<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">3d56YjXwkxSjdZNKfXZyCjc</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000100109</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2019005021103</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190229</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Aortic Arch Calcification on Routine Chest Radiography is Strongly and Independently Associated with Non-Dipper Blood Pressure Pattern</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2404-6447</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Adar</surname>
            <given-names>Adem</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Onalan</surname>
            <given-names>Orhan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cakan</surname>
            <given-names>Fahri</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Akbay</surname>
            <given-names>Ertan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Karakaya</surname>
            <given-names>Ekrem</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>(1)</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Karabuk University Faculty of Medicine</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Karabuk</city>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Karabuk University Faculty of Medicine - Cardiology, Karabuk - Turkey</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Adem Adar</bold> Karabuk University Faculty of Medicine - Cardiology, 78050, Karabuk - Turkey E-mail: <email>dradaradem@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Statistical analysis and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Adar A, Onalan O; Acquisition of data: Adar A, Cakan F, Akbay E, Karakaya E; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Adar A, Onalan O, Cakan F, Akbay E, Karakaya E; Writing of the manuscript: Adar A, Onalan O, Cakan F, Akbay E, Karakaya E.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>109</fpage>
      <lpage>117</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Non-dipper blood pressure (NDBP) is one of the important causes of hypertension-related target organ damage and future cardiovascular events. Currently, there is no practical tool to predict NDBP pattern.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between aortic arch calcification (AAC) on chest radiography and NDBP pattern.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>All patients referred for ambulatory BP monitoring test were approached for the study participation. NDBP was defined as the reduction of &#8804;10% in nighttime systolic BP as compared to the daytime values. AAC was evaluated with chest radiography and inter-observer agreement was analyzed by using kappa statistics. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess the association of AAC and NDBP pattern. A 2-tailed p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>A total of 406 patients (median age: 51.3) were included. Of these, 261(64%) had NDBP pattern. Overall, the prevalence of AAC was 230 (57%). Non-dipper group had significantly higher prevalence of AAC (70% vs. 33%, p &lt; 0.0001) as compared to the dipper group. Presence of AAC was a strong and independent predictor of NDBP pattern (OR 3.919, 95%CI 2.39 to 6.42) in multivariate analysis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Presence of AAC on plain chest radiography is strongly and independently associated with the presence of NDBP pattern.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Thoracic, Aorta/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Calcification</kwd>
        <kwd>Calcinosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathies</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension/imaging diagnosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Function,Left</kwd>
        <kwd>Antihypertensive Agents/therapeutic use</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Pressure Monitoring Ambulatory</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Rate</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Hypertension (HT) is the most common cardiovascular disease and it is the leading cause of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. Blood pressure (BP) follows a circadian pattern with a nocturnal decline of %10 or more as compared with daytime BP. Non-dipper BP (NDBP) pattern is defined as the absence of normal nocturnal decline in BP as compared to daytime measurements. NDBP pattern is associated with disease severity, left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), proteinuria, secondary forms of HT and insulin resistance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Several forms of HT including NDBP pattern can only be detected by ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM). Moreover, ABPM is superior to office BP measurements in predicting cardiovascular risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> However, utilization of ABPM to unselected population is not practical and currently, there is no practical tool to predict NDBP pattern.</p>
      <p>NDBP pattern has shown to be associated with arterial stiffness.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Vascular calcification plays an important role in the development of arterial stiffness.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Accordingly, aortic arch calcification (AAC) has been shown to be closely related to arterial stiffness.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Thus, we hypothesized that AAC on chest radiography predicts NDBP pattern.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study population</title>
        <p>All patients who were referred for ABPM test were approached for the study participation. Indication for ABPM test was left to physician discretion. Following inclusion criteria, we applied: 1) Age &#8805; 18-years-old; 2) A valid measurement rate of &gt;85% during the ABPM test. Nighttime workers, patients with inadequate chest x-ray, pregnancy or suspicion of pregnancy, history of moderate to severe cardiac valve disease, malignancy, cardiac or thoracic surgery, coronary artery, cerebrovascular and peripheral vascular disease were excluded from the study. Posterior-anterior (PA) chest radiography and transthoracic echocardiography were performed in all patients. Eligible subjects underwent a comprehensive assessment, including documentation of medical history, physical examination and measurement of laboratory variables. Body mass index was calculated as the weight in kilogram divided by height in square meter. Diabetes was defined as being on treatment with insulin or oral anti-diabetic drugs. HT and hyperlipidemia were defined as the use of anti-hypertensive drugs or lipid-lowering drugs, respectively. The institutional ethics committee approved the study protocol. Patients were divided into two groups according to circadian BP pattern; non-dipper and dipper group.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring</title>
        <p>ABPM studies were carried out using a Mobil-O-Graph (M-o-G; I.E.M, Germany) monitoring device. The first hour was discarded from the analysis. BP readings were obtained automatically at the 30-min interval and if &gt;85% of the measurements were valid then it was included in the analyses. Daytime, nighttime and 24-hour BP data and the percentage of the decrease in nighttime systolic BP vs. daytime systolic BP were recorded. The default setting for daytime (07:00 to 23:00) and nighttime (23:00 to 07:00) hours were modified appropriately based on the patient&#8217;s feedback. NDBP pattern was defined as the reduction of &#8804; 10 % in nighttime systolic BP as compared to the daytime systolic BP.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Evaluation of AAC</title>
        <p>All patients had chest radiography in the PA view. The standard PA chest radiograph (40 cm&#215;40 cm; Curix HT 1.000G Plus, Agfa, Mortsel, Belgium) was acquired with the patient standing up (Thoramat, Siemens, Erlangen, Germany). The focus-patient distance was 150 cm. An automated exposure control with a fixed tube voltage of 117 kV was used. We noted the presence of calcification in the aortic knob. AAC was graded as follows: Grade 0, no visible calcification; Grade 1, small spots of calcification or thin calcification; Grade 2, one or more areas of thickened calcification, and Grade 3, circular calcification on the aortic knob<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). One hundred randomly selected chest radiography for evaluation of AAC were independently evaluated by two cardiologists, who was unaware of the result of the patient&#8217;s ABPM data to assess the reliability of AAC diagnosis and Kappa value was detected as 0.812 and p &lt; 0.001.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Aortic arch calcification grading.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-01-0109-90229-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Laboratory tests</title>
        <p>A venous blood sample was collected from each participant under fasting conditions. Fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride and creatinine were measured by standard laboratory methods. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was calculated using CKD-EPI Creatinine Equation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiographic examination</title>
        <p>All patients were examined in the left lateral decubitus position using by a commercially available system (Vivid 4 GE Medical System, Horten, Norway) with a phased-array 3.5-MHz transducer. The conventional M-mode and B-mode parameters were measured in accordance with the American Society of Echocardiography guidelines. Left ventricular end-diastolic (LVEDD) and end-systolic (LVESD) diameters, and posterior (PWT) and septal (IVST) wall thicknesses were measured. Left ventricular ejection fraction was measured by using the Teichholz method. Left ventricular mass (LVM) was calculated using the Devereux equation: LVM = 0.8{1.04[([LVEDD + IVST +PWT]<sup>3</sup> - LVEDD<sup>3</sup>)]} + 0.6.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Left ventricular mass index (LVMI) was calculated by dividing the LVM by body surface area. LVH was defined as LVMI &gt; 115 g/m<sup>2</sup> for men and 95 g/m<sup>2</sup> for women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Based on relative wall thickness (2 x PWT/LVEDD) and the presence or absence of LVH various types of the left ventricular geometrical pattern were defined (normal geometry, concentric LVH, eccentric LVH, and concentric remodeling).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Continuous variables were expressed as mean (standard deviation) or median (interquartile range (IQR)), and categorical variables as number (percentage). The distributions of the continuous variables across the study groups were tested with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Normally distributed data were compared using the Independent Samples t-test and data with non-normal distribution were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. Categorical data were compared using the chi-square or Fisher&#8217;s exact tests when needed.</p>
        <p>Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess the association of AAC and NDBP pattern. In multivariate regression analysis (Enter method), the effect size was adjusted for variables with a univariate significance level of &lt; 0.1. Adjusted odds ratios (OR), along with their 95%CIs were presented. A 2-tailed p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were performed using the IBM SPSS software (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 21.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.)</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>A total of 406 patients (mean age 51.3 female 58%) were included. Two hundred sixty-one (64%) had NDBP pattern and classified as non-dipper group. The remaining 145 (36%) patients who had dipper BP pattern were classified as dipper group. As compared to the dipper group, the non-dipper group was older (p &lt; 0.001), had higher LVMI (p = 0.007), prevalence of LVH (p = 0.013), prevalence of HT (p = 0.049) and higher serum triglyceride level (p = 0.013). GFR was significantly lower in the non-dipper group (p &lt; 0.0001). Groups were similar with respect to the remaining baseline characteristics shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Baseline characteristics of the study groups</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Non-Dipper (n = 261)</th>
              <th align="center">Dipper (n = 145)</th>
              <th align="center">p-value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (year)</td>
              <td align="center">54 (13)</td>
              <td align="center">47 (14)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Weight (kg)</td>
              <td align="center">80 (13)</td>
              <td align="center">79 (13)</td>
              <td align="center">0.336</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Height (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">165 (8)</td>
              <td align="center">166 (9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.084</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Body surface area (m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">1.90 &#177; 0.18</td>
              <td align="center">1.90 &#177; 0.18</td>
              <td align="center">0.864</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Body mass index (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">29 (5)</td>
              <td align="center">28 (4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.067</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female gender (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center">160 (61.3)</td>
              <td align="center">76 (52.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.061</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Obesity (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center">106 (40.6)</td>
              <td align="center">51 (35.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.281</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center">135 (51.7)</td>
              <td align="center">60 (41.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.049</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center">59 (22.6)</td>
              <td align="center">25 (17.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.201</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hyperlipidemia (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center">42 (16.1)</td>
              <td align="center">26 (17.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.634</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center">45 (17.2)</td>
              <td align="center">34 (23.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.130</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ACE inhibitors (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center">71 (27.2)</td>
              <td align="center">33 (22.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.326</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Angiotensin receptor blockers (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center">27 (10.3)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (11)</td>
