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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">37LvTKqNSqxp7KxG6mwhBBH</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020000200219</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200051</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test in the Evaluation of Heart Transplant Candidates with Atrial Fibrillation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2756-7934</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mendes</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Santa Cruz</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Carnaxide</city>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">CHLO - Hospital de Santa Cruz, Carnaxide - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Miguel Mendes,</bold> CHLO - Hospital de Santa Cruz - Cardiologia - Av. Prof. Reynaldo dos Santos, Carnaxide 2790-134 - Portugal. E-mail: <email>miguel.mendes.md@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>219</fpage>
      <lpage>221</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Transplantation</kwd>
        <kwd>Patient Selection</kwd>
        <kwd>Oxygen Consumption</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise Test</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Antonio Valentim Gon&#231;alves et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> authors of the original article &#8220;Prognostic Prediction of the Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test Parameters in Patients with Heart Failure and Atrial Fibrillation&#8221;,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> published in this issue of <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, intended to evaluate whether the cutoff points of two parameters of the cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET), routinely used in the selection of patients for heart transplant (HT), would also be efficient in the presence of permanent or persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFREF).</p>
    <p>In their work, the authors assessed whether the study primary endpoint was reached in the presence of two recommendations of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) guideline:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> 1) peak oxygen consumption (pVO<sub>2</sub>) &#8804; 12 (under betablocker therapy) - BB) or 14 mL/Kg/min (in the absence of BB) and, 2) slope of ventilation (VE) / carbon dioxide elimination (VCO<sub>2</sub>) &gt; 35, when the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) during the exercise is &lt; 1.05.</p>
    <p>This study included 274 consecutive patients with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) &lt; 40%, from a single center, assessed by CPET, of which 51 were in AF and 223 in sinus rhythm (SR). The primary endpoint [HT or cardiac death (CD)] was observed in 17.6% of patients with AF and 8.1% of patients in SR (p &lt; 0.0038).</p>
    <p>In the context of AF, the VO<sub>2</sub>-related cutoff point (with or without BB) performed very well, with a positive predictive value (PPV) of 100% and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 95.5%. In contrast, the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope cutoff point was found to have a PPV of 33.8% and a NPV of 92.3%.</p>
    <p>In the group of patients in SR, the results of the cutoff point related to pVO<sub>2</sub> were lower, with a PPV of 38.5% and a NPV of 94.3%, similar to the cutoff point of the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope, with a PPV of 29.8% and a NPV of 98.3%.</p>
    <p>They concluded that the current cutoff points accurately stratify patients in AF, corroborating the initial hypothesis of their research.</p>
    <p>To the best of my knowledge, this is the first study that specifically assessed the application of the ISHLT criteria for the selection of patients with AF and HFREF for HT. The study is valuable for having assessed the application of these criteria in this group that has a significant dimension in heart failure (HF) clinics.</p>
    <sec>
      <title>Clinical application of the study findings</title>
      <p>The main conclusions of the article are as follows:</p>
      <p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>The two ISHLT criteria were better suited to patients with AF than to those in SR.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>In the context of AF, the performance of the peak VO<sub>2</sub> criterion &#8804; 12 or 14 mL/Kg/min, depending on whether or not the patient was under betablocker medication, has a much higher value than the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>In patients in SR, either of the two criteria (peak VO<sub>2</sub> and VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope &gt; 35) have a low PPV (&lt; 40%) and high NPV (&gt; 90%); thus, they are more suitable to identify patients who do not need HT.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </p>
