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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">L8DjNBnhkDhBzTmsGLhnP7R</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000100100</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2019005002002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190223</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Effects of Physical Training on the Myocardium of Oxariectomized LDLr Knockout Mice: MMP 2/9, Collagen I/III, Inflammation and Oxidative Stress</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brianezi</surname>
            <given-names>Ledimar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ornelas</surname>
            <given-names>Elisabete</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2230-8853</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gehrke</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;via de Sousa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Luiz Affonso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Beatriz da Costa Aguiar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Vinicius de Alcantara</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Jessica</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9456-192X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Maifrino</surname>
            <given-names>Laura Beatriz Mesiano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade S&#227;o Judas Tadeu</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Laborat&#243;rio de Estudos Morfoquantitativo e Imunohistoqu&#237;mico</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Estudos Morfoquantitativo e Imunohistoqu&#237;mico, Universidade S&#227;o Judas Tadeu, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Paulista</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Farm&#225;cia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Farm&#225;cia, Universidade Paulista, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Servidor P&#250;blico Estadual</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Hospital do Servidor P&#250;blico Estadual, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">ABC</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Laborat&#243;rio de An&#225;lises Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Santo Andr&#233;</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de An&#225;lises Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo Andr&#233;, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Ci&#234;ncias Farmac&#234;uticas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Diadema</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Ci&#234;ncias Farmac&#234;uticas da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, Diadema, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Fl&#225;via de Sousa Gehrke,</bold> Universidade Paulista - Farm&#225;cia - R. Ant&#244;nio Macedo, 505. Postal Code 03087-010, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>flaviagehrke@hotmail.com</email>,</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Brianezi L, Maifrino LBM; Acquisition of data: Brianezi L, Ornelas E, Sousa LVA; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Brianezi L, Ornelas E, Gehrke FS, Fonseca FLA, Sousa LVA, Souza J, Maifrino LBM; Statistical analysis: Brianezi L, Gehrke FS, Fonseca FLA, Souza J; Writing of the manuscript: Brianezi L, Ornelas E, Gehrke FS, Fonseca FLA, Alves BCA, Sousa LVA, Maifrino LBM; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Gehrke FS, Fonseca FLA, Alves BCA, Maifrino LBM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>100</fpage>
      <lpage>105</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The emergence of coronary heart disease is increased with menopause, physical inactivity and with dyslipidemia. Physical training is known to promote the improvement of cardiovascular functions.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To investigate the effects of aerobic physical training on the left ventricle in ovariectomized LDL knockout mice.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Thirty animals were divided into 6 groups (n = 5): Sedentary non-ovariectomized control; Sedentary ovariectomized control; Trained ovariectomized control; Sedentary non-ovariectomized LDL-knockout, sedentary ovariectomized LDL-knockout and trained ovariectomized LDL-knockout. We analyzed the average parameters of apparent density of collagen fibers types I and III, and metalloproteinase type 2 and type 9, were considered significant p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The results showed that the proposed exercise protocol altered the volume of type I collagen fibers, altered collagen remodeling parameters (MMP-2), and also reduced the 8-hydroxy-2&#8217;-deoxyguanosine (8OHdG) oxidative stress parameter.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Moderate intensity aerobic training acts on collagen fiber volume, on collagen remodeling with the reduction of oxidative stress in the left ventricles of ovariectomized LDL-knockout mice.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Menopause</kwd>
        <kwd>Dyslipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>Motor Activity</kwd>
        <kwd>Collagen</kwd>
        <kwd>Oxidative Stress</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflammation</kwd>
        <kwd>Mice</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>During the aging process, menopausal women are at increased risk of developing conditions such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, insulin resistance and changes in body composition, where lifestyle and sedentarism are associated with a higher prevalence of the development of cardiovascular disease (CD).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The aging process is associated with increased oxidative stress resulting in damage of several cell macromolecules, partly due to decreased antioxidant capacity as well as reduced repair capacity, resulting in increased susceptibility to apoptosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Particularly in menopausal women, neuroendocrine alterations affect the functionality, metabolic capacity and antioxidant activity of numerous organs, especially due to the lack of estrogen, considered a female antioxidant, resulting in an additional increase of oxidative stress.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Lipid metabolism is also influenced by physiological changes during menopause resulting in an increase in LDL and a decrease in HDL and contributes to the emergence of cardiovascular diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> When compared to men of the same age, postmenopausal women are at an increased risk of developing heart disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> It is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in this physiological stage.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Regular physical activity relieves the effects of aging and menopause and improves aerobic fitness, maintaining body weight index of visceral fat, plasma lipid levels, increased insulin sensitivity, increased baroreflex sensitivity and improved endothelial function, capillary wall shear stress which results in increased blood flow, stimulating nitric oxide release.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> These factors promote a better health-related quality of life and prolong survival and can be considered essential non-pharmacological standards in the treatment of postmenopausal effects and other physiological and pathological conditions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The objective of this study is to analyze the effects of aerobic physical training on the left ventricle in ovariectomized wildtype and LDLr knockout female mice on the following parameters: volume density of types I and III collagen fibers, metalloproteinases type 2 and type 9 expression, in addition to COX2 and 8-OhdG expression.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Animals</title>
        <p>Thirty female mice aged 10 months were used: 15 genetically modified female mice, with knockout of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLr Knockout), and 15 female wildtype mice (C57BL/6J) obtained from the University of S&#227;o Paulo vivarium. The animals were kept in a USJT vivarium at a controlled temperature (22-24&#176;C) and lighting (12 hours of light cycle and 12 hours of dark) receiving commercial feed (NUVILAB CR1, Nuvital Nutrients LTDA, Curitiba, PR) and water "ad libitum". The animals were divided into 6 groups (n = 5): sedentary non-ovariectomized control (CS), sedentary ovariectomized control (COS); trained ovariectomized control (COT); non-sedentary ovariectomized LDL knockout (LDL-S), sedentary ovariectomized LDL knockout (LDL-OS) and trained ovariectomized LDL knockout (LDL-OT). The division of the animals in the groups was performed by convenicence.</p>
