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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">TRbXSBkPrpSp7D3ymYDjb3L</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2020000200196</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190874</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Nuclear Cardiology in 2020 - Perspectives of the New SBC Guideline</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1466-9413</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ker</surname>
            <given-names>Wilter dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Jader Cunha de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Empresa Brasileira de Servi&#231;os Hospitalares</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Niter&#243;i</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Radiologia - Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro - Empresa Brasileira de Servi&#231;os Hospitalares - Universidade Federal Fluminense (EBSERH-UFF), Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Medicina Nuclear - Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho-Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (HUCFF-UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Cl&#225;udio Tinoco Mesquita,</bold> Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro - Setor de Medicina Nuclear - Av. Marqu&#234;s de Paran&#225;, 303/2&#176; andar. Postal Code 24030-210, Centro, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>claudiotinocomesquita@id.uff.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>196</fpage>
      <lpage>198</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease/diagnostic imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Perfusion Imaging/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomedical Technology/trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography/trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomography Emission-Computed, Single/methods</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <disp-quote>
        <p>
          <italic>To get to know, to discover, to communicate</italic>
        </p>
        <p>Fran&#231;ois Arago</p>
      </disp-quote>
    </p>
    <p>French physicist Fran&#231;ois Arago&#8217;s quote is one of the most powerful summaries of scientific activity, starting with the search for existing knowledge, followed by the discovery of new information and culminating in their prompt communication. This flow is essential for scientific progress to reach and transform society. Thus, in the medical area, guidelines are considered to be essential for the organization and guidance of conducts and knowledge in a structured manner and within a pre-established method. The development of consistent and up-to-date guidelines is one of the most important tasks of a medical specialty society and involves the considerable effort of multiple specialists in the field of knowledge, reviewers, layout editors, among others. In addition to the arduous and complex task, the preparation of recommendations has against it the uninterrupted flow of publications that appear every day and that can change the current state of knowledge. We should highlight the amplitude, up-to-date status, and extensive applicability of this Nuclear Cardiology Guideline<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> jointly developed by the Nuclear Cardiology Area of the Department of Ergometry, Exercise, Nuclear Cardiology and Cardiovascular Rehabilitation (DERC), by the Department of Cardiovascular Imaging (DIC) of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (SBC) and the Brazilian Society of Nuclear Medicine (SBMN).</p>
    <p>In little over a decade, the management of chronic coronary artery disease (CAD) has undergone a paradigmatic shift towards an optimized clinical treatment, which consistently reduces the progression of atherosclerosis and prevents thrombosis and acute coronary syndrome.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Myocardial revascularization is indicated in acute cases, in higher risk cases and in those whose symptoms are progressive or refractory to drug treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> The SBC Nuclear Cardiology Guideline joins the Chronic Coronary Syndrome Guideline, reinforcing the importance of functional methods in the diagnosis of the etiology of symptoms in patients with suspected CAD, identifying the most at-risk patients, in therapeutic decision-making and in the follow-up of treatment response.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> The question whether myocardial revascularization should be the initial management strategy in patients with chronic CAD and moderate to severe ischemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> seems to have been answered with the presentation of the ISCHEMIA Study, which showed no benefit from routine revascularization when added to optimized drug treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> However, we highlight the role of revascularization in improving symptoms and quality of life, reinforcing the importance of shared and individualized decision-making in patients who remain symptomatic despite optimized clinical treatment. Notably, several situations that were excluded from the ISCHEMIA study are covered in detail in the text of the Nuclear Cardiology Guideline,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> such as patients with coronary trunk injury, recent acute coronary syndrome, angioplasty in the last 12 months, ejection fraction &lt; 35% and those with progressive or unstable symptoms.</p>