      <p>It seems logical that patients in AF, with LVEF &lt; 40%, have a lower functional capacity than those in SR, because the AF reduces the maximum cardiac output by a percentage of not less than 25%. On the other hand, many of these patients have advanced HF,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> with less capacity to extract oxygen at the muscle level, as a result of the muscular atrophy caused by inactivity and the myopathy inherent to HF. As pVO<sub>2</sub> is related not only to the cardiac output at the level of maximum effort, but also to the oxygen extraction capacity at the peripheral level, it is easy to understand why they have decreased pVO<sub>2</sub>.</p>
      <p>It would have been interesting also to evaluate the criterion of pVO<sub>2</sub> &lt; 50% of the predicted maximum, in individuals under the age of 50 years or of the female gender, which was classified as class IIa, [level of evidence (LE) B], higher than the criterion VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope, which was rated as class IIb (LE C). The criterion VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope is indicated by the ISHLT for alternative use when a respiratory rate &gt; 1.05 is not obtained during the exercise period.</p>
      <p>The inefficient performance of the criteria used in the SR group, which obtained a PPV &lt; 40%, is surprising. Part of the explanation may be related to the presence of 40% of women in the SR group, compared to 27.5% in the AF group (although with p &lt; 0.087). Indeed, it has been shown that women have a better prognosis, despite having significantly lower pVO<sub>2</sub> values than men.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>The ISHLT criteria for risk stratification in HFREF</title>
      <p>The 2016 ISHLT guideline<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> for placing patients on a HT list was conservative and generally maintained the recommendations of 2006. It included once more a recommendation (class I, LE B) confirming the suitability of the pVO<sub>2</sub> generic cutoff for patients with a cardiac resynchronization device following the COMPANION study and recommended using the prognostic scores [Heart Failure Survival Score (HFSS) and Seattle Heart Failure Model (SHFM)] together with the CPET parameters (class IIb, LE B).</p>
      <p>Regarding the pVO<sub>2</sub>, it maintained the cutoff points pVO<sub>2</sub>&#8804; 12 (under BB therapy) and &#8804; 14 mL/Kg/min (intolerant to BB therapy) as class I (LE B) recommendations. It considers reasonable to use as a cutoff point a pVO<sub>2</sub> value &lt; 50% of the maximum predicted in patients under the age of 50 years and in females, assigning it a IIa classification, LE B.</p>
      <p>It recommends using the criterion VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope &gt; 35 only in cases of submaximal CPET, i.e., when the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) is &lt; 1.05 at peak effort (class IIb, LE C).</p>
      <p>Guazzi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> in 2012 considered that mortality would be &gt; 50%, between 1 and 4 years, if the criteria VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope &#8805; 45, pVO<sub>2</sub> &lt; 10.0 mL/Kg/min, and ventilatory oscillations (VO),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> the expired CO<sub>2</sub> pressure (P<sub>ET</sub>CO<sub>2</sub>) &lt; 33 mmHg at rest and with an increase of less than 3 mmHg during exercise were present. In addition to the recommendation of using stricter criteria in pVO<sub>2</sub> and especially in the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope, Guazzi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> introduced two new parameters in the assessment: the oscillatory breathing (OB) and P<sub>ET</sub>CO<sub>2</sub>. Before this publication, other authors, including Ferreira et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> defined higher cutoff points for the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope. In this article, a cutoff point of 43 was defined, which is much stricter and more discriminative than the ISHLT criterion.</p>
      <p>In 2016, Malhotra et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> demonstrated that patients with HFREF with pVO<sub>2</sub> &lt; 12 or 14 mL/Kg/min (with or without BB), VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope &gt; 36, OB, oxygen uptake efficiency below 1.4, reaching systolic pressure value &lt; 120 mmHg, with a heart rate decrease below 6 bpm from peak effort for the 1<sup>(st)</sup> minute of recovery, had a mortality rate &gt; 20% at 1 year.</p>
