1.043</td>
                <td align="center">1.028 - 1.058</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Male sex</td>
                <td align="center">1.078</td>
                <td align="center">0.820 - 1.418</td>
                <td align="center">0.588</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Hypertension</td>
                <td align="center">1.032</td>
                <td align="center">0.745 - 1.431</td>
                <td align="center">0.847</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Dyslipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">0.645</td>
                <td align="center">0.486 - 0.855</td>
                <td align="center">0.002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">1.529</td>
                <td align="center">1.135 - 2.062</td>
                <td align="center">0.005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Smoking</td>
                <td align="center">1.617</td>
                <td align="center">1.090 - 2.400</td>
                <td align="center">0.0170</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Atherosclerosis</td>
                <td align="center">1.884</td>
                <td align="center">1.408 - 2.522</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>CICSH: cardioinhibitory carotid sinus hypersensitivity.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This study demonstrates, for the first time out of the European continent, that the mortality rate of patients with CICSH is similar to that found in a population without CICSH. Median survival of the 52 CICSH patients was 10.0 years (95% CI: 7.4 - 12.6 years). Cardiovascular mortality and trauma-related mortality, important endpoints in patients with prolonged asystole episodes, were also similar in both cohorts. These results are analogous to that described by Hampton et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Those authors did not find any association between the presence of CICSH and survival in a cohort of 1,504 English patients with CSH (median age 77 years, 59% female).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> In that cohort, the median survival of CICSH patients was 8 years (95% CI: 7.3 - 8.7 years).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> That survival was inferior to the one observed in the 52 CICSH patients described in the present study, but was not different to that found in English elderlies with CSH and pure vasodepressor response (median survival of 7 years; 95% CI: 6.4 - 7.4 years).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> In the same study, Hampton et al.9 described that the total mortality, cardiac mortality, stroke and trauma-related mortality of the CSH cohort were not different from that found in sex- and age-matched English patients without CSH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></p>
      <p>In another European study, the natural history of 262 patients with carotid sinus syncope was described by Brignolle et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Eighty-nine patients (34%) died after 46 &#177; 23 months of follow-up.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> This high mortality rate was ascribed to the advanced age of the population and to the presence of important comorbidities.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Similar finding were published by Sutton et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> and by Claesson et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Sutton et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> reported a 36% mortality rate during 5 years of follow-up.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Claesson et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> surveyed 106 CSH patients (64 with CICSH). After a median follow-up time of 8.6 &#177; 2.1 years, the mortality rate of the 106 CSH patients was not significantly different from that found in 166 patients without CSH (32% x 22%; p = 0.073).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></p>
      <p>Hence, until now, no one has been able to prove the presence of any independent relation between the presence of CICSH and mortality. All of these studies evaluated residents of the European Continent and, in all of them, the natural history of CICSH patients may have been altered by pacing therapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> In the present study, we have shown that the risk of death was related to population age, to the presence of atherosclerosis and to the presence of risk factors for atherosclerosis. These findings indicate that the presence of CICSH should be interpreted as a risk marker. This hypothesis is supported by our Cox regression results, which showed a relation between the risk of mortality and age at the time of recruitment, and a relation between mortality and the presence of atherosclerosis. Furthermore, the Cox regression results failed to demonstrate any relation between the presence of CICSH and mortality.</p>
      <p>Patients with a significant fall in blood pressure after CSM are usually managed with general measures that aim to increase their blood volume, including elastic stockings, physical counterpressure maneuvers, discontinuation/reduction of hypotensive therapy, fludrocortisone and alpha-agonists.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Patients with isolated or mixed cardioinhibitory response are usually managed with pacing when syncope is recurrent.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> However, many studies used to justify pacing were observational, without a control group, or were small randomized open-label trials with no treatment control arm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Those study results should be regarded with caution. The possibility of spontaneous remission of syncope, the difficulties to document the symptoms used as endpoints and the open-label design of these studies continue to raise doubts about their results. Analogous studies evaluated pacing indications in vasovagal syncope.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> In an early clinical trial, with an open-label design, pacing was able to reduce syncope recurrence. However, in a later double-blind clinical trial, pacing therapy was not advantageous and failed to have any benefit in reducing syncope recurrence.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></p>
      <p>Questions about the efficacy of pacing are even stronger in patients with other types of reflex syncope. Those questions are addressed in 2 recent systematic reviews.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Interestingly, in one of them an analysis of mortality is made.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> In this analysis, which includes 3 studies of patients with CICSH and 1 study of patients with vasovagal syncope, pacing therapy did not reduce mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></p>