              <td align="center">0.829</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Calcium channel blockers (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center">30 (11.5)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (12.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.783</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Beta blockers (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center">24 (9.2)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (11.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.551</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diuretics (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center">29 (11.1)</td>
              <td align="center">21 (14.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.322</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">0.80 (0.20)</td>
              <td align="center">0.8 (0.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.910</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">98 &#177; 13</td>
              <td align="center">103 &#177; 26</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">190 &#177; 39.5</td>
              <td align="center">195 &#177; 39.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.200</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Triglyceride (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">190 (40)</td>
              <td align="center">172 (83)</td>
              <td align="center">0.013</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Low-density lipoprotein (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">112 &#177; 32</td>
              <td align="center">114 (33)</td>
              <td align="center">0.816</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">High-density lipoprotein (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">47 (11)</td>
              <td align="center">46 (12)</td>
              <td align="center">0.528</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Glucose (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">107 (31)</td>
              <td align="center">103 (30)</td>
              <td align="center">0.088</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Left atrial diameter (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">35 (4)</td>
              <td align="center">34 (4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.070</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Left ventricular ejection fraction (%)</td>
              <td align="center">65 &#177; 6</td>
              <td align="center">64 (5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.437</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Left ventricular mass index (gr/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">93 (20)</td>
              <td align="center">87 (18)</td>
              <td align="center">0.007</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Left ventricular hypertrophy (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center">61 (23.4)</td>
              <td align="center">19 (13.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.013</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="4">
                <bold>Left ventricular geometry (n, %)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">49 (18.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">30 (20.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.640</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Concentric remodeling</td>
              <td align="center">151 (57.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">96 (66.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.099</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Eccentric hypertrophy</td>
              <td align="center">19 (7.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (3.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.117</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Concentric hypertrophy</td>
              <td align="center">42 (16.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (9.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.072</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Continuous variables are presented as median (interquartile range) or mean (standard deviation); categorical variables are presented as number (percentage). ACE: angiotensin converting enzyme.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>There was no difference in daytime DBP, 24-hour SBP and 24-h DBP values between non-dipper and dipper groups. However, daytime SBP was lower in non-dipper groups (p = 0.012). In addition, nighttime SBP (p &lt; 0.0001) and DBP (p &lt; 0.0001) values were significantly higher in non-dipper group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Ambulatory blood pressure variables of the study groups</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Non-Dipper (n = 261)</th>
              <th align="center">Dipper (n = 145)</th>
              <th align="center">p-value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Day time mean SBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">124 (14)</td>
              <td align="center">127 (13)</td>
              <td align="center">0.012</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Day time mean DBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">77 (11)</td>
              <td align="center">79 (11)</td>
              <td align="center">0.407</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Nighttime mean SBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">122 (15)</td>
              <td align="center">108 (12)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Nighttime mean DBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">74 (10)</td>
              <td align="center">67 (10)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">24-hour mean SBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">124 (14)</td>
              <td align="center">121 (12)</td>
              <td align="center">0.108</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">24-hour mean DBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">76 (10)</td>
              <td align="center">75 (10)</td>
              <td align="center">0.127</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Change in SBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">1.9 (7)</td>
              <td align="center">19 (5)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Change in DBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (8)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (10)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>Continuous variables are presented as median (interquartile range) or mean (standard deviation).SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Prevalence of AAC was 57% in our study population. Non-dipper group had significantly higher prevalence of AAC (grade &#8805; 1) on chest radiography (p &lt; 0.0001) as compared to the dipper group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Aortic arch calcification grades in the study groups</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Non-Dipper (n = 261)</th>
              <th align="center">Dipper (n = 145)</th>
              <th align="center">p-value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Aortic arch calcification (n, %)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Grade 0</td>
              <td align="center">79 (30.3)</td>
              <td align="center">97 (66.9)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="4">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Grade 1</td>
              <td align="center">107 (41.0)</td>
              <td align="center">36 (24.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Grade 2</td>
              <td align="center">62 (23.8)</td>
              <td align="center">11 (7.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Grade 3</td>
              <td align="center">13 (5.0)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (0.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Aortic arch calcification grade &#8805; 1 (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center">182 (69.7)</td>
              <td align="center">48 (33.1)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Aortic arch calcification grade &#8805; 2 (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center">75 (28.7)</td>
              <td align="center">12(8.3)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Aortic arch calcification grade &#8805; 3 (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (5.0)</td>
              <td align="center">1(0.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.023</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Age, body mass index, female gender, HT, GFR, LVMI, presence of LVH, LV geometric pattern of concentric hypertrophy and AAC were associated with the presence of NDBP pattern in univariate logistic regression analysis with a p-value of less than 0.1 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>). Of these; age, body mass index, female gender, HT, GFR, LVMI, presence of LVH and AAC were entered in multivariate regression model. In the multivariate regression analysis, presence of AAC on chest radiography (OR 3.919, 95%CI 2.392 to 6.421) was the only independent predictors of NDBP pattern (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Univariate analysis for non-dipper blood pressure pattern</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">&#946;</th>
              <th align="center">p-value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (year)</td>
              <td align="center">0.037</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Body surface area (m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">0.098</td>
              <td align="center">0.864</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Body mass index (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">0.049</td>
              <td align="center">0.029</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female gender (%)</td>
              <td align="center">-0.363</td>
              <td align="center">0.082</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Obesity (%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.231</td>
              <td align="center">0.281</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension (%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.417</td>
              <td align="center">0.046</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus (%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.338</td>
              <td align="center">0.202</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hyperlipidemia (%)</td>
              <td align="center">-0.130</td>
              <td align="center">0.635</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking (%)</td>
              <td align="center">-0.385</td>
              <td align="center">0.131</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Medications (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor</td>
              <td align="center">0.238</td>
              <td align="center">0.326</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Angiotensin receptor blocker</td>
              <td align="center">-0.072</td>
              <td align="center">0.829</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Calcium channel blocker</td>
              <td align="center">-0.087</td>
              <td align="center">0.783</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Beta blocker</td>
              <td align="center">-0.203</td>
              <td align="center">0.552</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diuretics</td>
              <td align="center">-0.304</td>
              <td align="center">0.323</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">-0.241</td>
              <td align="center">0.512</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">-0.027</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">-0.003</td>
              <td align="center">0.200</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Triglyceride (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">-0.002</td>
              <td align="center">0.067</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Low density lipoprotein (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">-0.002</td>
              <td align="center">0.608</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">High density lipoprotein (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">0.005</td>
              <td align="center">0.587</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Glucose (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">0.005</td>
              <td align="center">0.219</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Left atrial diameter (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">0.040</td>
              <td align="center">0.144</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LV ejection fraction (%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.009</td>
              <td align="center">0.615</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LV mass index (gr/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">0.017</td>
              <td align="center">0.003</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Left ventricle hypertrophy (%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.704</td>
              <td align="center">0.014</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>LV geometry (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">-0.121</td>
              <td align="center">0.640</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Concentric remodeling</td>
              <td align="center">-0.356</td>
              <td align="center">0.099</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Eccentric hypertrophy</td>
              <td align="center">0.788</td>
              <td align="center">0.125</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Concentric hypertrophy</td>
              <td align="center">0.585</td>
              <td align="center">0.074</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Day time mean SBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">-0.015</td>
              <td align="center">0.052</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Day time mean DBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">-0.009</td>
              <td align="center">0.339</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Nighttime mean SBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">0.080</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Nighttime mean DBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">0.071</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">24-hour mean SBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">0.016</td>
              <td align="center">0.050</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">24-hour mean DBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">0.015</td>
              <td align="center">0.130</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="3">
                <bold>Aortic arch calcification (%)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Grade 0</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">Reference category</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Grade 1</td>