    <p>It is important to emphasize that Nuclear Cardiology is not restricted to the study of coronary disease only, but has undergone a revolution in recent years, with advances in equipment, software and tracers that make it important in the management of several conditions, for which the cardiologist previously had no tools to meet their needs. The Nuclear Cardiology Guideline<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> takes a comprehensive and practical approach to this new application for the cardiologist. In <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> we show some of the new applications in which nuclear cardiology has important practical significance.</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>New applications of nuclear medicine in Cardiology where the use of the technique provides diagnostic, prognostic or guiding therapeutic decision-making information.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-02-0196-90874-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Among the new applications of nuclear cardiology, we highlight the use of 18F-FDG PET-CT and labeled leukocyte scintigraphy, as they were the nuclear medicine techniques included in the international algorithms and consensuses of investigation of infectious endocarditis in valve prostheses and in cases of suspected infection in implantable devices, such as pacemakers and defibrillators.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> The SBC Nuclear Cardiology Guideline addresses in detail the basis of the use of these techniques in modern cardiology practice.</p>
    <p>Another important new recommendation for the use of 18-FDG PET-CT included in the guideline is cardiac sarcoidosis. In addition to a vital contribution to the diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> PET-CT is crucial for monitoring treatment response, and its serial use is recommended to guide the use of immunosuppressants and anti-inflammatory drugs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></p>
    <p>Nuclear cardiology has become important in the diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis caused by transthyretin deposits. A positive result in a scintigraphy with bone tracers, such as 99m-Technetium pyrophosphate, in the absence of light chain screening in blood and urine, allows the diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis by transthyretin and correlates with the cardiac biopsy, which may prevent the latter. With the development of treatments that delay the deposition of transthyretin protein in the heart and reduce mortality and morbidity, myocardial pyrophosphate scintigraphy has gained additional relevance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></p>
    <p>The use of 123I-MIBG cardiac scintigraphy is based on the unique opportunity to evaluate the autonomous sympathetic component of cardiac innervation. The adrenergic impairment identified with this technique allows early detection of cardiotoxicity related to cancer treatment, stratifying the risk of sudden death in patients with heart failure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> and assisting in the diagnosis of Tako-Tsubo Syndrome.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></p>
    <p>A modern and evolving chapter of Nuclear Cardiology, which is addressed in the SBC Guideline, is the assessment of microcirculation. Data from the Core 320 study and the ISCHEMIA study itself confirmed that a significant number of patients have angina and ischemia in the absence of coronary obstruction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> The evaluation of these patients using PET-CT techniques allowed us to identify the presence of microvascular ischemia as responsible for most cases, which implies an adverse prognosis and specific treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> The flow reserve assessment through PET-CT is the most appropriate technique to investigate these cases and is recommended in international guidelines and in the SBC Guideline. With the rapid advancement of high-performance machines with solid CZT detectors and improved software, the new SPECT chambers allow high-quality images with low radiation exposure and will contribute to the evaluation of these cases with studies demonstrating their validation, in comparison to the PET-CT equipment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> The recognition of microvascular angina reinforces the importance of functional techniques and that a CAD assessment focused on the anatomy of CAD may lead to the underdiagnosis in cases of microvascular angina and overtreatment in cases where anatomic lesions do not have a functional significance.</p>
