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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">qtbw4DMf4z63yDttFzWps6v</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020000200209</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20180193</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Prognostic Prediction of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test Parameters in Heart Failure Patients with Atrial Fibrillation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4614-4977</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#243;nio Valentim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira-da-Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feliciano</surname>
            <given-names>Joana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Rita Ilh&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rio</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abreu</surname>
            <given-names>Ana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Rui Cruz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio Lisboa Central</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Santa Marta</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Lisbon</city>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio Lisboa Central, Hospital de Santa Marta, Lisbon - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Ant&#243;nio Valentim Gon&#231;alves,</bold> Rua de Santa Marta, 50. 1169-1024, Lisbon - Portugal. E-mail: <email>antonio.a.goncalves.14@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Gon&#231;alves AV, Pereira-da-Silva T, Soares R; Acquisition of data: Pereira-da-Silva T, Soares R, Feliciano J, Moreira RI, Rio P; Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Gon&#231;alves AV; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Pereira-da-Silva T, Soares R, Abreu A, Ferreira RC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>209</fpage>
      <lpage>218</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with increased mortality in heart failure (HF) patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate whether the risk of AF patients can be precisely stratified by relation with cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) cut-offs for heart transplantation (HT) selection.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Prospective evaluation of 274 consecutive HF patients with left ventricular ejection fraction &#8804; 40%. The primary endpoint was a composite of cardiac death or urgent HT in 1-year follow-up. The primary endpoint was analysed by several CPET parameters for the highest area under the curve and for positive (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) in AF and sinus rhythm (SR) patients to detect if the current cut-offs for HT selection can precisely stratify the AF group. Statistical differences with a p-value &lt;0.05 were considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>There were 51 patients in the AF group and 223 in the SR group. The primary outcome was higher in the AF group (17.6% vs 8.1%, p = 0.038). The cut-off value of pVO<sub>2</sub> for HT selection showed a PPV of 100% and an NPV of 95.5% for the primary outcome in the AF group, with a PPV of 38.5% and an NPV of 94.3% in the SR group. The cut-off value of VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope showed lower values of PPV (33.3%) and similar NPV (92.3%) to pVO<sub>2</sub> results in the AF group.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Despite the fact that AF carries a worse prognosis for HF patients, the current cut-off of pVO<sub>2</sub> for HT selection can precisely stratify this high-risk group.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation/mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Peak Expiratory Flow Rate</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise Test</kwd>
        <kwd>Oxygen Consumption</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Heart failure (HF) and atrial fibrillation (AF) often coexist,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> with AF occurring in some reports in more than 50% of HF patients, and HF in more than one-third of AF patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Since the burden of each is growing, they have been called the two new epidemics of cardiovascular (CV) disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></p>
      <p>The presence of AF in HF patients is associated with adverse hemodynamic consequences, which may exacerbate HF, increasing morbidity and mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></p>
      <p>The cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) is a powerful predictor of mortality in HF patients and is used as the criterion standard for the need for heart transplantation (HT),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> with peak O<sub>2</sub> consumption (pVO<sub>2</sub>) and the relation between ventilation and CO<sub>2</sub> production (VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope) as the most used risk assessment tools.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> However, less information is known about whether HF patients with AF can be precisely stratified with the current CPET cut-offs for HT selection. Since the combination of HF and AF provide a worse prognosis, a timely referral for HT or mechanical circulatory support could be extraordinarily important to reduce the negative prognostic effect of AF in HF patients.</p>
      <p>The present study seeks to compare the prognostic importance in HF patients of CPET parameters in AF versus sinus rhythm (SR) patients.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>The investigation conforms to the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. The institutional ethics committee approved the study protocol. All patients provided written informed consent.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Patient population and study protocol</title>
        <p>The study included a single centre analysis of 274 consecutive HF patients referred to our institution with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) &#8804; 40% and New York Heart Association (NYHA) class II or III, from 2009 to 2016. All the patients were referred for evaluation with HF team and possible indication for HT or mechanical circulatory support. Patients with elective HT during the follow-up period (patients who had indication for HT and a heart become available in the first year of follow-up) were excluded from the analysis.</p>
        <p>Prospective follow-up included initial evaluation within a period of one month in each patient with:</p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Clinical data including etiology of HF, implanted devices, medication, comorbidities, NYHA class and Heart Failure Survival Score (HFSS);<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Laboratory data;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Electrocardiographic data;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Echocardiographic data;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>CPET data.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
        <p>Patients were excluded if one of the following:</p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Age &lt; 18 years;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Planned percutaneous coronary revascularization or cardiac surgery;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Elective HT in the follow-up period;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Exercise-limiting comorbidities (cerebrovascular disease, musculoskeletal impairment, or severe peripheral vascular disease);</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Previous HT.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Follow-up and endpoint</title>
        <p>All patients were followed-up for 12 months from the date of completion of the aforementioned complementary exams.</p>
        <p>The primary endpoint was a composite of cardiac death or urgent HT (occurring during an unplanned hospitalization with dependency of inotropes for worsening HF). Data were obtained from the outpatient clinic visits and medical charts review and was complemented with a standardized telephone interview to all patients at 12 months of follow-up. Secondary endpoints included all-cause mortality, sudden cardiac death and death for worsening HF.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Definition of atrial fibrillation</title>
        <p>Only persistent or permanent AF was considered for the analysis. The diagnosis was made by electrocardiographic recording in the initial evaluation.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cardiopulmonary exercise testing</title>
        <p>A maximal symptom-limited treadmill CPET was performed using the modified Bruce protocol (GE Marquette Series 2000 treadmill). Tha gas analysis was preceded by the calibration of the equipment. Minute ventilation, oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide production were acquired breath-by-breath, using a SensorMedics Vmax 229 gas analyser. The pVO<sub>2</sub> was defined as the highest 30-second average achieved during exercise and was normalized for body mass.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> The anaerobic threshold was determined by combining the standard methods (V-slope preferentially and ventilatory equivalents). The VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope was calculated by least-squares linear regression, using data acquired throughout the whole exercise. Several composite parameters of CPET were also calculated. Patients were encouraged to perform exercise until the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) was &#8805;1.10.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>All analyses compare AF patients with SR patients. Data were analysed using the software Statistical Package for the Social Science for Windows, version 24.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago IL).</p>
        <p>Baseline characteristics were summarized as frequencies (percentages) for categorical variables, as means and standard deviations for continuous variables when normality was verified and as median and interquartile range when normality was not verified by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The Student&#8217;s t-test for independent samples or the Mann-Whitney test when normality was not verified were used for the analysis of the variables.</p>
        <p>Univariable and multivariable Cox proportional-hazards models were applied, with p values for time-to-event analyses being based on log-rank tests, and hazard ratios for treatment effects and 95% confidence intervals presented to study the combined endpoint considering the follow-up time of 12 months.</p>
        <p>For selecting patients who would benefit from early selection for HT or mechanical circulatory support, the primary endpoint was analysed by several CPET parameters for the highest area under the curve (AUC) in the 12 months&#8217; follow-up. Hanley &amp; McNeil test was used to compare two correlated receiver operating characteristics curves.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> </p>
        <p>The guideline recommended cut-off value of pVO<sub>2</sub> (pVO<sub>2</sub> &#8804; 12 ml/kg/min or &#8804; 14 ml/kg/min without beta-blockers (BB)) and VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope (VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope &gt; 35 with a RER &lt; 1.05) for HT<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> selection were analysed (and compared for positive and negative predictive value (PPV and NPV, respectively) in our population of AF and SR patients.</p>
        <p>Statistical differences with a p-value &lt; 0.05 were considered significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Overview of AF and SR groups</title>
        <p>A total of 274 patients were enrolled in the study, with 51 patients in the AF group and 223 in the SR group. The baseline characteristics of SR and AF groups are presented and compared in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline characteristics of AF and SR groups</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">SR - n = 223</th>
                <th align="center">AF - n = 51</th>
                <th align="center">p for &#8800; between groups</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Clinical data - characteristics</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age</td>
                <td align="center">52.61 &#177; 12.53</td>
                <td align="center">57.96 &#177; 8.61</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Female (%)</td>
                <td align="center">61 (27.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (11.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.019</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BMI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">26.80 &#177; 4.07</td>
                <td align="center">27.47 &#177; 4.78</td>
                <td align="center">0.361</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ischemic etiology (%)</td>
                <td align="center">90 (40.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (27.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.087</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ACEi<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>/ARA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> (%)</td>
                <td align="center">211 (96.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (98.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.544</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BB<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> (%)</td>
                <td align="center">179 (80.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (78.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.768</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MRA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> (%)</td>
                <td align="center">184 (72.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (74.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.677</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes (%)</td>
                <td align="center">43 (21.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (22.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.846</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Baseline<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> ICD (%)</td>
                <td align="center">109 (49.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (52.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.493</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Baseline<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> CRT (%)</td>
                <td align="center">48 (21.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (23.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.781</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HFSS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></td>
                <td align="center">8.77 &#177; 0.95</td>
                <td align="center">8.22 &#177; 0.93</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Laboratorial data</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glomerular filtration rate (ml/min)</td>
                <td align="center">76.84 &#177; 30.20</td>
                <td align="center">65.03 &#177; 29.05</td>
                <td align="center">0.012</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sodium (mEq/L)</td>
                <td align="center">137.8 (135.7-139.3)</td>
                <td align="center">136.9 (133.6-139.3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.052</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NT-proBNP (pg/ml)</td>
                <td align="center">2,046.79 &#177; 2,223.07</td>
                <td align="center">3,247.38 &#177; 4,578.571</td>
                <td align="center">0.097</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Echocardiographic data</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVEDD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> (mm/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (35-43)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (35-43)</td>
                <td align="center">0.237</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVEF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> (%)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (22-34)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (20-30)</td>
                <td align="center">0.010</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MR III-IV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> (%)</td>