        <p>The experimental protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Universidade S&#227;o Judas Tadeu (CEP-Protocol: 058/2007) and the research was conducted according to the Principles of Laboratory Animal Care formulated by the National Institutes of Health.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ovariectomy</title>
        <p>At nine months of age animals underwent the ovariectomy procedure. The animals were anesthetized with a ketamine and xylazine solution (120:20 mg/Kg, im) and placed in supine position and a small incision in the lower third of the abdominal region, parallel to the line of the body, was made. The ovaries, the uterine horns, and the blood vessels were located, sectioned, and removed. After that, the musculature and the skin were sutured. Confirmation of the efficacy of the ovariectomy was determined through colpocytology of the vaginal secretion performed over four consecutive days. On the last day of analysis, euthanasia was performed on these animals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Training Protocol</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Maximal training Test</title>
          <p>A maximal training test was performed on all the groups at the beginning and at the end of the exercise training program. The test consists of placing the animal to run on an ergometric treadmill at 0.3 km/h for 3 minutes, and this workload was increased by 0.3 km/h every 3 minutes until the animal reached exhaustion. The time of the test and the speed of the last workload were noted and served to determine the mean value of aerobic capacity of each group.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exercise training</title>
          <p>Exercise training began 7 days after the ovariectomy surgery; the trained groups were subjected to a physical training protocol on an ergometric treadmill at low-moderate intensity (&#8776;50% to 70% maximal running speed) for 1 hour a day, 5 days a week, for 4 weeks, with a gradual increase in speed from 0.3 to 1.2 km/h. The animals were adapted to the treadmill for 10 minutes on three days prior to beginning the training.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Euthanasia and tissue preparation</title>
          <p>At the end of the training the animals were sacrificed by decapitation. A thoracotomy was performed in which the heart and atria were removed and the right and left ventricles were sectioned. Left ventricle samples were fixed in 10% buffered formalin for 24 hours. Afterwards, the tissue was transferred to a 70% ethyl alcohol solution, dehydrated in increasing ethanol series, diaphanized in xylol and embedded in paraffin. Non-serial, 5 &#181;m thick cuts were performed in which each section received a total of 6 cuts. The sections were stained with the Picrosirius technique, for the analysis of collagen fibers I and III in the left ventricle and visualized by polarized light microscopy.</p>
          <p>The volume density of collagen fibers I and III (Vv[fc]) expresses the fraction of the volume occupied by the collagen fibers in relation to the total volume of the analyzed image. For this analysis, the test system was used with a total of 475 points, which corresponds to 100% of the image, using the program Image J. (version 1.47 - National Intitutes of Health-(Collins).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Immunohistochemistry</title>
          <p>For the immunohistochemical techniques, 3 to 4 micrometer thick cuts were made and mounted on slides previously silanized using 4% silane. After the slides were dewaxed, using a heating oven overnight set at 57&#186;C, after which they were immersed in xylol baths for 30 minutes. Afterwards, they were hydrated in ethyl alcohol with decreasing concentrations of 100%, 80% and 70%, each with a duration of 5 minutes, then washed in running water. In the next step, the antigenic recovery was performed in a water bath at 90&#176;C, the slides were placed in citrate buffer for 30 minutes, then washed in running water. Endogenous peroxidase blockade was performed in H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> for 15 minutes, followed by washing in distilled running water and in PBS pH = 7.4. For each slide, a specific antibody was used, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">table 1</xref>, and the antibody was placed overnight in a humid chamber at 4&#176;C. The material was washed with PBS buffer and incubated with a biotinylated secondary antibody for 30 minutes, washed again with PBS and incubated with a streptoavidin-peroxidase antibody for another 30 minutes. A chromogenic substrate, DAB (33-Diaminobenzidine) solution in the ratio of 1:1 were used for five minutes at room temperature to wash with PBS solution and to reveal the reaction. When the presence of a dark brown precipitate was observed the slides were placed in running water, after which they were counterstained with "Hematoxylin Harrys" for 2 minutes. Afterwards, they were submitted to 3 xylol baths to diafieze and to 2 alcohol baths. The slides were mounted with coverslips and Entellan&#174;.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Antibodies used for protein detection</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Antibody</th>
                  <th align="center">Dilution</th>
                  <th align="center">Labeling</th>
                  <th align="center">Function</th>
                  <th align="center">Manufacturer</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">MMP2</td>
                  <td align="center">1:250</td>
                  <td align="center">Cytoplasm</td>
                  <td align="center">Collagen remodelling</td>
                  <td align="center">sc-10736, Santa Cruz&#174;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">MMP9</td>
                  <td align="center">1:300</td>
                  <td align="center">Cytoplasm</td>
                  <td align="center">Collagen remodelling</td>
                  <td align="center">sc-6840, Santa Cruz&#174;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">COX 2</td>
                  <td align="center">1:100</td>
                  <td align="center">Cytoplasm</td>
                  <td align="center">Inflammation</td>
                  <td align="center">sc-1745 P, Santa Cruz&#174;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">8-OHdG</td>
                  <td align="center">1:100</td>
                  <td align="center">Cytoplasm</td>
                  <td align="center">Oxidative stress</td>
                  <td align="center">sc-66036, Santa Cruz&#174;</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>In all the techniques, observing the presence of a dark brown precipitate, the sample was visualized under an optical microscope. A quantitative analysis of the images was performed using the program ImageLab 2000, where the brown markers were selected and the program quantified immunoexpression intensity, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figure 1</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f1">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Immunoexpression of proteins. CS: sedentary non-ovariectomized control; COS: sedentary ovariectomized control; COT: trained ovariectomized control; LDLr-S non-sedentary ovariectomized knockout; LLr-OS: sedentary ovariectomized LDL knockout; LDLr-OT: trained ovariectomized LDL knockout.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-01-0100-90223-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Absolute and relative values were used to describe the qualitative variables. For the quantitative variables with normal distribution (Shapiro-Wilk &gt; 0.05), mean, standard deviation, minimum and maximum were used, and for the variables with non-normal distribution (Shapiro-Wilk &lt; 0.05), median and percentiles were used. To study the diferences between the variables with the groups, the Kruskal-Wallis and ANOVA tests were used, complemented by the Dunn test or Bonferroni. For all analyzes, a confidence level of 95% was used. The program utilized for these analyzes was Stata version 11.0. (StataCorp. 2009. <italic>Stata Statistical Software: Release 11</italic>. College Station, TX: StataCorp LP.)</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Our data show a significant reduction in the volume density of type I collagen fibers in the ovariectomized dyslipidemic group (LDL-OS) (-51%). The LDL-OT group showed a decrease of 100% when compared to the COS group and a significant difference in relation to the COT and LDL-S groups. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> shows the association of COX-2 and MMP9 expression variables and the density of type I collagen fibers in relation to the evaluated animal group.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of Cyclooxygenase-2, Volume Density of collagen fibers I and Metalloproteinase type 9, with the groups studied. clinical variables with groups</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">CS</th>