      <p>Only 2 clinical trials evaluated CICSH patients with a double-blind design.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> The first was a double-blind crossover study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> that randomized 32 elderly patients with at least 3 falls attributed to the presence of CICSH. All patients received dual-chamber pacing. The mean age of the population was 77 years. Patients were followed up for 1 year (6 months with DDD pacing turned on, and 6 months without atrial or ventricular pacing).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> At the end of follow-up, the reduction in fall burden was similar in both groups.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Those results were affected by a high attrition rate. Seven of the 32 patients did not finish the study, 4 of which died during follow-up (12.5% mortality rate).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Three of these 4 deaths were sudden and occurred at home, 2 of which occurred in patients without pacing.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Autopsy of these patients revealed one death resulting from ischemic stroke, and two from ischemic heart disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> The fourth patient died after colectomy done after mesenteric infarction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></p>
      <p>The second clinical,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> trial recruited 141 elderly patients with a history of syncope or unexplained fall attributed do the presence of CICSH. Patients were randomized to dual-chamber pacing or received an implantable loop recorder. After 2 years of follow-up, fall and syncope recurrence were similar in both groups. This trial has been criticized because the larger RR interval triggered by CSM was 3.1 seconds. Hence, the magnitude of cardioinhibitory response was considered to be small. According to pathophysiological studies, cerebral ischemic anoxia reserve time is around 7 seconds in healthy military personnel,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> and a ventricular pause of 3 seconds is not likely to lead to loss of consciousness.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> So, a ventricular pause of 3 seconds is not likely to produce syncope. Based on this reasoning and based on an epidemiologic study that showed that the 95th percentile for CSM response was 7.3 seconds, Krediet et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> have proposed 6 seconds as a new cut off for the diagnosis of CICSH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> In the present study, the largest RR interval triggered by CSM was 10.3 seconds, and the 95th percentile for CSM response was 4.5 seconds. Thirteen of the 502 patients submitted to CSM had an asystole episode &#8805;6 seconds. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>) At the end of follow-up, the mortality rate of this small group of patients was 53.8%, which is similar to the percentage found in the 447 patients followed up without a pause &#8805;6 seconds (53.8% vs. 49.9%; p value: 0.77).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Example of a patient with CICSH. ECG of a 58 year-old male with previous percutaneous coronary intervention. He denied syncope in the past. The ECG reveals normal sinus rhythm with heart rate of 60 bpm and T-wave inversion in Lead 3 and aVF. Right carotid sinus massage triggered 6360 seconds of asystole with concomitant fall in blood pressure and pre-syncope. A few minutes later, he was submitted to left carotid sinus massage, no asystole was observed. RCSM: right carotid sinus massage.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-02-0245-90008-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>Besides reducing the heart rate and prolonging or blocking atrioventricular conduction, CSM may trigger a fall in blood pressure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> The blood pressure fall observed after CSM is a rapid and transient phenomenon. To be properly observed, this phenomenon must be documented on a beat-by-beat basis using invasive methods or digital pletismography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Furthermore, this blood pressure fall is more commonly observed with the patient in the upright position on a tilt table.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> In 2006, in the first phase of the present study, devices used to evaluate blood pressure non-invasively on a beat-by-beat basis and tilt tables were not available in Rio de Janeiro public hospitals, so we have evaluated blood pressure response manually with a sphygmomanometer in the supine position. This method lacks sensitivity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> and, for this reason, we have decided to present only the heart rate response to CSM.</p>
        <p>Only 7 of the 52 CICSH patients had a history of unexplained syncope, and none of them had recurrent syncope. This population had CSH, and was not affected by real CSS. It is difficult to conduct a study on the natural history of cardioinhibitory carotid sinus syncope because cardiac pacing is indicated to reduce symptoms in these patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> According to many authors, this treatment could also modify the natural history of CICSH, reducing the mortality of patients with CSS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> As we have seen, pacing is also justified by the concern that a prolonged asystole episode could lead to serious trauma, brain injury, pause-dependent ventricular arrhythmias and death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Our results suggest that this concern is excessive. However, we have to emphasize that in their most recent guidelines, the Brazilian Society of Cardiology and the European Society of Cardiology continue to recommend pacing for patients with CICSH and recurrent syncope.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> It must be stressed that it is very important to document the association between symptoms and bradycardia because pauses and bradycardias without clinical significance can be easily induced by CSM in elderly individuals, especially when these patients are on negative chronotropic drugs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>The present study showed that 55.8% of the CICSH patient cohort had died after a maximum follow-up of 11.6 years. This high mortality rate was similar to that found in a cohort of patients without CICSH. Cardiovascular mortality, ischemic heart disease and trauma-related mortalities were also similar in both patient cohorts.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Gustavo de Castro Lacerda, from Faculdade de Medicina da UFRJ - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o Edson Saad.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital Geral de Bonsucesso under the protocol number 2.383.341. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Mortalidade de uma Coorte de Portadores da Resposta Cardioinibit&#243;ria &#224; Massagem do Seio Carot&#237;deo - Estudo Longitudinal com 11 Anos de Seguimento</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5021-9981</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lacerda</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo de Castro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lorenzo</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea Rocha de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tura</surname>