                <td align="center">87 (39.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (23.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.073</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RV dysfunction (%)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (13.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (40%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                <td align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>CPET data</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Initial HR<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></td>
                <td align="center">82 (72-92)</td>
                <td align="center">83 (70-100)</td>
                <td align="center">0.232</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Maximal HR</td>
                <td align="center">137 (121-157)</td>
                <td align="center">130 (115-179)</td>
                <td align="center">0.747</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Maximal HR predicted (%)</td>
                <td align="center">82.77 &#177; 12.86</td>
                <td align="center">86.88 &#177; 23.37</td>
                <td align="center">0.230</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Delta HR during exercise</td>
                <td align="center">53 (39-71)</td>
                <td align="center">52 (34-64)</td>
                <td align="center">0.636</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HHR1<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></td>
                <td align="center">17 (12-26)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (10-25)</td>
                <td align="center">0.624</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Initial SBP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></td>
                <td align="center">115 (110-125)</td>
                <td align="center">1,110 (100-120)</td>
                <td align="center">0.026</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Maximal SBP</td>
                <td align="center">155.30 &#177; 26.83</td>
                <td align="center">145.92 &#177; 28.98</td>
                <td align="center">0.028</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Duration of CPET<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> (min)</td>
                <td align="center">10.83 &#177; 3.99</td>
                <td align="center">8.53 &#177; 4.30</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peak RER<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></td>
                <td align="center">1.10 &#177; 0.09</td>
                <td align="center">1.11 &#177; 0.09</td>
                <td align="center">0.340</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">pVO<sub>2</sub> (ml/kg/min)</td>
                <td align="center">20.27 &#177; 5.54</td>
                <td align="center">17.81 &#177; 5.55</td>
                <td align="center">0.005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">pVO<sub>2</sub> predicted (%)</td>
                <td align="center">68.12 &#177; 17.65</td>
                <td align="center">63.12 &#177; 18.29</td>
                <td align="center">0.072</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope</td>
                <td align="center">30.64 &#177; 6.78</td>
                <td align="center">34.33 &#177; 8.88</td>
                <td align="center">0.006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">OUES</td>
                <td align="center">1.83 &#177; 0.58</td>
                <td align="center">1.64 &#177; 0.60</td>
                <td align="center">0.035</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AT<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> time (minutes)</td>
                <td align="center">7.49 &#177; 3.44</td>
                <td align="center">5.49 &#177; 3.63</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">pVO<sub>2</sub> (ml/kg/min) at AT</td>
                <td align="center">16.35 &#177; 4.29</td>
                <td align="center">14.29 &#177; 4.32</td>
                <td align="center">0.002</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Values are mean &#177; standard deviation or median (interquartile range); p values are calculated by Student&#180;s T-test for independent samples or Mann-Whitney U test as appropriate. SR: sinus rhythm; AF: atrial fibrillation; BMI: body mass index; ACEi: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARA: angiotensin receptor blockers; BB: beta-blockers; MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists; ICD: implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; CRT: cardiac resynchronization therapy; HFSS: Heart Failure Survival Score; LVEDD: left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; MR: mitral regurgitation; RV: right ventricular; HR: heart rate; HRR1: heart rate recovery in the first minute after finishing CPET; SBP: systolic blood pressure; CPET: cardiopulmonary exercise test; RER: respiratory exchange ratio; AT: anaerobic threshold.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>In regard to clinical data, AF patients were older (57.96 &#177; 8.61 vs 52.61 &#177; 12.53, p &lt; 0.001) and had a lower percentage of females. Medication with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, BB and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists were similar and highly prevalent in both groups, and no differences were found regarding implantable cardioverter-defibrillator and cardiac resynchronization therapy between the two groups. There were no significant differences for sodium and NT-proBNP, but glomerular filtration rate (GFR) values were lower in the AF group (65.03 &#177; 29.05 vs 76.84 &#177; 30.20, p = 0.012).</p>
        <p>Higher percentage of right ventricular dysfunction (40.0% vs 13.0%, p &lt; 0.001) and lower values of LVEF (24.96 &#177; 7.44 vs 27.91 &#177; 7.23, p = 0.010), revealed a worse biventricular function in AF group.</p>
        <p>CPET data showed no differences regarding heart rate parameters, but the AF group had lower baseline and maximal systolic blood pressure (SBP). Significant differences between the two groups were also observed with prognostic measures of CPET, with a worse status in AF group revealed by a lower CPET duration, pVO<sub>2</sub>, oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES), time to anaerobic threshold (AT), pVO<sub>2</sub> at AT and a higher VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Primary and secondary endpoints</title>
        <p>At 1 year, the primary endpoint (cardiac death or urgent HT) had occurred in 27 (9.9%) patients as represented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>. There were no patients requiring mechanical circulatory support<bold>.</bold> The AF group had more events regarding the combined endpoint (17.6% vs 8.1%, p = 0.038), with cardiac mortality alone showing a trend for a worse prognosis in the AF group (11.8% vs 5.4%, p = 0.097), with no statistical difference regarding urgent HT (5.9% vs 2.7%, p = 0.249).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Adverse events at 12 months follow-up</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="40%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Adverse events at 12 months follow-up</th>
                <th align="center">SR - n (%)</th>
                <th align="center">AF - n (%)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Combined endpoint</td>
                <td align="center">18 (8.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (17.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.038</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total mortality</td>
                <td align="center">14 (6.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (17.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cardiac mortality</td>
                <td align="center">12 (5.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (11.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.097</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sudden cardiac death</td>
                <td align="center">5 (2.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (7.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.043</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Death for worsening HF</td>
                <td align="center">7 (3.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (3.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.777</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Urgent HT</td>
                <td align="center">6 (2.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (5.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.249</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mechanical circulatory support</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.000</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>AF: atrial fibrillation; HF: heart failure: HT: transplantation; SR: sinus rhythm.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Secondary endpoints showed higher all-cause mortality (17.6% vs 6.3%, p = 0.008) and a higher sudden cardiac death (7.8% vs 2.2%, p = 0.043) in the AF group, with no difference regarding death for worsening HF (3.9% vs 3.1%, p = 0.777).</p>
        <p>Complete data of univariable Cox analysis for prediction of the primary endpoint is presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Univariate Cox proportional-hazards analysis (non-CPET parameters)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Characteristics</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4">All</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4">SR</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4">AF</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Wald</th>
                <th align="center">Hazard ratio</th>
                <th align="center">95% CI</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
                <th align="center">Wald</th>
                <th align="center">Hazard ratio</th>
                <th align="center">95% CI</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
                <th align="center">Wald</th>
                <th align="center">Hazard ratio</th>
                <th align="center">95% CI</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age</td>
                <td align="center">0.092</td>
                <td align="center">0.995</td>
                <td align="center">0.965-1.026</td>
                <td align="center">0.762</td>
                <td align="center">0.768</td>
                <td align="center">0.984</td>
                <td align="center">0.950-1.020</td>
                <td align="center">0.381</td>
                <td align="center">0.057</td>
                <td align="center">1.010</td>
                <td align="center">0.933-1.093</td>
                <td align="center">0.811</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Gender</td>
                <td align="center">0.524</td>
                <td align="center">0.699</td>
                <td align="center">0.265-1.845</td>
                <td align="center">0.469</td>
                <td align="center">1.041</td>
                <td align="center">0.525</td>
                <td align="center">0.152-1.812</td>
                <td align="center">0.308</td>
                <td align="center">1.188</td>
                <td align="center">2.397</td>
                <td align="center">0.498-11.547</td>
                <td align="center">0.276</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BMI</td>
                <td align="center">1.175</td>
                <td align="center">0.947</td>
                <td align="center">0.859-1.045</td>
                <td align="center">0.278</td>
                <td align="center">0.183</td>
                <td align="center">0.974</td>
                <td align="center">0.863-1.099</td>
                <td align="center">0.669</td>
                <td align="center">1.906</td>
                <td align="center">0.887</td>
                <td align="center">0.748-1.052</td>
                <td align="center">0.167</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Beta-Blocker</td>
                <td align="center">5.139</td>
                <td align="center">2.469</td>
                <td align="center">1.130-5.393</td>
                <td align="center">0.023</td>
                <td align="center">4.259</td>
                <td align="center">2.713</td>
                <td align="center">1.051-6.998</td>
                <td align="center">0.039</td>
                <td align="center">0.877</td>
                <td align="center">1.941</td>
                <td align="center">0.484-7.779</td>
                <td align="center">0.349</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">0.130</td>
                <td align="center">1.197</td>
                <td align="center">0.451-3.174</td>
                <td align="center">0.718</td>
                <td align="center">0.027</td>
                <td align="center">0.910</td>
                <td align="center">0.297-2.792</td>
                <td align="center">0.869</td>
                <td align="center">0.691</td>
                <td align="center">2.416</td>
                <td align="center">0.302-19.326</td>
                <td align="center">0.406</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Baseline CRT</td>
                <td align="center">1.614</td>
                <td align="center">1.995</td>
                <td align="center">0.687-5.790</td>
                <td align="center">0.204</td>
                <td align="center">1.047</td>
                <td align="center">2.160</td>
                <td align="center">0.494-9.446</td>
                <td align="center">0.306</td>
                <td align="center">1.807</td>
                <td align="center">2.940</td>
                <td align="center">0.610-14.167</td>
                <td align="center">0.179</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HFSS</td>
                <td align="center">34.893</td>
                <td align="center">0.233</td>
                <td align="center">0.144-0.378</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">22.674</td>
                <td align="center">0.233</td>
                <td align="center">0.128-0.424</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">8.600</td>
                <td align="center">0.243</td>
                <td align="center">0.095-0.626</td>
                <td align="center">0.003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glomerular filtration rate</td>
                <td align="center">3.520</td>
                <td align="center">0.586</td>
                <td align="center">0.971-1.101</td>
                <td align="center">0.061</td>
                <td align="center">2.578</td>
                <td align="center">0.985</td>
                <td align="center">0.967-1.003</td>
                <td align="center">0.108</td>
                <td align="center">0.205</td>
                <td align="center">0.994</td>
                <td align="center">0.969-1.020</td>
                <td align="center">0.650</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sodium</td>
                <td align="center">27.303</td>
                <td align="center">0.787</td>
                <td align="center">0.720-0.861</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">14.635</td>
                <td align="center">0.766</td>
                <td align="center">0.668-0.878</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">7.668</td>
                <td align="center">0.839</td>
                <td align="center">0.726-0.947</td>
                <td align="center">0.006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NT-proBNP</td>
                <td align="center">20.456</td>
                <td align="center">8.212</td>
                <td align="center">2.234-12.367</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">15.171</td>
                <td align="center">6.263</td>
                <td align="center">1.894-10.223</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">3.187</td>
                <td align="center">2.335</td>
                <td align="center">1.285-4.534</td>
                <td align="center">0.004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVEDD</td>
                <td align="center">5.670</td>
                <td align="center">1.072</td>
                <td align="center">1.012-1.135</td>
                <td align="center">0.017</td>
                <td align="center">3.001</td>
                <td align="center">1.077</td>
                <td align="center">0.990-1.171</td>
                <td align="center">0.083</td>
                <td align="center">1.443</td>
                <td align="center">1.049</td>
                <td align="center">0.970-1.135</td>
                <td align="center">0.230</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVEF</td>
                <td align="center">18.934</td>
                <td align="center">0.887</td>
                <td align="center">0.840-0.936</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">13.810</td>
