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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">rKCLxPX3DZ8xqdjXSzbjhTp</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000100106</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190735</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Impact Of Exercise On Inflammation, Oxidative Stress And Remodelling In Cardiac Muscle</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5205-8939</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mendes</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1457-8992</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Diana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Polit&#233;cnico de Coimbra</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Ci&#234;ncias Biom&#233;dicas Laboratoriais ESTeSC</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Coimbra</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Polit&#233;cnico de Coimbra - Departamento de Ci&#234;ncias Biom&#233;dicas Laboratoriais ESTeSC, Coimbra - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Coimbra</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Biomedicina Inovadora e Biotecnologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Coimbra</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cons&#243;rcio CNC.IBILI/Centro de Biomedicina Inovadora e Biotecnologia (CIBB), Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Coimbra</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto de Investiga&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica e Biom&#233;dica de Coimbra</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Coimbra</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Biof&#237;sica e Instituto de Investiga&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica e Biom&#233;dica de Coimbra (iCBR) &#225;rea de Meio Ambiente Gen&#233;tica e Oncobiologia (CIMAGO), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">European Association for Professions in Biomedical Sciences</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Bruxelles</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BE">Belgium</country>
        <institution content-type="original">European Association for Professions in Biomedical Sciences, Bruxelles - Belgium</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Porto</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Investiga&#231;&#227;o e Inova&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">I3S, Instituto de Investiga&#231;&#227;o e Inova&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de, Universidade do Porto, Porto - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Fernando Mendes,</bold> Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa&#250;de de Coimbra - Departamento de Ci&#234;ncias Biom&#233;dicas Laboratoriais, Gabinete 1.9 - Rua 5 de Outubro - SM Bispo - Apartado 7006. Postal Code 3046-854 Coimbra - Portugal. E-mail: <email>fjmendes@estescoimbra.pt</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>106</fpage>
      <lpage>108</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Menopause</kwd>
        <kwd>Dyslipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>Physical activity</kwd>
        <kwd>Collagen</kwd>
        <kwd>Oxidative Stress</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflammation</kwd>
        <kwd>Mice</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Foundation for Science and Technology</funding-source>
          <award-id>UID/NEU/04539/201</award-id>
          <award-id>UID/NEU/04539/2019</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>COMPETE-FEDER</funding-source>
          <award-id>POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007440</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Aging is naturally connected with a decline, in some if not all physiological functions, namely loss of bone mass density (BMD) and strength associated with the loss of muscle mass.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
		</p>
    <p>This muscle loss happens mainly due to an imbalance between muscle protein synthesis and muscle protein breakdown. The increase of catabolic factors such as oxidative stress and inflammation contribute significantly to the above process. Nevertheless, the weakening of strength and muscle loss is not linear, occurring differently in all sexes. Other factors such as a decline in hormonal levels due to menopause phenomenon are thought to be also implicated in this process.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> In fact, some authors proposed that, in females, an accelerated loss of muscle mass and strength arises at an earlier age than in males, around the time of menopause.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A good body of evidence supports that the decline in muscle mass may be in line with the estrogen decrease that typifies menopausal years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The present study published at <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> by Brianezi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> proposed to investigate the aerobic exercise training on the left ventricle in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) knockout ovariectomized mice, mimicking the effects of menopause, exercise and its effects on muscles of the mouse.</p>