      <p>In line with these articles, Wagner et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> reviewed the recommendations in the light of current evidence and classified pVO<sub>2</sub>, its percentage in relation to the maximum predicted pVO<sub>2</sub> and the VE/CO<sub>2</sub> slope as class I (LE A) recommendations, and the presence of OB as IIa (LE B) and OUES and P<sub>ET</sub>CO<sub>2</sub> as IIb recommendations (LE B).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Cardiac transplant indication: based on CPET and risk scores</title>
      <p>The final decision to place a patient without contraindications on the HT waiting list is based on a risk-benefit analysis of the different therapeutic options, based on a clinical, psychological and social assessment, and of parameters provided by the complementary tests.</p>
      <p>The CPET parameters can be considered separately or incorporated to scores such as HFSS and MECKI. The HFSS has seven variables, including pVO<sub>2</sub>. The MECKI, in turn, gives a higher weight to the CPET data when incorporated to the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope and the percentage of the maximum expected VO<sub>2</sub> among its 5 variables.</p>
      <p>Freitas et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> recently published an article comparing the value of 4 scores - HFSS, MECKI and two scores that integrate clinical parameters data: SHFM (10 variables) and MAGGIC (13 variables) - and MECKI was the most discriminative for CD or HT in the first year, with an area under the curve of 0.87.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The CPET is indicated for risk stratification in HFREF, particularly in the assessment of candidates for HT and ventricular assistance, aiming to objectively quantify functional limitation and provide relevant clinical information on the etiology of functional limitations that may have a cardiac, pulmonary or mixed cause.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></p>
      <p>It is not possible to perform CPET in patients in INTERMACS classes 1 to 3 (cardiogenic shock, receiving inotropic drugs or under circulatory assistance), in the presence of uncontrolled supraventricular or ventricular arrhythmias and in patients unable to exercise due to orthopedic pathology or extreme frailty.</p>
      <p>However, in most patients in INTERMACS classes 4 to 7, provided that an exercise protocol adapted to the patient's functional capacity or an ergometer that allows minimizing their orthopedic limitations is selected, it is possible to perform a maximum CPET and obtain parameters with high prognostic value in most patients with HFREF.</p>
      <p>Currently, pVO<sub>2</sub>, maximum predicted pVO<sub>2</sub>/VO<sub>2</sub>, VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope and OB are considered as the parameters provided by the CPET with the highest prognostic value in HFREF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></p>
      <p>The CPET is still little used in Cardiology in the context of HF because its performance and interpretation involve some complexity, and because it has a higher cost than the conventional exercise test. However, it is of great interest as it allows an integrated assessment of the pathophysiology of the circulatory, respiratory and locomotor systems, making it possible to objectively identify the patients&#8217; limitations, their cause, and stratify them in terms of prognosis.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Prognostic Prediction of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test Parameters in Heart Failure Patients with Atrial Fibrillation</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Teste de Esfor&#231;o Cardiopulmonar na Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Candidatos a Transplante Card&#237;aco com Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Auricular</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mendes</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">CHLO - Hospital de Santa Cruz, Carnaxide - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Miguel Mendes,</bold> CHLO - Hospital de Santa Cruz - Cardiologia - Av. Prof. Reynaldo dos Santos, Carnaxide 2790-134 - Portugal. E-mail: <email>miguel.mendes.md@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Transplante Card&#237;aco</kwd>
        <kwd>Sele&#231;&#227;o de Pacientes</kwd>
        <kwd>Consumo de Oxig&#234;nio</kwd>
