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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">ChyLVXjMNDcFts6HjZMkbwc</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000100130</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190720</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Viewpoint</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Echoes of Telecardiology Guideline</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0711-7995</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barberato</surname>
            <given-names>Silvio Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1253-1514</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Ant&#244;nio Cartaxo Queiroga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">CardioEco Centro de Diagn&#243;stico Cardiovascular</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Curitiba</city>
          <state>PR</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">CardioEco Centro de Diagn&#243;stico Cardiovascular, Curitiba, PR - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Quanta Diagn&#243;stico - Ecocardiografia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Curitiba</city>
          <state>PR</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Quanta Diagn&#243;stico - Ecocardiografia, Curitiba, PR - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Alberto Urquiza Wanderley</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Jo&#227;o Pessoa</city>
          <state>PB</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Alberto Urquiza Wanderley, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Silvio Henrique Barberato,</bold> CardioEco Centro de Diagn&#243;stico Cardiovascular - Avenida Rep&#250;blica Argentina, 1336, conj 215. Postal Code 80620-010, Curitiba, PR - Brazil. E-mail: <email>silviohb@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Barberato SH, Lopes MACQ; Writing of the manuscript: Barberato SH.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>130</fpage>
      <lpage>132</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnosis imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Telemedicine/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Telemedicine/trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Robotics/trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Training</kwd>
        <kwd>Image Interpretation Computer-Assisted</kwd>
        <kwd>Telemonitoring</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Echocardiography has an established role in the diagnosis, prognostic evaluation and therapeutic orientation in several cardiovascular diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> The great technological development in the last decades has allowed the digitization and standardization of medical images (DICOM), miniaturization of echocardiography equipment (portable cardiac ultrasound) and the transfer of images over the internet. In this scenario, strategies for the use of telemedicine-associated echocardiography, called tele-echocardiography, have been employed in the context of clinical research with the support of teleconsultation for remote expert review, in real time or after image storage and submission. In recognition of the demands generated by the ongoing digital transformation in health, the Brazilian Society of Cardiology recently published the Telemedicine Guideline in Cardiology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> The document recognizes tele-echocardiography as a strategy for early detection of congenital heart disease in newborns and screening for early detection of subclinical cases of rheumatic heart disease in children and adolescents (both recommended as indication class IIa, level of evidence B). In addition, it evokes potential application in primary health care in remote locations, where it could enable early detection of cases of heart disease and assist in prioritizing referrals to specialized care (indication class IIb, level of evidence C).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> It should be emphasized that such recommendations are made within the conditions of regular use of the method in Brazil, which would include the need for doctors at both ends, i.e., the execution and interpretation of the exam. The text of the Guideline explicitly states the need for regulation and legal provision for the participation of other professionals in performing diagnostic procedures (in this case, obtaining echocardiographic images by non-doctors), currently not allowed by the country&#8217;s legislation.</p>
    <p>In recent years, tele-echocardiography has extended the application of the method to individuals in geographically distant locations, such as remote rural communities<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> or even space.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> A rural area is classified as remote when 50% of the local population needs at least 45 to 60 minutes of travel by motor vehicle to reach a population center of at least 50,000 inhabitants.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Several situations have been experimentally tested, with a study on focused echocardiographic by non-cardiologist physicians,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> non-physicians,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> or remote-operated robotic devices,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> combined with remote interpretation by echocardiography cardiologists.</p>
    <p>Historically, tele-echocardiography was initially employed in pediatric populations to rule out relevant congenital heart disease, with either live or offline transmission approaches, using different technologies and data rates. Taken together, these studies have suggested that tele-echocardiography assists in the diagnosis and clinical management of patients, avoiding unnecessary transport and potentially reducing costs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