    <p>It is well known that estrogen decrease contributes to the loss of BMD, as well as to the redistribution of subcutaneous fat to the visceral area, associated to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, affecting the quality of life of females. To worsen the undesirable impact of menopause on female&#8217;s health, the decrease in estrogen levels may also have a direct effect on muscle tissue.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
		</p>
    <p>In order to better understand the above-mentioned effects, Ledimar et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> design the following experiment; a group of thirty animals were divided into 6 groups, each with 5 mice: non-ovariectomized sedentary control, ovariectomized sedentary control, ovariectomized trained control, non-ovariectomized sedentary LDL knockout, ovariectomized sedentary LDL knockout, ovariectomized LDL knockout trained. The animals were ovariectomized at 9 months according to the protocol described, after that the animals were exposed to two different tests, one regarding the max training test and a second one training exercises. Then animals were euthanized and parameters such as the average volume density type I and III collagen fibres, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) 2 and 9, oxidative stress (OS) were analysed. Their results revealed that the exercise protocol altered the volume of collagen fibres in type I and collagen remodelling parameters namely MMP-2, and further reduced the OS parameter of 8-hydroxy-2&#8217;-deoxyguanosine (8-OhdG).</p>
    <p>In females, aging of the vascular system only occurs due to a decline of ovarian function along with the decline in associated circulating hormones, in particular estrogen.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Although the risk factors, age and estrogen deficiency are well characterized, the mechanism of estrogen action in the vasculature compromised by aging are not well determined. Inflammation is associated with the aging of the vascular system, mainly due to the elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF), which is also known to induce MMP. For example, MMP2 can specifically cleavage big endothelin-1, suggesting the role of this proteolytic enzyme in the vascular wall. Also, an interesting study found increased MMP2 activity in the mesenteric arteries from aged/estrogen-deficient animals, which was restored when the animals were treated with an anti-inflammatory agent targeting TNF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Also, the major source of MMP-9 are leucocytes, major key players in inflammatory process, suggesting that MMPs are critical modulators of vascular disease in an aging/estrogen-deficient model.</p>
    <p>Although estrogen replacement had been proposed for the management of cardiovascular risk associated with aging in female, its efficacy is controversial. Physical activity seems to be an effective alternative to estrogen supplementation in post-menopausal females, improving aerobic fitness and physiological adaptations of the cardiovascular system.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
		</p>
    <p>There is some intriguing evidence related to the loss of estrogen in mice showing a role in muscle contractile properties. Wohlers et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> studied the contractile properties of ovariectomized mice muscle, has demonstrated the lower capability of activating adenosine monophosphate kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> This protein is important for glucose uptake and lipid oxidation in muscle, being implicated in energy production, needed to produce muscle contractions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Associated to physical activity is the generation of reactive species of oxygen (ROS) that may damage cell membranes lipids, proteins as well as both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA in case of oxidative stress, that can result in serious or mortal cellular injury.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Novais et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> reported that with eight weeks of exercise training in the trained hypertensive menopausal group, aerobic training was effective in promoting an increase in superoxide dism&#250;tase (SOD) and catalase, antioxidant agents, which have a crucial role in oxidative stress modulation. Also in animal studies, Claudio et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> demonstrated that eight weeks of interval training programs significantly increased SOD and catalase expression, contributing to the reduction of cardiac superoxide production in rats with ovariectomized, in this case with hypertension, which may prevent coronary heart disease in hypertensive postmenopausal women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Brianezi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> conclude that moderate-intensity aerobic training acts on the volume of collagen fibres and on the collagen remodelling, with reduced oxidative stress in left ventricles of mice ovariectomized LDLr Knockout. It is known that after menopause, different factors contribute to the decline in muscle mass, the combination of physical inactivity, protein intake and oxidative stress<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> clearly contribute the increase to this process.