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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">bRxFVQ467FjjSQB43RnBgGn</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000100118</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190790</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Aortic Arch Calcification on routine Chest Radiography is Strongly and Independently Associated with Non-Dipper Blood Pressure Pattern</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4295-9151</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>P&#243;voa</surname>
            <given-names>Rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Rui P&#243;voa,</bold> Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - Rua Professora Carolina Ribeiro, 221 apto 91. Postal Code 04116-020, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>rmspovoa@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>118</fpage>
      <lpage>119</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Thoracic, Aorta/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Calcification</kwd>
        <kwd>Calcinosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathies</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Function, Left</kwd>
        <kwd>Antihypertensive Agents</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Pressure Monitoring Ambulatory</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Rate</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Arterial hypertension is the most prevalent chronic disease worldwide, and it is estimated that in Brazil, according to the Vigitel study of 2018, the Brazilian population has 24.7% of hypertensive individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> It is the most important risk factor for all cardiovascular diseases, being one of the main factors responsible for stroke, coronary artery disease, heart failure, renal failure, and so on.</p>
    <p>Blood pressure is not simply a biological phenomenon characterized by two numbers expressed in mmHg that reflect systolic and diastolic pressure. It is a multiform event resulting from the hydrodynamic action of a complex fluid that exerts force on a compliant vascular wall, with elastic properties governed by multiple forces arising from vascular structures (muscle cells, extracellular matrix, elastic fibers, etc.). This vector wave of blood follows the laws of sympathetic and parasympathetic interaction, varying more or less depending on the conditions of each patient. Therefore, the simple measurement of blood pressure in the office does not reflect the reality of the patient's true daily life.</p>
    <p>The several measurements obtained during the 24-hour period have a better meaning in the global context evaluation and can discriminate the blood pressure behavior in the different phases of the day and, especially, during sleep. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) has a better correlation with all cardiovascular events compared to simple office measurements. The pressure varies widely during the 24-hour period, and during sleep, in individuals considered normal, there is a reduction between 10 and 20% of daytime values. In some studies, the absence of this physiological dipping during sleep, which we call &#8220;non-dipper&#8221;, shows a positive association with an increase in target-organ damage and mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
		</p>
    <p>This concept that hypertensive individuals (as well as normotensive ones) who do not have a physiological pressure dipping during sleep (non-dipper), are subject to a worse prognosis has been a consensus for some time, well evidenced in several studies; however, the intrinsic mechanisms that lead to a higher risk are not yet fully known.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> In clinical practice, hypertensive patients with the non-dipper pattern usually have some other comorbidity, leading to the suspicion of secondary causes for blood pressure elevation and/or obstructive sleep apnea.</p>
    <p>The usefulness of ABPM is quite broad. The European guideline for hypertension very objectively suggests performing out-of-office blood pressure measurements, supplemented with in-office measurements for diagnosing hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The phenomenon of white coat hypertension and the white coat effect are common and may lead to case wrong conduct and management. In the first, there is an erroneous diagnosis of hypertension and in the presence of the white coat effect, one can start the medication incorrectly, with harm to the patient. These are situations where ABPM is critical for the diagnosis.</p>