                <td align="center">0.884</td>
                <td align="center">0.828-0.943</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">3.351</td>
                <td align="center">0.912</td>
                <td align="center">0.826-0.998</td>
                <td align="center">0.049</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RV dysfunction</td>
                <td align="center">21.377</td>
                <td align="center">3.758</td>
                <td align="center">2.144-6.588</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">6.160</td>
                <td align="center">2.846</td>
                <td align="center">1.246-6.499</td>
                <td align="center">0.013</td>
                <td align="center">8.346</td>
                <td align="center">4.267</td>
                <td align="center">1.594-11.419</td>
                <td align="center">0.004</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>SR: sinus rhythm; AF: atrial fibrillation; CI: confidence interval; BMI: body mass index; CRT: cardiac resynchronization therapy; HFSS: Heart Failure Survival Score; LVEDD: left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; RV: right ventricular.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Univariate Cox proportional-hazards analysis (CPET parameters)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
              <col width="7%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Characteristics</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4">All</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4">SR</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4">AF</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Wald</th>
                <th align="center">Hazard ratio</th>
                <th align="center">95% CI</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
                <th align="center">Wald</th>
                <th align="center">Hazard ratio</th>
                <th align="center">95% CI</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
                <th align="center">Wald</th>
                <th align="center">Hazard ratio</th>
                <th align="center">95% CI</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Initial HR</td>
                <td align="center">0.220</td>
                <td align="center">1.006</td>
                <td align="center">0.983-1.029</td>
                <td align="center">0.639</td>
                <td align="center">2.265</td>
                <td align="center">1.024</td>
                <td align="center">0.993-1.056</td>
                <td align="center">0.132</td>
                <td align="center">1.414</td>
                <td align="center">0.977</td>
                <td align="center">0.940-1.015</td>
                <td align="center">0.234</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Maximal HR</td>
                <td align="center">6.259</td>
                <td align="center">0.982</td>
                <td align="center">0.967-0.996</td>
                <td align="center">0.012</td>
                <td align="center">0.644</td>
                <td align="center">0.992</td>
                <td align="center">0.974-1.011</td>
                <td align="center">0.422</td>
                <td align="center">5.706</td>
                <td align="center">0.973</td>
                <td align="center">0.951-0.955</td>
                <td align="center">0.017</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Maximal HR(%)predicted</td>
                <td align="center">8.343</td>
                <td align="center">0.962</td>
                <td align="center">0.937-0.968</td>
                <td align="center">0.004</td>
                <td align="center">1.864</td>
                <td align="center">0.975</td>
                <td align="center">0.941-1.011</td>
                <td align="center">0.172</td>
                <td align="center">5.590</td>
                <td align="center">0.958</td>
                <td align="center">0.924-0.993</td>
                <td align="center">0.018</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Delta HR during exercise</td>
                <td align="center">10.141</td>
                <td align="center">0.969</td>
                <td align="center">0.951-0.988</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
                <td align="center">3.324</td>
                <td align="center">0.979</td>
                <td align="center">0.956-1.002</td>
                <td align="center">0.068</td>
                <td align="center">6.527</td>
                <td align="center">0.960</td>
                <td align="center">0.930-0.991</td>
                <td align="center">0.011</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HHR1</td>
                <td align="center">22.484</td>
                <td align="center">0.837</td>
                <td align="center">0.778-0.901</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">15.623</td>
                <td align="center">0.829</td>
                <td align="center">0.755-0.910</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">5.939</td>
                <td align="center">0.869</td>
                <td align="center">0.777-0.973</td>
                <td align="center">0.015</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Initial SBP</td>
                <td align="center">13.913</td>
                <td align="center">0.946</td>
                <td align="center">0.919-0.974</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">8.317</td>
                <td align="center">0.951</td>
                <td align="center">0.919-0.984</td>
                <td align="center">0.004</td>
                <td align="center">4.346</td>
                <td align="center">0.939</td>
                <td align="center">0.885-0.996</td>
                <td align="center">0.037</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Maximal SBP</td>
                <td align="center">21.896</td>
                <td align="center">0.959</td>
                <td align="center">0.943-0.976</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">12.029</td>
                <td align="center">0.964</td>
                <td align="center">0.945-0.984</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
                <td align="center">7.205</td>
                <td align="center">0.954</td>
                <td align="center">0.922-0.987</td>
                <td align="center">0.007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Duration of CPET (min)</td>
                <td align="center">26.781</td>
                <td align="center">0.756</td>
                <td align="center">0.681-0.841</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">20.636</td>
                <td align="center">0.730</td>
                <td align="center">0.637-0.836</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">4.009</td>
                <td align="center">0.838</td>
                <td align="center">0.704-0.996</td>
                <td align="center">0.048</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>SR: sinus rhythm; AF: atrial fibrillation; CI: confidence interval; HR: heart rate; HHR1: heart rate recovery in the first minute after finishing CPET; SBP: systolic blood pressure; CPET: cardiopulmonary exercise test.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>HFSS, Sodium, NT-proBNP, right ventricular dysfunction, LVEF, CPET duration, heart rate recovery in the first minute after finishing CPET (HHR1) and initial and maximal SBP during CPET were predictors of the primary endpoint in both groups.</p>
        <p>With the exception of HHR1, heart rate (HR) parameters during CPET were only predictors of the primary endpoint in the AF group, as seen with lower values of maximal HR, lower values of maximal (%) predicted HR and a lower variation of the HR during exercise, for patients with AF for whom the primary endpoint occurred and for those for whom it did not, respectively (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>On the other hand, the use of BB was only a predictor of the primary endpoint in the SR group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Relationship between CPET prognostic parameters and primary outcome</title>
        <p>The power to predict the primary outcome by CPET parameters is represented in the supplementary index. Univariate Cox analysis shows that pVO<sub>2</sub>, pVO<sub>2</sub> (%) predicted, pVO<sub>2</sub> at AT, VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope and OUES are all predictors of the primary outcome in both groups (p &lt; 0.05 for all).</p>
        <p>In addition to the Cox analysis, these CPET parameters were analysed for the highest AUC in the 12 months&#8217; follow-up period. In the SR group, VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope had the highest AUC value (0.906) followed by predicted pVO<sub>2</sub> (%) (0.903), with OUES with the lower AUC value (0.798). Despite these numerical differences, no statistically significant difference was found when the Hanley &amp; McNeil test was applied to compare the different AUC values of the CPET parameters.</p>
        <p>In the AF group, predicted pVO<sub>2</sub> (%) (0.878) and pVO<sub>2</sub> (0.869) had the highest AUC values. Similarly to the SR group, OUES had the lowest AUC value (0.833), but no statistically significant difference was found when the Hanley &amp; McNeil test was applied to compare these parameters.</p>
        <p>The Hanley &amp; McNeil test was applied for comparing each CPET AUC parameter in the AF versus SR groups as well, with no statistically significant difference found.</p>
        <p>Multivariate Cox analysis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>) showed that when pVO<sub>2</sub> and the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope are analysed together, significant differences were found between SR and AF groups. In the SR group, pVO<sub>2</sub> lost his predictive power (p = 0.280) while the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope remained predictive of the primary outcome (p = 0.001). In the AF group, the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope lost its predictive power (p = 0.398) and pVO<sub>2</sub> showed a trend towards the prediction of the primary outcome (p = 0.091).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Multivariate Cox analysis of CPET<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> prognostic parameters</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Multivariate Cox analysis</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">SR</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">AF</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Hazard ratio</th>
                <th align="center">95% CI</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
                <th align="center">Hazard ratio</th>
                <th align="center">95% CI</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="7">1) pVO<sub>2</sub> vs VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;pVO<sub>2</sub></td>
                <td align="center">0.910</td>
                <td align="center">0.766-1.080</td>
                <td align="center">0.280</td>
                <td align="center">0.759</td>
                <td align="center">0.551-1.045</td>
                <td align="center">0.091</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope</td>
                <td align="center">1.117</td>
                <td align="center">1.045-1.194</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
                <td align="center">1.050</td>
                <td align="center">0.937-1.177</td>
                <td align="center">0.398</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="7">2) pVO<sub>2</sub> (%) predicted vs VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;pVO<sub>2</sub> (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.933</td>
                <td align="center">0.888-0.981</td>
                <td align="center">0.006</td>
                <td align="center">0.942</td>
                <td align="center">0.879-1.010</td>
                <td align="center">0.094</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope</td>
                <td align="center">1.070</td>
                <td align="center">1.005-1.139</td>
                <td align="center">0.033</td>
                <td align="center">1.078</td>
                <td align="center">0.974-1.193</td>
                <td align="center">0.145</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="7">3) OUES<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> vs VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;OUES</td>
                <td align="center">1.508</td>
                <td align="center">0.388-5.864</td>
                <td align="center">0.553</td>
                <td align="center">0.624</td>
                <td align="center">0.056-6.975</td>
                <td align="center">0.701</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope</td>
                <td align="center">1.170</td>
                <td align="center">1.090-1.256</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">1.123</td>
                <td align="center">1.002-1.258</td>
                <td align="center">0.046</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">4) pVO<sub>2</sub> vs. OUES</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;pVO<sub>2</sub></td>
                <td align="center">0.742</td>
                <td align="center">0.597-0.922</td>
                <td align="center">0.007</td>
                <td align="center">0.623</td>
                <td align="center">0.482-0.907</td>
                <td align="center">0.014</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;OUES</td>
                <td align="center">1.061</td>
                <td align="center">0.183-6.153</td>
                <td align="center">0.948</td>
                <td align="center">2.335</td>
                <td align="center">0.156-34.907</td>
                <td align="center">0.539</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>SR: sinus rhythm; AF: atrial fibrillation; CPET: cardiopulmonary exercise test; CI: confidence interval; pVO2: peak O2 consumption; OUES: oxygen uptake efficiency slope.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Similar results were found in the multivariate Cox analysis of predicted pVO<sub>2</sub> (%) and the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope in the AF group (p = 0.094 and p = 0.145, respectively), while in the SR group there was a difference, since predicted (%) pVO<sub>2</sub> (p = 0.006) and VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope (p = 0.033) kept their predictive power (p = 0.006), while pVO<sub>2</sub> had not (p = 0.280).</p>
        <p>OUES lost its predictive power in the multivariate Cox analysis in both SR and AF groups when compared with pVO<sub>2</sub> (p = 0.948 and p = 0.539, for SR and AF group respectively) and when compared with the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope (p = 0.503 and p = 0.701, for SR and AF group respectively).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cut-off value for HT selection: PPV and NPV for the primary outcome</title>
        <p>The univariate Cox analysis for the primary outcome of the two recommended CPET cut-offs for HT selection<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> (pVO<sub>2</sub> &#8804; 12 ml/kg/min or &#8804; 14 ml/kg/min without BB and VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope &#8804; 35) is represented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 6</xref>, showing that in the two groups, both cut-offs remained predictors of the outcome.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Table 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Univariate Cox analysis for the primary outcome of the two recommended cardiopulmonary exercise test cut-offs for Heart Transplantation selection</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="28%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">&#160;</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">SR</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">AF</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Hazard ratio</th>
                <th align="center">95% CI</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
                <th align="center">Hazard ratio</th>
                <th align="center">95% CI</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">pVO<sub>2</sub> &#8804; 12 ml/kg/min</td>
                <td align="center">8.673</td>
                <td align="center">3.048-24.680</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">44.220</td>
                <td align="center">8.686-225.129</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope &gt; 35</td>
                <td align="center">20.858</td>