              <td align="center">1.295</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Grade 2</td>
              <td align="center">1.935</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Grade 3</td>
              <td align="center">2.770</td>
              <td align="center">0.008</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Aortic arch calcification grade &#8805; 1 (%)</td>
              <td align="center">1.538</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Aortic arch calcification grade &#8805; 2 (%)</td>
              <td align="center">1.497</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; LV: left ventricle; &#946;: Regression coefficient.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Multivariate analysis for non-dipper blood pressure pattern</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">95% CI</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">&#946;</th>
              <th align="center">OR</th>
              <th align="center">Lower</th>
              <th align="center">Upper</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age</td>
              <td align="center">0.015</td>
              <td align="center">1.015</td>
              <td align="center">0.988</td>
              <td align="center">1.043</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Body mass index</td>
              <td align="center">0.037</td>
              <td align="center">1.038</td>
              <td align="center">0.989</td>
              <td align="center">1.090</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Left ventricular mass index</td>
              <td align="center">0.006</td>
              <td align="center">1.006</td>
              <td align="center">0.992</td>
              <td align="center">1.019</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">0.059</td>
              <td align="center">1.061</td>
              <td align="center">0.664</td>
              <td align="center">1.696</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Triglyceride</td>
              <td align="center">-0.003</td>
              <td align="center">0.997</td>
              <td align="center">0.995</td>
              <td align="center">1.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Presence of aortic arch calcification</td>
              <td align="center">1.366</td>
              <td align="center">3.919</td>
              <td align="center">2.392</td>
              <td align="center">6.421</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Gender</td>
              <td align="center">-0.444</td>
              <td align="center">0.641</td>
              <td align="center">0.405</td>
              <td align="center">1.016</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Glomerular filtration rate</td>
              <td align="center">0.003</td>
              <td align="center">1.003</td>
              <td align="center">0.979</td>
              <td align="center">1.028</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>CI: confidence interval; OR: odds ratio; &#946;: regression coefficient.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>NDBP pattern is one of the important causes of HT-related target organ damage and future cardiovascular events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> In this study, the presence of AAC on chest radiography was a strong and independent predictor of NDBP pattern.</p>
      <p>Diagnosis of HT is generally based on daytime office BP measurements, and nighttime BP and NDBP are usually overlooked in clinical practice. However, the association of nighttime and NDBP with HT-related target organ damage is more powerful than daytime BP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Patients with NDBP pattern are at high risk for target organ damage including myocardial infarction, LVH, carotid artery disease, chronic kidney disease and stroke.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> In the Ohasama study, impaired nocturnal BP decline was associated with cardiovascular mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Each 5% decrease in the decline in nocturnal BP was associated with an approximately 20% greater risk of cardiovascular mortality. Importantly, this association was observed not only in hypertensive, but also in normotensive individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Moreover, cardiovascular mortality and morbidity can be reduced by achieving a better nocturnal BP control.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Thus, effective treatment of HT should include nighttime BP control as well. Currently, ABPM remains the only method for the diagnosis of nocturnal BP variations. Unfortunately, it is relatively expensive, inconvenient for routine usage and not widely available tool. Yet, it may not be practical to perform ABPM in every hypertensive patient. A practical and inexpensive tool may help the filtration of the unselected population for ABPM. Here, in this study, we have shown that AAC on plain chest radiography, an inexpensive and widely available tool, has a strong predictive ability for NDBP pattern.</p>
      <p>There are several possible mechanisms that may explain the relationship between AAC and NDBP pattern. First, AAC was found to be strongly correlated with pineal gland calcification which may reduce melatonin secretion during sleep.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Melatonin plays a pivotal role in the regulation of nocturnal BP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Autonomic nervous system activity is involved in the control of the circadian variation of BP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> and impaired sympathovagal balance with increased sympathetic nervous activity and/or decreased vagal activity has been documented in non-dippers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Melatonin shifts the balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic system in favor of the parasympathetic system. It may also reduce nighttime BP by its direct arterial vasodilator effect.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Accordingly, exogenous melatonin has been shown to reduce nighttime BP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Thus, a reduced melatonin secretion during nighttime may significantly impair nocturnal BP decline. Second, AAC is closely related with vascular stiffness and loss of arterial compliance<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> which in turn may impair arterial relaxation capacity. An impaired nocturnal decrease in BP was found to be independently associated with aortic stiffness in patients with nocturnal HT.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Moreover, it has been found that increased arterial stiffness is more associated with nighttime BP load than day time BP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Third, the relationship between arterial BP and arterial calcifications is likely a bidirectional phenomenon. Increased arterial BP load may facilitate arterial calcification and vice versa. Non-dippers are exposed to an abnormal the nocturnal BP load which may accelerate arterial calcification and stiffness. Fourth, the underlying clinical profile of the patients with impaired nocturnal BP decline and arterial calcification are similar. Both conditions are associated with age, renal diseases, diabetes, sleep apnea, autonomic dysfunction, malignant HT and coronary artery disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>
			</p>
      <p>NDBP pattern is associated with disease severity and a higher risk of subsequent cardiovascular events. This risk can be reduced by achieving better dipping patterns and nocturnal BP levels. In clinical practice, many patients with controlled daytime BP levels are not evaluated for the nighttime BP levels. Our results may help to improve detection of NDBP pattern and nocturnal HT. Appropriate treatment of these patients by changing antihypertensive medications or administering the antihypertensive medications in the night may eventually help to improve dipping pattern and patient outcomes.</p>
      <p>Both AAC and NDBP are associated with several HT-related target organ damage and future cardiovascular events in patients with HT.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> In this study, we showed that there is also a strong association between AAC and NDBP. Further studies are needed to confirm our findings and to evaluate the potential association of AAC with other hypertensive subforms.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>This study has several limitations. The small sample size is the main limitation. Our definition of NDBP pattern was based on systolic BP variations. Although this is the most commonly used definition of NDBP, diastolic BP values may also be used to assess NDBP. We did not study autonomic nervous system activity or vascular stiffness parameters to explain the potential mechanistic link between AAC and NDBP. Finally, we did not study the association of AAC with cardiovascular events.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Presence of AAC on plain chest radiography is strongly and independently associated with the presence of NDBP pattern. Routine use of this simple and inexpensive tool in clinical practice may have additional benefits in the detection and control of the nocturnal BP. Moreover, this tool may help to use of ABPM devices more precisely, which may reduce healthcare cost.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Abant Izzet Baysal University Clinical Researches Ethics Comitee Approval under the protocol number 2015/20. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Tigen K, Karaahmet T, Fotbolcu H, Gurel E, Cevik C, Gecmen C, et al. The influence of dipper and nondipper blood pressure patterns on left ventricular functions in hypertensive patients: a tissue Doppler study. Turk Kardiyol Dem Ars. 2009;37(2):101-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tigen</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Karaahmet</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fotbolcu</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gurel</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cevik</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gecmen</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The influence of dipper and nondipper blood pressure patterns on left ventricular functions in hypertensive patients: a tissue Doppler study</article-title>
          <source>Turk Kardiyol Dem Ars</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>101</fpage>
          <lpage>106</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Della Mea P, Lupia M, Bandolin V, Guzzon S, Sonino N, Vettor R, et al. Adiponectin, insulin resistance, and left ventricular structure in dipper and nondipper essential hypertensive patients.Am J Hypertes. 2005;18(1):30-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Della Mea</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lupia</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bandolin</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guzzon</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sonino</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vettor</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Adiponectin, insulin resistance, and left ventricular structure in dipper and nondipper essential hypertensive patients</article-title>
          <source>Am J Hypertes</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>30</fpage>
          <lpage>35</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Portaluppi F, Montanari L, Massari M, Di Chiara V, Capanna M. Loss of nocturnal decline of blood pressure in hypertension due to chronic renal failure. Am j Hypertens. 1991;4(1 Pt 1):20-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Portaluppi</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Montanari</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Massari</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Di Chiara</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Capanna</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Loss of nocturnal decline of blood pressure in hypertension due to chronic renal failure</article-title>
          <source>Am j Hypertens</source>
          <year>1991</year>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <issue-part>Pt 1</issue-part>
          <fpage>20</fpage>
          <lpage>26</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Ozdemir E, Yildirimturk O, Cengiz B, Yurdakul S, Aytekin S. Evaluation of carotid intima-media thickness and aortic elasticity in patients with nondipper hypertension. Echocardiography. 2014;31(5):663-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ozdemir</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yildirimturk</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cengiz</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yurdakul</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aytekin</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Evaluation of carotid intima-media thickness and aortic elasticity in patients with nondipper hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Echocardiography</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>663</fpage>
          <lpage>668</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 Clement DL, De Buyzere ML, De Bacquer DA, de Leeuw PW, Duprez DA, Fagard RH, et al. Prognostic value of ambulatory blood-pressure recordings in patients with treated hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(24):2407-15.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Clement</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Buyzere</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Bacquer</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Leeuw</surname>
              <given-names>PW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Duprez</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fagard</surname>
              <given-names>RH</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prognostic value of ambulatory blood-pressure recordings in patients with treated hypertension</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>348</volume>
          <issue>24</issue>
          <fpage>2407</fpage>
          <lpage>2415</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 Ohkubo T, Imai Y, Tsuji I, Nagai K, Watanabe N, Minami N, et al. Prediction of mortality by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring versus screening blood pressure measurements: a pilot study in Ohasama. J Hypertens. 1997;15(4):357-64.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ohkubo</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Imai</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tsuji</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nagai</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Watanabe</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Minami</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prediction of mortality by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring versus screening blood pressure measurements: a pilot study in Ohasama</article-title>
          <source>J Hypertens</source>
          <year>1997</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>357</fpage>