        <kwd>Teste de Esfor&#231;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Com o objetivo de avaliar se os pontos de corte de dois par&#226;metros do teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar (TECP), utilizados por rotina na sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes para transplante card&#237;aco (TC), tamb&#233;m seriam eficientes na presen&#231;a de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) permanente ou persistente em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (ICFER), Gon&#231;alves et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> nos apresentam, neste n&#250;mero dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, o artigo original &#8220;Previs&#227;o progn&#243;stica dos par&#226;metros do teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial&#8221;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></p>
      <p>No &#226;mbito do seu trabalho, os autores avaliaram se foi atingido o <italic>endpoint</italic> prim&#225;rio do estudo, na presen&#231;a de duas recomenda&#231;&#245;es das diretrizes da International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT):<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> (1) consumo de oxig&#234;nio de pico de esfor&#231;o (pVO<sub>2</sub>) &#8804; 12 mL/kg/min (sob terap&#234;utica betabloqueadora [BB]) ou &#8804; 14 mL/kg/min (na aus&#234;ncia de BB); e (2) rela&#231;&#227;o entre a ventila&#231;&#227;o (VE) e a elimina&#231;&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono (VCO<sub>2</sub>), expressa como inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> &gt; 35, quando o quociente respirat&#243;rio durante o esfor&#231;o for inferior a 1,05.</p>
      <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos, nesse estudo, 274 pacientes consecutivos, de um &#250;nico centro, com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) &lt; 40%. Todos foram avaliados por TECP. Do total, 51 estavam em FA e 223 em ritmo sinusal (RS). Verificou-se o atingimento do <italic>endpoint</italic> prim&#225;rio [TC ou morte card&#237;aca (MC)] em 17,6% dos pacientes com FA e em 8,1% dos pacientes em RS (p &lt; 0,0038).</p>
      <p>No contexto da FA, o ponto de corte relacionado com a VO<sub>2</sub> (com ou sem BB) teve um excelente comportamento, com valor preditivo positivo (VPP) de 100% e valor preditivo negativo (VPN) de 95,5%. Em contrapartida, o ponto de corte da inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> revelou VPP de 33,8% e VPN de 92,3%.</p>
      <p>No grupo de pacientes em RS, os resultados do ponto de corte relacionado com o pVO<sub>2</sub> foram inferiores, com VPP de 38,5% e VPN de 94,3%. Valores semelhantes foram apresentados pelo ponto de corte da inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>, com VPP de 29,8% e VPN de 98,3%.</p>
      <p>Os autores conclu&#237;ram que os pontos de corte atuais estratificam com precis&#227;o os pacientes em FA, corroborando a hip&#243;tese inicial da sua pesquisa.</p>
      <p>Este &#233; o primeiro estudo, de nosso conhecimento, que avaliou especificamente a aplica&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios da ISHLT na sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com FA e ICFER para TC. O trabalho &#233; merit&#243;rio por ter avaliado a aplica&#231;&#227;o de tais crit&#233;rios a um grupo que tem dimens&#227;o significativa nas cl&#237;nicas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Aplica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica das conclus&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>As principais conclus&#245;es do artigo s&#227;o as seguintes:</p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>Os dois crit&#233;rios da ISHLT adequaram-se melhor aos pacientes com FA que aos em RS.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>No contexto da FA, o desempenho do crit&#233;rio VO<sub>2</sub> de pico &#8804; 12 ou 14 mL/kg/min, consoante o paciente estar ou n&#227;o sob medica&#231;&#227;o betabloqueadora, tem valor muito superior ao da inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Nos pacientes em RS, qualquer dos dois crit&#233;rios (VO<sub>2</sub> de pico e inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> &gt; 35) tem VPP baixo (&lt; 40%) e VPN elevado (&gt; 90%). Por este motivo, s&#227;o mais indicados para identificar os pacientes que n&#227;o necessitam de TC.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
        <p>Parece l&#243;gico que os pacientes em FA, com FEVE &lt; 40%, tenham capacidade funcional inferior &#224; daqueles que est&#227;o em RS, porque a FA reduz o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco m&#225;ximo em percentagem n&#227;o inferior a 25%. Por outro lado, muitos desses pacientes apresentam IC avan&#231;ada,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> com menor capacidade de extrair oxig&#234;nio ao n&#237;vel muscular, por conta da atrofia muscular da inatividade e da miopatia inerente &#224; IC. Como o pVO<sub>2</sub> se relaciona n&#227;o s&#243; com o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco ao n&#237;vel do esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo, mas tamb&#233;m com a capacidade de extra&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio ao n&#237;vel perif&#233;rico, &#233; f&#225;cil de entender por que apresentam pVO<sub>2</sub> diminu&#237;do.</p>