            <given-names>Bernardo Rangel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Marcela Cedenilla dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Artur Eduardo Cotrim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lacerda</surname>
            <given-names>Renato C&#244;rtes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pedrosa</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Coury</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Federal de Bonsucesso, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Gustavo de Castro Lacerda,</bold> Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia - Arritmia - Rua das Laranjeiras, 374. CEP 22240-008, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>glacerda@cardiol.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A resposta cardioinibit&#243;ria (RCI) &#224; massagem do seio carot&#237;deo (MSC) caracteriza-se por assistolia &#8805; 3 segundos provocada por 5 a 10 segundos de MSC. Existe uma preocupa&#231;&#227;o de que pacientes com RCI e epis&#243;dios prolongados de assistolia possam falecer em consequ&#234;ncia direta de bradiarritmia, ou em decorr&#234;ncia de les&#227;o cerebral, trauma grave ou arritmia ventricular pausa dependente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Determinar a mortalidade total, a mortalidade cardiovascular e a mortalidade relacionada ao trauma de uma coorte de pacientes com RCI &#224; MSC e comparar essas mortalidades com as de uma coorte de pacientes sem RCI &#224; MSC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Em 2006, 502 pacientes com idade igual ou superior a 50 anos foram submetidos &#224; MSC. Destes, 52 pacientes (10,4%) foram identificados com RCI. A sobrevida desta coorte foi comparada &#224;quela observada em uma coorte de 408 pacientes sem RCI por meio de curvas de Kaplan-Meier. A regress&#227;o de Cox foi utilizada para avalia&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o entre a RCI &#224; MSC e a mortalidade. Vari&#225;veis com p &lt; 0,05 foram consideradas estatisticamente significativas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s seguimento m&#225;ximo de 11,6 anos, 29 dos 52 portadores de RCI (55,8%) faleceram. A mortalidade total, a mortalidade cardiovascular e a mortalidade relacionada ao trauma desta coorte de pacientes n&#227;o foram significativamente diferentes daquelas encontradas nos 408 pacientes sem RCI (mortalidade total com RCI: 55,8% <italic>versus</italic> 49,3% sem RCI; p: 0,38).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>No fim do seguimento, a mortalidade dos 52 portadores de RCI foi semelhante &#224; observada em uma coorte de pacientes sem RCI. A mortalidade cardiovascular e a relacionada ao trauma tamb&#233;m foi semelhante nas duas coortes.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Massagem Seio Carot&#237;deo/mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Bradicardia</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ncope</kwd>
        <kwd>Estimula&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca Artificial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A hipersensibilidade do seio carot&#237;deo (HSC) &#233; caracterizada por assistolia de pelo menos 3 segundos, denominada resposta cardioinibit&#243;ria, ou uma queda da press&#227;o arterial (PA) sist&#243;lica de pelo menos 50 mmHg, denominada resposta vasodepressora, ambas provocadas por 5 a 10 segundos de MSC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos realizados em pacientes com mais de 40 anos de idade demonstram que a preval&#234;ncia da HSC na popula&#231;&#227;o &#233; elevada, variando de 10% a 50%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> A HSC &#233; ainda mais frequente nos homens e nos portadores de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></p>
        <p>A HSC n&#227;o est&#225; necessariamente relacionada a manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Este fato a diferencia da s&#237;ncope do seio carot&#237;deo (SSC), que se caracteriza por perda da consci&#234;ncia associada &#224; resposta cardioinibit&#243;ria ou vasodepressora.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> A SSC &#233; considerada uma das principais causas de s&#237;ncope reflexa no idoso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> O tratamento de indiv&#237;duos com s&#237;ncope e RCI &#224; MSC tem como objetivo diminuir a recorr&#234;ncia de epis&#243;dios sincopais,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> mas tamb&#233;m &#233; justificado pelo temor de que um epis&#243;dio prolongado de assistolia possa provocar a morte, diretamente ou como consequ&#234;ncia de les&#227;o cerebral, trauma grave ou arritmia ventricular pausa dependente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Este estudo tem como principal objetivo determinar a mortalidade a longo prazo de uma coorte de portadores de RCI &#224; MSC. Al&#233;m disso, pretende-se comparar as mortalidades por todas as causas, por doen&#231;as do sistema circulat&#243;rio, por doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o e a mortalidade relacionada ao trauma desta coorte com a de uma coorte de pacientes sem RCI &#224; MSC.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Na fase inicial deste estudo, realizada no ano de 2006, 502 pacientes com idade igual ou superior a 50 anos foram selecionados aleatoriamente de uma amostra de 1.686 indiv&#237;duos encaminhados ao setor de eletrocardiografia de um hospital p&#250;blico de n&#237;vel terci&#225;rio.8 Estes 502 indiv&#237;duos foram submetidos &#224; MSC, sendo identificados 52 pacientes com RCI (assistolia &#8805; 3 segundos) e 450 sem RCI. Em todos os casos, a MSC foi realizada na posi&#231;&#227;o supina, inicialmente do lado direito e posteriormente do lado esquerdo durante 10 segundos por um &#250;nico examinador com experi&#234;ncia na realiza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento. Mais detalhes sobre a sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes nesta fase do estudo e sobre as t&#233;cnicas utilizadas para realiza&#231;&#227;o da MSC podem ser encontradas em um artigo pr&#233;vio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></p>