		</p>
    <p>More recently, the feasibility of tele-echocardiography for mass screening of heart disease in large communities has been investigated. The exam supposedly detected significant cardiac abnormalities in 16%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> to 35%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> of the individuals, despite the clear limitation of the different criteria adopted to define heart disease. On the other hand, previous data indicate that focused echocardiography screening tends to overestimate the rate of heart disease in the community, which makes it imperative to validate the examination by an experienced echocardiographist to ensure an adequate level of accuracy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Even employing well-trained sonographers for local echocardiographic evaluation, remote examination by experienced echocardiographers alters the diagnosis in approximately one quarter of the studies, half of which undergo major clinical changes in the final report.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> In general, accuracy appears to be acceptable in the detection of valvular heart disease, although only modest for the diagnosis of systolic dysfunction and left ventricular hypertrophy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
		</p>
    <p>In addition to the expansion of cardiovascular imaging through telemedicine, some researchers have also described imaging acquisition through tele-robotics. A French study evaluated 41 individuals with valvular heart disease who underwent tele-echocardiography through a robotic arm operated by an echocardiographer via an internet connection in a room 10 meters away from the patient.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> The quality of the images was lower than those obtained by conventional echocardiography, but the diagnosis was reliable in 86% of the cases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> An American study showed the feasibility of carotid vascular ultrasound imaging through the robotic arm and its long-distance transmission over the traditional bandwidth internet.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> A Swedish prospective randomized study conducted in a rural community concluded that the combination of cardiologic teleconsultation and robotic arm tele-echocardiography resulted in shorter time to care and diagnosis definition compared to the usual routine referral to the nearest specialty hospital.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> However, the number of patients evaluated was small (19 in each group), not allowing inferences regarding clinical outcomes.</p>
    <p>Echocardiography as a cardiovascular imaging modality directly depends on the appropriate acquisition and interpretation of satisfactory images. There are no studies conclusively comparing image quality by tele-echocardiography and traditional echocardiography. In parallel, there is no scientific evidence to conclude that the use of tele-echocardiography in primary health care in remote locations is able to reduce morbidity and mortality in the community compared to traditional care workflow.</p>
    <p>Obviously, the advent of digital health, which encompasses the use of telemedicine as a useful complementary tool to allow equity of access to health for all Brazilians, is a desirable novelty in the current scenario.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Considering the continental dimension of Brazil, we could assume that populations living in remote areas would benefit from state investment in the spread of digital health. We must welcome the changes that digital transformation can trigger in the practice of medicine, especially where the integrality of access to health is not contemplated. However, such changes should be supported by consistent scientific evidence that accredits them as real advancement, avoiding inappropriate use of new technologies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
		</p>
    <p>There are potential advantages of adopting tele-echocardiography in public healthcare of underprivileged populations in distant locations, but the method still lacks robust scientific validation with prospective controlled studies confirming the health benefits of patients. In addition, a broad discussion on the need for investment in digital technology infrastructure, cost-effectiveness, budgetary impact, regulation and legal certainty, among other challenges and risks, is crucial. It is important to remember that Brazilian law: (a) authorizes only physicians to perform and interpret echocardiograms in the country, and (b) recognizes echocardiography as an area of &#8203;&#8203;activity of cardiology and pediatrics. Regulatory debate involving authorities, professional councils and medical societies is mandatory before tele-echocardiography is incorporated into public health policies in Brazil. In the area of &#8203;&#8203;supplementary health, there is no legal backing for non-medical individuals, even under the supervision of physicians, to perform echocardiograms, and the use of tele-echocardiography by other health professionals would be a practice not covered by law.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> In addition, there is currently no provision for reimbursement for any of the procedures used in Telemedicine, which are not part of the Procedures and Health Events Roll of the National Health Agency. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> lists the potential advantages and challenges for the implementation of tele-echocardiography in Brazil.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t1">
      <label>Table 1</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Potential advantages and main challenges for the adoption of tele-echocardiography in Brazil</title>
      </caption>
      <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
        <colgroup>
          <col width="50%"/>