          <lpage>364</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 Syrseloudis D, Tsioufis C, Andrikou I, Mazaraki A, Thomopoulos C, Mihas C, et al. Association of nighttime hypertension with central arterial stiffness and urinary albumin excretion in dipper hypertensive subjects. Hypertens Res. 2011;34(1):120-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Syrseloudis</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tsioufis</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andrikou</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mazaraki</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thomopoulos</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mihas</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Association of nighttime hypertension with central arterial stiffness and urinary albumin excretion in dipper hypertensive subjects</article-title>
          <source>Hypertens Res</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>120</fpage>
          <lpage>125</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 Jerrard-Dunne P, Mahmud A, Feely J. Circadian blood pressure variation: relationship between dipper status and measures of arterial stiffness. J Hypertens. 2007;25(6):1233-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jerrard-Dunne</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mahmud</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Feely</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Circadian blood pressure variation: relationship between dipper status and measures of arterial stiffness</article-title>
          <source>J Hypertens</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1233</fpage>
          <lpage>1239</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9 Zieman SJ, Melenovsky V, Kass DA. Mechanisms, pathophysiology, and therapy of arterial stiffness.Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005;25(5):932-43.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zieman</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Melenovsky</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kass</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Mechanisms, pathophysiology, and therapy of arterial stiffness</article-title>
          <source>Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>932</fpage>
          <lpage>943</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10 London GM, Marchais SJ, Guerin AP, Pannier B. Arterial stiffness: pathophysiology and clinical impact. Clin Exp Hipertens. 2004;26(7-8):689-99.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>London</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marchais</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guerin</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pannier</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Arterial stiffness: pathophysiology and clinical impact</article-title>
          <source>Clin Exp Hipertens</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <issue>7-8</issue>
          <fpage>689</fpage>
          <lpage>699</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11 Ozturk S, Baltaci D, Ayhan SS, Durmus I, Gedikli O, Soyturk M, et al. Assessment of the relationship between aortic pulse wave velocity and aortic arch calcification. Turk Kardiyol Dem Ars. 2012;40(8):683-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ozturk</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baltaci</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ayhan</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Durmus</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gedikli</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Soyturk</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Assessment of the relationship between aortic pulse wave velocity and aortic arch calcification</article-title>
          <source>Turk Kardiyol Dem Ars</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>683</fpage>
          <lpage>689</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12 Sekikawa A, Shin C, Curb JD, Barinas-Mitchell E, Masaki K, El-Saed A, et al. Aortic stiffness and calcification in men in a population-based international study. Atherosclerosis. 2012;222(2):473-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sekikawa</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shin</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Curb</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barinas-Mitchell</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Masaki</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>El-Saed</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Aortic stiffness and calcification in men in a population-based international study</article-title>
          <source>Atherosclerosis</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>222</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>473</fpage>
          <lpage>477</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13 Symeonidis G, Papanas N, Giannakis I, Mavridis G, Lakasas G, Kyriakidis G, et al. Gravity of aortic arch calcification as evaluated in adult Greek patients. Int Angiol.2002;21(3):233-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Symeonidis</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Papanas</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giannakis</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mavridis</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lakasas</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kyriakidis</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Gravity of aortic arch calcification as evaluated in adult Greek patients</article-title>
          <source>Int Angiol</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>233</fpage>
          <lpage>236</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14 Levey AS, Stevens LA, Schmid CH, Zhang YL, Castro AF, 3rd, Feldman HI, et al. A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150(9):604-12.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Levey</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stevens</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schmid</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>YL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Castro</surname>
              <given-names>AF</given-names>
              <suffix>3rd</suffix>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <name>
              <surname>Feldman</surname>
              <given-names>HI</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate</article-title>
          <source>Ann Intern Med</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>150</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>604</fpage>
          <lpage>612</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15 Devereux RB, Alonso DR, Lutas EM, Gottlieb GJ, Campo E, Sachs I, et al. Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular hypertrophy: comparison to necropsy findings. Am J Cardiol. 1986;57(6):450-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Devereux</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alonso</surname>
              <given-names>DR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lutas</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gottlieb</surname>
              <given-names>GJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Campo</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sachs</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular hypertrophy: comparison to necropsy findings</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>1986</year>
          <volume>57</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>450</fpage>
          <lpage>458</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16 Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K, Redon J, Zanchetti A, Bohm M, et al. 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). J Hypertens. 2013;31(7):1281-357.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mancia</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fagard</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Narkiewicz</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Redon</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zanchetti</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bohm</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)</article-title>
          <source>J Hypertens</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>1281</fpage>
          <lpage>1357</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17 Cuspidi C, Meani S, Valerio C, Esposito A, Sala C, Maisaidi M, et al. Ambulatory blood pressure, target organ damage and aortic root size in never-treated essential hypertensive patients. J Human Hypertens. 2007;21(7):531-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cuspidi</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meani</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Valerio</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Esposito</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sala</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maisaidi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Ambulatory blood pressure, target organ damage and aortic root size in never-treated essential hypertensive patients</article-title>
          <source>J Human Hypertens</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>531</fpage>
          <lpage>538</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18 Staessen JA, Thijs L, Fagard R, O'Brien ET, Clement D, de Leeuw PW, et al. Predicting cardiovascular risk using conventional vs ambulatory blood pressure in older patients with systolic hypertension. Systolic Hypertension in Europe Trial Investigators. JAMA 1999;282(6):539-46.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Staessen</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thijs</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fagard</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <name>
              <surname>O'Brien</surname>
              <given-names>ET</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clement</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Leeuw</surname>
              <given-names>PW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Predicting cardiovascular risk using conventional vs ambulatory blood pressure in older patients with systolic hypertension</article-title>
          <publisher-name>Systolic Hypertension in Europe Trial Investigators</publisher-name>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>282</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>539</fpage>
          <lpage>546</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19 Fagard RH, Celis H, Thijs L, Staessen JA, Clement DL, De Buyzere ML, et al. Daytime and nighttime blood pressure as predictors of death and cause-specific cardiovascular events in hypertension. Hypertension. 2008;51(1):55-61.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fagard</surname>
              <given-names>RH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Celis</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thijs</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Staessen</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clement</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Buyzere</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Daytime and nighttime blood pressure as predictors of death and cause-specific cardiovascular events in hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>51</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>55</fpage>
          <lpage>61</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20 Garcia-Ortiz L, Gomez-Marcos MA, Martin-Moreiras J, Gonzalez-Elena LJ, Recio-Rodriguez JI, Castano-Sanchez Y, et al. Pulse pressure and nocturnal fall in blood pressure are predictors of vascular, cardiac and renal target organ damage in hypertensive patients (LOD-RISK study). Blood Press Monit. 2009;14(4):145-51.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Garcia-Ortiz</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gomez-Marcos</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martin-Moreiras</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gonzalez-Elena</surname>
              <given-names>LJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Recio-Rodriguez</surname>
              <given-names>JI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Castano-Sanchez</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pulse pressure and nocturnal fall in blood pressure are predictors of vascular, cardiac and renal target organ damage in hypertensive patients (LOD-RISK study)</article-title>
          <source>Blood Press Monit</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>145</fpage>
          <lpage>151</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21 Ohkubo T, Hozawa A, Yamaguchi J, Kikuya M, Ohmori K, Michimata M, et al. Prognostic significance of the nocturnal decline in blood pressure in individuals with and without high 24-h blood pressure: the Ohasama study. J Hypertens.. 2002;20(11):2183-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ohkubo</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hozawa</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yamaguchi</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kikuya</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ohmori</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Michimata</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prognostic significance of the nocturnal decline in blood pressure in individuals with and without high 24-h blood pressure: the Ohasama study</article-title>
          <source>J Hypertens</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>2183</fpage>
          <lpage>2189</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22 Mahabala C, Kamath P, Bhaskaran U, Pai ND, Pai AU. Antihypertensive therapy: nocturnal dippers and nondippers. Do we treat them differently? Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2013;9:125-33.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mahabala</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kamath</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bhaskaran</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pai</surname>
              <given-names>ND</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pai</surname>
              <given-names>AU</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Antihypertensive therapy: nocturnal dippers and nondippers. Do we treat them differently?</article-title>
          <source>Vasc Health Risk Manag</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <fpage>125</fpage>
          <lpage>133</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23 Turgut AT, Sonmez I, Cakit BD, Kosar P, Kosar U. Pineal gland calcification, lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration and abdominal aorta calcifying atherosclerosis correlate in low back pain subjects: A cross-sectional observational CT study. Pathophysiology . 2008;15(1):31-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Turgut</surname>
              <given-names>AT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sonmez</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cakit</surname>