                <td align="center">5.985-72.696</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">5.613</td>
                <td align="center">1.164-27.059</td>
                <td align="center">0.032</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>SR: sinus rhythm; AF: atrial fibrillation; CI: confidence interval; pVO<sub>2</sub>: peak O<sub>2</sub> consumption.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>In pVO<sub>2</sub> &#8804; 12 ml/kg/min or &#8804; 14 ml/kg/min without BB, the PPV for the primary outcome was 100% in the AF group and 38.5% in the SR group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 7</xref>), with a NPV of 95.5% and 94.3% in the AF and SR groups, respectively. Higher values were found when the analysis excluded patients not doing BB, with a PPV of 100% and 75%, and a NPV of 97.1% and 95.3% for the AF and RS groups respectively.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Table 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Proportion of patients correctely classified at 12 months of follow up</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">AF</th>
                <th align="center">SR</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">pVO<sub>2</sub> &#8804; 12 ml/kg/min or &#8804; 14 ml/kg/min without BB2</td>
                <td align="center">7/7 - 100%</td>
                <td align="center">5/13 - 38.5%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">pVO<sub>2</sub> &gt; 12 ml/kg/min or &gt; 14 ml/kg/min without BB</td>
                <td align="center">42/44 - 95.5%</td>
                <td align="center">198/210 - 94.3%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">pVO<sub>2</sub> &#8804; 12 ml/kg/min only in patients doing BB</td>
                <td align="center">5/5 - 100%</td>
                <td align="center">6/8 - 75%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">pVO<sub>2</sub> &gt; 12 ml/kg/min only in patients doing BB</td>
                <td align="center">34/35 - 97.1%</td>
                <td align="center">161/169 - 95.3%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope &gt; 35</td>
                <td align="center">7/21 - 33.3%</td>
                <td align="center">14/47 - 29.8%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope &#8804; 35</td>
                <td align="center">28/30 - 92.3%</td>
                <td align="center">173/176 - 98.3%</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>SR: sinus rhythm; AF: atrial fibrillation; pVO<sub>2</sub>: peak O<sub>2</sub> consumption; BB: beta-blockers.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>In VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope &gt; 35 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 7</xref>), lower values of PPV were reported (33.3% and 29.8% for AF and SR groups, respectively), with similar NPV to pVO<sub>2</sub> (92.3% and 98.3% for AF and SR groups, respectively).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The presence of AF is associated with a negative prognostic effect in HF, with 50-90% increased mortality and HF progression in the Framingham Heart Study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Our population revealed some baseline differences between SR and AF groups, with some of that in previously described prognostic markers of HF, as AF patients were older,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> with lower GFR,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> with worse right ventricular function<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> and a lower LVEF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> In regard to CPET parameters, our AF patients revealed a lower exercise capacity than SR patients since they had a higher VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope and a lower CPET duration, pVO<sub>2</sub>, OUES, time to AT and pVO<sub>2</sub> at AT. As expected, these differences converted in a worse prognosis in the AF group, with a 2-fold increase in the primary endpoint events (17.6% VS 8.1%, p = 0.038) and 3-fold increase in all-cause mortality (17.6% VS 6.3%, p = 0.008) in the 1-year follow-up.</p>
      <p>The majority of the predictors of the primary endpoint were predictors for both SR and AF groups. The HFSS,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Sodium,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> NT-proBNP,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> right ventricular dysfunction,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> lower LVEF,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> CPET duration, HHR1,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> and initial and maximal SBP during CPET<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> were included in this group, with all of them being formerly described as prognostic markers in HF patients.</p>
      <p>Differences were found regarding maximal HR and variation of HR during the exercise, with lower values in AF patients predicting the primary outcome only in that group.</p>
      <p>Patients not using BB were solely predictive of the primary outcome in the SR group, but not in the AF group. Whether this is in agreement with other studies that failed to reveal prognostic benefit from BB in the AF group of HF patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> or to a underpowered analysis since only 11 patients in the AF group were not doing BB cannot be guaranteed.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Cut-off value for HT selection: PPV and NPV for the primary outcome</title>
        <p>Whether HF patients with AF can be precisely stratified with the current CPET cut-offs for HT selection have not been specifically studied before. The cut-off value for pVO<sub>2</sub> showed a PPV for the primary outcome of 100% in the AF group and 38.5% in the SR group, with a NPV of 95.5% and 94.3% in the AF and SR groups, respectively. Hence, despite AF carries a worse prognosis in HF patients, the current cut-off of pVO<sub>2</sub> for HT selection can precisely stratified these high-risk patients, with no patients under the cut-off misdiagnosed as high risk patients and less than 5% of patients above the cut-off having the primary outcome in the 1-year follow-up (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). These results suggest that patients under the cut-off of pVO<sub>2</sub> should be managed accordingly, considering quickly referring for HT or mechanical circulatory support, since medical treatment is associated with negative outcomes in a 1-year period, and that we can be relatively safe in regard to 1-year outcomes of patients above the cut-off.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Positive (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of pVO<sub>2</sub> and VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-02-0209-80193-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>In regard to SR patients, the lower risks associated are responsible for a lower value of PPV above the pVO<sub>2</sub> cutoff. The PPV was raised from 38,5% to 75% when the analysis excluded patients not doing BB. The NPV remains high in this group (94,3%).</p>
        <p>During exercise, both CO<sub>2</sub> output and ventilation increase steadily, but in patients with HF, the slope of the relationship is increased.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Previous studies have confirmed the prognostic impact of VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> in patients with HF, with higher values being associated with worse outcomes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> However, the value of VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> in AF patients with HF is not so well established, with differences in results in some trials.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></p>
        <p>In our study, with a VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope &gt; 35, lower values of PPV were reported (33.3% and 29.8% for AF and SR groups, respectively), with similar NPV compared to pVO<sub>2</sub> results (92.3% and 98.3% for AF and SR groups, respectively, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figure 1</xref>). The power to predict the primary outcome by the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope, revealed an AUC of 0.906 for the SR group (the highest of all the CPET parameters analysed) and 0.844 in the AF group, with no statistically significant difference found when comparing the different AUC values of the CPET parameters. These differences in PPV may suggest that despite the fact that VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope could be at least as good for prognostic assessment in HF patients as pVO<sub>2</sub>, the cut-off to use with the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope is not so well established as the cut-off for pVO<sub>2</sub> in AF patients.</p>
        <p>One previous study has shown that in a multivariate Cox analysis, pVO<sub>2</sub> was identified as a sole significant predictor of cardiac events in HF patients in SR and the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope in AF patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> Our results, however, do not concur with the previous results. In fact, our multivariate Cox analysis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>) showed that when pVO<sub>2</sub> and the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope are analysed together, pVO<sub>2</sub> lost its predictive power (p = 0.280) while the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope remained predictive of the primary outcome (p = 0.001) in the SR group. In the AF group, the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope lost its predictive power (p = 0.398) while pVO<sub>2</sub> showed a trend for the prediction of the primary outcome (p = 0.091).</p>
        <p>The predicted pVO<sub>2</sub> (%) has been demonstrated as a useful prognostic marker in previous HF studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> In the multivariate Cox analysis of predicted pVO<sub>2</sub> (%) and the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope, predicted pVO<sub>2</sub> (%) kept his predictive power in the SR group (p = 0.006) in contrast to pVO<sub>2</sub>, while in the AF group, it showed a trend towards prediction of the primary outcome (p = 0.094) and had the highest AUC predictive value (0.878).</p>
        <p>OUES is derived by plotting VO<sub>2</sub> as a function of log10VE, which is an approximately linear relation, indicating how effectively O<sub>2</sub> is extracted and taken into the body.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> In HF patients, OUES is reduced in proportion to disease severity and linked to outcome.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> In our population, OUES had the numerically lower AUC for predicting the primary outcome in both AF and SR groups and lost its predictive power in the multivariate Cox analysis when compared with pVO<sub>2</sub> and when compared with the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope, which is in accordance with other previous study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>There are limitations to our study that should be referenced. Even though data was obtained from the outpatient clinic visits, medical charts were reviewed and complemented with a standardized telephone interview to all patients at 12 months of follow-up to collect data for the primary and secondary outcomes. Information pertaining to the selection or not of rhythm control for the treatment of AF was not gathered. Despite this, the goal of the trial was to define, during the initial evaluation, which patients needed early indication for HT or mechanical circulatory support, reducing the importance of the aforementioned information.</p>
        <p>Despite being a seven-year follow-up of patients evaluated for HT in one advanced HF centre, the analysed cohort was not larger than other studies of the relation between HF and AF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> However, the sample size is similar to other studies that highlighted the value of CPET parameters, including for the selection of patients for HT.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></p>
        <p>Since patients were referred for a tertiary hospital for the purpose of evaluation with HF team and possible indication for HT or mechanical circulatory support, these patients may not be representative of the older or with higher comorbidities HF community, who are not candidate for advanced HF treatment.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>Despite AF carries a worse prognosis for the HF patients, the current cut-off of pVO<sub>2</sub> for HT selection can precisely stratify this group of high-risk patients. The findings from the present study suggest that HF patients with AF and a CPET under the current cut-off of pVO<sub>2</sub> for HT selection should be quickly referred for HT or mechanical circulatory support, since medical treatment is associated with negative outcomes in a 1-year period, with a higher PPV than patients in SR. In addition, pVO<sub>2</sub> cut-off seems to have higher PPV than VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope cut-off for the prediction of the primary outcome in HF patients with AF.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the <italic>Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Central</italic> under the protocol number CA2257. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Previs&#227;o Progn&#243;stica dos Par&#226;metros do Teste de Esfor&#231;o Cardiopulmonar em Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca e Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4614-4977</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#243;nio Valentim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira-da-Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feliciano</surname>
            <given-names>Joana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Rita Ilh&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rio</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abreu</surname>
            <given-names>Ana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Rui Cruz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio Lisboa Central, Hospital de Santa Marta, Lisboa - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Ant&#243;nio Valentim Gon&#231;alves,</bold> Rua de Santa Marta, 50. 1169-1024, Lisboa - Portugal. E-mail: <email>antonio.a.goncalves.14@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Gon&#231;alves AV, Pereira-da-Silva T, Soares R; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Pereira-da-Silva T, Soares R, Feliciano J, Moreira RI, Rio P; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Gon&#231;alves AV; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Pereira-da-Silva T, Soares R, Abreu A, Ferreira RC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) est&#225; associada ao aumento da mortalidade em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar se o risco de pacientes com FA pode ser estratificado com precis&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pontos de corte do teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar (TECP) para sele&#231;&#227;o do transplante card&#237;aco (TC).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o prospectiva de 274 pacientes consecutivos com IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#8804; 40%. O <italic>endpoint</italic> prim&#225;rio foi um composto de morte card&#237;aca ou TC urgente no seguimento de 1 ano. O <italic>endpoint</italic> prim&#225;rio foi analisado atrav&#233;s de v&#225;rios par&#226;metros do TECP para a maior &#225;rea sob a curva e para o valor preditivo positivo (VPP) e negativo (VPN) em pacientes com FA e ritmo sinusal (RS) para detectar se os atuais pontos de corte para a sele&#231;&#227;o de TC podem estratificar com precis&#227;o o grupo com FA. Diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas com valor de p &lt; 0,05 foram consideradas significativas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Havia 51 pacientes no grupo de FA e 223 no grupo RS. O <italic>endpoint</italic> prim&#225;rio foi maior no grupo FA (17,6% vs. 8,1%, p = 0,038). O valor de corte de pVO<sub>2</sub> para a sele&#231;&#227;o do TC mostrou um VPP de 100% e um VPN de 95,5% para o <italic>endpoint</italic> prim&#225;rio no grupo FA, com um VPP de 38,5% e um VPN de 94,3% no grupo RS. O valor de corte da inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> apresentou valores mais baixos de VPP (33,3%) e valor semelhante de VPN (92,3%) aos resultados de pVO<sub>2</sub> no grupo FA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Apesar do fato de a FA apresentar um pior progn&#243;stico para os pacientes com IC, o atual ponto de corte de pVO<sub>2</sub> para a sele&#231;&#227;o de TC pode estratificar com precis&#227;o esse grupo de alto risco.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial/mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Pico do Fluxo Expirat&#243;rio</kwd>
