<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">w3DrQff8DVjv6SbTX7LwPQj</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000100133</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190146</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Image</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Extensive Myocardial Calcification in a Heart Transplant Patient</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1992-9752</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Duarte</surname>
            <given-names>Sasha B. C. P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mangini</surname>
            <given-names>Sandrigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3712-1175</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Avila</surname>
            <given-names>Monica S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9835-7096</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Montemor</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bacal</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Sasha B. C. P. Duarte,</bold> Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP) - Av. Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-900, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>sashaduarte@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Acquisition of data: Montemor ML; Writing of the manuscript: Duarte SBCP; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Mangini S, Avila MS, Bacal F.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>133</fpage>
      <lpage>135</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Heart Transplantation/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Valve Diseases/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Renal Insufficiency/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Shock, Septic</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A 33-year-old female patient underwent heart transplantation (Tx) for valvular heart disease, where the surgical procedure was uneventful. Post-Tx, she developed with acute graft dysfunction, acute renal failure (ARF) requiring dialysis and septic shock. Bloodstream infection confirmed by treatment for carbapenemase-producing <italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae</italic>. Non-contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) of the chest and abdomen was done for investigation of the infectious focus and distention of the abdomen and melena, with extensive left ventricular myocardial calcification (MC) not previously found in CT (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figures 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">3</xref>). A diagnosis of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection was also confirmed by upper digestive endoscopy findings with diffuse gastroduodenal ulcers and quantitative detection of positive CMV DNA, and the patient received ganciclovir. The patient became refractory to treatment and died.</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Coronary non-contrast-enhanced computed tomography scan of the chest with finding of extensive myocardial calcification in the left ventricle.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-01-0133-90146-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Sagittal non-contrast-enhanced computed tomography scan of the chest with finding of extensive myocardial calcification in the left ventricle.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-01-0133-90146-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figure 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Axial non-contrast-enhanced computed tomography scan of the chest with finding of extensive myocardial calcification in the left ventricle.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-01-0133-90146-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>MC is a rare complication that occurs in critically ill patients. It has various etiologies, and its pathophysiology is not completely elucidated. MC may involve mechanisms of metastatic calcification and dystrophic calcification, as presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. It can be the cause of heart failure, sudden death, abnormalities in ventricular wall movement, arrhythmias and restrictive disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
		</p>
    <table-wrap id="t1">
      <label>Table 1</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Possible myocardial calcification etiologies</title>
      </caption>
      <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
        <colgroup>
          <col width="50%"/>
          <col width="50%"/>
        </colgroup>
        <thead>
          <tr>
            <th align="left">Metastatic calcification (Altered serum calcium level)</th>
            <th align="center">Dystrophic calcification (Calcium accumulation in necrotic tissues, without hypercalcemia)</th>
          </tr>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Chronic renal failure</td>
            <td align="center">Infections</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Primary parathyroidism</td>
            <td align="center">Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Neoplasms</td>
            <td align="center">Inflammatory processes</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Bone disturbances</td>
            <td align="center">Processes myocardial infarction</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Medications</td>
            <td align="center">Myocarditis</td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>
    </table-wrap>
    <p>The case demonstrates a correlation with others described in the literature, showing extensive MC in a young patient with anemia, ARF, septic shock,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> exposure to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> and high mortality, with the difference being an immunosuppressed post-heart transplant patient. The true meaning of this finding and its reversibility are unknown. However, it is believed to be related to disease severity and poor prognosis, and its identification in clinical practice is important.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
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        <mixed-citation>2 Ahmed T, Inayat F, Haq M, Ahmed T. Myocardial calcification secondary to toxic shock syndrome: a comparative review of 17 cases. BMJ Case Rep. 2019 Jan 10;12(1):pii.bcr-2018-228054.</mixed-citation>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Ahmed</surname>