              <given-names>BD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kosar</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kosar</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pineal gland calcification, lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration and abdominal aorta calcifying atherosclerosis correlate in low back pain subjects: A cross-sectional observational CT study</article-title>
          <source>Pathophysiology</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>31</fpage>
          <lpage>39</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24 Arangino S, Cagnacci A, Angiolucci M, Vacca AM, Longu G, Volpe A, et al. Effects of melatonin on vascular reactivity, catecholamine levels, and blood pressure in healthy men. Am J Cardiol. 1999;83(9):1417-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Arangino</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cagnacci</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Angiolucci</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vacca</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Longu</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Volpe</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effects of melatonin on vascular reactivity, catecholamine levels, and blood pressure in healthy men</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>83</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>1417</fpage>
          <lpage>1419</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25 Pechanova O, Paulis L, Simko F. Peripheral and central effects of melatonin on blood pressure regulation. Int J Mol Sci. 2014;15(10):17920-37.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pechanova</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paulis</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Simko</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Peripheral and central effects of melatonin on blood pressure regulation</article-title>
          <source>Int J Mol Sci</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>17920</fpage>
          <lpage>17937</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26 Ray CA. Melatonin attenuates the sympathetic nerve responses to orthostatic stress in humans. J Physiol. 2003;551(Pt 3):1043-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ray</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Melatonin attenuates the sympathetic nerve responses to orthostatic stress in humans</article-title>
          <source>J Physiol</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>551</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>1043</fpage>
          <lpage>1048</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27 Shen A, Zheng D, Hu Z. [Associations of circadian blood pressure rhythm with autonomic nervous system and myocardial energy expenditure level in patients with primary hypertension]. Nan Fang Xi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao.2014;34(5):713-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shen</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zheng</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hu</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Associations of circadian blood pressure rhythm with autonomic nervous system and myocardial energy expenditure level in patients with primary hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Nan Fang Xi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>713</fpage>
          <lpage>717</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28 Dauphinot V, Gosse P, Kossovsky MP, Schott AM, Rouch I, Pichot V, et al. Autonomic nervous system activity is independently associated with the risk of shift in the non-dipper blood pressure pattern. Hypertens Res. 2010;33(10):1032-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dauphinot</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gosse</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kossovsky</surname>
              <given-names>MP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schott</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rouch</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pichot</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Autonomic nervous system activity is independently associated with the risk of shift in the non-dipper blood pressure pattern</article-title>
          <source>Hypertens Res</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1032</fpage>
          <lpage>1037</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29 Dodt C, Breckling U, Derad I, Fehm HL, Born J. Plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations of healthy humans associated with nighttime sleep and morning arousal. Hypertension. 1997;30(1 Pt 1):71-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dodt</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Breckling</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Derad</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fehm</surname>
              <given-names>HL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Born</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations of healthy humans associated with nighttime sleep and morning arousal</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <year>1997</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <issue-part>Pt 1</issue-part>
          <fpage>71</fpage>
          <lpage>76</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>30 Kario K, Schwartz JE, Pickering TG. Changes of nocturnal blood pressure dipping status in hypertensives by nighttime dosing of alpha-adrenergic blocker, doxazosin: results from the HALT study. Hypertension. 2000;35(3):787-94.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kario</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schwartz</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pickering</surname>
              <given-names>TG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Changes of nocturnal blood pressure dipping status in hypertensives by nighttime dosing of alpha-adrenergic blocker, doxazosin: results from the HALT study</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>787</fpage>
          <lpage>794</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <mixed-citation>31 Kozirog M, Poliwczak AR, Duchnowicz P, Koter-Michalak M, Sikora J, Broncel M. Melatonin treatment improves blood pressure, lipid profile, and parameters of oxidative stress in patients with metabolic syndrome. J Pineal Res, 2011;50(3):261-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kozirog</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Poliwczak</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Duchnowicz</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Koter-Michalak</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sikora</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Broncel</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Melatonin treatment improves blood pressure, lipid profile, and parameters of oxidative stress in patients with metabolic syndrome</article-title>
          <source>J Pineal Res</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>50</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>261</fpage>
          <lpage>266</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <label>32</label>
        <mixed-citation>32 Mozdzan M, Mozdzan M, Chalubinski M, Wojdan K, Broncel M. The effect of melatonin on circadian blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes and essential hypertension. Arch Med Sci. 2014;10(4):669-75.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mozdzan</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mozdzan</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chalubinski</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wojdan</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Broncel</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The effect of melatonin on circadian blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes and essential hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Arch Med Sci</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>669</fpage>
          <lpage>675</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <label>33</label>
        <mixed-citation>33 Tsao CW, Pencina KM, Massaro JM, Benjamin EJ, Levy D, Vasan RS, et al. Cross-sectional relations of arterial stiffness, pressure pulsatility, wave reflection, and arterial calcification. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2014;14;34(11):2495-500.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tsao</surname>
              <given-names>CW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pencina</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Massaro</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Benjamin</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Levy</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vasan</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cross-sectional relations of arterial stiffness, pressure pulsatility, wave reflection, and arterial calcification</article-title>
          <source>Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>14;34</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>2495</fpage>
          <lpage>2500</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <label>34</label>
        <mixed-citation>34 Kuzeytemiz M, Karaagac K, Vatansever F, Ozluk OA, Yilmaz M, Arslan B, et al. The effect of non-dipper and dipper blood pressure patterns on aortic elasticity in patients with metabolic syndrome. Clin Exper Hypertens. 2013;35(8):632-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kuzeytemiz</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Karaagac</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vatansever</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ozluk</surname>
              <given-names>OA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yilmaz</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arslan</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The effect of non-dipper and dipper blood pressure patterns on aortic elasticity in patients with metabolic syndrome</article-title>
          <source>Clin Exper Hypertens</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>632</fpage>
          <lpage>636</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <label>35</label>
        <mixed-citation>35 Rosa J, Strauch B, Petrak O, Pikus T, Holaj R, Zelinka T, et al. Relationship between clinical, 24-hour, average day-time and night-time blood pressure and measures of arterial stiffness in essential hypertension. Physiol Res. 2008;57(2):303-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rosa</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Strauch</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Petrak</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pikus</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Holaj</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zelinka</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Relationship between clinical, 24-hour, average day-time and night-time blood pressure and measures of arterial stiffness in essential hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Physiol Res</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>57</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>303</fpage>
          <lpage>306</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <label>36</label>
        <mixed-citation>36 Cagnacci A, Arangino S, Angiolucci M, Maschio E, Longu G, Melis GB. Potentially beneficial cardiovascular effects of melatonin administration in women. J Pineal Res. 1997;22(1):16-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cagnacci</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arangino</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Angiolucci</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maschio</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Longu</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Melis</surname>
              <given-names>GB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Potentially beneficial cardiovascular effects of melatonin administration in women</article-title>
          <source>J Pineal Res</source>
          <year>1997</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>16</fpage>
          <lpage>19</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <label>37</label>
        <mixed-citation>37 Hojo Y, Noma S, Ohki T, Nakajima H, Satoh Y. Autonomic nervous system activity in essential hypertension: a comparison between dippers and non-dippers. j Hum Hypertens 1997;11(10):665-71.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hojo</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Noma</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ohki</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nakajima</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Satoh</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Autonomic nervous system activity in essential hypertension: a comparison between dippers and non-dippers</article-title>
          <source>j Hum Hypertens</source>
          <year>1997</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>665</fpage>
          <lpage>671</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B38">
        <label>38</label>
        <mixed-citation>38 Iribarren C, Sidney S, Sternfeld B, Browner WS. Calcification of the aortic arch: risk factors and association with coronary heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease. JAMA. 2000;283(21):2810-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Iribarren</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sidney</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sternfeld</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Browner</surname>
              <given-names>WS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Calcification of the aortic arch: risk factors and association with coronary heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>283</volume>
          <issue>21</issue>
          <fpage>2810</fpage>
          <lpage>2815</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B39">
        <label>39</label>
        <mixed-citation>39 Inoue T, Ogawa T, Ishida H, Ando Y, Nitta K. Aortic arch calcification evaluated on chest X-ray is a strong independent predictor of cardiovascular events in chronic hemodialysis patients. Heart Vessels. 2012;27(2):135-42.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Inoue</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ogawa</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ishida</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ando</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nitta</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Aortic arch calcification evaluated on chest X-ray is a strong independent predictor of cardiovascular events in chronic hemodialysis patients</article-title>
          <source>Heart Vessels</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>135</fpage>
          <lpage>142</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B40">
        <label>40</label>