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Associated with the oxidative stress increase, characterized by the imbalance between the production and the removal of free radicals, usually due to an inadequate antioxidant system.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Oxidative stress is related to a higher ROS production from the mitochondria, which can induce cell apoptosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Meaning that the mitochondrial DNA may be damaged due to oxidative stress, affecting mitochondria capacity to produce energy, contributing to a higher susceptibility to apoptosis which finally intensifies muscle fibre atrophy or death and muscle mass decrease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Taking together, the results of Brianeziet et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> conclude that physical exercise contributes positively influencing the control and dyslipidemic groups in the parameter of density and volume of collagen fibres of type I and the control group in relation to oxidative stress. The mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of menopausal alterations are complex and implicate estrogen-MMP-metabolic deregulation with age-driven vascular changes.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Effects of Physical Training on the Myocardium of Oxariectomized LDLr Knockout Mice: MMP 2/9, Collagen I/III, Inflammation and Oxidative Stress</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgements</title>
      <p>Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), Portugal (Strategic Projects UID/NEU/04539/2013 and UID/NEU/04539/2019), and COMPETE-FEDER (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007440).</p>
    </ack>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Impacto do Exerc&#237;cio F&#237;sico na Inflama&#231;&#227;o, Stress Oxidativo e na Remodela&#231;&#227;o do M&#250;sculo Card&#237;aco</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5205-8939</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mendes</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">4</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1457-8992</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Diana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">5</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Polit&#233;cnico de Coimbra - Departamento de Ci&#234;ncias Biom&#233;dicas Laboratoriais ESTeSC, Coimbra - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Cons&#243;rcio CNC.IBILI/ Centro de Biomedicina Inovadora e Biotecnologia (CIBB), Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Biof&#237;sica e Instituto de Investiga&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica e Biom&#233;dica de Coimbra (iCBR) &#225;rea de Meio Ambiente Gen&#233;tica e Oncobiologia (CIMAGO), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">European Association for Professions in Biomedical Sciences, Bruxelas - B&#233;lgica</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="original">I3S, Instituto de Investiga&#231;&#227;o e Inova&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de, Universidade do Porto, Porto - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Fernando Mendes,</bold> Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa&#250;de de Coimbra - Departamento de Ci&#234;ncias Biom&#233;dicas Laboratoriais, Gabinete 1.9 - Rua 5 de Outubro - SM Bispo - Apartado 7006. C&#243;digo Postal 3046-854 Coimbra - Portugal. E-mail: <email>fjmendes@estescoimbra.pt</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Menopausa</kwd>
        <kwd>Dislipidemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Atividade F&#237;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>Col&#225;geno</kwd>
        <kwd>Estresse Oxidativo</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflama&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Camundongos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Funda&#231;&#227;o para a Ci&#234;ncia e a Tecnologia</funding-source>
          <award-id>UID/NEU/04539/2013</award-id>
          <award-id>UID/NEU/04539/2019</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>COMPETE-FEDER</funding-source>