        <kwd>Teste de Esfor&#231;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Consumo de Oxig&#234;nio</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) e a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) frequentemente coexistem,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> com a FA ocorrendo, de acordo com alguns relatos, em mais de 50% dos pacientes com IC e a mesma em mais de um ter&#231;o dos pacientes com FA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Como a carga de cada uma dessas condi&#231;&#245;es est&#225; aumentando, elas foram chamadas de as duas novas epidemias de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></p>
        <p>A presen&#231;a de FA em pacientes com IC est&#225; associada a consequ&#234;ncias hemodin&#226;micas adversas, que podem exacerbar a IC, aumentando a morbidade e a mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></p>
        <p>O teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar (TECP) &#233; um poderoso preditor de mortalidade em pacientes com IC e &#233; utilizado como crit&#233;rio padr&#227;o para a necessidade de transplante card&#237;aco (TC),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> com pico de consumo de O<sub>2</sub> (pVO<sub>2</sub>) e a raz&#227;o entre ventila&#231;&#227;o e produ&#231;&#227;o de CO<sub>2</sub> (inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>) como as ferramentas de avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco mais utilizadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Entretanto, h&#225; menos informa&#231;&#245;es sobre se os pacientes com IC e FA podem ser estratificados com precis&#227;o com os atuais pontos de corte do TECP objetivando a sele&#231;&#227;o para o TC. Como a combina&#231;&#227;o de IC e FA resulta em um progn&#243;stico pior, um encaminhamento oportuno para TC ou suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico pode ser extraordinariamente importante para reduzir o efeito progn&#243;stico negativo da FA em pacientes com IC.</p>
        <p>O presente estudo busca comparar a import&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica dos par&#226;metros do TECP nos pacientes com IC em FA <italic>versus</italic> aqueles em ritmo sinusal (RS).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>A investiga&#231;&#227;o foi realizada em conformidade com os princ&#237;pios descritos na Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque. O comit&#234; de &#233;tica institucional aprovou o protocolo do estudo. Todos os pacientes forneceram o consentimento informado por escrito.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes e protocolo de estudo</title>
          <p>O estudo incluiu uma an&#225;lise de centro &#250;nico de 274 pacientes consecutivos com IC encaminhados &#224; nossa institui&#231;&#227;o com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) &#8804; 40% e classe II ou III da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA), de 2009 a 2016. Todos os pacientes foram encaminhados para avalia&#231;&#227;o pela equipe de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e poss&#237;vel indica&#231;&#227;o para transplante card&#237;aco ou suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico. Pacientes com TC eletivo durante o per&#237;odo de seguimento (pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o de TC e o cora&#231;&#227;o ficou dispon&#237;vel no primeiro ano de seguimento) foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise.</p>
          <p>O seguimento prospectivo incluiu avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial dentro de um per&#237;odo de um m&#234;s em cada paciente com:</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Dados cl&#237;nicos, incluindo etiologia da IC, dispositivos implantados, medicamentos, comorbidades, classe NYHA e escore do <italic>Heart Failure Survival Score</italic> (HFSS);<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Dados laboratoriais;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Dados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Dados do CPET.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>Os pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos se uma das seguintes condi&#231;&#245;es estivesse presente:</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Idade &lt; 18 anos;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea planejada ou cirurgia card&#237;aca;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>TC eletivo no per&#237;odo de seguimento;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Comorbidades causando limita&#231;&#245;es ao exerc&#237;cio (doen&#231;a cerebrovascular, comprometimento musculoesquel&#233;tico ou doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica grave);</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>TC anterior.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Acompanhamento e <italic>endpoint</italic></title>
          <p>Todos os pacientes foram acompanhados por 12 meses a partir da data de realiza&#231;&#227;o dos exames complementares mencionados.</p>
          <p>O <italic>endpoint</italic> prim&#225;rio foi composto de morte card&#237;aca ou TC urgente (ocorrendo durante uma hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o planejada com depend&#234;ncia de inotr&#243;picos devido a piora da IC). Os dados foram obtidos nas consultas ambulatoriais e na revis&#227;o dos prontu&#225;rios, e foram complementados com uma entrevista telef&#244;nica padronizada para todos os pacientes aos 12 meses de seguimento. Os <italic>endpoints</italic> secund&#225;rios inclu&#237;ram mortalidade por todas as causas, morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca e morte por piora da IC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o da FA</title>
          <p>Apenas FA persistente ou permanente foi considerada para a an&#225;lise. O diagn&#243;stico foi feito atrav&#233;s de registro eletrocardiogr&#225;fico na avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar</title>
          <p>Um TECP m&#225;ximo em esteira limitado por sintomas foi realizado utilizando o protocolo de Bruce modificado (esteira GE Marquette Series 2000). A an&#225;lise de gases foi precedida pela calibra&#231;&#227;o do equipamento. A ventila&#231;&#227;o por minuto, a capta&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio e a produ&#231;&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono foram adquiridas respira&#231;&#227;o-a-respira&#231;&#227;o, utilizando um analisador de g&#225;s SensorMedics Vmax 229. O pVO<sub>2</sub> foi definido como a maior m&#233;dia de 30 segundos alcan&#231;ada durante o exerc&#237;cio e foi normalizado para a massa corporal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></p>
          <p>O limiar anaer&#243;bico foi determinado pela combina&#231;&#227;o dos m&#233;todos padr&#227;o (inclina&#231;&#227;o V preferencialmente e equivalentes ventilat&#243;rios). A inclina&#231;&#227;o VE / VCO<sub>2</sub> foi calculada por regress&#227;o linear de m&#237;nimos quadrados, utilizando dados adquiridos ao longo de todo o exerc&#237;cio. V&#225;rios par&#226;metros compostos do TECP tamb&#233;m foram calculados. Os pacientes foram incentivados a realizar exerc&#237;cios at&#233; o quociente respirat&#243;rio (QR) ser &#8805; 1,10.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Todas as an&#225;lises comparam pacientes com FA e pacientes com RS. Os dados foram analisados no software <italic>Statistical Package for the Social Science</italic> para Windows, vers&#227;o 24.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago IL). As caracter&#237;sticas basais foram resumidas como frequ&#234;ncias (porcentagens) para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, como m&#233;dias e desvios padr&#227;o para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas quando a normalidade foi verificada e como mediana e intervalo interquartil quando a normalidade n&#227;o foi verificada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. O teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para amostras independentes ou o teste de Mann-Whitney, quando a normalidade n&#227;o foi verificada, foram utilizados para a an&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis.</p>
          <p>Os modelos de riscos proporcionais de Cox univariado e multivariado foram aplicados, sendo os valores de P para an&#225;lises de tempo at&#233; o evento baseados em testes de <italic>log-rank</italic> e raz&#245;es de risco para efeitos do tratamento e intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% apresentados para estudar o <italic>endpoint</italic> combinado, considerando os tempo de seguimento de 12 meses.</p>
          <p>Para selecionar pacientes que se beneficiariam da sele&#231;&#227;o precoce para TC ou suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico, o <italic>endpoint</italic> prim&#225;rio foi analisado por v&#225;rios par&#226;metros do TECP para a maior &#225;rea sob a curva (AUC) nos 12 meses de seguimento. O teste de Hanley &amp; McNeil foi utilizado para comparar duas curvas de caracter&#237;sticas operacionais do receptor (ROC) correlacionadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></p>
          <p>O valor de corte recomendado pela diretriz de pVO<sub>2</sub> (pVO<sub>2</sub> &#8804; 12 mL/kg/min ou &#8804; 14 mL/kg/min sem betabloqueadores) e da inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> (inclina&#231;&#227;o VE / VCO<sub>2</sub> &gt; 35 com um QR &lt; 1,05) para a sele&#231;&#227;o de TC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> foi analisado (e comparados para o valor preditivo positivo e negativo (VPP e VPN), respectivamente) em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com FA e RS.</p>
          <p>Diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas com valor de p &lt; 0,05 foram consideradas significativas.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Vis&#227;o geral dos grupos FA e RS</title>
          <p>Um total de 274 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo, com 51 pacientes no grupo FA e 223 no grupo RS. As caracter&#237;sticas basais dos grupos RS e FA s&#227;o apresentadas e comparadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos grupos FA e RS</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                  <th align="center">RS - n = 223</th>
                  <th align="center">FA - n = 51</th>
                  <th align="center">p para &#8800; entre grupos</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <td align="left" colspan="4">
                    <bold>Dados cl&#237;nicos - caracter&#237;sticas</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">52,61 &#177; 12,53</td>
                  <td align="center">57,96 &#177; 8,61</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo feminino (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">61 (27,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (11,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,019</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">26,80 &#177; 4,07</td>
                  <td align="center">27,47 &#177; 4,78</td>
                  <td align="center">0,361</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Etiologia isqu&#234;mica (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">90 (40,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (27,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,087</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">iECA/ARA (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">211 (96,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (98,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,544</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">BB (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">179 (80,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (78,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,768</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">MRA (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">184 (72,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (74,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,677</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diabetes (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (21,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (22,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,846</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DCI basal (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">109 (49,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (52,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,493</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TRC basa (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (21,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (23,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,781</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">HFSS</td>
                  <td align="center">8,77 &#177; 0,95</td>
                  <td align="center">8,22 &#177; 0,93</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                  <td align="left" colspan="4">
                    <bold>Dados laboratoriais </bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (mL/min)</td>
                  <td align="center">76,84 &#177; 30,20</td>
                  <td align="center">65,03 &#177; 29,05</td>
                  <td align="center">0,012</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">S&#243;dio (mEq/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">137,8 (135,7-139,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">136,9 (133,6-139,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,052</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">NT-proBNP<break/>(pg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.046,79 &#177; 2.223,07</td>
                  <td align="center">3.247,38 &#177; 4.578,571</td>
                  <td align="center">0,097</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                  <td align="left" colspan="4">
                    <bold>Dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DDVE (mm/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (35-43)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (35-43)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,237</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FEVE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (22-34)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (20-30)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,010</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IM III-IV (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">87 (39,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (23,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,073</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (13,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (40%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                  <td align="left" colspan="4">
                    <bold>Dados do TECP</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FC inicial</td>
                  <td align="center">82 (72-92)</td>
                  <td align="center">83 (70-100)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,232</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FC m&#225;xima</td>
                  <td align="center">137 (121-157)</td>
                  <td align="center">130 (115-179)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,747</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FC m&#225;xima prevista (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">82,77 &#177; 12,86</td>
                  <td align="center">86,88 &#177; 23,37</td>
                  <td align="center">0,230</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Delta FC durante exerc&#237;cio</td>
                  <td align="center">53 (39-71)</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (34-64)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,636</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">RFC1</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (12-26)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (10-25)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,624</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAS Inicial</td>
                  <td align="center">115 (110-125)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.110 (100-120)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,026</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAS m&#225;xima</td>
                  <td align="center">155,30 &#177; 26,83</td>
                  <td align="center">145,92 &#177; 28,98</td>
                  <td align="center">0,028</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dura&#231;&#227;o do TECP (min)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,83 &#177; 3,99</td>