    <p>One last part to be highlighted is the intersection between the several imaging modalities with hybrid equipment and software that allow the collection and analysis of nuclear cardiology data concomitantly with computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. The integration of exam information from different modalities into SPECT-CT, PET-CT and PET-MR equipment enhances the amount and quality of available information for cardiologists to make decisions in patient management. Even the integration of information from exams acquired from separate equipment can increase the potential for risk stratification and improve patient management.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Ongoing studies will allow better definition of which patient groups will routinely benefit from these strategies.</p>
    <p>In conclusion, cardiology has come a long way in recent years and so has nuclear cardiology. The new nuclear cardiology guideline by SBC enables us to learn about the most significant findings and publications through structured recommendations that impact the practice of modern cardiology.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiologia Nuclear em 2020 - Perspectivas da Nova Diretriz da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1466-9413</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ker</surname>
            <given-names>Wilter dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Jader Cunha de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Radiologia - Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro - Empresa Brasileira de Servi&#231;os Hospitalares - Universidade Federal Fluminense (EBSERH-UFF), Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Medicina Nuclear - Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho-Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (HUCFF-UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Cl&#225;udio Tinoco Mesquita,</bold> Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro - Setor de Medicina Nuclear - Av. Marqu&#234;s de Paran&#225;, 303/2o andar. CEP 24030-210, Centro, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>claudiotinocomesquita@id.uff.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coron&#225;ria/diagn&#243;stico por imagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Imagem de Perfus&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Tecnologia Biom&#233;dica/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomografia Computadorizada por Tomografia de Emiss&#227;o de P&#243;sitrons/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomografia Computadorizada de Emiss&#227;o de Foton &#218;nico/m&#233;todos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p>
            <italic>To get to know, to discover, to communicate.</italic>
          </p>
          <p>Fran&#231;ois Arago</p>
        </disp-quote>
      </p>
      <p>A frase do f&#237;sico franc&#234;s Fran&#231;ois Arago &#233; uma das mais poderosas s&#237;nteses da atividade cient&#237;fica, que se inicia com a busca do conhecimento existente, se segue da descoberta de novas informa&#231;&#245;es e culmina com a comunica&#231;&#227;o destas em ato cont&#237;nuo. Este fluxo &#233; fundamental para que o progresso cient&#237;fico alcance e transforme a sociedade. Deste modo, na &#225;rea m&#233;dica, as diretrizes s&#227;o consideradas essenciais para organiza&#231;&#227;o e norteamento de condutas e de conhecimentos de forma estruturada e dentro de m&#233;todo preestabelecido. A elabora&#231;&#227;o de diretrizes atualizadas e consistentes &#233; uma das tarefas mais importantes de uma sociedade de especialidade m&#233;dica e envolve um esfor&#231;o consider&#225;vel de m&#250;ltiplos especialistas no campo do conhecimento, revisores, diagramadores, entre outros. Al&#233;m de tarefa laboriosa e complexa, a elabora&#231;&#227;o de recomenda&#231;&#245;es tem contra si o fluxo ininterrupto de publica&#231;&#245;es que surgem todos os dias e que podem mudar o estado atual do conhecimento. Devemos destacar a amplitude, a atualidade e a extensa aplicabilidade dessa Diretriz de Cardiologia Nuclear<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> elaborada em conjunto pela &#193;rea de Cardiologia Nuclear do Departamento de Ergometria, Exerc&#237;cio, Cardiologia Nuclear e Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular (DERC), pelo Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular (DIC) da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC) e pela Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Nuclear (SBMN).</p>