        <p>Na fase atual do estudo, os 502 pacientes submetidos &#224; MSC em 2006 foram divididos em grupos. O primeiro, composto pelos 52 portadores da RCI, e o segundo, composto pelos 450 pacientes sem RCI. A sobrevida de ambos os grupos foi avaliada por meio de seguimento ativo e, nos pacientes sem este acompanhamento, atrav&#233;s de pesquisa no banco de dados do Sistema de Informa&#231;&#245;es de Mortalidade da Secretaria de Sa&#250;de do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (SIM SES-RJ). Para estabelecer se pacientes sem seguimento ativo foram submetidos a implante de marca-passo durante o seguimento, obteve-se acesso &#224; base de dados de autoriza&#231;&#245;es de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar (AIH) pagas pelo Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS). Por esse sistema foram identificados os pacientes submetidos a implante de marca-passos, cardiodesfibriladores e ressincronizadores pagos pelo SUS do estado do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
        <p>Em todos os casos, foi considerado como causa b&#225;sica dos &#243;bitos aquela descrita no banco de dados do SIM SES-RJ. Foram determinadas como mortes por doen&#231;as do sistema circulat&#243;rio &#224;quelas registradas no cap&#237;tulo IX da D&#233;cima Revis&#227;o da Classifica&#231;&#227;o Internacional de Doen&#231;as (CID-10), por doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o os c&#243;digos I20-I25 da CID-10 e a mortalidade relacionada ao trauma os c&#243;digos S00-T14, T66-T98, V01-V29, V80-V94, V98-W19, W65-W74, Y85-Y89 da CID-10.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Aspectos bio&#233;ticos</title>
          <p>Esta pesquisa foi aprovada pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa local (protocolo n&#250;mero: 2.383.341) de acordo com as normas da Comiss&#227;o Nacional de &#201;tica em Pesquisa - Resolu&#231;&#227;o no 466/2012.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados foram analisados com o aux&#237;lio do <italic>software</italic> R Core Team (2018). O teste de Shapiro-Wilk foi o empregado para verificar a normalidade dos dados. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas de distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram apresentadas sob as formas de m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o, sendo as diferen&#231;as entre os grupos comparadas pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de Student n&#227;o pareado. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas utilizando-se os testes do x<sup>2</sup> ou o teste exato de Fisher bicaudal. As vari&#225;veis com p menor que 0,05 foram consideradas estatisticamente significativas.</p>
          <p>Constru&#237;ram-se curvas de sobrevida pelo m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier. Na constru&#231;&#227;o destas curvas considerou-se como data de in&#237;cio do seguimento o dia em que os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; MSC e como data de fim o dia 31 de dezembro de 2017. Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre as curvas de sobrevida, utilizou-se o teste de Log-rank.</p>
          <p>A regress&#227;o de Cox foi utilizada para an&#225;lise de uma eventual rela&#231;&#227;o entre a RCI &#224; MSC e a mortalidade total. Dois modelos foram criados. O primeiro ajustado por sexo, idade e presen&#231;a de aterosclerose. O segundo com ajustes adicionais para hist&#243;ria de tabagismo, hipertens&#227;o arterial, diabetes e dislipidemia.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Na primeira fase do estudo, 52 portadores de RCI foram identificados em meio aos 502 pacientes submetidos &#224; MSC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Sete destes 52 indiv&#237;duos apresentavam hist&#243;ria de s&#237;ncope e 40 eram usu&#225;rios de medica&#231;&#227;o cronotr&#243;pica negativa. Os 52 pacientes foram aconselhados a evitar a estimula&#231;&#227;o inadvertida do seio carot&#237;deo, e, em 12 deles, a dose de medica&#231;&#227;o cronotr&#243;pica negativa foi reduzida. Nesta primeira fase do estudo nenhum paciente foi submetido a implante de marca-passo definitivo.</p>
          <p>As caracter&#237;sticas dos portadores e dos n&#227;o portadores de RCI &#224; MSC encontram-se descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>. Houve evidente predom&#237;nio do sexo masculino entre os portadores de RCI. Neste grupo de pacientes a preval&#234;ncia de cardiopatia estrutural e de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica tamb&#233;m foi significativamente maior do que nos pacientes sem RCI.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos portadores e dos n&#227;o portadores de RCI &#224; MSC.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">*</th>
                  <th align="center">42 pacientes sem seguimento (sem RCI)</th>
                  <th align="center">408 pacientes sem RCI</th>
                  <th align="center">52 pacientes com RCI</th>
                  <th align="center">52 pacientes com RCI <italic>versus</italic> 408 sem RCI (valor p; OR [IC 95%])</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">14/42 (33,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">206/408 (50,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">39/52 (75,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">p: 0,001; OR: 2,94 (1,52&#8722;5,67)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                  <td align="center">65,4 &#177; 10,4</td>
                  <td align="center">64,93 &#177; 9,74</td>
                  <td align="center">66,31 &#177; 8,15</td>
                  <td align="center">p: 0,33</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade &#8805; 65 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">20/42 (47,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">203/408 (49,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">31/52(59.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">p: 0,18</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FC antes MSC (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                  <td align="center">68,6 &#177; 13,6</td>
                  <td align="center">68,7 &#177; 14,19</td>
                  <td align="center">62,4 &#177; 15,6</td>
                  <td align="center">p: 0,003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">S&#237;ncope ou queda inexplicada no ano que precedeu a MSC</td>
                  <td align="center">8/42 (19,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">56/408 (13,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7/52 (13,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">p: 0,95</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Cardiopatia estrutural</td>