          <col width="50%"/>
        </colgroup>
        <thead>
          <tr>
            <th align="left">Potential advantages</th>
            <th align="center">Main challenges</th>
          </tr>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Allow access to the method at remote locations</td>
            <td align="center">Lack of standardization of tele-echocardiography components and proper internet coverage </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Early diagnosis and therapy guidance</td>
            <td align="center">Uncertainty whether image quality and diagnostic accuracy is comparable to traditional method</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Potential optimization of clinical outcomes</td>
            <td align="center">Lack of scientific evidence proving impact on clinical outcomes</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Reducing the cost of transporting human resources to geographically distant areas</td>
            <td align="center">Absence of scientific evidence showing cost-effectiveness; questions about budget impact and system reimbursement </td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Reducing the cost of transporting patients to tertiary centers</td>
            <td align="center">Uncertainty about adherence by local health professionals</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Reduction in the number of unnecessary echocardiograms</td>
            <td align="center">Prohibition of Brazilian law to the performance of echocardiography by non-medical operators (sonographers)</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Prioritization and organization of waiting lists in healthcare systems with limited availability of specialized exams and consultations</td>
            <td align="center">Lack of guidelines for operator training</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">
						</td>
            <td align="center">Forensic insecurity</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">
						</td>
            <td align="center">No current laws regarding licensing, data storage, privacy and confidentiality</td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>
    </table-wrap>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ecos da Diretriz de Telecardiologia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0711-7995</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barberato</surname>
            <given-names>Silvio Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">4</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1253-1514</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Ant&#244;nio Cartaxo Queiroga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">4</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">5</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">CardioEco Centro de Diagn&#243;stico Cardiovascular, Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Quanta Diagn&#243;stico - Ecocardiografia, Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Alberto Urquiza Wanderley, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Silvio Henrique Barberato,</bold> CardioEco Centro de Diagn&#243;stico Cardiovascular - Avenida Rep&#250;blica Argentina, 1336, conj 215. CEP 80620-010, Curitiba, PR - Brasil. E-mail: <email>silviohb@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Barberato SH, Lopes MACQ; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Barberato SH.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Telemedicina/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Rob&#243;tica/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Capacita&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Interpreta&#231;&#227;o de Imagem Assistida por Computador</kwd>
        <kwd>Telemonitoramento</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A ecocardiografia tem um papel estabelecido no diagn&#243;stico, avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica e orienta&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica em diversas doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> O grande desenvolvimento tecnol&#243;gico nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas permitiu a digitaliza&#231;&#227;o e padroniza&#231;&#227;o de imagens m&#233;dicas (DICOM), miniaturiza&#231;&#227;o de equipamentos de ecocardiografia (ultrassom card&#237;aco port&#225;til) e a transfer&#234;ncia de imagens pela Internet. Neste cen&#225;rio, estrat&#233;gias de utiliza&#231;&#227;o da ecocardiografia associada &#224; telemedicina, denominada tele-ecocardiografia, tem sido empregadas no &#226;mbito da pesquisa cl&#237;nica com o apoio de teleconsultoria para revis&#227;o remota por <italic>experts</italic>, em tempo real ou ap&#243;s armazenamento e envio das imagens. Em reconhecimento &#224;s demandas geradas pela transforma&#231;&#227;o digital ora em curso na sa&#250;de, a Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia publicou recentemente a Diretriz de Telemedicina em Cardiologia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> O documento reconhece a tele-ecocardiografia como estrat&#233;gia utiliz&#225;vel na detec&#231;&#227;o precoce de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita em rec&#233;m-nascidos e na triagem para detec&#231;&#227;o precoce de casos subcl&#237;nicos de cardiopatia reum&#225;tica em crian&#231;as e adolescentes (ambas recomendadas como classe de indica&#231;&#227;o IIa, n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia B). Al&#233;m disso, evoca potencial aplica&#231;&#227;o na aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria &#224; sa&#250;de, em locais remotos, onde poderia permitir a detec&#231;&#227;o precoce de casos de cardiopatia e auxiliar na prioriza&#231;&#227;o de encaminhamentos para o cuidado especializado (classe de indica&#231;&#227;o IIb, n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia C).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Deve-se ressaltar que tais recomenda&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o feitas dentro das condi&#231;&#245;es de emprego regular do m&#233;todo no Brasil, o que incluiria a necessidade de m&#233;dicos nas duas pontas, ou seja, na execu&#231;&#227;o e interpreta&#231;&#227;o do exame. O texto da Diretriz faz ressalva expl&#237;cita em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; necessidade de regula&#231;&#227;o e previs&#227;o legal da participa&#231;&#227;o de outros profissionais na realiza&#231;&#227;o de procedimentos diagn&#243;sticos (no caso, obten&#231;&#227;o de imagens ecocardiogr&#225;ficas por n&#227;o m&#233;dicos), atualmente n&#227;o permitida pela legisla&#231;&#227;o do pa&#237;s.</p>