        <mixed-citation>40 Adar A, Onalan O, Cakan F, Keles H, Kokturk U. Relationship between Aortic Arch Calcification, Detected by Chest X-Ray, and Renal Resistive Index in Patients with Hypertension. Med Princ Pract. 2019;28(2):133-40.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Adar</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Onalan</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cakan</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Keles</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kokturk</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Relationship between Aortic Arch Calcification, Detected by Chest X-Ray, and Renal Resistive Index in Patients with Hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Med Princ Pract</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>133</fpage>
          <lpage>140</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Calcifica&#231;&#227;o no Arco A&#243;rtico na Radiografia de T&#243;rax de Rotina est&#225; Forte e Independentemente Associada ao Padr&#227;o N&#227;o-Dipper de Press&#227;o Arterial</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2404-6447</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Adar</surname>
            <given-names>Adem</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Onalan</surname>
            <given-names>Orhan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cakan</surname>
            <given-names>Fahri</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Akbay</surname>
            <given-names>Ertan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Karakaya</surname>
            <given-names>Ekrem</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="original">Karabuk University Faculty of Medicine - Cardiology, Karabuk - Turquia</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Adem Adar</bold> Karabuk University Faculty of Medicine - Cardiology, 78050, Karabuk - Turquia E-mail: <email>dradaradem@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Adar A, Onalan O; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Adar A, Cakan F, Akbay E, Karakaya E; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Adar A, Onalan O, Cakan F, Akbay E, Karakaya E; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Adar A, Onalan O, Cakan F, Akbay E, Karakaya E.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A press&#227;o arterial n&#227;o-dipper &#233; uma das causas mais importantes de les&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;o-alvo da hipertens&#227;o e de eventos cardiovasculares futuros. Atualmente, n&#227;o h&#225; uma ferramenta pr&#225;tica para prever o padr&#227;o n&#227;o-dipper de press&#227;o arterial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a calcifica&#231;&#227;o no arco a&#243;rtico detectada no raio de t&#243;rax e o padr&#227;o n&#227;o-dipper de press&#227;o arterial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Todos os pacientes encaminhados para monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial foram abordados para participa&#231;&#227;o no estudo. A press&#227;o arterial n&#227;o-dipper foi definida como a redu&#231;&#227;o de &#8804;10% da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica noturna quando comparada com os valores di&#225;rios. A calcifica&#231;&#227;o no arco a&#243;rtico foi avaliada atrav&#233;s de radiografia do t&#243;rax e a concord&#226;ncia interobservador foi analisada utilizando a estat&#237;stica kappa. An&#225;lises de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica uni e multivariada foram realizadas para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a calcifica&#231;&#227;o no AA e o padr&#227;o PADV. Valores de p bicaudais &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Ao todo, 406 pacientes (idade mediana: 51,3) foram inclu&#237;dos. Desses, 261(64%) apresentavam padr&#227;o n&#227;o-dipper de press&#227;o arterial. De modo geral, a preval&#234;ncia de calcifica&#231;&#227;o no arco a&#243;rtico foi de 230 (57%). O grupo n&#227;o-dipper apresentou preval&#234;ncia significativamente maior de calcifica&#231;&#227;o no arco a&#243;rtico (70% vs. 33%, p &lt; 0,0001) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo dipper. A presen&#231;a de calcifica&#231;&#227;o no arco a&#243;rtico foi um preditor forte e independente de padr&#227;o n&#227;o-dipper de press&#227;o arterial (OR = 3,919; IC: 95% 2,39-6,42) em an&#225;lise multivariada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>A presen&#231;a de calcifica&#231;&#227;o no arco a&#243;rtico em raio-x de t&#243;rax simples est&#225; forte e independentemente associada &#224; presen&#231;a de padr&#227;o n&#227;o-dipper de press&#227;o arterial.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Aorta Tor&#225;cica/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Calcifica&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Calcinose</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatias</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o/diagn&#243;stico por imagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Fun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>Anti-Hipertensivos/uso terap&#234;utico</kwd>
        <kwd>Monitora&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A hipertens&#227;o (HT) &#233; a doen&#231;a cardiovascular mais comum e &#233; a principal causa de morbimortalidade cardiovascular. A press&#227;o arterial (PA) segue um padr&#227;o circadiano, com queda noturna de 10% ou mais, se comparada com a PA diurna. A PA n&#227;o-dipper (PADV) &#233; definida como a aus&#234;ncia de descenso noturno normal da PA na compara&#231;&#227;o com as medi&#231;&#245;es diurnas. O padr&#227;o PADV est&#225; associado &#224; gravidade da doen&#231;a, hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE), protein&#250;ria, formas secund&#225;rias de HT e resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> V&#225;rias formas de hipertens&#227;o, dentre elas o padr&#227;o PADV, s&#243; podem ser detectadas atrav&#233;s da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA). Al&#233;m disso, a MAPA &#233; superior a medidas da PA em consult&#243;rio na predi&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Entretanto, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da MAPA em popula&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o-selecionadas n&#227;o &#233; pr&#225;tica e, atualmente, n&#227;o existe uma ferramenta pr&#225;tica para prever o padr&#227;o PADV.</p>
        <p>O padr&#227;o PADV vem demonstrando estar estreitamente relacionado com a rigidez arterial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> A calcifica&#231;&#227;o vascular desempenha um papel importante para o desenvolvimento da rigidez arterial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Do mesmo modo, a calcifica&#231;&#227;o no arco a&#243;rtico (AA) tem demonstrado uma estreita rela&#231;&#227;o com a rigidez arterial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Assim sendo, nossa hip&#243;tese &#233; a de que a calcifica&#231;&#227;o no AA detectada no raio-x de t&#243;rax poder&#225; prever o padr&#227;o PADV.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>Todos os pacientes que foram encaminhados para o exame da MAPA foram abordados para participa&#231;&#227;o no estudo. A indica&#231;&#227;o para o exame da MAPA foi deixado a crit&#233;rio do m&#233;dico. Os seguintes crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram aplicados: 1) Idade &#8805; 18 anos; 2) Taxa de medida de press&#227;o arterial v&#225;lida de &gt;85% durante o exame da MAPA. Trabalhadores noturnos, pacientes com raios-x de t&#243;rax inadequados, gravidez ou suspeita de gravidez, hist&#243;rico de doen&#231;a valvar card&#237;aca moderada a grave, malignidade, cirurgia card&#237;aca ou tor&#225;cica, doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria, doen&#231;a cerebrovascular e vascular perif&#233;rica foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo. Radiografias do t&#243;rax posterior/anterior e ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica foram realizadas em todos os pacientes. Os sujeitos eleg&#237;veis foram submetidos a uma avalia&#231;&#227;o global, incluindo a documenta&#231;&#227;o do hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico, exame f&#237;sico e medi&#231;&#245;es das vari&#225;veis laboratoriais. O &#237;ndice de massa corporal foi calculado como peso em quilos, dividido pela altura em metros quadrados. O diabetes foi definido como indiv&#237;duos tratados com insulina ou antidiab&#233;ticos orais. A hipertens&#227;o e a hiperlipidemia foram definidas como o uso de drogas anti-hipertensivas ou medicamentos para reduzir n&#237;veis de lip&#237;dio, respectivamente. O Comit&#234; de &#201;tica Institucional aprovou o protocolo do estudo. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com o padr&#227;o circadiano da PA: grupos n&#227;o-dipper e dipper.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>A monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial</title>
          <p>Os exames da MAPA podem ser realizados usando um dispositivo de monitoramento Mobil-O-Graph (M-o-G; IEM, Alemanha). A primeira hora foi eliminada da an&#225;lise. As leituras de PA foram obtidas automaticamente em intervalos de 30 minutos e foram inclu&#237;das na an&#225;lise se &gt;85% das aferi&#231;&#245;es fossem v&#225;lidas. Os valores da press&#227;o arterial diurnos, noturnos e de 24h, e o percentual de queda da PA sist&#243;lica noturna versus a diurna foram registrados. As defini&#231;&#245;es padr&#227;o de horas diurnas (07h &#224;s 23h) e noturnas (23h &#224;s 07h) foram modificadas, apropriadamente, com base no <italic>feedback</italic> dos pacientes. O padr&#227;o PADV foi definido como a redu&#231;&#227;o de &#8804; 10 % na PA sist&#243;lica noturna em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; PA sist&#243;lica diurna.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da calcifica&#231;&#227;o no AA</title>
          <p>Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a raios-x do t&#243;rax realizados em proje&#231;&#227;o posteroanterior (PA). A radiografia padr&#227;o ao t&#243;rax com proje&#231;&#227;o PA (40 cm&#215;40 cm; Curix HT 1.000G Plus, Agfa, Mortsel, B&#233;lgica) foi obtida com o paciente de p&#233; (Thoramat, Siemens, Erlangen, Alemanha). A dist&#226;ncia do paciente foco foi de 150 cm. Utilizou-se um controle autom&#225;tico de exposi&#231;&#227;o com tubo fixo de 117 kV. Foi observada a presen&#231;a de calcifica&#231;&#227;o no bot&#227;o a&#243;rtico. A calcifica&#231;&#227;o no AA foi graduada como se segue: Grau 0, sem calcifica&#231;&#227;o vis&#237;vel; Grau 1, pequenos pontos de calcifica&#231;&#227;o ou calcifica&#231;&#227;o fina; Grau 2, uma ou mais &#225;reas de calcifica&#231;&#227;o espessa, e Grau 3, calcifica&#231;&#227;o circular no bot&#227;o a&#243;rtico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>). Ao todo, 100 radiografias do t&#243;rax foram selecionadas aleatoriamente para avalia&#231;&#227;o da calcifica&#231;&#227;o no AA e analisadas independentemente por dois cardiologistas, alheios ao resultado dos dados da MAPA do paciente, a fim de verificar a confiabilidade do diagn&#243;stico de calcifica&#231;&#227;o no AA. Os valores de Kappa foram detectados como 0,812 e p &lt; 0,001.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f2">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Gradua&#231;&#227;o de calcifica&#231;&#227;o no arco a&#243;rtico.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-01-0109-90229-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exames laboratoriais</title>
          <p>Amostras de sangue venoso foram coletadas de cada participante em condi&#231;&#245;es de jejum. A glicemia de jejum, o colesterol total, o colesterol lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade, o colesterol lipoprote&#237;na de baixa intensidade, triglicer&#237;deos e a creatinina foram medidos atrav&#233;s de m&#233;todos laboratoriais padr&#227;o. A taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (TFG) foi estimada usando a equa&#231;&#227;o creatinina CKD-EPI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico</title>
          <p>Todos os pacientes foram examinados na posi&#231;&#227;o dec&#250;bito lateral esquerda usando um sistema dispon&#237;vel comercialmente (Vivid 4 GE Medical System, Horten, Noruega) com um transdutor de matriz faseada a 3.5-MHz. Os par&#226;metros convencionais Modo-M e Modo-B foram medidos de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia. Os di&#226;metros diast&#243;lico (DDFVE) e sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DSFVE), e a espessura da parede posterior (EPP) e do septo intraventricular (eSIV) foram medidos. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda foi medida usando o m&#233;todo Teichholz. A massa ventricular esquerda (MVE) foi calculada pela equa&#231;&#227;o de Devereux: MVE = 0,8{1,04[([DDFVE + eSIV +EPP]<sup>3</sup> - DDFVE<sup>3</sup>)]} + 0,6.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> O &#237;ndice de massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (IMVE) foi obtido pela divis&#227;o da MVE pela &#225;rea da superf&#237;cie corporal. A HVE foi definida como IMVE &gt; 115 g/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>para homens e 95 g/m<sup>2</sup> para mulheres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Com base na espessura relativa da parede (2 x EPP/DDFVE) e na presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de HVE, v&#225;rios tipos de padr&#245;es geom&#233;tricos do VE foram definidos (geometria normal, HVE conc&#234;ntrica, HVE exc&#234;ntrica, e remodelamento conc&#234;ntrico).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dia (desvio padr&#227;o) ou mediana (intervalo interquartil (IIR)), e vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas como n&#250;meros (percentuais). As distribui&#231;&#245;es de vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas entre os grupos de estudo foram testadas usando o teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Os dados normalmente distribu&#237;dos foram comparados usando o t-teste de amostras independentes e os dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal foram comparados usando o teste U de Mann-Whitney. Os dados categ&#243;ricos foram comparados usando o teste qui-quadrado ou o teste exato de Fisher, quando necess&#225;rio.</p>
          <p>An&#225;lises de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica uni e multivariadas foram conduzidas para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o de calcifica&#231;&#227;o no AA e o padr&#227;o PADV. Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada (m&#233;todo Enter), o tamanho do efeito foi ajustado para vari&#225;veis com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia na an&#225;lise univariada de &lt; 0,1. Foram estimadas as raz&#245;es de chance ajustadas (ORa) com os intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95%. Valores bicaudais de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram feitas com o programa IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Vers&#227;o 21.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, EUA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Ao todo, 406 pacientes (idade m&#233;dia: 51 anos;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> 58% mulheres) foram inclu&#237;dos. Duzentos e sessenta e um (64%) apresentavam padr&#227;o PADV e foram classificados como &#8220;grupo n&#227;o dipper&#8221;. Os 145 pacientes restantes (36%) que apresentavam padr&#227;o dipper de PA foram classificados como &#8220;grupo dipper&#8221;. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo dipper, o grupo n&#227;o dipper era formado por indiv&#237;duos mais idosos (p &lt; 0,001), com maior IMVE (p = 0.007), preval&#234;ncia de HVE (p = 0,013), preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o (p = 0,049) e n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos mais elevados de triglicer&#237;deos (p = 0,013). A TFG foi significativamente mais baixa no grupo n&#227;o dipper (p &lt; 0,0001). Os grupos foram semelhantes no que diz respeito &#224;s outras caracter&#237;sticas basais, apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos grupos de estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">N&#227;o-Dipper (n = 261)</th>