                  <td align="center">19/42 (45,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">277/408 (67,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">46/52 (88,5,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">p: 0,002; OR: 3,62 (1,51&#8722;8,70)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Aterosclerose</td>
                  <td align="center">18/42 (42,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">198/408 (48,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">37/52 (71,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">p: 0,002; OR: 2,61 (1,39&#8722;4,91)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria de IAM</td>
                  <td align="center">10/42 (23,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">128/408 (31,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">28/52 (53,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">p: 0,001; OR: 2,55 (1,42&#8722;4,58)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pr&#233;via</td>
                  <td align="center">5/42 (11,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">88/52 (21,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20/52 (38,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">p: 0,007; OR: 2,27 (1,23-4,17)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Passado de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</td>
                  <td align="center">2/42 (4,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">58/408 (14,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16/52 (30,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">p: 0,002; OR: 2,68 (1,40&#8722;5,14)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">HIst&#243;ria de ICP</td>
                  <td align="center">3/42 (7,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">30/408 (7,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4/52 (7,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">p: 0,93</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                  <td align="center">2/42 (4,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20/408 (4,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2/52 (3,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">p: 0,73</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">ECG normal</td>
                  <td align="center">13/42 (31%)</td>
                  <td align="center">112/408 (27,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8/52 (15,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">p: 0,06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Uso de subst&#226;ncias cronotr&#243;picas negativas</td>
                  <td align="center">28/42 (66,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">235/408 (57.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">40/52 (76.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">p: 0,007; OR: 2,45 (1,25&#8722;4,18)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">29/42 (23,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">311/408 (76,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">40/52 (76,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">p: 0,91</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">10/42 (26,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">93/408 (22,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14/52 (26,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">p: 0,51</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">20/42 (47,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">215/408 (52,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">35/52 (67,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">p: 0,046; OR: 1,84 (1,00&#8722;3,40)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">7/42 (16,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">41/408 (10%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10/52 (19,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">p: 0,047; OR: 2,13 (0,99&#8722;4,56)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>RCI: resposta cardioinibit&#243;ria; MSC: massagem do seio carot&#237;deo; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; OR: odds ratio ; ECG: eletrocardiograma; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Seguimento dos 52 portadores de resposta cardioinibit&#243;ria &#224; MSC</title>
          <p>Vinte sete pacientes com RCI foram acompanhados ativamente. No final do acompanhamento nenhum deles havia sido submetido a implante de marca-passo, 19 encontravam-se vivos e 8 tinham falecido. As informa&#231;&#245;es de seguimento dos 25 pacientes sem acompanhamento ativo foram recuperadas nas bases de dados do SIM SES-RJ e de AIH: 21 pacientes haviam falecido e 4 encontravam-se vivos. At&#233; o dia 31 de dezembro de 2017, nenhum destes 25 pacientes foi submetido a implante de marca-passo definitivo. Assim, no total, 29 dos 52 (55,8%) portadores de RCI &#224; MSC faleceram ao longo do seguimento (tempo m&#225;ximo: 11,6 anos) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f5">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Desenho e resultados do estudo sobre resposta cardioinibit&#243;ria (RCI) &#224; massagem do seio carot&#237;deo (MSC) - seguimento (seg.) de 11,6 anos.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-02-0245-90008-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>No final desse acompanhamento, a taxa de mortalidade dos 7 pacientes com RCI &#224; MSC e hist&#243;ria de s&#237;ncope foi de 57,1%. &#205;ndice muito semelhante ao observado nos 45 pacientes com RCI que n&#227;o apresentavam antecedentes de epis&#243;dios de perda da consci&#234;ncia (55,5%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Seguimento dos pacientes sem resposta cardioinibit&#243;ria &#224; MSC</title>
          <p>Nenhuma informa&#231;&#227;o sobre acompanhamento foi registrada a respeito de 42 dos 450 pacientes sem RCI &#224; MSC. Cento e dois dos 450 pacientes sem RCI &#224; MSC foram acompanhados ativamente e informa&#231;&#245;es sobre os 306 indiv&#237;duos restantes foram recuperadas nas bases de dados do SIM SES-RJ e de AIH. No total, 201 dos 408 (49,3%) pacientes sem RCI haviam morrido at&#233; o &#250;ltimo dia de seguimento; nenhum deles foi submetido a implante de marca-passo. Um dos 207 que se encontravam vivos no final do acompanhamento havia sido submetido a implante de marca-passo em virtude de bloqueio atrioventricular total de etiologia degenerativa.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o de desfechos nos grupos de pacientes com e sem resposta cardioinibit&#243;ria &#224; MSC</title>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1</xref> sintetiza o esquema deste estudo e compara a taxa de mortalidade dos pacientes com e sem RCI &#224; MSC.</p>