        <p>Teria sido interessante avaliar tamb&#233;m o crit&#233;rio pVO<sub>2</sub>&lt; 50% do m&#225;ximo previsto em indiv&#237;duos com idade inferior a 50 anos ou no g&#234;nero feminino, classificado como classe IIa [n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia (NE) B]. O NE deste crit&#233;rio &#233; superior ao do crit&#233;rio inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>, graduado em classe IIb (NE C). O crit&#233;rio inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> &#233; indicado pela ISHLT para utiliza&#231;&#227;o alternativa, quando n&#227;o for obtido um quociente respirat&#243;rio superior a 1,05 no decorrer do per&#237;odo de exerc&#237;cio.</p>
        <p>O desempenho pouco eficiente dos crit&#233;rios utilizados no grupo em RS, que obt&#234;m VPP inferior a 40%, &#233; surpreendente. Uma parte da explica&#231;&#227;o pode ter rela&#231;&#227;o com a presen&#231;a de uma percentagem de 40% de mulheres no grupo RS, comparada com 27,5% no grupo FA (embora com p &lt; 0,087). Est&#225; efetivamente demonstrado que as mulheres t&#234;m melhor progn&#243;stico, apesar de apresentarem valores de pVO<sub>2</sub> significativamente inferiores aos dos homens.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios da ISHLT na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco na ICFER</title>
        <p>A diretriz de 2016 da ISHLT,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> para colocar pacientes em lista de TC, foi conservadora e manteve genericamente as recomenda&#231;&#245;es de 2006. Incluiu de novo uma recomenda&#231;&#227;o (classe I, NE B) confirmando a adequa&#231;&#227;o do ponto de corte gen&#233;rico do pVO<sub>2</sub> aos portadores de dispositivo de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca na sequ&#234;ncia do estudo COMPANION e recomendou utilizar os escores de progn&#243;stico [Heart Failure Survival Score (HFSS) e Seattle Heart Failure Model (SHFM)] em conjunto com os par&#226;metros do TECP (classe IIb, NE B).</p>
        <p>Relativamente ao pVO<sub>2</sub>, manteve como recomenda&#231;&#245;es de classe I (NE B) os pontos de corte pVO<sub>2</sub> &#8804; 12 (sob BB) e &#8804; 14 mL/kg/min (intolerantes a BB). Considera razo&#225;vel utilizar como ponto de corte um pVO<sub>2</sub> &lt; 50% do m&#225;ximo previsto nos pacientes com idade inferior a 50 anos e no g&#234;nero feminino, atribuindo-lhe classifica&#231;&#227;o IIa, NE B.</p>
        <p>As diretrizes da ISHLT recomendam utilizar o crit&#233;rio inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> &gt; 35 apenas nos casos de TECP subm&#225;ximos, isto &#233;, quando o quociente respirat&#243;rio for &lt; 1,05 no pico de esfor&#231;o (classe IIb, NE C).</p>
        <p>Guazzi et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> consideraram, em 2012, que a mortalidade seria superior a 50%, entre 1 e 4 anos, caso estivessem presentes os crit&#233;rios inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> &#8805; 45, pVO<sub>2</sub> &lt; 10,0 mL/kg/min, oscila&#231;&#245;es ventilat&#243;rias (OV),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> press&#227;o expirada de CO<sub>2</sub> (P<sub>ET</sub>CO<sub>2</sub>) &lt; 33 mmHg em repouso e com aumento &lt; 3 mmHg no exerc&#237;cio. Para al&#233;m da recomenda&#231;&#227;o da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de crit&#233;rios mais exigentes no pVO<sub>2</sub> e, sobretudo, na inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>, Guazzi et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> introduziram dois novos par&#226;metros na avalia&#231;&#227;o: as OV e a P<sub>ET</sub>CO<sub>2</sub>. J&#225; antes desta publica&#231;&#227;o, outros autores, entre os quais Ferreira et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> definiram pontos de corte mais elevados para a inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>. Nesse artigo foi definido o ponto de corte de 43, bem mais exigente e discriminativo que o crit&#233;rio da ISHLT.</p>
        <p>Em 2016, Malhotra et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> demonstraram que pacientes com ICFER com pVO<sub>2</sub> &lt; 12 ou 14 mL/kg/min (com ou sem BB), inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> &gt; 36, OV, efici&#234;ncia da capta&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio inferior a 1,4, atingimento de valor da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica &lt; 120 mmHg e queda da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca inferior a 6 bpm do pico de esfor&#231;o para o primeiro minuto da recupera&#231;&#227;o tinham mortalidade superior a 20% em 1 ano.</p>