                <th align="center">Dipper (n = 145)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">54 (13)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (14)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peso (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (13)</td>
                <td align="center">79 (13)</td>
                <td align="center">0,336</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Altura (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">165 (8)</td>
                <td align="center">166 (9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,084</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#193;rea da superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea (m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">1,90 &#177; 0,18</td>
                <td align="center">1,90 &#177; 0,18</td>
                <td align="center">0,864</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice de massa corporal (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (5)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,067</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo feminino (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">160 (61,3)</td>
                <td align="center">76 (52,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,061</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Obesidade (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">106 (40,6)</td>
                <td align="center">51 (35,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,281</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">135 (51,7)</td>
                <td align="center">60 (41,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,049</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">59 (22,6)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (17,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,201</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hiperlipidemia (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (16,1)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (17,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,634</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">45 (17,2)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (23,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,130</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Inibidores da ECA (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">71 (27,2)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (22,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,326</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bloqueadores de receptores da angiotensina (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (10,3)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (11)</td>
                <td align="center">0,829</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (11,5)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (12,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,783</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Betabloqueadores (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (9,2)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (11,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,551</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diur&#233;ticos (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (11,1)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (14,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,322</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">0,80 (0,20)</td>
                <td align="center">0,8 (0,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,910</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (mL/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">98 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">103 &#177; 26</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol total (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">190 &#177; 39,5</td>
                <td align="center">195 &#177; 39,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,200</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglicer&#237;deos (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">190 (40)</td>
                <td align="center">172 (83)</td>
                <td align="center">0,013</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">112 &#177; 32</td>
                <td align="center">114 (33)</td>
                <td align="center">0,816</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (11)</td>
                <td align="center">46 (12)</td>
                <td align="center">0,528</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glicemia (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">107 (31)</td>
                <td align="center">103 (30)</td>
                <td align="center">0,088</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (4)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,070</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (%)</td>
                <td align="center">65 &#177;6</td>
                <td align="center">64 (5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,437</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice de massa ventricular esquerda (gr/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">93 (20)</td>
                <td align="center">87 (18)</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">61 (23,4)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (13,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,013</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Geometria ventricular esquerda (n, %)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">49 (18,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (20,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,640</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Remodela&#231;&#227;o conc&#234;ntrica</td>
                <td align="center">151 (57,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">96 (66,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,099</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica</td>
                <td align="center">19 (7,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (3,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,117</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica</td>
                <td align="center">42 (16,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (9,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,072</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o apresentadas como mediana (intervalo interquartil) ou m&#233;dia (desvio padr&#227;o); vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o apresentadas como n&#250;mero (percentual). ECA: enzima conversora da angiotensina.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as nos valores da PAD diurna, a PAS de 24 horas e a PAD de 24 horas entre os grupos n&#227;o dipper e dipper. Entretanto, a PAS diurna foi mais baixa nos grupos n&#227;o-dipper (p = 0,012). Al&#233;m disso, os valores da PAS noturna (p &lt; 0,0001) e da PAD noturna (p &lt; 0,0001) foram significativamente mais altos no grupo n&#227;o-dipper (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Vari&#225;veis da press&#227;o arterial ambulatorial dos grupos de estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">N&#227;o-Dipper (n = 261)</th>
                <th align="center">Dipper (n = 145)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS m&#233;dia diurna (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">124 (14)</td>
                <td align="center">127 (13)</td>
                <td align="center">0,012</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD m&#233;dia diurna (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">77 (11)</td>
                <td align="center">79 (11)</td>
                <td align="center">0,407</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS m&#233;dia noturna (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">122 (15)</td>
                <td align="center">108 (12)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD m&#233;dia noturna (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">74 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">67 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS m&#233;dia de 24h (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">124 (14)</td>
                <td align="center">121 (12)</td>
                <td align="center">0,108</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD m&#233;dia de 24h (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">76 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">75 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">0,127</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mudan&#231;a na PAS (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">1.9 (7)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (5)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mudan&#231;a na PAD (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (8)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o apresentadas como mediana (intervalo interquartil) ou m&#233;dia (desvio padr&#227;o). PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia de calcifica&#231;&#227;o no AA foi de 57% na nossa popula&#231;&#227;o de estudo. O grupo n&#227;o-dipper apresentou preval&#234;ncia significativamente mais elevada de calcifica&#231;&#227;o no AA (grau &#8805; 1) na radiografia de t&#243;rax (p &lt; 0.0001), quando comparado com o grupo dipper (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Graus de calcifica&#231;&#227;o do arco a&#243;rtico nos grupos de estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">N&#227;o-Dipper (n = 261)</th>
                <th align="center">Dipper (n = 145)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Calcifica&#231;&#227;o do arco a&#243;rtico (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Grau 0</td>
                <td align="center">79 (30,3)</td>
                <td align="center">97 (66,9)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Grau 1</td>
                <td align="center">107 (41,0)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (24,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Grau 2</td>
                <td align="center">62 (23,8)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (7,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Grau 3</td>
                <td align="center">13 (5,0)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Grau de calcifica&#231;&#227;o do arco a&#243;rtico &#8805; 1 (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">182 (69,7)</td>
                <td align="center">48 (33,1)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Grau de calcifica&#231;&#227;o do arco a&#243;rtico &#8805; 2 (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">75 (28,7)</td>
                <td align="center">12(8,3)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Grau de calcifica&#231;&#227;o do arco a&#243;rtico &#8805; 3 (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (5,0)</td>
                <td align="center">1(0,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,023</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A idade, o &#237;ndice de massa corporal, o sexo feminino, a hipertens&#227;o, a TFG, o IMVE, a presen&#231;a de HVE, o padr&#227;o geom&#233;trico do VE de hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica e a calcifica&#231;&#227;o no AA foram associados &#224; presen&#231;a do padr&#227;o PADV na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada com um valor de p menor que 0,1 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 4</xref>). Desses, a idade, o &#237;ndice de massa corporal, o sexo feminino, a hipertens&#227;o, a TFG, o IMVE, a presen&#231;a de HVE e a calcifica&#231;&#227;o do AA foram inclu&#237;dos no modelo de regress&#227;o multivariada. Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada, a presen&#231;a de calcifica&#231;&#227;o no AA na radiografia do t&#243;rax (OR 3,919; IC 95% 2,392-6,421) foi o &#250;nico preditor independente de padr&#227;o PADV (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise univariada para o padr&#227;o press&#243;rico n&#227;o-dipper</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">&#946;</th>
                <th align="center">P value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (ano)</td>
                <td align="center">0,037</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#193;rea da superf&#237;cie corporal (m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">0,098</td>
                <td align="center">0,864</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice de massa corporal (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">0,049</td>
                <td align="center">0,029</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo feminino (%)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,363</td>
                <td align="center">0,082</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Obesidade (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,231</td>
                <td align="center">0,281</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,417</td>
                <td align="center">0,046</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,338</td>
                <td align="center">0,202</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hiperlipidemia (%)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,130</td>
                <td align="center">0,635</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo (%)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,385</td>
                <td align="center">0,131</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Medica&#231;&#245;es (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Inibidores da ECA (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">0,238</td>
                <td align="center">0,326</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bloqueadores de receptores da angiotensina (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,072</td>
                <td align="center">0,829</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,087</td>
                <td align="center">0,783</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Betabloqueadores (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,203</td>
                <td align="center">0,552</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diur&#233;ticos (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,304</td>