          <p>Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2</xref>, verifica-se a distribui&#231;&#227;o de respostas &#224;s MSC direito e esquerdo dos indiv&#237;duos que faleceram ao longo do seguimento e daqueles que se encontravam vivos ao final do estudo. As medianas de dura&#231;&#227;o dos intervalos RR observadas durante as MSC foram semelhantes nos pacientes que faleceram durante o acompanhamento e estavam vivos no fim do seguimento.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Dura&#231;&#227;o do maior intervalo RR observado durante a massagem do seio carot&#237;deo direito e esquerdo. O boxplot &#224; esquerda representa os pacientes que faleceram durante o seguimento, e o boxplot &#224; direita, os pacientes que estavam vivos ao fim do seguimento.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-02-0245-90008-gf02-pt.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref> compara as taxas de mortalidade das coortes com e sem RCI. As curvas de sobrevida s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3</xref>. A mortalidade total ao fim de 5 e 10 anos de seguimento da coorte de portadores de RCI &#224; MSC foi de 21,1% e de 51,9%, respectivamente. A sobrevida mediana desta coorte foi de 10 anos (IC 95%: 7,4-12,6 anos). N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significativas entre as curvas de sobrevida das coortes de pacientes com e sem RCI. Nos modelos de regress&#227;o de Cox nenhuma rela&#231;&#227;o entre a RCI &#224; MSC e a mortalidade foi detectada. Nesta an&#225;lise, a idade no momento da MSC, as hist&#243;rias de diabetes, de dislipidemia, de tabagismo e a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica associaram-se a pior sobrevida (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f7">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Curvas de sobrevida dos portadores (em azul) e dos n&#227;o portadores (em vermelho) de resposta cardioinibit&#243;ria (RCI) &#224; massagem do seio carot&#237;deo.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-02-0245-90008-gf03-pt.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Mortalidade no final do seguimento dos portadores e dos n&#227;o portadores de RCI &#224; MSC</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                  <th align="center">Com RCI</th>
                  <th align="center">Sem RCI</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N&#250;mero de &#243;bitos no final do seguimento</td>
                  <td align="center">29/52 (55,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">201/408 (49,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,38</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N&#250;mero de &#243;bitos por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares</td>
                  <td align="center">11/52 (21,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">76/408 (18,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,66</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N&#250;mero de &#243;bitos por doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">7/52 (13,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">32/408 (7,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,17</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N&#250;mero de &#243;bitos relacionados a traumas</td>
                  <td align="center">0/52 (0,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3/408 (0,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>RCI: resposta cardioinibit&#243;ria; MSC: massagem do seio carot&#237;deo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Rela&#231;&#227;o entre RCI &#224; MSC e mortalidade por todas as causas - resultados da regress&#227;o de Cox</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                  <th align="center">OR</th>
                  <th align="center">IC 95%</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Modelo 1</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Com RCI</td>
                  <td align="center">0,921</td>
                  <td align="center">0,618 - 1.372</td>
                  <td align="center">0,686</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">1.037</td>
                  <td align="center">1.022 - 1.051</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Sexo masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">1.144</td>
                  <td align="center">0,874 - 1.498</td>
                  <td align="center">0,328</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Aterosclerose</td>
                  <td align="center">1.733</td>
                  <td align="center">1.321 - 2.276</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Modelo 2</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Com RCI</td>
                  <td align="center">0,946</td>
                  <td align="center">0,633 - 1.412</td>
                  <td align="center">0,785</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">1.043</td>
                  <td align="center">1.028 - 1.058</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Sexo masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">1.078</td>
                  <td align="center">0,820 - 1.418</td>
                  <td align="center">0,588</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">1.032</td>
                  <td align="center">0,745 - 1.431</td>
                  <td align="center">0,847</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">0,645</td>
                  <td align="center">0,486 - 0,855</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">1.529</td>
                  <td align="center">1.135 - 2.062</td>
                  <td align="center">0,005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">1.617</td>
                  <td align="center">1.090 - 2.400</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0170</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Aterosclerose</td>
                  <td align="center">1.884</td>
                  <td align="center">1.408 - 2.522</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>RCI: resposta cardioinibit&#243;ria; MSC: massagem do seio carot&#237;deo; OR: odds ratio; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Neste estudo, demonstra-se pela primeira vez fora do continente europeu que portadores de RCI &#224; MSC apresentam taxa de mortalidade semelhante &#224;quela encontrada em pacientes sem esta resposta. A sobrevida mediana dos 52 portadores de RCI &#224; MSC foi de 10 anos (IC 95%: 7,4-12,6 anos). As mortalidades por doen&#231;as do sistema circulat&#243;rio e a mortalidade relacionada ao trauma, desfechos importantes em indiv&#237;duos com per&#237;odos prolongados de assistolia, tamb&#233;m foram semelhantes nas duas coortes. Estes resultados encontram-se em conson&#226;ncia com os observados por Hampton et al.9 Estes autores n&#227;o conseguiram encontrar nenhuma associa&#231;&#227;o entre a RCI &#224; MSC e a sobrevida em uma coorte do Reino Unido.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Nesta coorte formada por 1.504 portadores de HSC, a idade mediana dos pacientes era de 77 anos e 59% da popula&#231;&#227;o era do sexo feminino.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> A sobrevida mediana dos pacientes desta coorte que apresentavam RCI pura foi de 8 anos (IC 95%: 7,3-8,7 anos).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Esta sobrevida foi inferior &#224; observada nos 52 portadores de RCI do presente estudo, mas n&#227;o foi significativamente diferente daquela encontrada nos idosos ingleses com resposta vasodepressora pura (7 anos; IC 95%: 6,4-7,4 anos).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Neste mesmo estudo, os autores verificaram que as taxas de mortalidade total, card&#237;aca e cerebrovascular dos pacientes com SSC n&#227;o eram diferentes daquelas de um grupo-controle formado por pacientes ingleses com o mesmo perfil de sexo e faixa et&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></p>