      <p>Em pouco mais de uma d&#233;cada, o manejo da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) cr&#244;nica passou por uma modifica&#231;&#227;o paradigm&#225;tica em dire&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento cl&#237;nico otimizado que consistentemente reduz a progress&#227;o da aterosclerose e previne trombose e s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> A revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica &#233; indicada em casos agudos, naqueles de mais alto risco e em pacientes cujos sintomas sejam progressivos ou refrat&#225;rios ao tratamento medicamentoso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> A Diretriz em Cardiologia Nuclear da SBC se une &#224; Diretriz de S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Cr&#244;nica, refor&#231;ando a import&#226;ncia dos m&#233;todos funcionais no diagn&#243;stico da etiologia dos sintomas dos pacientes com suspeita de DAC, na identifica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes de maior risco, na tomada de decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica e no acompanhamento da resposta ao tratamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> A d&#250;vida se a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica deva ser a estrat&#233;gia inicial de manejo nos pacientes com DAC cr&#244;nica e isquemia moderada a grave<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> parece ter sido respondida com a apresenta&#231;&#227;o do estudo ISCHEMIA, que n&#227;o demonstrou benef&#237;cio da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o de rotina, quando adicionada ao tratamento medicamentoso otimizado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Entretanto, destacamos o papel da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; melhora de sintomas e de qualidade de vida, o que refor&#231;a a import&#226;ncia da tomada de decis&#227;o compartilhada e individualizada nos pacientes que se mant&#234;m sintom&#225;ticos a despeito do tratamento cl&#237;nico otimizado. &#201; importante ressaltar que diversas situa&#231;&#245;es exclu&#237;das do estudo ISCHEMIA s&#227;o contempladas em detalhes no texto da Diretriz de Cardiologia Nuclear<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> S&#227;o elas: pacientes com les&#227;o de tronco de coron&#225;ria, s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda recente, angioplastia nos &#250;ltimos 12 meses, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt; 35% e com sintomas progressivos ou inst&#225;veis.</p>
      <p>&#201; importante ressaltar que a Cardiologia Nuclear n&#227;o se restringe apenas ao estudo da doen&#231;a coronariana, mas passou por uma revolu&#231;&#227;o nos &#250;ltimos anos, com avan&#231;os nos equipamentos, <italic>softwares</italic> e tra&#231;adores que a tornam importante no manejo de diversas condi&#231;&#245;es para as quais o cardiologista n&#227;o dispunha anteriormente de ferramentas para atender suas necessidades. A Diretriz de Cardiologia Nuclear<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> faz uma abordagem compreensiva e pr&#225;tica destas novas aplica&#231;&#245;es para o cardiologista. Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref> apresentamos algumas das novas aplica&#231;&#245;es em que a Cardiologia Nuclear tem importante significado pr&#225;tico.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Novas aplica&#231;&#245;es da medicina nuclear em Cardiologia em que o uso da t&#233;cnica fornece informa&#231;&#245;es diagn&#243;sticas, progn&#243;sticas ou guia a tomada de decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-02-0196-90874-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Entre as novas aplica&#231;&#245;es da Cardiologia Nuclear destacamos o uso da tomografia computadorizada por emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitrons (PET-CT) com 18-fluorodesoxiglicose (<sup>18</sup>F-FDG) e da cintilografia com leuc&#243;citos marcados. Estas foram as t&#233;cnicas de medicina nuclear inclu&#237;das nos algoritmos e consensos internacionais de investiga&#231;&#227;o de endocardite infecciosa em pr&#243;teses valvares e na suspeita de infec&#231;&#227;o em dispositivos implant&#225;veis como marca-passos e desfibriladores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> A Diretriz de Cardiologia Nuclear da SBC aborda, com detalhes, as bases do uso destas t&#233;cnicas na pr&#225;tica cardiol&#243;gica moderna.</p>
      <p>Outra importante nova recomenda&#231;&#227;o de uso da PET-CT com 18F-FDG contemplada na diretriz &#233; na sarcoidose card&#237;aca. Al&#233;m de contribui&#231;&#227;o decisiva para o diagn&#243;stico de sarcoidose card&#237;aca,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> a PET-CT &#233; crucial para o acompanhamento da resposta ao tratamento, sendo recomendado o seu uso seriado para guiar a administra&#231;&#227;o de imunossupressores e anti-inflamat&#243;rios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></p>