      <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos, a tele-ecocardiografia permitiu estender a aplica&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo para indiv&#237;duos em locais geograficamente distantes, como por exemplo, comunidades rurais remotas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> ou at&#233; o espa&#231;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Denomina-se &#225;rea rural remota aquela na qual 50% da popula&#231;&#227;o local necessita de pelo menos 45 a 60 minutos de viagem em ve&#237;culo automotor para atingir um centro populacional com pelo menos 50 mil habitantes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Diversas situa&#231;&#245;es foram testadas experimentalmente, com o estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico focado realizado por m&#233;dicos n&#227;o cardiologistas,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> n&#227;o m&#233;dicos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> ou dispositivos rob&#243;ticos operados &#224; dist&#226;ncia,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> combinado &#224; interpreta&#231;&#227;o remota por cardiologistas ecocardiografistas.</p>
      <p>Historicamente, o tele-ecocardiograma foi inicialmente empregado em popula&#231;&#245;es pedi&#225;tricas para descartar cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas relevantes, com abordagens de transmiss&#227;o ao vivo ou <italic>off line</italic>, utilizando diferentes tecnologias e velocidades de transmiss&#227;o de dados. Em conjunto, esses estudos sugeriram que a tele-ecocardiografia auxilia no diagn&#243;stico e manejo cl&#237;nico dos pacientes, evitando transportes desnecess&#225;rios e potencialmente reduzindo custos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Mais recentemente, a viabilidade da tele-ecocardiografia para a triagem em massa de cardiopatias em grandes comunidades foi investigada. O tele-ecocardiograma supostamente detectou anormalidades card&#237;acas significativas em 16%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> a 35%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> dos indiv&#237;duos, em que pese a clara limita&#231;&#227;o dos diferentes crit&#233;rios adotados para a defini&#231;&#227;o de cardiopatia. Por outro lado, dados pr&#233;vios indicam que a triagem com ecocardiograma focado tende a superestimar a taxa de cardiopatia na comunidade, o que torna imperativa a valida&#231;&#227;o do exame por ecocardiografista experiente para garantir adequado n&#237;vel de acur&#225;cia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Mesmo empregando son&#243;grafos bem treinados na avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica local, a an&#225;lise remota do exame por ecocardiografista experiente altera o diagn&#243;stico em aproximadamente um quarto dos estudos, metade dos quais sofrem modifica&#231;&#245;es de grande signific&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica no laudo final.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Em geral, a acur&#225;cia parece ser aceit&#225;vel na detec&#231;&#227;o das valvopatias, embora apenas modesta para os diagn&#243;sticos de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m da expans&#227;o da imagem cardiovascular por meio da telemedicina, alguns investigadores descreveram tamb&#233;m a aquisi&#231;&#227;o da imagem por meio da tele-rob&#243;tica. Estudo franc&#234;s avaliou 41 indiv&#237;duos com valvopatias submetidos ao tele-ecocardiograma por bra&#231;o rob&#243;tico operado por ecocardiografista via conex&#227;o de internet em um quarto a 10 metros do paciente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> A qualidade das imagens foi inferior &#224;quelas obtidas pelo ecocardiograma convencional, mas o diagn&#243;stico foi confi&#225;vel em 86% dos casos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Estudo americano mostrou a exequibilidade da aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagens de ultrassom vascular de car&#243;tida por meio de bra&#231;o rob&#243;tico e sua transmiss&#227;o de longa dist&#226;ncia pela internet com largura de banda tradicional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Estudo prospectivo randomizado sueco realizado em comunidade rural concluiu que a combina&#231;&#227;o de teleconsulta cardiol&#243;gica e tele-ecocardiograma por meio de bra&#231;o rob&#243;tico resultou em menor tempo para atendimento e defini&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico, em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; rotina usual de refer&#234;ncia ao hospital de especialidades mais pr&#243;ximo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Entretanto, o n&#250;mero de pacientes avaliados foi reduzido (19 em cada grupo), n&#227;o permitindo infer&#234;ncias a respeito dos desfechos cl&#237;nicos.</p>
      <p>A ecocardiografia como modalidade de imagem cardiovascular depende diretamente da aquisi&#231;&#227;o e interpreta&#231;&#227;o adequada de imagens satisfat&#243;rias. N&#227;o h&#225; estudos comparando conclusivamente a qualidade de imagem pela tele-ecocardiografia e a ecocardiografia tradicional. Em paralelo, n&#227;o existem evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas que concluam que a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da tele-ecocardiografia na aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria &#224; sa&#250;de em locais remotos &#233; capaz de reduzir morbidade e mortalidade na comunidade em compara&#231;&#227;o ao fluxo de atendimento tradicional.</p>