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          <article-title>Myocardial calcification secondary to toxic shock syndrome: a comparative review of 17 cases</article-title>
          <source>BMJ Case Rep</source>
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        <mixed-citation>3 Kapandji N, Redheuil A, Fouret P, H&#233;kimian G, Lebreton G, Br&#233;chot N,et al. Extensive Myocardial Calcification in Critically Ill Patients. Crit Care Med. 2018;46(7):702-6.</mixed-citation>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Imagem</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Calcifica&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica Extensa em Paciente ap&#243;s Transplante Card&#237;aco</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1992-9752</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Duarte</surname>
            <given-names>Sasha B. C. P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mangini</surname>
            <given-names>Sandrigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3712-1175</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Avila</surname>
            <given-names>Monica S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9835-7096</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Montemor</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bacal</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Sasha B. C. P. Duarte,</bold> Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP) - Av. Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-900, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>sashaduarte@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Montemor ML; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Duarte SBCP; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Mangini S, Avila MS, Bacal F.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Transplante de Cora&#231;&#227;o/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as das Valvas Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Renal/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Choque S&#233;ptico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Paciente do sexo feminino, 33 anos, submetida a um transplante card&#237;aco (Tx) por cardiopatia valvar, procedimento cir&#250;rgico sem intercorr&#234;ncias. P&#243;s-Tx evoluiu com disfun&#231;&#227;o aguda do enxerto, insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda (IRA) dial&#237;tica e choque s&#233;ptico. Confirmada infec&#231;&#227;o na corrente sangu&#237;nea por <italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae</italic> produtora de carbapenemase tratada. Realizada tomografia computadorizada (TC) de t&#243;rax e abdome sem contraste para investiga&#231;&#227;o de foco infeccioso e de quadro de distens&#227;o abdominal e melena, com achado de calcifica&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CM) extensa em ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, que n&#227;o fora encontrada em TC realizada anteriormente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figuras 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">3</xref>). Confirmado tamb&#233;m diagn&#243;stico de infec&#231;&#227;o por citomegalov&#237;rus (CMV), atrav&#233;s de achados de endoscopia digestiva alta com presen&#231;a de &#250;lceras gastro-duodenais difusas e detec&#231;&#227;o quantitativa de DNA para CMV positiva, tendo recebido ganciclovir. Paciente evoluiu refrat&#225;ria &#224;s medidas institu&#237;das e foi a &#243;bito.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Tomografia computadorizada de t&#243;rax sem contraste em plano coronal com achado de extensa calcifica&#231;&#227;o metast&#225;tica em ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-01-0133-90146-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Tomografia computadorizada de t&#243;rax sem contraste em plano sagital com achado de extensa calcifica&#231;&#227;o metast&#225;tica em ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-01-0133-90146-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Tomografia computadorizada de t&#243;rax sem contraste em plano axial com achado de extensa calcifica&#231;&#227;o metast&#225;tica em ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-01-0133-90146-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A CM &#233; uma rara complica&#231;&#227;o encontrada em pacientes cr&#237;ticos. Possui diversas etiologias e sua fisiopatologia n&#227;o est&#225; completamente elucidada, podendo envolver mecanismos de calcifica&#231;&#227;o metast&#225;tica e calcifica&#231;&#227;o distr&#243;fica, conforme apresentado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela 1</xref>. Pode ser a causa de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, morte s&#250;bita, anormalidades no movimento da parede ventricular, arritmias e patologia restritiva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Poss&#237;veis etiologias de calcifica&#231;&#227;o metast&#225;tica</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Calcifica&#231;&#227;o metast&#225;tica (n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de c&#225;lcio alterado)</th>
              <th align="center">Calcifica&#231;&#227;o distr&#243;fica (ac&#250;mulo de c&#225;lcio em tecidos necrosados, sem hipercalcemia)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica</td>
              <td align="center">Infec&#231;&#245;es</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hiperparatireoidismo prim&#225;rio</td>
              <td align="center">Membrana de oxigena&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Neoplasias</td>
              <td align="center">Processos inflamat&#243;rios</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dist&#250;rbios &#243;sseos</td>
              <td align="center">Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Medica&#231;&#245;es</td>
              <td align="center">Miocardite</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>O caso demonstra correla&#231;&#227;o com outros descritos na literatura, apresentando calcifica&#231;&#227;o extensa do mioc&#225;rdio em paciente jovem, com anemia, IRA, choque s&#233;ptico,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; oxigena&#231;&#227;o por membrana extracorp&#243;rea,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> al&#233;m de elevada mortalidade, com o diferencial de ser uma paciente imunossuprimida p&#243;s-Tx. O significado real deste achado e sua reversibilidade s&#227;o desconhecidos. Entretanto, acredita-se estar relacionado &#224; gravidade e mau progn&#243;stico, sendo relevante a sua identifica&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