          <award-id>POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007440</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>O envelhecimento est&#225; naturalmente associado &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o de algumas, sen&#227;o todas, as fun&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas, nomeadamente perda da densidade da massa &#243;ssea (DMO) e for&#231;a, relacionada &#224; perda de massa muscular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Essa perda de massa muscular acontece principalmente devido a um desequil&#237;brio entre a s&#237;ntese de prote&#237;na muscular e o colapso da prote&#237;na muscular. O aumento de fatores catab&#243;licos, tais como o estresse oxidativo e a inflama&#231;&#227;o, contribui significativamente para o processo acima mencionado. Todavia, o enfraquecimento da for&#231;a e perda muscular n&#227;o &#233; linear, ocorrendo de maneira distinta em ambos os sexos. Outros fatores, como a queda dos n&#237;veis hormonais como consequ&#234;ncia do fen&#244;meno da menopausa, tamb&#233;m s&#227;o considerados respons&#225;veis por esse processo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> De fato, alguns autores propuseram que, entre as mulheres, uma perda acelerada de massa muscular e for&#231;a surge mais cedo em rela&#231;&#227;o aos homens, pr&#243;ximo &#224; &#233;poca da menopausa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Um conjunto de evid&#234;ncias sustenta que a diminui&#231;&#227;o da massa muscular pode estar relacionada com a diminui&#231;&#227;o de estrog&#234;nio que caracteriza os anos da menopausa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>O presente estudo publicado na <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> por Brianezi et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> prop&#244;s investigar os efeitos do treinamento f&#237;sico aer&#243;bico sobre o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de camundongos ovariectomizadas, com <italic>knockout</italic> de lipoprote&#237;nas de baixa densidade (LDL <italic>knockout</italic>), simulando os efeitos da menopausa, do exerc&#237;cio e seus efeitos sobre os m&#250;sculos dos camundongos.</p>
      <p>Sabe-se que a diminui&#231;&#227;o de estrog&#234;nio contribui para a perda da DMO, bem como para a redistribui&#231;&#227;o de gordura subcut&#226;nea para a &#225;rea visceral, e est&#225; associada ao aumento do risco de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, afetando a qualidade de vida das mulheres. Para piorar o impacto indesejado da menopausa sobre a sa&#250;de das mulheres, a diminui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de estrog&#234;nio tamb&#233;m pode ter um efeito direto sobre o tecido muscular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A fim de melhor compreender os efeitos mencionados acima, Brianezi et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> elaboraram o seguinte experimento: um grupo de trinta animais foi dividido em 6 grupos, cada um com 5 camundongos, controle sedent&#225;rio n&#227;o ovariectomizado, controle sedent&#225;rio ovariectomizado, controle treinado ovariectomizado, sedent&#225;rio LDL-<italic>knockout</italic> n&#227;o ovariectomizado, sedent&#225;rio LDL-<italic>knockout</italic> ovariectomizado e treinado LDL-<italic>knockout</italic> ovariectomizado. Os animais foram ovariectomizados aos 9 meses de acordo com o protocolo descrito. Em seguida, os animais foram expostos a dois testes diferentes: um teste de treinamento m&#225;ximo e um de treinamento de exerc&#237;cios. Depois, os animais foram eutanaziados e par&#226;metros, tais como densidade volum&#233;trica das fibras col&#225;genas dos tipos I e III, mertaloproteinases da matriz (MMP) 2 e 9, al&#233;m do estresse oxidativo, foram avaliados. Os resultados revelaram que o protocolo de exerc&#237;cio alterou o volume de fibras col&#225;genas do tipo I e os par&#226;metros de remodelamento do col&#225;geno (MMP-2), e ainda reduziu o par&#226;metro de estresse oxidativo do 8-hidroxi-2&#8217;-deoxiganosina (8-OhdG).</p>
      <p>Nas mulheres, o envelhecimento do sistema vascular apenas ocorre devido &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o dos ov&#225;rios, em conjunto com a diminui&#231;&#227;o dos horm&#244;nios circulantes associados, em particular o estrog&#234;nio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Embora os fatores de risco, idade e defici&#234;ncia de estrog&#234;nio estejam bem caracterizados, o mecanismo de a&#231;&#227;o do estrog&#234;nio na vasculatura comprometida pelo envelhecimento n&#227;o est&#225; bem esclarecido. A inflama&#231;&#227;o est&#225; associada com o envelhecimento do sistema vascular, principalmente devido aos n&#237;veis elevados de citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias, como o fator de necrose do tumoral (TNF), que tamb&#233;m induz a MMP. Por exemplo, a MMP2 pode clivar especificamente a big endothelin-1, indicando a fun&#231;&#227;o desta enzima proteol&#237;tica na parede vascular. Al&#233;m disso, um estudo interessante encontrou um aumento na atividade de MMP2 nas art&#233;rias mesent&#233;ricas de animais idosos/deficientes em estrog&#234;nio, que foi restabelecida quando os animais foram tratados com um agente antiinflamat&#243;rio inibidor de TNF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Al&#233;m disso, uma fonte importante de MMP-9 s&#227;o os leuc&#243;citos, que desempenham um papel fundamental no processo inflamat&#243;rio, indicando que as MMPs s&#227;o moduladoras cr&#237;ticas de doen&#231;a cardiovascular em um modelo de envelhecimento/defici&#234;ncia de estrog&#234;nio.</p>