    <p>Another important and not infrequent aspect is masked hypertension, where the patient has normal office pressure values and levels outside the office are elevated. This situation can be correctly assessed only by out-of-office measurements and represents a huge danger, as target-organ damage is more intense and occurs earlier.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The assessment of out-of-office BP can also be attained by the much more inexpensive and affordable home blood pressure measurement (HBPM), which shows a good correlation with ABPM measurements. However, it does not evaluate BP during sleep, the fundamental period of the biological cycle. That is why ABPM remains the gold standard for out-of-office measurements.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The assessment of sleep, of the phenomena that occur before waking up and after awakening are also very important for a more precise stratification of the risk of cardiovascular events. Kazuomi Kario was one of the pioneers in assessing the effect of arousal on cardiovascular risk, finding greater target-organ damage in those with more intense and sustained blood pressure response.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Nakanishi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> found that patients who experienced BP increases during sleep rather than the physiological reduction were more subject to cardiovascular events. Studying a population of 828 patients through brain imaging tests, such as MRI, they found that elevated systolic pressure during sleep was associated with subclinical brain disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
		</p>
    <p>In the study by Adar A. et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> they found that patients who had aortic arch calcification on routine chest X-ray showed an association with the non-dipper pattern in ABPM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> The authors started by detecting a target-organ lesion, aortic atherosclerosis, in a routine exam to look for changes in blood pressure physiology and eventually diagnose or correct other problems.</p>
    <p>This association is important, because we can verify the entire aortic arch calcification in the search for non-dippers and, thus, better typify the behavior of arterial hypertension.</p>
    <p>Chest X-ray, used in many clinical situations, is an inexpensive, practical exam and, when performed for some other reason, it can also be used to screen for non-dippers, as demonstrated in this study. This may be beneficial to the patient, since secondary causes of hypertension, including obstructive sleep apnea, are frequent.</p>
    <p>The pathophysiological justification of this association, between the aortic artery calcification and the non-dipping of pressure during sleep, remains unknown. The authors mention the association of this calcification with pineal gland calcification and melatonin reduction, which plays an important role in sleep regulation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Moreover, it also participates in the autonomic regulation with greater accentuation of the parasympathetic system with direct vasodilating effects, thereby reducing blood pressure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The finding of calcification in the aortic arch allowing the diagnosis of the presence of atherosclerosis immediately changes the cardiovascular risk, wherein clinical care should be more intense and thus improve our clinical practice.</p>
    <p>Although there are not robust clinical trials evaluating chromotherapy and the influence of antihypertensive drugs on the non-dipper pattern yet, it is sensible and intuitive that this should be done, when there is no objective cause for no reduction of blood pressure during sleep. In hypertensive patients, the change in the time of medication may change the pattern of nocturnal dipping and possibly benefit the patient.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
		</p>
    <p>An adequate BP control in the early hours of the morning means the use of drugs with adequate 24-hour coverage; however, some medications do not provide this effect. Changing the time when the patient takes the drug, particularly to the afternoon, may result in a pressure behavior closer to the normal circadian rhythm.</p>
    <p>We still have a long road ahead to assess blood pressure behavior, but some light is already emerging to unravel the mechanisms implicated in this complex web of hypertensive disease etiology.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short editorial related to the article: Aortic Arch Calcification on Routine Chest Radiography is Strongly and Independently Associated with Non-Dipper Blood Pressure Pattern</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Calcifica&#231;&#227;o do Arco A&#243;rtico na Radiografia de T&#243;rax de Rotina est&#225; Fortemente e Independentemente Associada ao Padr&#227;o de Press&#227;o Arterial</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4295-9151</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>P&#243;voa</surname>
            <given-names>Rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Rui P&#243;voa,</bold> Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - Rua Professora Carolina Ribeiro, 221 apto 91. CEP 04116-020, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>rmspovoa@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Aorta Tor&#225;cica/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Calcifica&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Calcinose</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatias</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Fun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>Anti-Hipertensivos</kwd>