              <th align="center">COS</th>
              <th align="center">COT</th>
              <th align="center">LDL-S</th>
              <th align="center">LDL-OS</th>
              <th align="center">LDL-OT</th>
              <th align="center">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">COX-2</td>
              <td align="center">35.0 (23.9; 46.3)</td>
              <td align="center">46.5 (44.2; 79.7)</td>
              <td align="center">46.1 (31.3; 47.7)</td>
              <td align="center">47.7 (45.8; 63.1)</td>
              <td align="center">87.8 (42.5; 92.4)</td>
              <td align="center">49.4 (49.1; 50.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.232</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Vv [fc I]</td>
              <td align="center">0.21 (0.21; 0.43)</td>
              <td align="center">0.43 (0.21; 0.43)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">0.21 (0.0; 0.41)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">A</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">B</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">C</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.0 (0.0; 0.21)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">A</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">B</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">C</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">MMP9</td>
              <td align="center">44.7 (40.1; 44.8)</td>
              <td align="center">40.9 (39.8; 45.6)</td>
              <td align="center">53.9 (48.6; 66.2)</td>
              <td align="center">53.0 (38.3; 58.1)</td>
              <td align="center">42.2 (27.3; 53.7)</td>
              <td align="center">64.1 (45.5; 93.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.169</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Kruskal-Wallis. Data expressed as median and 25% and 75% percentiles. COX-2: Cyclooxygenase-2; Vv [fc I]: Volume Density of collagen fibers I; MMP 9: Metalloproteinase type 9; CS: sedentary non-ovariectomized control; COS: sedentary ovariectomized control; COT: trained ovariectomized control; LDL-S: non-sedentary ovariectomized LDL knockout; LDL-OS: sedentary ovariectomized LDL knockout; LDL-OT: trained ovariectomized LDL knockout.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>A</label>
            <p>statistically significant difference between the studied group and the COS group;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>B</label>
            <p>statistically significant difference between the studied group and the TOC group;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>C</label>
            <p>statistically significant difference between the studied group and the LDL-S group.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Regarding metalloproteinase type 2 expression, in the control group (CS) there was a significant increase of 24% in the ovariectomized group (COS), when physical training (COT) was performed there was an increase of 72%, and with dyslipidemia (LDL-S), the increase was 92%. In the dyslipidemic group with ovariectomy (LDL-OS), the values decrease 27% in relation to the LDL-S group and 18% in relation to the COT group, but still above the values of the control groups by 42% in relation to the CS group and 14% in relation to the COS group. When the training was performed in the ovariectomized dyslipidemic group LDL-OT, the results obtained present a 15% increase in relation to the sedentary ovariectomized LDL-OS group and a 15% decrease in relation to the LDL-S group. When compared to the control group, there was an increase of 64% in relation to the CS group, 32% in relation to the COS group and a decrease of 5% in relation to the COT group.</p>
      <p>When analyzing the oxidative stress data, evaluating 8OHdG expression, there was a decrease in the indexes for the control group (CS), in which there was a decrease of 33% in the group with ovariectomy (COT) and a 39% decrease in the trained group. When dyslipidemia was present (LDL-S), there was a 51% decrease in relation to the CS group, and in the dyslipidemic group with ovariectomy (LDL-OS) there was a decrease of 85% in relation to the CS group, 78% in relation to the COS group, 76% in relation to the COT group and 70% in relation to the LDL-S group. When training was performed in the dyslipidemic ovariectomized group (LDL-OT), the data presented a 152% increase in relation to the LDL-OS group and a decrease in relation to the control groups, with 63% for the CS group, 45% for the COS group and 40% for the COT group. For the parameters related to volume density of type III collagen fibers, metalloproteinase type 9 and inflammation (COX2), the values obtained for the control and dyslipidemic groups do not present significant differences in any parameter, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">table 3</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of the variables Metalloproteinase type 2, Anti-8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine and Volume Density of collagen fibers III (Vv [fc III]), with the groups studied.</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">CS</th>
              <th align="center">COS</th>
              <th align="center">COT</th>
              <th align="center">LDL-S</th>
              <th align="center">LDL-OS</th>
              <th align="center">LDL-OT</th>
              <th align="center">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">MMP 2</td>
              <td align="center">28.5 (4.0)</td>
              <td align="center">35.3 (9.1)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">A</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">49.0 (3.8)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">A</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">54.8 (52.0)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">A</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">40.5 (9.6)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">A</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">B</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">C</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">D</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">46.8 (31.0)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">A</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">B</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">C</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">E</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">8-OHDg</td>
              <td align="center">105.2 (7.6)</td>
              <td align="center">70.0 (10.8)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">A</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">64.9 (4.7)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">A</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">51.7 (0.5)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">A</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">15.3 (7.5)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">A</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">B</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">C</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">D</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">38.7 (8.4)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">A</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">B</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">C</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">E</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Vv[fc III]</td>
              <td align="center">0.007 (0.037)</td>
              <td align="center">0.003 (0.024)</td>
              <td align="center">0.016 (0.067)</td>