        <p>Em outro estudo europeu, a hist&#243;ria natural de 262 portadores de SSC foi avaliada por Brignolle et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Trinta e quatro por cento deles faleceram ao longo de um seguimento de 46 &#177; 23 meses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Essa alta mortalidade foi atribu&#237;da &#224; idade avan&#231;ada dos mesmos e ao grande n&#250;mero de comorbidades.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Achados semelhantes foram descritos por Sutton et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> que descreveram mortalidade de 36% ao longo de 5 anos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> e por Claesson et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> que avaliaram a sobrevida de 106 pacientes portadores de HSC, sendo 64 deles portadores de RCI. Ap&#243;s acompanhamento m&#233;dio de 8,6 &#177; 2,1 anos, a mortalidade destes 106 pacientes n&#227;o foi significativamente diferente daquela encontrada em 166 pacientes sem HSC (32% <italic>versus</italic> 22%; p: 0,073).</p>
        <p>Assim, at&#233; hoje, nenhum estudo conseguiu comprovar a exist&#234;ncia de uma rela&#231;&#227;o independente entre a RCI &#224; MSC e o risco de morte. Nesses estudos, todos europeus, ressalta-se que a hist&#243;ria natural de grande parte dos pacientes com RCI pode ter sido modificada pelo implante de marca-passos. Neste estudo a mortalidade mostrou-se associada &#224; idade dos pacientes, &#224; doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica e a fatores de risco para aterosclerose. Estas associa&#231;&#245;es sugerem que a RCI &#224; MSC deva ser interpretada como um marcador de risco. Esta hip&#243;tese &#233; corroborada pelos resultados da regress&#227;o de Cox, que avaliou a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a mortalidade e a idade no momento da MSC, e entre a mortalidade e a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica, e n&#227;o demonstrou nenhuma rela&#231;&#227;o entre os desfechos e a RCI.</p>
        <p>Pacientes com SSC e resposta vasodepressora s&#227;o usualmente tratados com medidas que incluem o uso de meias el&#225;sticas, manobras de contrapress&#227;o, redu&#231;&#227;o ou suspens&#227;o de subst&#226;ncias hipotensoras e o uso de fludrocortisona e de alfa-agonistas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Por outro lado, pacientes com epis&#243;dios recorrentes de s&#237;ncope e RCI pura ou predominante s&#227;o frequentemente tratados com estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> No entanto, muitos dos estudos que justificam a indica&#231;&#227;o de implante de marca-passo em pacientes com s&#237;ncope e RCI foram observacionais ou ensaios cl&#237;nicos de desenho aberto, nos quais os pacientes do grupo-controle n&#227;o foram tratados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Os resultados destes estudos devem ser interpretados com cuidado. A poss&#237;vel remiss&#227;o espont&#226;nea da sintomatologia, as dificuldades em registrar os sintomas de desfecho e o desenho aberto desses ensaios cl&#237;nicos continuam levantando d&#250;vidas a respeito do significado dos seus achados. Em trabalhos similares, a indica&#231;&#227;o de marca-passo na s&#237;ncope vasovagal foi avaliada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> No estudo inicial, com desenho aberto, o marca-passo mostrou-se efetivo na redu&#231;&#227;o de recorr&#234;ncias de s&#237;ncope. No entanto, em publica&#231;&#227;o subsequente, com desenho cego, o implante de marca-passo n&#227;o foi ben&#233;fico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></p>
        <p>Questionamentos a respeito de a capacidade da estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial reduzir a recorr&#234;ncia de sintomas em pacientes portadores de outras formas de s&#237;ncope reflexa s&#227;o ainda maiores. Estes questionamentos s&#227;o endere&#231;ados em duas revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas recentemente publicadas. Em uma delas, uma an&#225;lise de mortalidade foi realizada.16 Nesta an&#225;lise, que incluiu 3 estudos de pacientes com SSC e um estudo de pacientes com s&#237;ncope vasovagal, o implante de marca-passo n&#227;o foi capaz de reduzir a mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></p>
        <p>Existem apenas 2 ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados de pacientes com s&#237;ncope e RCI de desenho cego.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> No primeiro deles,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> um ensaio cl&#237;nico controlado e cruzado com desenho cego randomizou 32 pacientes idosos com hist&#243;ria de pelo menos 3 epis&#243;dios de queda atribu&#237;da aRCI &#224; MSC para implante de marca-passo de dupla-c&#226;mara (DDD) ou para implante de marca-passo de dupla-c&#226;mara que se manteve programadamente desligado, ou seja, sem estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Estes pacientes tinham idade m&#233;dia de 77 anos e foram acompanhados por 1 ano (6 meses em DDD e 6 meses sem estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> No final do seguimento, verificou-se redu&#231;&#227;o semelhante do n&#250;mero de quedas nos dois grupos de pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Os resultados deste estudo foram comprometidos por uma alta taxa de atrito. Sete dos 32 pacientes randomizados n&#227;o completaram o estudo, e 4 destes haviam falecido durante o seguimento (12,5% de mortalidade).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Tr&#234;s dessas 4 mortes ocorreram subitamente no domic&#237;lio, sendo duas em pacientes randomizados para marca-passo &#8220;desligado&#8221;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> A necropsia destes pacientes revelou morte por acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico e duas por cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> O quarto paciente faleceu ap&#243;s colectomia realizada em virtude de infarto mesent&#233;rico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></p>