                  <td align="center">8,53 &#177; 4,30</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pico QR</td>
                  <td align="center">1,10 &#177; 0,09</td>
                  <td align="center">1,11 &#177; 0,09</td>
                  <td align="center">0,340</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">pVO<sub>2</sub> (mL/kg/min)</td>
                  <td align="center">20,27 &#177; 5,54</td>
                  <td align="center">17,81 &#177; 5,55</td>
                  <td align="center">0,005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">pVO<sub>2</sub> previsto (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">68,12 &#177; 17,65</td>
                  <td align="center">63,12 &#177; 18,29</td>
                  <td align="center">0,072</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">30,64 &#177; 6,78</td>
                  <td align="center">34,33 &#177; 8,88</td>
                  <td align="center">0,006</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">OUES</td>
                  <td align="center">1,83 &#177; 0,58</td>
                  <td align="center">1,64 &#177; 0,60</td>
                  <td align="center">0,035</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">LA time (minutos)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,49 &#177; 3,44</td>
                  <td align="center">5,49 &#177; 3,63</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">pVO<sub>2</sub> (mL/kg/min) no LA</td>
                  <td align="center">16,35 &#177; 4,29</td>
                  <td align="center">14,29 &#177; 4,32</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <p>Os valores s&#227;o m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana (intervalo interquartil); Os valores de p s&#227;o calculados pelo teste t de Student para amostras independentes ou pelo teste U de Mann-Whitney, conforme apropriado. IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; IECA: inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina; ARA: bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina; BB: betabloqueadores; MRA: antagonistas do receptor de mineralocorticoide; DCI: desfibrilador-cardioversor implant&#225;vel; TRC: terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca; HFSS: Heart Failure Survival Score; DDVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IM: insufici&#234;ncia mitral; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; RFC: recupera&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no primeiro minuto ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino do TECP; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; TECP: teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar; QR: quociente respirat&#243;rio; LA: limiar anaer&#243;bico.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos dados cl&#237;nicos, os pacientes com FA eram mais velhos (57,96 &#177; 8,61 vs. 52,61 &#177; 12,53, p &lt; 0,001) e havia menor porcentagem de mulheres.</p>
          <p>Os medicamentos com inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina (IECA), bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina (BRA), betabloqueadores (BB) e antagonistas dos receptores de mineralocorticoides (MRAs) foram semelhantes e altamente prevalentes em ambos os grupos, e n&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as em rela&#231;&#227;o ao cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel (CDI) e terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (TRC) entre os dois grupos. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas para s&#243;dio e NT-proBNP, mas os valores da taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (TFG) foram menores no grupo FA (65,03 &#177; 29,05 vs. 76,84 &#177; 30,20, p = 0,012). Uma porcentagem maior de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita (40,0% VS 13,0%, p &lt;0,001) e menores valores de FEVE (24,96 &#177; 7,44 vs. 27,91 &#177; 7,23, p = 0,010) revelaram pior fun&#231;&#227;o biventricular no grupo FA.</p>
          <p>Os dados do TECP n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;as em rela&#231;&#227;o aos par&#226;metros da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, mas o grupo FA apresentou menor press&#227;o arterial basal e press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) m&#225;xima. Diferen&#231;as significativas entre os dois grupos tamb&#233;m foram observadas com medidas progn&#243;sticas do TECP, com pior status no grupo FA, demonstrado pela menor dura&#231;&#227;o do TECP, pVO<sub>2</sub>, inclina&#231;&#227;o da efici&#234;ncia do consumo de oxig&#234;nio (OUES), tempo para o limiar anaer&#243;bio (LA), pVO<sub>2</sub> no LA e uma inclina&#231;&#227;o VE / VCO<sub>2</sub> mais alta (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title><italic>Endpoints</italic> prim&#225;rio e secund&#225;rio</title>
          <p>Em 1 ano, o <italic>endpoint</italic> prim&#225;rio (morte card&#237;aca ou TC urgente) ocorreu em 27 (9,9%) pacientes, conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 2</xref>. Nenhum paciente necessitou de suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico. O grupo FA teve mais eventos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao desfecho combinado (17,6% vs. 8,1%, p = 0,038), com mortalidade card&#237;aca isolada mostrando uma tend&#234;ncia para pior progn&#243;stico no grupo FA (11,8% vs. 5,4%, p = 0,097), sem diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; TC urgente (5,9% vs. 2,7%, p = 0,249).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t9">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Eventos adversos aos 12 meses de seguimento</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="40%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Eventos adversos aos 12 meses de seguimento</th>
                  <th align="center">RS - n (%)</th>
                  <th align="center">FA - n (%)</th>
                  <th align="center">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Endpoint combinado</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (8.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (17,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,038</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Mortalidade total</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (6,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (17,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,008</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Mortalidade card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (5,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (11,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,097</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (2,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (7,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,043</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Morte por piora na IC</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (3,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,777</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TC urgente</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (2,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (5,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,249</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN9">
                <p>FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; RS: ritmo sinusal; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca;</p>
                <p>TC: transplante card&#237;aco.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Os <italic>endpoints</italic> secund&#225;rios mostraram maior mortalidade por todas as causas (17,6% vs. 6,3%, p = 0,008) e maior morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca (7,8% vs. 2,2%, p = 0,043) no grupo FA, sem diferen&#231;a quanto &#224; morte por piora da IC (3,9 % vs. 3,1%, p = 0,777).</p>
          <p>Os dados completos da an&#225;lise univariada de Cox para predi&#231;&#227;o do <italic>endpoint</italic> prim&#225;rio s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 3</xref> e na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Tabela 4</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t10">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise univariada de riscos proporcionais de Cox (par&#226;metros que n&#227;o s&#227;o do TECP)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="7%"/>
                <col width="7%"/>
                <col width="7%"/>
                <col width="7%"/>
                <col width="7%"/>
                <col width="7%"/>
                <col width="7%"/>
                <col width="7%"/>
                <col width="7%"/>
                <col width="7%"/>
                <col width="7%"/>
                <col width="7%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="4">Todos</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="4">RS</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="4">FA</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">Wald</th>
                  <th align="center">HR</th>
                  <th align="center">IC95%</th>
                  <th align="center">p</th>
                  <th align="center">Wald</th>
                  <th align="center">HR</th>
                  <th align="center">IC95%</th>
                  <th align="center">p</th>
                  <th align="center">Wald</th>
                  <th align="center">HR</th>
                  <th align="center">IC95%</th>
                  <th align="center">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">0,092</td>
                  <td align="center">0,995</td>
                  <td align="center">0,965-1,026</td>
                  <td align="center">0,762</td>
                  <td align="center">0,768</td>
                  <td align="center">0,984</td>
                  <td align="center">0,950-1,020</td>
                  <td align="center">0,381</td>
                  <td align="center">0,057</td>
                  <td align="center">1,010</td>
                  <td align="center">0,933-1,093</td>
                  <td align="center">0,811</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo</td>
                  <td align="center">0,524</td>
                  <td align="center">0,699</td>
                  <td align="center">0,265-1,845</td>
                  <td align="center">0,469</td>
                  <td align="center">1,041</td>
                  <td align="center">0,525</td>
                  <td align="center">0,152-1,812</td>
                  <td align="center">0,308</td>
                  <td align="center">1,188</td>
                  <td align="center">2,397</td>
                  <td align="center">0,498-11,547</td>
                  <td align="center">0,276</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IMC</td>
                  <td align="center">1,175</td>
                  <td align="center">0,947</td>
                  <td align="center">0,859-1,045</td>
                  <td align="center">0,278</td>
                  <td align="center">0,183</td>
                  <td align="center">0,974</td>
                  <td align="center">0,863-1,099</td>
                  <td align="center">0,669</td>
                  <td align="center">1,906</td>
                  <td align="center">0,887</td>
                  <td align="center">0,748-1,052</td>
                  <td align="center">0,167</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Betabloqueador</td>
                  <td align="center">5,139</td>
                  <td align="center">2,469</td>
                  <td align="center">1,130-5,393</td>
                  <td align="center">0,023</td>
                  <td align="center">4,259</td>
                  <td align="center">2,713</td>
                  <td align="center">1,051-6,998</td>
                  <td align="center">0,039</td>
                  <td align="center">0,877</td>
                  <td align="center">1,941</td>
                  <td align="center">0,484-7,779</td>
                  <td align="center">0,349</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">0,130</td>
                  <td align="center">1,197</td>
                  <td align="center">0,451-3,174</td>
                  <td align="center">0,718</td>
                  <td align="center">0,027</td>
                  <td align="center">0,910</td>
                  <td align="center">0,297-2,792</td>
                  <td align="center">0,869</td>
                  <td align="center">0,691</td>
                  <td align="center">2,416</td>
                  <td align="center">0,302-19,326</td>
                  <td align="center">0,406</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TRC basal</td>
                  <td align="center">1,614</td>
                  <td align="center">1,995</td>
                  <td align="center">0,687-5,790</td>
                  <td align="center">0,204</td>
                  <td align="center">1,047</td>
                  <td align="center">2,160</td>
                  <td align="center">0,494-9,446</td>
                  <td align="center">0,306</td>
                  <td align="center">1,807</td>
                  <td align="center">2,940</td>
                  <td align="center">0,610-14,167</td>
                  <td align="center">0,179</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">HFSS</td>
                  <td align="center">34,893</td>
                  <td align="center">0,233</td>
                  <td align="center">0,144-0,378</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">22,674</td>
                  <td align="center">0,233</td>
                  <td align="center">0,128-0,424</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">8,600</td>
                  <td align="center">0,243</td>
                  <td align="center">0,095-0,626</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular</td>
                  <td align="center">3,520</td>
                  <td align="center">0,586</td>
                  <td align="center">0,971-1,101</td>
                  <td align="center">0,061</td>
                  <td align="center">2,578</td>
                  <td align="center">0,985</td>
                  <td align="center">0,967-1,003</td>
                  <td align="center">0,108</td>
                  <td align="center">0,205</td>
                  <td align="center">0,994</td>
                  <td align="center">0,969-1,020</td>
                  <td align="center">0,650</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">S&#243;dio</td>
                  <td align="center">27,303</td>
                  <td align="center">0,787</td>
                  <td align="center">0,720-0,861</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">14,635</td>
                  <td align="center">0,766</td>
                  <td align="center">0,668-0,878</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">7,668</td>
                  <td align="center">0,839</td>
                  <td align="center">0,726-0,947</td>
                  <td align="center">0,006</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">NT-proBNP</td>
                  <td align="center">20,456</td>
                  <td align="center">8,212</td>
                  <td align="center">2,234-12,367</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">15,171</td>
                  <td align="center">6,263</td>
                  <td align="center">1,894-10,223</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">3,187</td>
                  <td align="center">2,335</td>
                  <td align="center">1,285-4,534</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DDVE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">5,670</td>
                  <td align="center">1,072</td>
                  <td align="center">1,012-1,135</td>
                  <td align="center">0,017</td>
                  <td align="center">3,001</td>
                  <td align="center">1,077</td>
                  <td align="center">0,990-1,171</td>
                  <td align="center">0,083</td>
                  <td align="center">1,443</td>
                  <td align="center">1,049</td>
                  <td align="center">0,970-1,135</td>
                  <td align="center">0,230</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FEVE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">18,934</td>
                  <td align="center">0,887</td>
                  <td align="center">0,840-0,936</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">13,810</td>
                  <td align="center">0,884</td>
                  <td align="center">0,828-0,943</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">3,351</td>
                  <td align="center">0,912</td>
                  <td align="center">0,826-0,998</td>
                  <td align="center">0,049</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">21,377</td>