        <kwd>Monitora&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial &#233; a doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica mais prevalente em todo o mundo, e estima-se que no Brasil, segundo a avalia&#231;&#227;o do estudo Vigitel de 2018, a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira tem 24,7% de hipertensos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> &#201; o mais importante fator de risco para todas as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, sendo um dos principais respons&#225;veis pelo acidente vascular cerebral, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, insufici&#234;ncia renal, e etc.</p>
      <p>A press&#227;o arterial n&#227;o &#233; simplesmente um fen&#244;meno biol&#243;gico caracterizado por dois n&#250;meros expressos em mmHg que refletem a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica. &#201; um evento multiforme decorrente da a&#231;&#227;o hidrodin&#226;mica de um l&#237;quido complexo que exerce for&#231;a em uma parede vascular complacente, com propriedades el&#225;sticas regidas por m&#250;ltiplas for&#231;as decorrentes das estruturas vasculares (c&#233;lulas musculares, matriz extracelular, fibras el&#225;sticas e etc). Esta onda vetorial de sangue segue as leis da intera&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica e parassimp&#225;tica, com varia&#231;&#245;es para mais ou para menos dependendo das condi&#231;&#245;es de cada paciente. Por isso a simples medida da press&#227;o no consult&#243;rio n&#227;o reflete a realidade do verdadeiro cotidiano do paciente.</p>
      <p>As diversas medidas durante as 24 horas t&#234;m um melhor significado na avalia&#231;&#227;o do contexto global, podendo discriminar o comportamento press&#243;rico nas diversas fases do dia e principalmente durante o sono. A monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA) tem melhor correla&#231;&#227;o com todos os eventos cardiovasculares quando comparada com a simples medida de consult&#243;rio. A press&#227;o apresenta grande varia&#231;&#227;o durante as 24 horas, e durante o sono, nos indiv&#237;duos considerados normais, ocorre uma redu&#231;&#227;o entre 10 e 20% dos valores diurnos. Em alguns estudos, a aus&#234;ncia deste descenso fisiol&#243;gico do sono que chamamos de &#8220;non-dipper&#8221; encontra uma rela&#231;&#227;o positiva com aumento de les&#245;es em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo e da mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Este conceito de que os indiv&#237;duos hipertensos (e tamb&#233;m os normotensos) que n&#227;o apresentam queda press&#243;rica fisiol&#243;gica durante o sono (<italic>non-dipper</italic>), est&#227;o sujeitos a um pior progn&#243;stico j&#225; &#233; consenso h&#225; algum tempo, bem evidenciado em diversos estudos, entretanto os mecanismos intr&#237;nsecos que levam a um maior risco ainda n&#227;o s&#227;o totalmente conhecidos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica os hipertensos com o padr&#227;o <italic>non-dipper</italic> geralmente apresentam alguma outra comorbidade, levando a suspeita de causas secund&#225;rias para a eleva&#231;&#227;o press&#243;rica e/ou apneia obstrutiva do sono.</p>
      <p>A utilidade da MAPA &#233; bastante ampla. A diretriz europeia de hipertens&#227;o sugere de forma bastante objetiva a realiza&#231;&#227;o das medidas press&#243;ricas fora do consult&#243;rio complementadas com as medidas no consult&#243;rio para o diagn&#243;stico da hipertens&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>O fen&#244;meno da hipertens&#227;o do avental branco e do efeito do avental branco s&#227;o comuns, podendo levar a erros de conduta e condu&#231;&#227;o do caso. No primeiro ocorre um diagn&#243;stico err&#244;neo de hipertens&#227;o e no efeito do avental branco podemos titular a medica&#231;&#227;o de forma incorreta, com preju&#237;zos ao paciente. S&#227;o situa&#231;&#245;es onde a MAPA &#233; fundamental para o diagn&#243;stico.</p>
      <p>Outro aspecto importante e n&#227;o infrequente &#233; a hipertens&#227;o mascarada, onde o paciente apresenta valores normais da press&#227;o no consult&#243;rio e fora deles os n&#237;veis est&#227;o elevados. Esta situa&#231;&#227;o s&#243; pode ser avaliada de forma correta pelas medidas fora do consult&#243;rio, e representa um perigo enorme, pois as les&#245;es em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo s&#227;o mais intensas e precoces.