              <td align="center">0.015 (0.057)</td>
              <td align="center">0.013 (0.062)</td>
              <td align="center">0.009 (0.043)</td>
              <td align="center">0.649</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>ANOVA. Data expressed as mean and standard deviation.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <label>A</label>
            <p>statistically significant difference between the studied group and the CS group;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN7">
            <label>B</label>
            <p>statistically significant difference between the studied group and the COS group;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN8">
            <label>C</label>
            <p>statistically significant difference between the studied group and the TOC group;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN9">
            <label>D</label>
            <p>statistically significant difference between the studied group and the LDL-S group;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN10">
            <label>E</label>
            <p>statistically significant difference between the studied group and the LDL-OS group.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN11">
            <p>MMP2: Metalloproteinase type 2; 8OHdG: Anti-8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine; Vv [fc III]: Volume Density of collagen fibers III; CS: sedentary non-ovariectomized control; COS: sedentary ovariectomized control; COT: trained ovariectomized control; LDL-S: non-sedentary ovariectomized LDL knockout; LDL-OS: sedentary ovariectomized LDL knockout; LDL-OT: trained ovariectomized LDL knockout.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Physical activity is recognized as an important non-pharmacological treatment for numerous diseases and conditions, including dyslipidemia and menopause. Studies indicate that collagen fibers are present in the process of myocardial remodeling, which occur due to aging and other factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Our data show that in the myocardium, the expression of type III collagen fibers did not differ between groups and parameters. In relation to type I collagen, ovariectomy and training brought a decrease in the levels presented in relation to the sedentary ovariectomized control group. Results similar to those found in our study verified the same variable in animals after a period of obesity induced by a diet rich in unsaturated fat.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Interestingly, the findings reported in this article have similar results only with the proposed physical activity. Another study where acute myocardial infarction was induced in rats, the gradual increase of types I and III collagen was observed at 4 weeks. The kinetics of collagen I/III increase, in combination with the decrease of the elastic fibers in the infarcted area after an MI, provided evidence that impaired cardiac function after an MI was due to healing or infarct scar formation, with increased rigidity and less flexibility of the heart.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Our results suggest that the aging period in this study does not appear to interfere with the increase in the expression of collagen fibers presented in other studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> However, when evaluating the LDL-OT groups, there is a clear reduction in the volume of type I collagen fibers. This verification was obtained using the proposed training protocol (intensity or duration).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Metalloproteinase type 2 and type 9 also participate in the remodeling process of cardiac tissue, and are present in several pathologies such as inflammatory and cardiovascular diseases, among other injuries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> The expression of metalloproteinase type 9 did not differ between groups and parameters. Regarding metalloproteinase type 2, an increase was shown in the control group with ovariectomy and physical training even in the presence of dyslipidemia. This process explains the factor with the collagen indexes when these are not elevated, because the degradation of collagen and the extracellular matrix is peformed by the action of the metalloproteinases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> The elevated presence of MMPs in patients with dyslipidemias found in some studies suggest their participation in the matrix degradation process in atherosclerotic plaques and in the ruptures of these and with exposure of the nucleus<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> and are independent predictors for the progression of kidney disease and are independently associated with an increased risk of mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The expression of COX2 in our study did not present statistical significance, indicating that in all groups and parameters, there were no changes for these data. Thus, in this parameter chosen to verify inflammation, no changes are observed showing that the factors associated with the groups do not interfere in such an evaluation.</p>
      <p>Aging, menopause and dyslipidemia are factors that also result in oxidative stress.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> In our research, oxidative stress was verified through the expression of 8OHdG, and ovariectomy decreased the values of this parameter in the control and dyslipidemic groups, differing from the results obtained in other studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> When physical training was performed, the values were decreased in the control group, but in the dyslipidemic group, they presented an increase. Interestingly, this marker seems to have no association with the groups proposed in this experimental model.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The data of this research indicate that physical exercise beneficially influenced the control and dyslipidemic groups in the volume density parameter of type I collagen fibers and the control group in relation to oxidative stress.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade de S&#227;o Judas Tadeu under the protocol number 058. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeitos do Treinamento F&#237;sico sobre o Mioc&#225;rdio de Camundongos LDLr Knockout Ovariectomizadas: MMP-2 e -9, Col&#225;geno I/III, Inflama&#231;&#227;o e Estresse Oxidativo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brianezi</surname>
            <given-names>Ledimar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ornelas</surname>
            <given-names>Elisabete</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2230-8853</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gehrke</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;via de Sousa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">4</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Luiz Affonso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">4</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Beatriz da Costa Aguiar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Vinicius de Alcantara</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Jessica</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9456-192X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Maifrino</surname>
            <given-names>Laura Beatriz Mesiano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Estudos Morfoquantitativo e Imunohistoqu&#237;mico, Universidade S&#227;o Judas Tadeu, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Farm&#225;cia, Universidade Paulista, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Hospital do Servidor P&#250;blico Estadual, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de An&#225;lises Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo Andr&#233;, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Ci&#234;ncias Farmac&#234;uticas da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, Diadema, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Fl&#225;via de Sousa Gehrke,</bold> Universidade Paulista - Farm&#225;cia - R. Ant&#244;nio Macedo, 505. CEP 03087-010, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>flaviagehrke@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Brianezi L, Maifrino LBM; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Brianezi L, Ornelas E, Sousa LVA; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Brianezi L, Ornelas E, Gehrke FS, Fonseca FLA, Sousa LVA, Souza J, Maifrino LBM; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Brianezi L, Gehrke FS, Fonseca FLA, Souza J; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Brianezi L, Ornelas E, Gehrke FS, Fonseca FLA, Alves BCA, Sousa LVA, Maifrino LBM; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Gehrke FS, Fonseca FLA, Alves BCA, Maifrino LBM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O surgimento da doen&#231;a card&#237;aca coronariana aumenta com a menopausa, inatividade f&#237;sica e dislipidemia. Sabe-se que o treinamento f&#237;sico promove a melhora das fun&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectivo:</title>