                <td align="center">0,323</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,241</td>
                <td align="center">0,512</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,027</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol total (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,003</td>
                <td align="center">0,200</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglicer&#237;deos (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,002</td>
                <td align="center">0,067</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,002</td>
                <td align="center">0,608</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
                <td align="center">0,587</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glicemia (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
                <td align="center">0,219</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">0,040</td>
                <td align="center">0,144</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,009</td>
                <td align="center">0,615</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice de massa do VE (gr/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">0,017</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">0,704</td>
                <td align="center">0,014</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Geometria do VE (n, %)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">-0,121</td>
                <td align="center">0,640</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Remodela&#231;&#227;o conc&#234;ntrica</td>
                <td align="center">-0,356</td>
                <td align="center">0,099</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica</td>
                <td align="center">0,788</td>
                <td align="center">0,125</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica</td>
                <td align="center">0,585</td>
                <td align="center">0,074</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS m&#233;dia diurna (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,015</td>
                <td align="center">0,052</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD m&#233;dia diurna (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,009</td>
                <td align="center">0,339</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS m&#233;dia noturna (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">0,080</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD m&#233;dia noturna (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">0,071</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS m&#233;dia de 24h (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">0,016</td>
                <td align="center">0,050</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD m&#233;dia de 24h (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">0,015</td>
                <td align="center">0,130</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Calcifica&#231;&#227;o no arco a&#243;rtico (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Grau 0</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">Categoria de refer&#234;ncia</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Grau 1</td>
                <td align="center">1,295</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Grau 2</td>
                <td align="center">1,935</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Grau 3</td>
                <td align="center">2,770</td>
                <td align="center">0,008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Calcifica&#231;&#227;o no arco a&#243;rtico grau &#8805; 1 (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,538</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Calcifica&#231;&#227;o no arco a&#243;rtico grau &#8805; 2 (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,497</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; &#946;: Coeficiente de regress&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise multivariada do padr&#227;o n&#227;o-dipper da PA</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">IC 95%</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">&#946;</th>
                <th align="center">OR</th>
                <th align="center">Inferior</th>
                <th align="center">Superior</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">0,015</td>
                <td align="center">1,015</td>
                <td align="center">0,988</td>
                <td align="center">1,043</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice de massa corporal</td>
                <td align="center">0,037</td>
                <td align="center">1,038</td>
                <td align="center">0,989</td>
                <td align="center">1,090</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice de massa ventricular esquerda</td>
                <td align="center">0,006</td>
                <td align="center">1,006</td>
                <td align="center">0,992</td>
                <td align="center">1,019</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">0,059</td>
                <td align="center">1,061</td>
                <td align="center">0,664</td>
                <td align="center">1,696</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglicer&#237;deos</td>
                <td align="center">-0,003</td>
                <td align="center">0,997</td>
                <td align="center">0,995</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Presen&#231;a de calcifica&#231;&#227;o do arco a&#243;rtico</td>
                <td align="center">1,366</td>
                <td align="center">3,919</td>
                <td align="center">2,392</td>
                <td align="center">6,421</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo</td>
                <td align="center">-0,444</td>
                <td align="center">0,641</td>
                <td align="center">0,405</td>
                <td align="center">1,016</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Taxa de Filtra&#231;&#227;o Glomerular</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
                <td align="center">1,003</td>
                <td align="center">0,979</td>
                <td align="center">1,028</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>IC: indica intervalo de confian&#231;a; OR: raz&#227;o de chances; &#946;: coeficiente de regress&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O padr&#227;o n&#227;o-dipper de PA &#233; uma das causas mais importantes de les&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;o-alvo da hipertens&#227;o e de eventos card&#237;acos futuros.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Neste estudo, a presen&#231;a de calcifica&#231;&#227;o no AA ao raio-x do t&#243;rax foi um preditor forte e independente do padr&#227;o PADV.</p>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico da hipertens&#227;o &#233; geralmente baseado nas medidas diurnas da PA em consult&#243;rio, e a press&#227;o arterial noturna e a PADV s&#227;o negligenciadas na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Entretanto, a associa&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial noturna e da PADV com a les&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;o-alvo da hipertens&#227;o &#233; mais robusta do que a hipertens&#227;o diurna.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Os pacientes com padr&#227;o PADV apresentam alto risco de les&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;o-alvo, inclusive infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, HVE, doen&#231;a da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica e acidente vascular cerebral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> No estudo Ohasama, a atenua&#231;&#227;o do descenso noturno da press&#227;o arterial foi associada ao risco de morte cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> A cada 5% de redu&#231;&#227;o na queda da press&#227;o arterial noturna, o risco de mortalidade cardiovascular aumentava em 20%. Al&#233;m disso, essa associa&#231;&#227;o foi observada n&#227;o apenas em indiv&#237;duos hipertensos, mas tamb&#233;m em indiv&#237;duos normotensos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Adicionalmente, a morbimortalidade cardiovascular pode ser reduzida atrav&#233;s da melhoria do controle da press&#227;o arterial noturna.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Desse modo, um tratamento eficaz da hipertens&#227;o tamb&#233;m deve incluir o controle da press&#227;o arterial noturna. Atualmente, a MAPA permanece o &#250;nico m&#233;todo para diagn&#243;stico das varia&#231;&#245;es da PA noturna. Infelizmente, ela &#233; uma ferramenta relativamente cara, inconveniente para uso rotineiro e n&#227;o est&#225; amplamente dispon&#237;vel. Al&#233;m disso, pode n&#227;o ser pr&#225;tico realizar a MAPA em todo paciente hipertenso. Uma ferramenta pr&#225;tica e de baixo custo pode ajudar na filtragem de pacientes n&#227;o selecionados para a MAPA. Consequentemente, neste estudo, n&#243;s demonstramos que a calcifica&#231;&#227;o no AA na radiografia de t&#243;rax simples (uma ferramenta de baixo custo e amplamente dispon&#237;vel) tem forte capacidade preditiva para o padr&#227;o PADV.</p>
        <p>Existem v&#225;rios mecanismos poss&#237;veis que podem explicar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a calcifica&#231;&#227;o no AA e o padr&#227;o PADV. Em primeiro lugar, a calcifica&#231;&#227;o no AA mostrou uma forte correla&#231;&#227;o com a calcifica&#231;&#227;o da gl&#226;ndula pineal, que pode reduzir a secre&#231;&#227;o de melatonina durante o sono.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> A melatonina desempenha um papel fundamental na regula&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial noturna.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> A atividade do sistema nervoso auton&#244;mico est&#225; envolvido no controle da varia&#231;&#227;o circadiana da PA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> e o equil&#237;brio simpato-vagal prejudicado, com aumento da atividade simp&#225;tica nervosa e/ou redu&#231;&#227;o da atividade vagal, tem sido documentado dentre os n&#227;o dippers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> A melatonina modifica o equil&#237;brio entre o sistema simp&#225;tico e parassimp&#225;tico em favor do sistema parassimp&#225;tico. Ela tamb&#233;m reduz a press&#227;o arterial noturna atrav&#233;s do seu efeito vasodilatador arterial direto.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Da mesma forma, a melatonina ex&#243;gena demonstrou reduzir a PA noturna.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Assim, a redu&#231;&#227;o da secre&#231;&#227;o de melatonina durante o per&#237;odo noturno pode prejudicar significativamente a queda da PA noturna. Em segundo lugar, a calcifica&#231;&#227;o no AA est&#225; intimamente relacionada com a rigidez vascular e a perda de complac&#234;ncia arterial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> que, por sua vez, pode prejudicar a capacidade de relaxamento arterial. A queda noturna de PA prejudicada mostrou estar independentemente associada com a rigidez a&#243;rtica nos pacientes com HT noturna.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Al&#233;m disso, verificou-se que o aumento da rigidez arterial est&#225; mais associado &#224; carga press&#243;rica noturna do que &#224; PA diurna.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Em terceiro lugar, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a press&#227;o arterial e as calcifica&#231;&#245;es arteriais &#233; provavelmente um fen&#244;meno bidirecional. O aumento da carga press&#243;rica pode facilitar a calcifica&#231;&#227;o arterial e vice-versa. Os n&#227;o dippers est&#227;o expostos &#224; carga press&#243;rica noturna anormal, que pode acelerar a calcifica&#231;&#227;o e rigidez arterial. Em quarto lugar, os perfis cl&#237;nicos subjacentes aos pacientes com queda de PA noturna prejudicada e calcifica&#231;&#227;o arterial s&#227;o semelhantes. Ambas as condi&#231;&#245;es est&#227;o associadas com a idade, doen&#231;as renais, diabetes, apneia do sono, disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, hipertens&#227;o maligna e doen&#231;a da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O padr&#227;o PADV est&#225; associado com a gravidade e com maior risco de eventos cardiovasculares subsequentes. Este risco pode ser reduzido atrav&#233;s da melhoria dos padr&#245;es de dipping e dos n&#237;veis de PA noturna. Na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, muitos pacientes com n&#237;veis de PA diurna controlados n&#227;o s&#227;o encaminhados para avalia&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos noturnos. Nossos resultados podem ajudar a melhorar a detec&#231;&#227;o do padr&#227;o PADV e da hipertens&#227;o noturna. O tratamento adequado desses pacientes atrav&#233;s da mudan&#231;a de medica&#231;&#245;es anti-hipertensivas ou da administra&#231;&#227;o dessas medica&#231;&#245;es &#224; noite podem finalmente ajudar a melhorar o padr&#227;o dipping e os desfechos dos pacientes.</p>
        <p>Tanto a calcifica&#231;&#227;o no AA quanto a PADV est&#227;o associadas com v&#225;rias les&#245;es de &#243;rg&#227;o-alvo da hipertens&#227;o e eventos cardiovasculares em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> Neste estudo, demonstrou-se uma forte associa&#231;&#227;o entre a calcifica&#231;&#227;o no AA e a PADV. Novos estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar nossos achados e avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o potencial da calcifica&#231;&#227;o no AA com outras subformas de hipertens&#227;o.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Este estudo tem v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es. O pequeno tamanho da amostra &#233; a principal limita&#231;&#227;o. Nossa defini&#231;&#227;o de padr&#227;o PADV foi baseado em varia&#231;&#245;es da PAS. Embora essa seja a defini&#231;&#227;o mais comumente usada de PADV, os valores de PAD podem tamb&#233;m ser usados para a avaliar a PADV. N&#243;s n&#227;o estudamos a atividade do sistema nervoso auton&#244;mico ou os par&#226;metros de rigidez vascular para explicar a potencial rela&#231;&#227;o mecanicista entre a calcifica&#231;&#227;o no AA e a PADV. Finalmente, n&#243;s n&#227;o estudamos a associa&#231;&#227;o da calcifica&#231;&#227;o no AA com eventos cardiovasculares.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A presen&#231;a de calcifica&#231;&#227;o no AA na radiografia de t&#243;rax simples est&#225; forte e independentemente associada com a presen&#231;a do padr&#227;o PADV. O uso rotineiro desta ferramenta simples e de baixo custo na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica pode ter efeitos adicionais para a detec&#231;&#227;o e controle da PA noturna. Al&#233;m disso, essa ferramenta pode auxiliar no uso mais preciso dos dispositivos da MAPA, o que pode reduzir o custo do atendimento &#224; sa&#250;de.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Abant Izzet Baysal University Clinical Researches Ethics Comitee Approval sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 2015/20. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