      <p>Obviamente, o advento da sa&#250;de digital, que engloba o emprego da telemedicina como uma ferramenta complementar &#250;til para permitir equidade de acesso &#224; sa&#250;de para todos os brasileiros, &#233; uma novidade desej&#225;vel no panorama atual.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Considerando a dimens&#227;o continental do Brasil, poder&#237;amos supor que as popula&#231;&#245;es residentes em &#225;reas remotas seriam beneficiadas pelo investimento do Estado na dissemina&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de digital. Devemos acolher as mudan&#231;as que a transforma&#231;&#227;o digital pode desencadear no exerc&#237;cio da Medicina, especialmente onde a integralidade do acesso &#224; sa&#250;de n&#227;o &#233; contemplada. Entretanto, tais mudan&#231;as devem ser apoiadas por base de evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas consistentes que as credenciem como avan&#231;o real, evitando o uso inapropriado de novas tecnologias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Existem potenciais vantagens da ado&#231;&#227;o da tele-ecocardiografia no atendimento p&#250;blico a popula&#231;&#245;es desfavorecidas em locais distantes, por&#233;m o m&#233;todo ainda carece de valida&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica robusta, com estudos prospectivos controlados, que confirmem os benef&#237;cios &#224; sa&#250;de dos pacientes. Al&#233;m disso, &#233; indispens&#225;vel ampla discuss&#227;o sobre necessidade de investimento em infraestrutura tecnol&#243;gica digital, custo-efetividade, impacto or&#231;ament&#225;rio, regulamenta&#231;&#227;o e seguran&#231;a jur&#237;dica, entre outros desafios e riscos. &#201; importante lembrar que a legisla&#231;&#227;o brasileira: (a) autoriza somente m&#233;dicos a realizarem e interpretarem ecocardiogramas no pa&#237;s, e (b) reconhece a ecocardiografia como &#225;rea de atua&#231;&#227;o da Cardiologia e da Pediatria. &#201; mandat&#243;rio o debate regulat&#243;rio que envolva autoridades, conselhos profissionais e sociedades m&#233;dicas, antes que a tele-ecocardiografia seja incorporada &#224;s pol&#237;ticas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica no Brasil. No &#226;mbito da sa&#250;de suplementar, n&#227;o existe respaldo legal para que indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o m&#233;dicos, mesmo sob supervis&#227;o de m&#233;dicos, executem ecocardiogramas, e a realiza&#231;&#227;o de tele-ecocardiografia por outros profissionais de sa&#250;de seria uma pr&#225;tica sem guarida na legisla&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o existe no momento previs&#227;o de reembolso para nenhum dos procedimentos utilizados em Telemedicina, os quais n&#227;o integram o Rol de Procedimentos e Eventos em Sa&#250;de da Ag&#234;ncia Nacional de Sa&#250;de. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref> elenca as potenciais vantagens e desafios para a implanta&#231;&#227;o da tele-ecocardiografia em nosso pa&#237;s.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Potenciais vantagens e desafios para a ado&#231;&#227;o da tele-ecocardiografia no Brasil</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Potenciais vantagens</th>
              <th align="center">Desafios</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Permitir o acesso ao m&#233;todo em locais remotos</td>
              <td align="center">Aus&#234;ncia de padroniza&#231;&#227;o dos componentes da tele-ecocardiografia e cobertura adequada de internet</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diagn&#243;stico precoce e orienta&#231;&#227;o da terapia</td>
              <td align="center">Incerteza se a qualidade de imagens e acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica s&#227;o compar&#225;veis ao m&#233;todo tradicional</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Potencial otimiza&#231;&#227;o de desfechos cl&#237;nicos</td>
              <td align="center">Aus&#234;ncia de evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas comprovando impacto sobre desfechos cl&#237;nicos </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Redu&#231;&#227;o do custo de transporte de recursos humanos para &#225;reas geograficamente distantes </td>
              <td align="center">Aus&#234;ncia de evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas comprovando custo-efetividade; d&#250;vidas sobre impacto or&#231;ament&#225;rio e reembolso do sistema </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Redu&#231;&#227;o do custo de transporte de pacientes at&#233; centros terci&#225;rios</td>
              <td align="center">Incertezas quanto &#224; ades&#227;o pelos profissionais de sa&#250;de locais</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Redu&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de ecocardiogramas desnecess&#225;rios</td>
              <td align="center">Veto da legisla&#231;&#227;o brasileira &#224; atua&#231;&#227;o de operadores (son&#243;grafos) n&#227;o m&#233;dicos</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Prioriza&#231;&#227;o e organiza&#231;&#227;o de listas de espera em sistemas de sa&#250;de com disponibilidade limitada de exames e consultas especializadas</td>
              <td align="center">Aus&#234;ncia de diretrizes para o treinamento de operadores </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">Inseguran&#231;a m&#233;dico-legal</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">Aus&#234;ncia de legisla&#231;&#227;o referente &#224; licen&#231;a, armazenamento de dados, privacidade e confidencialidade</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