                  <td align="center">3,758</td>
                  <td align="center">2,144-6,588</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">6,160</td>
                  <td align="center">2,846</td>
                  <td align="center">1,246-6,499</td>
                  <td align="center">0,013</td>
                  <td align="center">8,346</td>
                  <td align="center">4,267</td>
                  <td align="center">1,594-11,419</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <p>HR: Hazard ratio; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; TRC: terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca; HFSS: Heart Failure Survival Score; DDVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t11">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise univariada de riscos proporcionais de Cox (par&#226;metros do TECP)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="7%"/>
                <col width="7%"/>
                <col width="7%"/>
                <col width="7%"/>
                <col width="7%"/>
                <col width="7%"/>
                <col width="7%"/>
                <col width="7%"/>
                <col width="7%"/>
                <col width="7%"/>
                <col width="7%"/>
                <col width="7%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="4">Todos</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="4">RS</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="4">FA</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">Wald</th>
                  <th align="center">HR</th>
                  <th align="center">IC95%</th>
                  <th align="center">p</th>
                  <th align="center">Wald</th>
                  <th align="center">HR</th>
                  <th align="center">IC95%</th>
                  <th align="center">p</th>
                  <th align="center">Wald</th>
                  <th align="center">HR</th>
                  <th align="center">IC95%</th>
                  <th align="center">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FC inicial</td>
                  <td align="center">0,220</td>
                  <td align="center">1,006</td>
                  <td align="center">0,983-1,029</td>
                  <td align="center">0,639</td>
                  <td align="center">2,265</td>
                  <td align="center">1,024</td>
                  <td align="center">0,993-1,056</td>
                  <td align="center">0,132</td>
                  <td align="center">1,414</td>
                  <td align="center">0,977</td>
                  <td align="center">0,940-1,015</td>
                  <td align="center">0,234</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FC m&#225;xima</td>
                  <td align="center">6,259</td>
                  <td align="center">0,982</td>
                  <td align="center">0,967-0,996</td>
                  <td align="center">0,012</td>
                  <td align="center">0,644</td>
                  <td align="center">0,992</td>
                  <td align="center">0,974-1,011</td>
                  <td align="center">0,422</td>
                  <td align="center">5,706</td>
                  <td align="center">0,973</td>
                  <td align="center">0,951-0,955</td>
                  <td align="center">0,017</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FC m&#225;xima (%) prevista</td>
                  <td align="center">8,343</td>
                  <td align="center">0,962</td>
                  <td align="center">0,937-0,968</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                  <td align="center">1,864</td>
                  <td align="center">0,975</td>
                  <td align="center">0,941-1,011</td>
                  <td align="center">0,172</td>
                  <td align="center">5,590</td>
                  <td align="center">0,958</td>
                  <td align="center">0,924-0,993</td>
                  <td align="center">0,018</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Delta FC durante exerc&#237;cio</td>
                  <td align="center">10,141</td>
                  <td align="center">0,969</td>
                  <td align="center">0,951-0,988</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">3,324</td>
                  <td align="center">0,979</td>
                  <td align="center">0,956-1,002</td>
                  <td align="center">0,068</td>
                  <td align="center">6,527</td>
                  <td align="center">0,960</td>
                  <td align="center">0,930-0,991</td>
                  <td align="center">0,011</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">RFC1</td>
                  <td align="center">22,484</td>
                  <td align="center">0,837</td>
                  <td align="center">0,778-0,901</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">15,623</td>
                  <td align="center">0,829</td>
                  <td align="center">0,755-0,910</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">5,939</td>
                  <td align="center">0,869</td>
                  <td align="center">0,777-0,973</td>
                  <td align="center">0,015</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAS inicial</td>
                  <td align="center">13,913</td>
                  <td align="center">0,946</td>
                  <td align="center">0,919-0,974</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">8,317</td>
                  <td align="center">0,951</td>
                  <td align="center">0,919-0,984</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                  <td align="center">4,346</td>
                  <td align="center">0,939</td>
                  <td align="center">0,885-0,996</td>
                  <td align="center">0,037</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAS m&#225;xima</td>
                  <td align="center">21,896</td>
                  <td align="center">0,959</td>
                  <td align="center">0,943-0,976</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">12,029</td>
                  <td align="center">0,964</td>
                  <td align="center">0,945-0,984</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">7,205</td>
                  <td align="center">0,954</td>
                  <td align="center">0,922-0,987</td>
                  <td align="center">0,007</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dura&#231;&#227;o do TECP (min)</td>
                  <td align="center">26,781</td>
                  <td align="center">0,756</td>
                  <td align="center">0,681-0,841</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">20,636</td>
                  <td align="center">0,730</td>
                  <td align="center">0,637-0,836</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">4,009</td>
                  <td align="center">0,838</td>
                  <td align="center">0,704-0,996</td>
                  <td align="center">0,048</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN11">
                <p>HR: Hazard ratio; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; RFC1: recupera&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no primeiro minuto ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino do TECP;</p>
                <p>PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; TECP: teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>O HFSS, S&#243;dio, NTproBNP, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita, FEVE, dura&#231;&#227;o do TECP, recupera&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no primeiro minuto ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino do TECP (RFC1) e PAS inicial e m&#225;xima durante o TECP foram preditores do <italic>endpoint</italic> prim&#225;rio em ambos os grupos,</p>
          <p>Com exce&#231;&#227;o do RFC1, os par&#226;metros de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) durante o TECP foram preditores apenas do <italic>endpoint</italic> prim&#225;rio no grupo FA, visto com valores mais baixos de FC m&#225;xima, valores mais baixos de FC m&#225;xima (%), valores mais baixos da FC m&#225;xima prevista (%) e uma varia&#231;&#227;o menor da FC durante o exerc&#237;cio, para pacientes com FA para os quais o <italic>endpoint</italic> prim&#225;rio ocorreu e para aqueles em quem o mesmo n&#227;o ocorreu, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Tabela 4</xref>), Por outro lado, o uso de BB foi um preditor apenas do <italic>endpoint</italic> prim&#225;rio no grupo RS (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 3</xref>),</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Rela&#231;&#227;o entre os par&#226;metros progn&#243;sticos do TECP e desfecho prim&#225;rio</title>
          <p>O poder de prever o resultado prim&#225;rio pelos par&#226;metros do TECP est&#225; representado no &#237;ndice suplementar. A an&#225;lise univariada de Cox mostra que pVO<sub>2</sub>, pVO<sub>2</sub> (%) previsto, pVO<sub>2</sub> no LA, VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> e OUES s&#227;o preditores do desfecho prim&#225;rio em ambos os grupos (p &lt; 0,05 para todos).</p>
          <p>Al&#233;m da an&#225;lise de Cox, esses par&#226;metros do TECP foram analisados para obter a maior AUC no per&#237;odo de seguimento de 12 meses, No grupo RS, a inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> apresentou o maior valor de AUC (0,906), seguido pelo pVO<sub>2</sub> previsto (%) (0,903), com OUES apresentando o menor valor de AUC (0,798), Apesar dessas diferen&#231;as num&#233;ricas, n&#227;o foi encontrada diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante quando o teste de Hanley&amp;McNeil foi aplicado para comparar os diferentes valores da AUC dos par&#226;metros do TECP.</p>
          <p>No grupo de FA, o pVO<sub>2</sub> previsto (%) (0,878) e o pVO<sub>2</sub> (0,869) apresentaram os maiores valores de AUC, Da mesma forma que no grupo RS, a OUES apresentou o menor valor de AUC (0,833), mas nenhuma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante foi encontrada quando o teste de Hanley&amp;McNeil foi aplicado para comparar esses par&#226;metros,.O teste de Hanley&amp;McNeil foi aplicado para comparar cada par&#226;metro da AUC do TECP nos grupos FA versus RS tamb&#233;m, sem diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante, A an&#225;lise multivariada de Cox (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">Tabela 5</xref>) mostrou que quando o pVO<sub>2</sub> e a inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> s&#227;o analisados juntos, diferen&#231;as significativas foram encontradas entre os grupos RS e FA.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t12">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise multivariada de Cox dos par&#226;metros progn&#243;sticos do TECP</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">An&#225;lise multivariada de Cox</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="3">RS</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="3">FA</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">HR</th>
                  <th align="center">IC95%</th>
                  <th align="center">p</th>
                  <th align="center">HR</th>
                  <th align="center">IC95%</th>
                  <th align="center">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="7">1) pVO<sub>2</sub> vs. inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;pVO<sub>2</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">0,910</td>
                  <td align="center">0,766-1,080</td>
                  <td align="center">0,280</td>
                  <td align="center">0,759</td>
                  <td align="center">0,551-1,045</td>
                  <td align="center">0,091</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">1,117</td>
                  <td align="center">1,045-1,194</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">1,050</td>
                  <td align="center">0,937-1,177</td>
                  <td align="center">0,398</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="7">2) pVO<sub>2</sub> (%) previsto vs. inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;pVO<sub>2</sub> (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,933</td>
                  <td align="center">0,888-0,981</td>
                  <td align="center">0,006</td>
                  <td align="center">0,942</td>
                  <td align="center">0,879-1,010</td>
                  <td align="center">0,094</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">1,070</td>
                  <td align="center">1,005-1,139</td>
                  <td align="center">0,033</td>
                  <td align="center">1,078</td>
                  <td align="center">0,974-1,193</td>
                  <td align="center">0,145</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="7">3) OUES vs. inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;OUES</td>
                  <td align="center">1,508</td>
                  <td align="center">0,388-5,864</td>
                  <td align="center">0,553</td>
                  <td align="center">0,624</td>
                  <td align="center">0,056-6,975</td>
                  <td align="center">0,701</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">1,170</td>
                  <td align="center">1,090-1,256</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">1,123</td>
                  <td align="center">1,002-1,258</td>
                  <td align="center">0,046</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">4) pVO<sub>2</sub> vs. OUES</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;pVO<sub>2</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">0,742</td>
                  <td align="center">0,597-0,922</td>
                  <td align="center">0,007</td>
                  <td align="center">0,623</td>
                  <td align="center">0,482-0,907</td>
                  <td align="center">0,014</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;OUES</td>
                  <td align="center">1,061</td>
                  <td align="center">0,183-6,153</td>
                  <td align="center">0,948</td>
                  <td align="center">2,335</td>
                  <td align="center">0,156-34,907</td>
                  <td align="center">0,539</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN12">
                <p>TECP: teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar; HR: hazard ratio; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; pVO<sub>2</sub>: pico de consumo de O<sub>2</sub>; OUES: inclina&#231;&#227;o da efici&#234;ncia do oxig&#234;nio.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>No grupo RS, o pVO<sub>2</sub> perdeu seu poder preditivo (p = 0,280), enquanto a inclina&#231;&#227;o VE / VCO<sub>2</sub> permaneceu preditiva do desfecho prim&#225;rio (p = 0,001), No grupo FA, a inclina&#231;&#227;o VE /VCO<sub>2</sub> perdeu seu poder preditivo (p = 0,398) e o pVO<sub>2</sub> mostrou uma tend&#234;ncia de predi&#231;&#227;o do desfecho prim&#225;rio (p = 0,091).</p>
          <p>Resultados semelhantes foram encontrados na an&#225;lise multivariada de Cox do pVO<sub>2</sub> previsto (%) e da inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> no grupo FA (p = 0,094 e p = 0,145, respectivamente), enquanto no grupo RS houve diferen&#231;a, pois o pVO<sub>2</sub> previsto (%) (p = 0,006) e a inclina&#231;&#227;o VE /VCO<sub>2</sub> (p 0,033) mantiveram seu poder preditivo (p = 0,006), enquanto o pVO<sub>2</sub> n&#227;o o manteve (p = 0,280).</p>
          <p>A OUES perdeu seu poder preditivo na an&#225;lise multivariada de Cox nos grupos RS e FA quando comparado com pVO<sub>2</sub> (p = 0,948 e p = 0,539, para o grupo RS e FA respectivamente) e quando comparado com a inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> (p = 0,503 e p = 0,701, para os grupos RS e AF, respectivamente).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Valor de corte para a sele&#231;&#227;o da TC: VPP e VPN para o desfecho prim&#225;rio</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise univariada de Cox para o desfecho prim&#225;rio dos dois pontos de corte recomendados do TECP para a sele&#231;&#227;o do TC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> (pVO<sub>2</sub> &#8804; 12 mL/kg/min ou &#8804; 14 mL/kg/min sem BB e inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> &#8804; 35) est&#225; representada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t13">Tabela 6</xref>, mostrando que nos dois grupos, os dois pontos de corte continuaram sendo preditores do desfecho.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t13">
            <label>Tabela 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise univariada de Cox para o desfecho prim&#225;rio dos dois pontos de corte recomendados para o teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar para a sele&#231;&#227;o do transplante card&#237;aco</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="28%"/>