        <p>Na linha desses artigos, Wagner et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> revisaram as recomenda&#231;&#245;es &#224; luz das evid&#234;ncias atuais e classificaram o pVO<sub>2</sub>, a sua percentagem relativamente ao pVO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo previsto e a inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/CO<sub>2</sub> como recomenda&#231;&#245;es de classe I (NE A), a presen&#231;a de OV como IIa (NE B) e a efici&#234;ncia da inclina&#231;&#227;o de consumo de oxig&#234;nio (OUES; do ingl&#234;s, <italic>oxygen uptake efficiency slope</italic>) e a P<sub>ET</sub>CO<sub>2</sub> como recomenda&#231;&#245;es IIb (NE B).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Indica&#231;&#227;o para transplante card&#237;aco com base no TECP e em escores de risco</title>
        <p>A decis&#227;o final de colocar um doente sem contraindica&#231;&#227;o na lista de espera de TC baseia-se em an&#225;lise do risco/benef&#237;cio das diferentes op&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas, em fun&#231;&#227;o de avalia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nica, psicol&#243;gica e social, e em par&#226;metros fornecidos pelos exames complementares.</p>
        <p>Os par&#226;metros provenientes do TECP podem ser considerados isoladamente ou integrados em escores como o HFSS e o Metabolic Exercise test data combined with Cardiac and Kidney Indexes (MECKI). O HFSS tem sete vari&#225;veis, entre elas o pVO<sub>2</sub>. O MECKI, por sua vez, d&#225; um peso superior aos dados do TECP ao integrar a inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> e a percentagem do VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo previsto entre as suas cinco vari&#225;veis.</p>
        <p>Freitas et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> publicaram recentemente um artigo em que comparam o valor de quatro escores - HFSS, MECKI e dois escores que integram dados de par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos (SHFM, 10 vari&#225;veis; e MAGGIC, 13 vari&#225;veis). O MECKI foi o mais discriminativo para MC ou TC no primeiro ano, com &#225;rea sob a curva de 0,87.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es finais</title>
        <p>O TECP tem indica&#231;&#227;o para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco na ICFER, em particular na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos candidatos a TC e assist&#234;ncia ventricular, com o intuito de quantificar a limita&#231;&#227;o funcional de forma objetiva e fornecer informa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica relevante sobre a etiologia das limita&#231;&#245;es funcionais que podem ser de causa card&#237;aca, pulmonar ou mista.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></p>
        <p>N&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel realizar TECP em pacientes das classes INTERMACS (Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support) 1 a 3 (choque cardiog&#234;nico, sob inotr&#243;picos ou sob assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria), na presen&#231;a de arritmias supraventriculares ou ventriculares n&#227;o controladas e nos pacientes incapacitados de se exercitarem por patologia ortop&#233;dica ou fragilidade extrema.</p>
        <p>Contudo, na maior parte dos pacientes das classes INTERMACS 4 a 7, desde que selecionado um protocolo de esfor&#231;o adaptado &#224; capacidade funcional do doente ou um erg&#244;metro que permita minimizar as suas limita&#231;&#245;es ortop&#233;dicas, &#233; poss&#237;vel realizar TECP m&#225;ximo e obter par&#226;metros com elevado valor progn&#243;stico na maior parte dos pacientes com ICFER.</p>
        <p>Considera-se, atualmente, o pVO<sub>2</sub>, a rela&#231;&#227;o pVO<sub>2</sub>/VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo previsto, a inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> e as OV como os par&#226;metros fornecidos pelo TECP com maior valor progn&#243;stico na ICFER.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></p>
        <p>O TECP ainda &#233; pouco utilizado em Cardiologia no contexto de IC porque suas realiza&#231;&#227;o e interpreta&#231;&#227;o envolvem alguma complexidade e por ter um custo mais elevado que o teste de exerc&#237;cio convencional. Por&#233;m, tem grande interesse por permitir uma avalia&#231;&#227;o integrada da fisiopatologia dos aparelhos circulat&#243;rio, respirat&#243;rio e locomotor, possibilitando identificar objetivamente as limita&#231;&#245;es dos pacientes, a sua causa, e estratific&#225;-los em termos de progn&#243;stico.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Previs&#227;o Progn&#243;stica dos Par&#226;metros do Teste de Esfor&#231;o Cardiopulmonar em Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca e Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