          <p>Investigar os efeitos do treinamento f&#237;sico aer&#243;bico sobre o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em camundongos LDL knockout ovariectomizadas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Trinta animais foram divididos em 6 grupos (n = 5): controle sedent&#225;rio n&#227;o ovariectomizado, controle sedent&#225;rio ovariectomizado, controle treinado ovariectomizado, sedent&#225;rio LDL-knockout n&#227;o ovariectomizado, sedent&#225;rio LDL-knockout ovariectomizado e treinado LDL-knockout ovariectomizado. Analisamos os par&#226;metros m&#233;dios da densidade de volume de fibras col&#225;genas tipo I e III, e metaloproteinases 2 e 9. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Os resultados mostram que o protocolo de exerc&#237;cio proposto alterou o volume de fibras col&#225;genas do tipo I e os par&#226;metros de remodelamento do col&#225;geno (MMP-2), e ainda reduziu o par&#226;metro de estresse oxidativo do 8-hidroxi-2&#8217;-deoxiganosina (8-OhdG).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O treinamento aer&#243;bico de intensidade moderada age sobre o volume das fibras col&#225;genas e sobre o remodelamento de col&#225;geno, com redu&#231;&#227;o do estresse oxidativo em ventr&#237;culos esquerdos de camundongos ovariectomizados LDLr Knockout.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Menopausa</kwd>
        <kwd>Dislipidemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Atividade F&#237;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>Col&#225;geno</kwd>
        <kwd>Estresse Oxidativo</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflama&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Camundongos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Durante o processo de envelhecimento, as mulheres na menopausa t&#234;m maior risco de desenvolver condi&#231;&#245;es como dislipidemia, hipertens&#227;o, resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina e mudan&#231;as na composi&#231;&#227;o corporal, uma vez que o estilo de vida e o sedentarismo est&#227;o associados a maior preval&#234;ncia de desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O processo de envelhecimento est&#225; associado ao aumento do estresse oxidativo, que d&#225; origem a danos em v&#225;rias macromol&#233;culas celulares, em parte devido &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da capacidade antioxidante, bem como &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da capacidade de repara&#231;&#227;o, que acarretam o aumento da susceptibilidade &#224; apoptose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Especialmente em mulheres na fase da menopausa, as altera&#231;&#245;es neuroend&#243;crinas afetam a funcionalidade, a capacidade metab&#243;lica e a atividade antioxidante de v&#225;rios &#243;rg&#227;os, principalmente em decorr&#234;ncia da falta de estrog&#234;nio, que &#233; considerado um antioxidante feminino, causando aumento adicional do estresse oxidativo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O metabolismo lip&#237;dico tamb&#233;m &#233; influenciado por altera&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas durante a menopausa, resultando em aumento do LDL e diminui&#231;&#227;o da HDL, o que contribui para o surgimento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos homens da mesma idade, as mulheres p&#243;s-menop&#225;usicas apresentam maior risco de desenvolver doen&#231;a card&#237;aca,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> que constitui uma das principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade neste est&#225;gio fisiol&#243;gico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A atividade f&#237;sica regular alivia os efeitos do envelhecimento e da menopausa e melhora a aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica, al&#233;m de manter o &#237;ndice de peso corporal de gordura visceral, os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de lip&#237;dios, o aumento da sensibilidade &#224; insulina, o aumento da sensibilidade barorreflexa, a melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, o estresse de cisalhamento na parede vascular, resultando no aumento do fluxo sangu&#237;neo e estimulando a libera&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido n&#237;trico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Esses fatores promovem uma melhor qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de, prolongam a sobreviv&#234;ncia e podem ser considerados padr&#245;es n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicos essenciais para o tratamento dos efeitos da p&#243;s-menopausa e de outras condi&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas e patol&#243;gicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O objetivo deste estudo &#233; analisar os efeitos do treinamento f&#237;sico aer&#243;bico sobre o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de camundongos f&#234;meas ovariectomizadas selvagens e LDLr knockout, tendo como base os seguintes par&#226;metros: densidade de volume de fibras col&#225;genas tipo I e III, express&#227;o das metaloproteinases 2 e 9, al&#233;m da express&#227;o de COX 2 e 8-OhdG.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Animais</title>
          <p>Foram utilizados trinta camundongos f&#234;meas, com 10 meses de idade: 15 camundongos f&#234;meas geneticamente modificados, com nocaute do receptor de lipoprote&#237;nas de baixa densidade (LDLr Knockout), e 15 camundongos f&#234;meas selvagens (C57BL/6J), obtidos no biot&#233;rio da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo. Os animais foram mantidos no biot&#233;rio da USJT em temperatura (22-24 &#176;C) e ilumina&#231;&#227;o controlada (12 horas de luz e 12 horas de escurid&#227;o) recebendo alimenta&#231;&#227;o comercial ((NUVILAB CR1, Nuvital Nutrients LTDA, Curitiba, PR) e &#225;gua "ad libitum". Os animais foram divididos em 6 grupos (n=5): controle sedent&#225;rio n&#227;o-ovariectomizado (CS), controle ovariectomizado sedent&#225;rio (COS), controle ovariectomizado treinado (COT); LDLr Knockout n&#227;o sedent&#225;rio ovariectomizado (LDLr-S), LDLr Knockout ovariectomizado sedent&#225;rio (LDLr-OS) e LDLr Knockout ovariectomizado treinado (LDLr-OT). Os animais foram categorizados por conveni&#234;ncia.</p>
          <p>O protocolo experimental foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Universidade S&#227;o Judas Tadeu (CEP-Protocolo: 058/2007) e a pesquisa foi conduzida como indicado pelos Princ&#237;pios de cuidados com animais de laborat&#243;rio publicados pelos Institutos Nacionais de Sa&#250;de.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ovariectomia</title>
          <p>Aos nove meses de idade, os animais foram submetidos ao procedimento da ovariectomia. Eles foram anestesiados com uma solu&#231;&#227;o de ketamina e xilazina (120:20 mg/Kg, im) e colocados em posi&#231;&#227;o supina e uma pequena incis&#227;o foi feita no ter&#231;o inferior da regi&#227;o abdominal, paralelamente &#224; linha do corpo. Os ov&#225;rios, os cornos uterinos e vasos sangu&#237;neos foram localizados, seccionados e removidos. Em seguida, a musculatura e a pele foram suturadas. A confirma&#231;&#227;o da efic&#225;cia da ovariectomia foi determinada atrav&#233;s da colpocitologia da secre&#231;&#227;o vaginal realizada durante quatro dias consecutivos. No &#250;ltimo dia de an&#225;lise, a eutan&#225;sia foi realizada nesses animais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo de Treinamento</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Teste de treinamento m&#225;ximo</title>
            <p>Um teste de treinamento m&#225;ximo foi realizado em todos os grupos no in&#237;cio e no final do programa de treinamento de exerc&#237;cios. O teste consiste em colocar o animal em uma esteira ergom&#233;trica a 0,3 km/h por 3 minutos, e essa carga de trabalho era aumentada em 0,3 km/h a cada 3 minutos, at&#233; que o animal atingisse o esgotamento. O tempo do teste e a velocidade da &#250;ltima carga de trabalho foram observados e usados para determinar o valor m&#233;dio da capacidade aer&#243;bica de cada grupo.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Treinamento de exerc&#237;cios</title>