                <col width="12%"/>
                <col width="12%"/>
                <col width="12%"/>
                <col width="12%"/>
                <col width="12%"/>
                <col width="12%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">&#160;</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="3">RS</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="3">FA</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">HR</th>
                  <th align="center">IC 95%</th>
                  <th align="center">p</th>
                  <th align="center">HR</th>
                  <th align="center">IC 95%</th>
                  <th align="center">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">pVO<sub>2</sub> &#8804; 12 mL/kg/min</td>
                  <td align="center">8,673</td>
                  <td align="center">3,048-24,680</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">44,220</td>
                  <td align="center">8,686-225,129</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> &gt; 35</td>
                  <td align="center">20,858</td>
                  <td align="center">5,985-72,696</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">5,613</td>
                  <td align="center">1,164-27,059</td>
                  <td align="center">0,032</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN13">
                <p>RS: ritmo sinusal; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; HR: hazard ratio; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; pVO<sub>2</sub>: pico de consumo de O<sub>2</sub>.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>No pVO<sub>2</sub> &#8804; 12 mL/kg/min ou &#8804; 14 mL/kg/min sem BB, o VPP para o desfecho prim&#225;rio foi de 100% no grupo FA e 38,5% no grupo SR (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t14">Tabela 7</xref>), com VPN de 95,5% e 94,3% nos grupos FA e RS, respectivamente. Valores mais altos foram encontrados quando a an&#225;lise excluiu pacientes que n&#227;o recebiam BB, com VPP de 100% e 75% e VPN de 97,1% e 95,3% para os grupos FA e RS, respectivamente.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t14">
            <label>Tabela 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes classificados corretamente aos 12 meses de seguimento</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="50%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                  <th align="center">FA</th>
                  <th align="center">RS</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">pVO<sub>2</sub> &#8804; 12 mL/kg/min ou<break/>&#8804; 14 mL/kg/min sem BB</td>
                  <td align="center">7/7 - 100%</td>
                  <td align="center">5/13 - 38,5%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">pVO<sub>2</sub> &gt; 12 mL/kg/min ou<break/>&gt; 14 mL/kg/min sem BB</td>
                  <td align="center">42/44 - 95,5%</td>
                  <td align="center">198/210 - 94,3%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">pVO<sub>2</sub> &#8804; 12 mL/kg/min apenas em pacientes recebendo BB</td>
                  <td align="center">5/5 - 100%</td>
                  <td align="center">6/8 - 75%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">pVO<sub>2</sub> &gt; 12 mL/kg/min apenas em pacientes recebendo BB</td>
                  <td align="center">34/35 - 97,1%</td>
                  <td align="center">161/169 - 95,3%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> &gt; 35</td>
                  <td align="center">7/21 - 33,3%</td>
                  <td align="center">14/47 - 29,8%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> &#8804; 35</td>
                  <td align="center">28/30 - 92,3%</td>
                  <td align="center">173/176 - 98,3%</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN14">
                <p>FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; RS: ritmo sinusal; pVO<sub>2</sub>: pico de consumo de O<sub>2</sub>;</p>
                <p>BB: betabloqueadores.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Na inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> &gt; 35 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t14">Tabela 7</xref>), foram relatados valores mais baixos de VPP (33,3% e 29,8% para os grupos FA e RS, respectivamente), com VPN semelhante ao pVO<sub>2</sub> (92,3% e 98,3% para os grupos FA e RS, respectivamente).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A presen&#231;a de FA est&#225; associada a um efeito progn&#243;stico negativo na IC, com aumento de mortalidade de 50 a 90% e progress&#227;o da IC no <italic>Framingham Heart Study</italic>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Nossa popula&#231;&#227;o revelou algumas diferen&#231;as basais entre os grupos RS e FA, com alguns dos marcadores progn&#243;sticos descritos anteriormente da IC, pois os pacientes com FA eram mais velhos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> apresentavam menor TFG,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> com pior fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> e menor FEVE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos par&#226;metros do TECP, nossos pacientes com FA revelaram uma capacidade de exerc&#237;cio menor do que os pacientes com RS, pois apresentavam uma inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> mais alta e menor dura&#231;&#227;o do TECP, pVO<sub>2</sub>, OUES, tempo para LA e pVO<sub>2</sub> em LA, Como esperado, essas diferen&#231;as se converteram em pior progn&#243;stico no grupo FA, com um aumento de 2 vezes nos eventos de <italic>endpoint</italic> prim&#225;rio (17,6% vs, 8,1%, p = 0,038) e aumento de 3 vezes na mortalidade por todas as causas (17,6% vs. 6,3%, p = 0,008) no seguimento de 1 ano.</p>
        <p>A maioria dos preditores do <italic>endpoint</italic> prim&#225;rio foram preditores para ambos os grupos RS e FA. Foram inclu&#237;dos neste grupo o HFSS,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> S&#243;dio,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> NTproBNP,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> menor FEVE,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> dura&#231;&#227;o do TECP, RFC1<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> e PAS inicial e m&#225;xima durante o TECP,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> sendo todos descritos anteriormente como marcadores progn&#243;sticos em pacientes com IC.</p>
        <p>Foram encontradas diferen&#231;as em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; FC m&#225;xima e varia&#231;&#227;o da FC durante o exerc&#237;cio, com valores mais baixos nos pacientes com FA, prevendo o desfecho prim&#225;rio apenas nesse grupo.</p>
        <p>Pacientes que n&#227;o recebiam BB foram preditivos do desfecho prim&#225;rio somente no grupo RS, mas n&#227;o no grupo FA. Se isso est&#225; de acordo com outros estudos que n&#227;o revelaram benef&#237;cio progn&#243;stico do BB no grupo com FA de pacientes com IC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> ou devido a uma an&#225;lise de baixa pot&#234;ncia, uma vez que apenas 11 pacientes do grupo com FA n&#227;o estavam recebendo BB n&#227;o pode ser garantido,</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Valor de corte para a sele&#231;&#227;o do TC: VPP e VPN para o desfecho prim&#225;rio</title>
          <p>Ainda n&#227;o foi estudado especificamente se os pacientes com IC e FA podem ser estratificados com precis&#227;o com os atuais pontos de corte do TECP para a sele&#231;&#227;o de TC, O valor de corte para pVO<sub>2</sub> mostrou um VPP para o desfecho prim&#225;rio de 100% no grupo FA e 38,5% no grupo RS, com um VPN de 95,5% e 94,3% nos grupos FA e RS, respectivamente, Portanto, apesar da FA apresentar um progn&#243;stico pior em pacientes com IC, o atual ponto de corte do pVO<sub>2</sub> para a sele&#231;&#227;o de TC pode estratificar com precis&#227;o esses pacientes de alto risco, sem nenhum paciente sob o ponto de corte sendo diagnosticado erroneamente como paciente de alto risco e menos de 5% pacientes acima do ponto de corte com desfecho prim&#225;rio no seguimento de 1 ano (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f2">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>VPP e VPN de pVO<sub>2</sub> e da inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-02-0209-80193-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Esses resultados sugerem que os pacientes sob o ponto de corte de pVO<sub>2</sub> devem ser tratados adequadamente, considerando-se encaminhar rapidamente para TC ou suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico, uma vez que o tratamento m&#233;dico est&#225; associado a resultados negativos em um per&#237;odo de 1 ano, e que podemos estar relativamente seguros em rela&#231;&#227;o aos desfechos de 1 ano dos pacientes acima do ponto de corte.</p>
          <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes com RS, os menores riscos associados s&#227;o respons&#225;veis por um menor VPP acima do ponto de corte do pVO<sub>2</sub>, O VPP aumentou de 38,5% para 75%, quando a an&#225;lise excluiu pacientes que n&#227;o recebiam BB, O VPN permanece alto nesse grupo (94,3%). Durante o exerc&#237;cio, tanto a produ&#231;&#227;o de CO<sub>2</sub> quanto a ventila&#231;&#227;o aumentam de maneira constante, mas em pacientes com IC, a inclina&#231;&#227;o da propor&#231;&#227;o aumenta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></p>
          <p>Estudos anteriores confirmaram o impacto progn&#243;stico de VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> em pacientes com IC, com valores mais altos associados a piores desfechos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Entretanto, o valor de VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> em pacientes com FA e com IC n&#227;o est&#225; t&#227;o bem estabelecido, com diferen&#231;as nos resultados em alguns estudos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></p>
          <p>Em nosso estudo, com uma inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> &gt; 35, foram relatados valores mais baixos de VPP (33,3% e 29,8% para os grupos FA e RS, respectivamente), com VPN semelhante em compara&#231;&#227;o aos resultados de pVO<sub>2</sub> (92,3% e 98,3% para os Grupos FA e RS, respectivamente, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">figura 1</xref>). O poder de predizer o desfecho prim&#225;rio pela inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> revelou uma AUC de 0,906 para o grupo RS (o mais alto de todos os par&#226;metros TECP analisados) e 0,844 no grupo FA, sem diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante ao comparar os diferentes valores de AUC dos par&#226;metros TECP. Essas diferen&#231;as no VPP podem sugerir que, apesar da inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> ser pelo menos t&#227;o boa para a avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica em pacientes com IC quanto o pVO<sub>2</sub>, o ponto de corte a ser utilizado com a inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> n&#227;o est&#225; t&#227;o bem estabelecido como o ponto de corte para pVO<sub>2</sub> em pacientes com FA.</p>
          <p>Um estudo anterior mostrou que, em uma an&#225;lise multivariada de Cox, o pVO<sub>2</sub> foi identificado como &#250;nico preditor significativo de eventos card&#237;acos em pacientes com IC em RS e a inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/ VCO<sub>2</sub> em pacientes com FA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> Nossos resultados, no entanto, n&#227;o coincidem com os resultados anteriores. De fato, nossa an&#225;lise multivariada de Cox (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">Tabela 5</xref>) mostrou que quando o pVO<sub>2</sub> e a inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> s&#227;o analisados juntos, o pVO<sub>2</sub> perde seu poder preditivo (p = 0,280) enquanto a inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> permanece preditiva do desfecho prim&#225;rio (p = 0,001) no grupo RS. No grupo FA, a inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> perdeu seu poder preditivo (p = 0,398), enquanto o pVO<sub>2</sub> mostrou uma tend&#234;ncia preditiva do desfecho prim&#225;rio (p = 0,091).</p>
          <p>Tem sido demonstrado que o pVO<sub>2</sub> previsto (%) &#233; um marcador progn&#243;stico &#250;til em estudos anteriores de IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> Na an&#225;lise multivariada de Cox do pVO<sub>2</sub> previsto (%) e da inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>, o pVO<sub>2</sub> previsto (%) manteve seu poder preditivo no grupo RS (p = 0,006), em contraste com o pVO<sub>2</sub>, enquanto no grupo FA, ele mostrou uma tend&#234;ncia &#224; previs&#227;o do desfecho prim&#225;rio (p = 0,094) e apresentou o maior valor preditivo da AUC (0,878).</p>
          <p>A OUES &#233; derivada da plotagem do VO<sub>2</sub> em fun&#231;&#227;o do log10VE, que &#233; uma rela&#231;&#227;o aproximadamente linear, indicando a efic&#225;cia com que o O<sub>2</sub> &#233; extra&#237;do e levado para o corpo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> Nos pacientes com IC, a OUES est&#225; reduzida em propor&#231;&#227;o &#224; gravidade da doen&#231;a e associada ao desfecho.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> Em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, a OUES teve a AUC numericamente mais baixa para previs&#227;o do desfecho prim&#225;rio nos grupos FA e RS, e perdeu seu poder preditivo na an&#225;lise multivariada de Cox quando comparada ao pVO<sub>2</sub> e quando comparada &#224; inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>, o que est&#225; de acordo com outro estudo anterior.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Existem limita&#231;&#245;es em nosso estudo que devem ser mencionadas, Embora os dados tenham sido obtidos nas consultas ambulatoriais, os prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos foram revisados e complementados com uma entrevista telef&#244;nica padronizada realizada com todos os pacientes aos 12 meses de seguimento para coletar dados para os desfechos prim&#225;rios e secund&#225;rios, As informa&#231;&#245;es referentes &#224; sele&#231;&#227;o ou n&#227;o do controle do ritmo para o tratamento da FA n&#227;o foram coletadas, Apesar disso, o objetivo do estudo foi definir, durante a avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial, quais pacientes necessitavam de indica&#231;&#227;o precoce para TC ou suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico, reduzindo a import&#226;ncia das informa&#231;&#245;es mencionadas acima,</p>
          <p>Apesar dos sete anos de seguimento de pacientes avaliados para TC em um centro avan&#231;ado de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, a coorte analisada n&#227;o foi maior que em outros estudos sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o entre IC e FA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> No entanto, o tamanho da amostra &#233; semelhante a outros estudos que destacaram o valor dos par&#226;metros do TECP, inclusive na sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes para TC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></p>
          <p>Como os pacientes foram encaminhados para um hospital terci&#225;rio para fins de avalia&#231;&#227;o com a equipe de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e poss&#237;vel indica&#231;&#227;o para transplante card&#237;aco ou suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico, esses pacientes podem n&#227;o ser representativos da comunidade com IC mais velha ou com mais comorbidades, que n&#227;o s&#227;o candidatos a tratamento avan&#231;ado da IC.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Apesar da FA resultar em um progn&#243;stico pior para os pacientes com IC, o atual ponto de corte de pVO<sub>2</sub> para a sele&#231;&#227;o do TC pode estratificar com precis&#227;o esse grupo de pacientes de alto risco. Os achados do presente estudo sugerem que pacientes com IC e FA e um TECP abaixo do atual ponto corte de pVO<sub>2</sub> para a sele&#231;&#227;o do TC devem ser rapidamente encaminhados para TC ou suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico, uma vez que o tratamento m&#233;dico est&#225; associado a resultados negativos em 1 ano, com um VPP maior do que os pacientes em RS. Al&#233;m disso, o ponto de corte do pVO<sub>2</sub> parece ter maior VPP do que o ponto de corte da inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> para a previs&#227;o do desfecho prim&#225;rio em pacientes com IC e FA.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Central sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CA2257. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