        <p>No segundo estudo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> foram identificados 141 pacientes idosos com hist&#243;ria de s&#237;ncope ou queda atribu&#237;da a RCI &#224; MSC. Estes pacientes foram randomizados para implante de marca-passo DDD ou para implante de gravador de eventos. Ap&#243;s 2 anos de seguimento, o n&#250;mero de epis&#243;dios de s&#237;ncope ou queda mostrou-se semelhante nos 2 grupos. Cr&#237;ticos deste ensaio cl&#237;nico argumentam que o maior intervalo RR provocado pela MSC nesses 141 pacientes foi de apenas 3,1 segundos. Por este motivo, consideram pouco significativa a RCI encontrada nestes pacientes. De acordo com estudos fisiopatol&#243;gicos realizados em militares saud&#225;veis, o tempo de isquemia cerebral an&#243;xica necess&#225;rio para provocar perda de consci&#234;ncia &#233; de aproximadamente 7 segundos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Assim, dificilmente uma pausa ventricular de 3 segundos seria respons&#225;vel por um epis&#243;dio de s&#237;ncope. Com base nesses achados e fundamentando-se em um estudo epidemiol&#243;gico no qual o percentil 95 de intervalos RR provocados pela MSC foi de 7,3 segundos, Krediet et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> propuseram a ado&#231;&#227;o de uma nova defini&#231;&#227;o de HSC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> De acordo com estes autores, somente per&#237;odos de assistolia &#8805;6 segundos deveriam ser considerados como RCI patol&#243;gica. Neste estudo, o maior intervalo RR encontrado nos 502 pacientes submetidos &#224; MSC foi de 10,3 segundos, e o percentil 95 de intervalos RR provocados pela MSC foi de 4,5 segundos. Treze dos 502 pacientes recrutados apresentaram assistolia &#8805;6 segundos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 4</xref>). No fim do acompanhamento, a mortalidade destes 13 pacientes foi de 53,8%, um valor semelhante &#224;quele encontrado nos 447 pacientes sem assistolia &#8805;6 segundos (53,8% <italic>versus</italic> 49,9%; p: 0,77).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Exemplo de paciente portador de resposta cardioinibit&#243;ria &#224; massagem do seio carot&#237;deo (MSC). Homem de 58 anos com hist&#243;ria de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica percut&#226;nea. Negava hist&#243;ria de s&#237;ncope. Seu eletrocardiograma apresenta ritmo sinusal, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 60bpm, com invers&#227;o da onda T em D3 e aVF. A MSCD precipitou o aparecimento de 6.360 ms de assistolia, associada a hipotens&#227;o arterial (press&#227;o arterial inaud&#237;vel) e sensa&#231;&#227;o de pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope. Alguns minutos ap&#243;s ocorr&#234;ncia, foi submetido &#224; MSCE, o que n&#227;o provocou assistolia. MSCD: massagem do seio carot&#237;deo direito; MSCE: massagem do seio carot&#237;deo esquerdo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-02-0245-90008-gf04-pt.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>A MSC pode provocar n&#227;o somente redu&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com alentecimento ou bloqueio da condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular, mas tamb&#233;m queda da PA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Esta queda &#233; um fen&#244;meno r&#225;pido e transit&#243;rio, que s&#243; &#233; bem avaliado quando registrado batimento a batimento por m&#233;todos invasivos ou por meio da pletismografia digital.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A queda da PA &#233; mais frequentemente observada quando a MSC &#233; realizada com os pacientes na posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica durante o teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Em 2006, na primeira fase do presente estudo, dispositivos utilizados para aferi&#231;&#227;o da PA, batimento a batimento, n&#227;o estavam dispon&#237;veis em nenhum dos hospitais p&#250;blicos da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, e a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o ainda encontrava-se restrita a poucos centros. Assim, a resposta vasodepressora foi avaliada na posi&#231;&#227;o supina pelo esfigmoman&#244;metro. Este m&#233;todo tem baixa acur&#225;cia na aferi&#231;&#227;o da resposta vasodepressora<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> e, por este motivo, decidiu-se apresentar apenas o componente cardioinibit&#243;rio do reflexo.</p>
          <p>Hist&#243;ria de s&#237;ncope foi relatada em apenas 7 dos 52 portadores de RCI e em nenhum deles a perda da consci&#234;ncia era recorrente. Assim, a popula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo envolveu predominantemente pacientes com HSC, e n&#227;o com SSC. A determina&#231;&#227;o da hist&#243;ria natural da SSC &#233; uma tarefa dif&#237;cil porque a maioria dos pacientes com s&#237;ncope e RCI &#233; submetida a implante de marca-passo. Nestes indiv&#237;duos, o implante de marca-passo objetiva reduzir a recorr&#234;ncia dos epis&#243;dios sincopais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> De acordo com alguns autores, este tratamento tamb&#233;m poderia modificar a hist&#243;ria natural e a mortalidade de pacientes com SSC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Como visto, o implante de marca-passo tamb&#233;m se justifica com base no temor de que um epis&#243;dio prolongado de assistolia possa provocar a morte.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Os resultados do presente estudo sugerem que este temor &#233; excessivo. Apesar disso, destaca-se que as mais recentes diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC) e da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia recomendam implante de marca-passo nos indiv&#237;duos com epis&#243;dios recorrentes de s&#237;ncope associados a RCI &#224; MSC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Ressalta-se que &#233; fundamental a confirma&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o entre a bradicardia e os sintomas, pois pausas ou bradicardia sem significado cl&#237;nico podem ser facilmente induzidas pela MSC de pacientes idosos, sobretudo quando estes fazem uso de subst&#227;ncias cronotr&#243;picas negativas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>No presente estudo, demonstra-se que, ap&#243;s um seguimento m&#225;ximo de 11,6 anos, 55,8% dos pacientes de uma coorte de portadores de RCI &#224; MSC faleceram. Esta alta taxa de mortalidade foi semelhante &#224;quela encontrada em uma coorte sem RCI. A mortalidade por doen&#231;as do sistema circulat&#243;rio, a mortalidade por doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o e a mortalidade atribu&#237;da a causas traum&#225;ticas tamb&#233;m foi semelhante nas duas coortes.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