            <p>O treinamento de exerc&#237;cios come&#231;ou 7 dias depois da cirurgia de ovariectomia. Os grupos treinados foram submetidos a um protocolo de treinamento f&#237;sico em uma esteira ergom&#233;trica com baixa intensidade moderada (&#8776;50% a 70% de velocidade m&#225;xima) durante 1 hora por dia, 5 dias por semana, por 4 semanas, com aumento gradual da velocidade de 0,3 a 1,2 km/h. Os animais foram adaptados &#224; esteira durante 10 minutos nos tr&#234;s dias que precederam o in&#237;cio dos treinamentos.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Eutan&#225;sia e prepara&#231;&#227;o dos tecidos</title>
            <p>No final do treinamento os animais foram sacrificados por decapita&#231;&#227;o. Uma toracotomia foi realizada, atrav&#233;s da qual o cora&#231;&#227;o e os &#225;trios foram removidos, e os ventr&#237;culos direito e esquerdo foram seccionados. Amostras do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foram fixadas em formalina tamponada a 10% durante 24 horas. Em seguida, o tecido foi transferido para uma solu&#231;&#227;o de &#225;lcool et&#237;lico 70%, desidratado em sequ&#234;ncia crescente de etanol, diafanizados em xil&#243;is e embebidos em parafina. Foram realizados cortes n&#227;o seriados de 5&#181;m de espessura, onde cada l&#226;mina recebeu um total de 6 cortes. As l&#226;minas foram coradas pela t&#233;cnica de Picrosirius, para a an&#225;lise das fibras col&#225;genas I e III no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e visualizadas atrav&#233;s de microscopia de luz polarizada.</p>
            <p>A densidade de volume das fibras col&#225;genas I e III (Vv[fc]) expressa a fra&#231;&#227;o do volume ocupado pelas fibras col&#225;genas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao volume total da imagem avaliada. Para essa an&#225;lise, foi utilizado o sistema teste com um total de 475 pontos, que corresponde a 100% da imagem, usando o programa Image J. (vers&#227;o 1.47 - National Intitutes of Health; COLLINS, 2007).</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Imunohistoqu&#237;mica</title>
            <p>Para as t&#233;cnicas de imunohistoqu&#237;mica, foram feitos cortes com espessura de 3 a 4 micr&#244;metros, que foram montados em l&#226;minas previamente silanizadas a 4%. Depois, as l&#226;minas foram desparafinizadas, utilizando estufa a 57&#186;C pernoite, sendo ent&#227;o imersas em banhos de xilol com dura&#231;&#227;o de 30 minutos. Em seguida, elas foram hidratadas em &#225;lcool et&#237;lico nas concentra&#231;&#245;es decrescentes de 100%, 80% e 70%, cada qual com uma dura&#231;&#227;o de 5 minutos e, depois, lavadas em &#225;gua corrente. Na etapa seguinte, a recupera&#231;&#227;o antig&#234;nica foi realizada em banho-maria a 90&#176;C. As l&#226;minas foram colocadas em tamp&#227;o citrato durante 30 minutos e, ent&#227;o, lavadas em &#225;gua corrente. Foi realizado o bloqueio da peroxidase end&#243;gena com H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> por 15 minutos, seguindo-se as lavagens em &#225;gua corrente e destilada e em PBS pH= 7,4. Para cada l&#226;mina, foi utilizado um anticorpo espec&#237;fico (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>), ap&#243;s o que foram incubadas, em c&#226;mara &#250;mida (overnight, a 4&#186;C). O material foi ent&#227;o lavado com tamp&#227;o PBS e incubado com anticorpo secund&#225;rio biotinilado por 30 minutos, lavado de novo com PBS e incubado com um anticorpo streptoavidina-peroxidase por outros 30 minutos. Um substrato cromog&#234;nico, solu&#231;&#227;o DAB (33-Diaminobenzidina) na propor&#231;&#227;o de 1:1, foi utilizado, durante cinco minutos, em temperatura ambiente, para lavar o material com solu&#231;&#227;o PBS e revelar a rea&#231;&#227;o. Ao observar-se a forma&#231;&#227;o de um precipitado castanho escuro, as l&#226;minas foram colocadas em &#225;gua corrente e, em seguida, contra-coradas com hematoxilina de Harris por 2 minutos. Depois disso, foram submetidas a 3 banhos de xilol para diafinizar e 2 banhos de &#225;lcool. As l&#226;minas foram montadas com lam&#237;nulas e Entellan&#174;.</p>
            <table-wrap id="t4">
              <label>Tabela 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Anticorpos utilizados para detec&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;nas</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col width="20%"/>
                  <col width="20%"/>
                  <col width="20%"/>
                  <col width="20%"/>
                  <col width="20%"/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Anticorpo</th>
                    <th align="center">Dilui&#231;&#227;o</th>
                    <th align="center">Marca&#231;&#227;o</th>
                    <th align="center">Fun&#231;&#227;o</th>
                    <th align="center">Fabricante</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">MMP2/72KDa</td>
                    <td align="center">1:250</td>
                    <td align="center">Citoplasma</td>
                    <td align="center">Remodelamento do col&#225;geno</td>
                    <td align="center">sc-10736, Santa Cruz&#174;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">MMP9/KDa</td>
                    <td align="center">1:300</td>
                    <td align="center">Citoplasma</td>
                    <td align="center">Remodelamento do col&#225;geno</td>
                    <td align="center">sc-6840, Santa Cruz&#174;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">COX 2</td>
                    <td align="center">1:100</td>
                    <td align="center">Citoplasma</td>
                    <td align="center">Inflama&#231;&#227;o</td>
                    <td align="center">sc-1745 P, Santa Cruz&#174;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">8-OHdG</td>
                    <td align="center">1:100</td>
                    <td align="center">Citoplasma</td>
                    <td align="center">Estresse oxidativo</td>
                    <td align="center">sc-66036, Santa Cruz&#174;</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
            <p>Em todas as t&#233;cnicas, observando-se a presen&#231;a de um precipitado castanho escuro, a amostra foi visualizada utilizando-se microsc&#243;pio de luz. A an&#225;lise quantitativa das imagens foi realizada atrav&#233;s do programa ImageLab 2000, por meio do qual foram selecionadas as marca&#231;&#245;es em marrom e contabilizadas a intensidade da imunoexpress&#227;o, como demonstrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">figura 1</xref>.</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f2">
                <label>Figura 1</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Imunoexpress&#227;o de prote&#237;nas. CS: controle sedent&#225;rio n&#227;o-ovariectomizado; COS: controle ovariectomizado sedent&#225;rio; COT: controle ovariectomizado treinado; LDLr-S: LDLr Knockout n&#227;o sedent&#225;rio ovariectomizado; LDLr-OS: LDLr Knockout ovariectomizado sedent&#225;rio; LDLr-OT: LDLr Knockout ovariectomizado treinado.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-01-0100-90223-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
            </p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Valores absolutos e relativos foram utilizados para descrever as vari&#225;veis qualitativas. Para as an&#225;lises quantitativas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal (Shapiro-Wilk &gt; 0,05), utilizou-se m&#233;dia, desvio padr&#227;o, m&#237;nimo e m&#225;ximo e, para as vari&#225;veis sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal (Shapiro-Wil &lt; 0,05), mediana e percentis. Para estudar as diferen&#231;as entre vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas com os grupos, os testes de Kruskal-Wallis e Anova foram utilizados, complementados pelo teste de Dunn ou Bonferroni. Para todas as an&#225;lises, um n&#237;vel de confian&#231;a de 95% foi usado. Para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, o programa STATA (vers&#227;o 11.0) foi utilizado.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Nossos dados mostraram redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da densidade de volume de fibras col&#225;genas do tipo I no grupo dislipid&#234;mico ovariectomizados (LDLr-OS) (-51%). O grupo LDLr-OT apresentou uma diminui&#231;&#227;o de 100% quando comparado com o grupo COS e uma diferen&#231;a significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o aos grupos COT e LDLr-S. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">tabela 2</xref> mostra a associa&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis express&#227;o de COX-2 e MMP 9 e densidade de volume de fibras col&#225;genas tipo I, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos grupos de animais estudados.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o da ciclo-oxigenase-2, densidade de volume das fibras col&#225;genas I e metaloproteinase tipo 9, com os grupos estudados</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">CS</th>