      <p>A Cardiologia Nuclear ganhou grande import&#226;ncia no diagn&#243;stico de amiloidose card&#237;aca por dep&#243;sitos de transtirretina. A positividade de uma cintilografia com tra&#231;adores &#243;sseos, como o pirofosfato de 99m-tecn&#233;cio, na aus&#234;ncia da pesquisa de cadeias leves no sangue e urina, permite o diagn&#243;stico de amiloidose card&#237;aca por transtirretina e se correlaciona com a bi&#243;psia card&#237;aca, podendo evitar a realiza&#231;&#227;o desta. Com o desenvolvimento de tratamentos que retardam o dep&#243;sito da prote&#237;na transtirretina no cora&#231;&#227;o e que reduzem a mortalidade e a morbidade, a cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica com pirofosfato passou a ter relev&#226;ncia adicional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></p>
      <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o da cintilografia card&#237;aca com M-iodobenzilguianidina (<sup>123</sup>I-MIBG) tem como fundamento a oportunidade &#250;nica de avaliar o componente aut&#244;nomo simp&#225;tico da inerva&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. O comprometimento adren&#233;rgico identificado com esta t&#233;cnica permite detectar precocemente a cardiotoxicidade ligada ao tratamento do c&#226;ncer, estratificar o risco de morte s&#250;bita em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> e auxiliar no diagn&#243;stico da s&#237;ndrome de Tako-Tsubo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></p>
      <p>Um cap&#237;tulo moderno e em evolu&#231;&#227;o da Cardiologia Nuclear, abordado na Diretriz da SBC, &#233; a avalia&#231;&#227;o da microcircula&#231;&#227;o. Dados do estudo Core 320 e do pr&#243;prio estudo ISCHEMIA vieram confirmar que um n&#250;mero significativo de pacientes tem angina e isquemia, na aus&#234;ncia de obstru&#231;&#245;es coronarianas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> A avalia&#231;&#227;o destes pacientes com t&#233;cnicas de PET-CT permitiu identificar a presen&#231;a de isquemia microvascular como a respons&#225;vel pela maioria dos casos, o que implica progn&#243;stico adverso e tratamento espec&#237;fico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> A avalia&#231;&#227;o da reserva de fluxo por PET-CT &#233; a t&#233;cnica mais adequada para investiga&#231;&#227;o destes casos, estando recomendada em diretrizes internacionais e na Diretriz da SBC. Com o r&#225;pido avan&#231;o de m&#225;quinas de alta <italic>performance</italic> com detectores s&#243;lidos de c&#225;dmio-zinco-telurido (CZT) e <italic>softwares</italic> aprimorados, as novas c&#226;meras de tomografia computadorizada por emiss&#227;o de f&#243;ton &#250;nico (SPECT) permitem imagens de alta qualidade e com baixa exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o. Trata-se de importante contribui&#231;&#227;o para avalia&#231;&#227;o destes casos, com estudos demonstrando a sua valida&#231;&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o com equipamentos de PET-CT.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> O reconhecimento da angina microvascular refor&#231;a a import&#226;ncia das t&#233;cnicas funcionais e de que uma avalia&#231;&#227;o da DAC centrada na anatomia da doen&#231;a pode levar a subdiagn&#243;stico nos casos de angina microvascular e a excesso de tratamento nos casos em que as les&#245;es anat&#244;micas n&#227;o tenham significado funcional.</p>
      <p>Uma &#250;ltima parte a se destacar &#233; a interse&#231;&#227;o das diversas modalidades de imagem com equipamentos h&#237;bridos e <italic>softwares</italic> que permitem obten&#231;&#227;o e an&#225;lise de dados de Cardiologia Nuclear em concomit&#226;ncia com tomografia computadorizada ou resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica. A integra&#231;&#227;o de informa&#231;&#245;es de exames de diversas modalidades em equipamentos de SPECT-CT, PET-CT e PET-RM potencializa a quantidade e a qualidade de informa&#231;&#245;es dispon&#237;veis para os cardiologistas tomarem decis&#245;es no manejo de pacientes. Mesmo a integra&#231;&#227;o de informa&#231;&#245;es de exames adquiridos em equipamentos separados pode aumentar o potencial de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e melhorar o manejo dos pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Estudos em andamento ir&#227;o permitir a melhor defini&#231;&#227;o de quais grupos de pacientes ir&#227;o se beneficiar de modo rotineiro destas estrat&#233;gias.</p>
      <p>Em conclus&#227;o, a Cardiologia avan&#231;ou muito nos &#250;ltimos anos e, no mesmo passo, a cardiologia nuclear. A nova Diretriz de Cardiologia Nuclear da SBC nos permite o conhecimento de descobertas e publica&#231;&#245;es mais significativas, de modo estruturado, em recomenda&#231;&#245;es que impactam a pr&#225;tica da Cardiologia moderna.</p>
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