      <p>Embora a reposi&#231;&#227;o de estrog&#234;nio tenha sido proposta para o controle dos riscos associados ao envelhecimento nas mulheres, sua efic&#225;cia &#233; controversa. A atividade f&#237;sica parece ser uma alternativa eficaz para a suplementa&#231;&#227;o de estrog&#234;nio para as mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa, melhorando a capacidade aer&#243;bica e as adapta&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas do sistema cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Curiosamente, h&#225; evid&#234;ncias relacionadas &#224; perda de estrog&#234;nio nos camundongos, o que indica uma fun&#231;&#227;o nas propriedades contr&#225;teis do m&#250;sculo. Wohlers et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> estudaram as propriedades contr&#225;teis do m&#250;sculo de camundongos ovariectomizadas e demonstraram baixa capacidade de fosforila&#231;&#227;o em monofosfato-adenosina prote&#237;na quinase ativada (AMP-Q).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Essa prote&#237;na &#233; importante para a capta&#231;&#227;o de glicose e oxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica no m&#250;sculo, tendo implica&#231;&#245;es na gera&#231;&#227;o de energia, necess&#225;ria para produzir as contra&#231;&#245;es musculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Associada &#224; atividade f&#237;sica est&#225; a produ&#231;&#227;o de esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio (EROS), que pode causar danos &#224;s prote&#237;nas e lip&#237;dios das membranas celulares, assim como ao DNA mitocondrial e nuclear, em caso de estresse oxidativo, podendo resultar em les&#227;o celular grave ou irrevers&#237;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Novais et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> relataram que, ap&#243;s oito semanas de treinamento de exerc&#237;cio realizado pelo grupo de mulheres hipertensas na menopausa, foi verificado o aumento das enzimas super&#243;xido dismutase (SOD) e catalase (CAT), agentes antioxidantes, que desempenham um papel fundamental na modula&#231;&#227;o do estresse oxidativo. Tamb&#233;m em estudos com animais, Claudio et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> demonstraram que os programas de treinamento intervalado de oito semanas aumentaram significativamente a express&#227;o da SOD e CAT, contribuindo para a redu&#231;&#227;o da gera&#231;&#227;o de super&#243;xido card&#237;aco em camundongos ovariectomizadas, nesse caso, com hipertens&#227;o, o que pode prevenir a doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria nas mulheres hipertensas na p&#243;s-menopausa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Brianezi et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> concluem que o treinamento aer&#243;bico de intensidade moderada age sobre o volume das fibras col&#225;genas e sobre o remodelamento do col&#225;geno, com redu&#231;&#227;o do estresse oxidativo nos ventr&#237;culos esquerdos dos camundongos LDLr <italic>Knockout</italic> ovariectomizadas. Sabe-se que, depois da menopausa, diferentes fatores contribuem para a redu&#231;&#227;o da massa muscular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> A combina&#231;&#227;o de inatividade f&#237;sica e a ingest&#227;o de prote&#237;nas seguramente contribuem para o aumento desse processo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> associadas ao aumento do estresse oxidativo, caracterizado pelo desequil&#237;brio entre a produ&#231;&#227;o e a remo&#231;&#227;o de radicais livres, geralmente em decorr&#234;ncia de um sistema antioxidante inadequado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> O estresse oxidativo est&#225; relacionado com uma produ&#231;&#227;o elevada de EROs a partir das mitoc&#244;ndrias, que pode induzir a apoptose celular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Isso significa que o DNA mitocondrial pode ser danificado devido ao estresse oxidativo, afetando a capacidade das mitoc&#244;ndrias de gerar energia, contribuindo para uma maior susceptibilidade &#224; apoptose que, por fim, acelera a atrofia ou a morte das fibras musculares e diminui a massa muscular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Vistos em conjunto, os resultados de Brianeziet al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> concluem que o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico contribui positivamente para influenciar os grupos controle e dislipid&#234;mico no par&#226;metro de densidade e volume de fibras col&#225;genas do tipo I e o grupo controle em rela&#231;&#227;o ao estresse oxidativo. Os mecanismos subjacentes &#224; fisiopatologia das altera&#231;&#245;es provocadas pela menopausa s&#227;o complexos e envolvem a desregula&#231;&#227;o estrog&#234;nio-MMP-metab&#243;lica com as altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares ocasionadas pelo envelhecimento.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Efeitos do Treinamento F&#237;sico sobre o Mioc&#225;rdio de Camundongos LDLr <italic>Knockout</italic> Ovariectomizadas: MMP-2 e -9, Col&#225;geno I/III, Inflama&#231;&#227;o e Estresse Oxidativo</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Funda&#231;&#227;o para a Ci&#234;ncia e a Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal (Projetos estrat&#233;gicos UID/NEU/04539/2013 e UID/NEU/04539/2019), e COMPETE-FEDER (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007440).</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