                <th align="center">COS</th>
                <th align="center">COT</th>
                <th align="center">LDL-S</th>
                <th align="center">LDL-OS</th>
                <th align="center">LDL-OT</th>
                <th align="center">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">COX-2</td>
                <td align="center">35,0 (23,9; 46,3)</td>
                <td align="center">46,5 (44,2; 79,7)</td>
                <td align="center">46,1 (31,3; 47,7)</td>
                <td align="center">47,7 (45,8; 63,1)</td>
                <td align="center">87,8 (42,5; 92,4)</td>
                <td align="center">49,4 (49,1; 50,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,232</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vv [fc I]</td>
                <td align="center">0,21 (0,21; 0,43)</td>
                <td align="center">0,43 (0,21; 0,43)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0,21 (0,0; 0,41)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">A</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">B</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">C</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,0 (0,0; 0,21)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">A</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">B</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">C</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MMP9</td>
                <td align="center">44,7 (40,1; 44,8)</td>
                <td align="center">40,9 (39,8; 45,6)</td>
                <td align="center">53,9 (48,6; 66,2)</td>
                <td align="center">53,0 (38,3; 58,1)</td>
                <td align="center">42,2 (27,3; 53,7)</td>
                <td align="center">64,1 (45,5; 93,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,169</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Kruskal-Wallis. Dados expressos em mediana e percentis 25% e 75%. COX-2: ciclo-oxigenase-2; Vv [fc I]: densidade de volume das fibras de col&#225;geno I; MMP 9: Metaloproteinase tipo 9; CS: controle n&#227;o-ovariectomizado sedent&#225;rio; COS: controle ovariectomizado sedent&#225;rio; COT: controle ovariectomizado treinado; LDL-S: nocaute LDL ovariectomizado n&#227;o sedent&#225;rio; LDL-OS: nocaute sedimentar ovariectomizado de LDL; LDL-OT: nocaute LDL ovariectomizado treinado.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <label>A</label>
              <p>diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre o grupo estudado e o grupo COS;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <label>B</label>
              <p>diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre o grupo estudado e o grupo TOC; C: diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre o grupo estudado e o grupo LDL-S.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN15">
              <label>C</label>
              <p>diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre o grupo estudado e o grupo LDL-S.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; express&#227;o da metaloproteinase tipo 2, no grupo controle (CS), houve aumento significativo de 24% no grupo ovariectomizado (COS). Quando realizado o treinamento f&#237;sico (COT), houve um aumento de 72% e, na presen&#231;a de dislipidemia (LDL-S), o aumento foi de 92%. No grupo dislipid&#234;mico (LDL-OS), com a ovariectomia, os valores ca&#237;ram 27% em rela&#231;&#227;o do grupo LDLr-S e 18% em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo COT, mas os valores ainda permaneceram acima daqueles observados nos grupos controle (42% em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo CS e 14% em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo COS). Quando realizado o treinamento no grupo dislipid&#234;mico ovariectomizado LDLr-OT, os resultados obtidos demonstraram um aumento de 15% na compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo ovariectomizado sedent&#225;rio LDLr-OS e uma diminui&#231;&#227;o de 15% em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo LDLr-S. Quando comparados com o grupo controle, houve um aumento de 64% em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo CS, de 32% em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo COS e uma diminui&#231;&#227;o de 5% em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo COT.</p>
        <p>Quando os dados do estresse oxidativo foram analisados, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; express&#227;o de 8OHDG, houve uma diminui&#231;&#227;o dos &#237;ndices para o grupo controle (CS); diminui&#231;&#227;o de 33% no grupo submetido &#224; ovariectomia (COT) e diminui&#231;&#227;o de 39% no grupo submetido ao treinamento. Com a presen&#231;a de dislipidemia (LDLr-S), houve uma diminui&#231;&#227;o de 51% em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo CS, e no grupo dislipid&#234;mico ovariectomizado (LDLrOS), houve diminui&#231;&#227;o de 85% em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo CS, 78% no grupo COS, 76% em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo COT e 70% em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo LDLr-S.</p>
        <p>Quando realizado o treinamento no grupo dislipid&#234;mico ovariectomizado (LDLr-OT), os dados apresentaram um aumento de 152% em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo LDLr-OS e uma diminui&#231;&#227;o nos grupos controle, com 63% para o grupo CS, 45% para o grupo COS e 40% para o grupo COT. Para os par&#226;metros relacionados &#224; densidade de volume de fibras col&#225;genas do tipo III, metaloproteinase 9 e inflama&#231;&#227;o (COX2), os valores obtidos para os grupos controles e dislipid&#234;micos n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;as significativas em nenhum par&#226;metro (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis Metaloproteinase tipo 2, Anti-8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine e Densidade de Volume das fibras col&#225;genas III (Vv [fc III]), com os grupos estudados</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">CS</th>
                <th align="center">COS</th>
                <th align="center">COT</th>
                <th align="center">LDL-S</th>
                <th align="center">LDL-OS</th>
                <th align="center">LDL-OT</th>
                <th align="center">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MMP 2</td>
                <td align="center">28,5 (4,0)</td>
                <td align="center">35,3 (9,1)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">A</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">49,0 (3,8)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">A</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">54,8 (52,0)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">A</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">40,5 (9,6)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">A</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">B</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">C</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">D</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">46,8 (31,0)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">A</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">B</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">C</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">E</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">8-OHDg</td>
                <td align="center">105,2 (7,6)</td>