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o fora do consult&#243;rio, tamb&#233;m pode ser aferida pela medida residencial da press&#227;o arterial (MRPA) bem mais barata e acess&#237;vel, e apresentando boa correla&#231;&#227;o com as medidas na MAPA. Entretanto n&#227;o avalia durante o sono, per&#237;odo fundamental do ciclo biol&#243;gico. Por isso a MAPA continua sendo o padr&#227;o ouro na medida fora do consult&#243;rio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o do sono, dos fen&#244;menos que ocorrem antes de acordar e ap&#243;s o despertar s&#227;o tamb&#233;m muito importantes para uma estratifica&#231;&#227;o mais fina do risco de eventos cardiovasculares. Kazuomi Kario foi um dos pioneiros em avaliar o efeito do despertar no risco cardiovascular, encontrando maiores les&#245;es em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo naqueles com resposta press&#243;rica mais intensa e sustentada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Nakanishi et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> verificaram que os pacientes que apresentavam eleva&#231;&#245;es da press&#227;o durante o sono em vez da redu&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica, estavam mais sujeitos a eventos cardiovasculares. Estudando uma popula&#231;&#227;o de 828 pacientes com exames de imagem cerebral como a resson&#226;ncia nuclear magn&#233;tica, verificaram que a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica elevada no sono estava associada com doen&#231;a cerebral subcl&#237;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>No estudo de Adar A et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> verificaram que os pacientes que apresentavam calcifica&#231;&#227;o do arco a&#243;rtico, na simples radiografia de t&#243;rax realizada na rotina, tinham uma associa&#231;&#227;o com o padr&#227;o <italic>non-dipper</italic> na MAPA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Os autores partiram da detec&#231;&#227;o de uma les&#227;o em &#243;rg&#227;o-alvo, a aterosclerose de aorta, em um exame usual de rotina, para procurar altera&#231;&#245;es da fisiologia da press&#227;o arterial e eventualmente diagnosticar ou corrigir outros problemas.</p>
      <p>Esta rela&#231;&#227;o &#233; importante, pois podemos rastrear toda calcifica&#231;&#227;o de arco a&#243;rtico, a procura dos <italic>non-dippers</italic> e assim tipificar melhor o comportamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial.</p>
      <p>A radiografia de t&#243;rax, utilizada em diversas situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, &#233; um exame barato, pr&#225;tico e quando realizada por algum motivo pode tamb&#233;m servir de rastreador de um indiv&#237;duo <italic>non-dipper</italic>, como foi demostrado neste estudo. Isto pode ser ben&#233;fico ao paciente, pois s&#227;o frequentes as causas secund&#225;rias de hipertens&#227;o, inclusive a apneia obstrutiva do sono.</p>
      <p>A justificativa fisiopatol&#243;gica desta rela&#231;&#227;o, da calcifica&#231;&#227;o do ardo a&#243;rtico com a n&#227;o redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o no sono, ainda &#233; desconhecida. Os autores evocam a rela&#231;&#227;o desta calcifica&#231;&#227;o com a calcifica&#231;&#227;o da gl&#226;ndula pineal e a redu&#231;&#227;o da melatonina, a qual tem um papel importante na regula&#231;&#227;o do sono.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Al&#233;m disso, ainda participa na regula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica com uma maior acentua&#231;&#227;o do sistema parassimp&#225;tico com efeitos vasodilatadores diretos, e com isso, reduzindo a press&#227;o arterial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>O encontro de calcifica&#231;&#227;o no arco a&#243;rtico permitindo o diagn&#243;stico da presen&#231;a de aterosclerose modifica de imediato o risco cardiovascular, onde os cuidados cl&#237;nicos devem ser mais intensos e assim melhorar nossa pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
      <p>Apesar de n&#227;o termos ainda ensaios cl&#237;nicos robustos avaliando a cromoterapia, e a influ&#234;ncia dos f&#225;rmacos anti-hipertensivos no padr&#227;o <italic>non-dipper</italic>, &#233; racional e intuitivo que isso deva ser feito, quando n&#227;o se encontra uma causa objetiva para a n&#227;o redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o no sono. Nos hipertensos, a mudan&#231;a no hor&#225;rio da medica&#231;&#227;o pode modificar o padr&#227;o de descenso noturno e possivelmente beneficiar o paciente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Um controle adequado da press&#227;o nas primeiras horas da manh&#227; significa o uso de f&#225;rmacos com uma cobertura correta nas 24 horas, entretanto alguns n&#227;o proporcionam esta a&#231;&#227;o. A mudan&#231;a no hor&#225;rio de tomada de algum f&#225;rmaco em especial para o per&#237;odo da tarde pode proporcionar um comportamento da press&#227;o mais pr&#243;ximo do ritmo circadiano normal.</p>
      <p>Ainda temos uma longa estrada na avalia&#231;&#227;o do comportamento da press&#227;o arterial, por&#233;m alguma luz j&#225; est&#225; surgindo em desvendar os mecanismos implicados nesta rede complexa da etiologia da doen&#231;a hipertensiva.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: A Calcifica&#231;&#227;o no Arco A&#243;rtico na Radiografia de T&#243;rax de Rotina est&#225; Forte e Independentemente Associada ao Padr&#227;o N&#227;o-Dipper de Press&#227;o Arterial</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