                <td align="center">70,0 (10,8)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">A</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">64,9 (4,7)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">A</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">51,7 (0,5)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">A</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">15,3 (7,5)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">A</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">B</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">C</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">D</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">38,7 (8,4)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">A</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">B</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">C</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">E</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vv[fc III]</td>
                <td align="center">0,007 (0,037)</td>
                <td align="center">0,003 (0,024)</td>
                <td align="center">0,016 (0,067)</td>
                <td align="center">0,015 (0,057)</td>
                <td align="center">0,013 (0,062)</td>
                <td align="center">0,009 (0,043)</td>
                <td align="center">0,649</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN16">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>ANOVA. Dados expressos em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN17">
              <label>A</label>
              <p>diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre o grupo estudado e o grupo CS;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN18">
              <label>B</label>
              <p>diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre o grupo estudado e o grupo COS;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN19">
              <label>C</label>
              <p>diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre o grupo estudado e o grupo TOC;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN20">
              <label>D</label>
              <p>diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre o grupo estudado e o grupo LDL-S;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN21">
              <label>E</label>
              <p>diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre o grupo estudado e o grupo LDL-OS.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN22">
              <p>MMP2: Metaloproteinase tipo 2; 8OHdG: Anti-8-hidroxi-desoxi-guanosina; Vv [fc III]: densidade de volume das fibras de col&#225;geno III; CS: controle n&#227;o-ovariectomizado sedent&#225;rio; COS: controle ovariectomizado sedent&#225;rio; COT: controle ovariectomizado treinado; LDL-S: nocaute LDL ovariectomizado n&#227;o sedent&#225;rio; LDL-OS: nocaute sedimentar ovariectomizado de LDL; LDL-OT: nocaute LDL ovariectomizado treinado.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A atividade f&#237;sica &#233; reconhecida como importante tratamento n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico para v&#225;rias doen&#231;as e condi&#231;&#245;es, inclusive para a dislipidemia e a menopausa. Estudos apontam que as fibras col&#225;genas est&#227;o presentes no processo de remodelamento do mioc&#225;rdio, que ocorre devido ao envelhecimento e a outros fatores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Nossos dados mostram que, no mioc&#225;rdio, a express&#227;o das fibras col&#225;genas de tipo III n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as entre os grupos e par&#226;metros. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao col&#225;geno tipo I, a ovariectomia e o treinamento trouxeram uma diminui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis apresentados em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle ovariectomizado sedent&#225;rio. Resultados similares aos encontrados neste estudo verificaram a mesma vari&#225;vel em animais ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de obesidade induzida por uma dieta rica em gordura insaturada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Curiosamente, os achados relatados neste artigo possuem resultados semelhantes apenas mediante &#224; atividade f&#237;sica proposta. Outro estudo no qual o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio foi induzido em ratos, observou-se o aumento gradativo do col&#225;geno tipos I e III no per&#237;do de 4 semanas. A cin&#233;tica do aumento do col&#225;geno I/III, em combina&#231;&#227;o com a diminui&#231;&#227;o das fibras el&#225;sticas na &#225;rea infartada ap&#243;s o IAM, ofereceu evid&#234;ncias de que a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca pejudicada ap&#243;s o IAM foi decorrente da cura ou do processo de cicatriza&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-infarto, com aumento da rigidez e menor flexibilidade do cora&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Nossos resultados sugerem que o per&#237;odo de envelhecimento neste estudo parece n&#227;o interferir no aumento da express&#227;o de fibras col&#225;genas apresentadas em outros estudos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Entretanto, quando os grupos LDLr-OT foram avaliados, houve n&#237;tida redu&#231;&#227;o do volume das fibras col&#225;genas tipo I. Essa verifica&#231;&#227;o ocorreu quando da utiliza&#231;&#227;o do treinamento proposto (intensidade ou dura&#231;&#227;o).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As metaloproteinases do tipo 2 e 9 tamb&#233;m participam do processo de remodelamento do tecido card&#237;aco, e est&#227;o presentes em v&#225;rias patologias, como as doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias e cardiovasculares, dentre outras les&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> A express&#227;o da metalloproteinase tipo 9 n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;as entre os grupos e par&#226;metros. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; metalloproteinase tipo 2, um aumento foi observado no grupo controle, com a ovariectomia e com o treinamento f&#237;sico, at&#233; mesmo na presen&#231;a da dislipidemia. Esse processo explica o fato de os &#237;ndices de col&#225;geno n&#227;o estarem elevados, porque a degrada&#231;&#227;o do col&#225;geno e da matriz extracelular &#233; feita atrav&#233;s da atua&#231;&#227;o das metalloproteinases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> A eleva&#231;&#227;o das MMPs em pacientes com dislipidemias, encontrada em alguns estudos, sugere a participa&#231;&#227;o das mesmas no processo de degrada&#231;&#227;o da matriz em placas ateroscler&#243;ticas e nas suas rupturas, que fazem com que o n&#250;cleo fique exposto.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Al&#233;m disso, as MMPs s&#227;o preditoras independentes para a progress&#227;o de doen&#231;a renal e est&#227;o associadas independentemente com o aumento do risco de mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A expres&#227;o de COX2, neste estudo, n&#227;o apresentou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, o que indica que, em todos os grupos e par&#226;metros, n&#227;o houve mudan&#231;as para esses dados. Assim, nesse par&#226;metro escolhido para verificar a inflama&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o foram observadas mudan&#231;as, o que mostra que os fatores associados aos grupos n&#227;o interferem nessa avalia&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>O envelhecimento, a menopausa e a dislipidemia s&#227;o fatores que tamb&#233;m causam o estresse oxidative.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Nesta pesquisa, o estresse oxidative foi verificado atrav&#233;s da express&#227;o de 8OHdG, e a ovariectomia diminuiu os valores deste par&#226;metro nos grupos dislipid&#234;mico e controle, o que diverge dos resultados encontrados em outros estudos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Quando o treinamento f&#237;sico foi realizado, os valores diminu&#237;ram no grupo controle mas, no grupo dislipid&#234;mico, eles apresentaram um aumento. Curiosamente, esse marcador parece n&#227;o estar associado aos grupos propostos neste modelo experimental.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os dados desta pesquisa indicam que o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico influenciou positivamente os grupos controle e dislipid&#234;mico no par&#226;metro de densidade e volume de fibras col&#225;genas do tipo I e o grupo controle em rela&#231;&#227;o ao estresse oxidativo.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade de S&#227;o Judas Tadeu sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 058. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
