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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">788sjqPWM96x9fR6FvDgYZN</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000100098</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190810</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiovascular Conditions of Patients on HIV Therapy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6904-3039</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mansur</surname>
            <given-names>Alfredo Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Cardiologia Cl&#237;nica - Ambulat&#243;rio Geral, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur,</bold> Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar 44. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>ajmansur@cardiol.br</email>, <email>ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>98</fpage>
      <lpage>99</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>HIV</kwd>
        <kwd>HIV Infections</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Antiretroviral Therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Carotid Artery Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Successful anti-infective therapy of patients submitted to contemporary HIV treatment decreased mortality between 2007 and 2017 by 51% in association with a decrease in of 17% in incidence; decrease in mortality associated with a smaller decrease in incidence means more people living with HIV disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> In Brazil, annualised rate of change in mortality was -1.2% (-1.4% to -1.0%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> In many countries the survival rate of patients increased.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Therefore, other non-infectious ailments such as prevalent cardiovascular diseases came to the attention of physicians in charge for the patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Prevention is a mainstay in the health care of patients. Patients on successful HIV treatment may incur in either asymptomatic or symptomatic conditions that may be risk factors for cardiovascular diseases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> or demonstrate metabolic abnormalities<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> that need medical attention. Further, new technologies were studied in order to investigate in more depth vascular health either as screening, or a diagnostic tool or treatment strategies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Previous research were performed in Brazilian populations of different geographic regions. Median carotid intima-media thickness was 0.54 (0.49, 0.62) mm in 535 HIV infected patients from Rio de Janeiro, 0.58 (0.52, 0.68) mm in 88 healthy controls and 0.57 (0.49, 0.70) mm in 10943 participants of a large cohort; differences were not significant after adjustment for confounding variables.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
		</p>
    <p>In Parana state, in a sample of 538 patients, hypertension was diagnosed in 24.4%, hypercholesterolemia in 18.2%, low HDL-cholesterol in 39.7%, hypertriglyceridemia in 51.3% and high serum glucose in 33.3%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> In Minas Gerais state a study of a cross-sectional sample of 133 patients compared with 20 healthy controls demonstrated that insulin resistance was more common among the infected patients, and suggested lipid accumulation product index as a new biomarker of cardiovascular risk in patients with HIV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
		</p>
    <p>In the current issue of <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, Leite et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> report an additional Brazilian experience in Recife, Pernambuco State. They evaluated a convenience sample of 99 asymptomatic patients with low cardiovascular risk and undetectable plasma HIV RNA levels on HIV treatment in comparison to 16 controls for a set of inflammatory biomarkers - IFN-g, TNF-a, IL-1b, IL-6, sVCAM-1 e sICAM-1 and carotid intima-media thickness. After multivariate analysis, they found a significant association between TNF-a and IL-1b with the risk for higher carotid-intima media thickness in HIV infected patients. They reproduced the negative findings of no difference relative to carotid intima-media thickness between the study groups. These findings add to the evaluation of patients on successful HIV therapy and re-emphasizes the achievements of the contemporary comprehensive clinical care of the patients probably including the therapeutic advice of cardiovascular risk factors such as smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Inflammatory Biomarkers and Carotid Thickness in HIV Infected Patients under Antiretroviral Therapy, Undetectable HIV-1 Viral Load, and Low Cardiovascular Risk</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Condi&#231;&#245;es Cardiovasculares de Pacientes em Tratamento para HIV</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6904-3039</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mansur</surname>
            <given-names>Alfredo Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Cardiologia Cl&#237;nica - Ambulat&#243;rio Geral, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur,</bold> Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar 44. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>ajmansur@cardiol.br</email>, <email>ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>HIV</kwd>
        <kwd>Infec&#231;&#245;es por HIV</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Terapia Antirretroviral</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as das Art&#233;rias Car&#243;tidas</kwd>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A terapia anti-infecciosa bem-sucedida de pacientes submetidos ao tratamento contempor&#226;neo do HIV reduziu a mortalidade em 51% entre 2007 e 2017, em associa&#231;&#227;o com uma diminui&#231;&#227;o de 17% na incid&#234;ncia; uma redu&#231;&#227;o na mortalidade associada a uma menor redu&#231;&#227;o na incid&#234;ncia significa mais pessoas vivendo com a doen&#231;a causada pelo HIV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> No Brasil, a taxa anual de mudan&#231;a na mortalidade foi de -1,2% (-1,4% a -1,0%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Em muitos pa&#237;ses, a taxa de sobreviv&#234;ncia dos pacientes aumentou.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Portanto, outras doen&#231;as n&#227;o-infecciosas, como doen&#231;as cardiovasculares prevalentes, chamaram a aten&#231;&#227;o dos m&#233;dicos respons&#225;veis pelos pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A preven&#231;&#227;o &#233; uma das bases dos cuidados de sa&#250;de dos pacientes. Os pacientes em tratamento bem-sucedido do HIV podem sofrer condi&#231;&#245;es assintom&#225;ticas ou sintom&#225;ticas que podem ser fatores de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> ou apresentar anormalidades metab&#243;licas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> que precisam de aten&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica. Al&#233;m disso, novas tecnologias foram estudadas a fim de investigar mais profundamente a sa&#250;de vascular, como triagem ou ferramenta diagn&#243;stica ou estrat&#233;gias de tratamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Estudos anteriores foram realizados em popula&#231;&#245;es brasileiras de diferentes regi&#245;es geogr&#225;ficas. A mediana da espessura da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia da car&#243;tida foi de 0,54 (0,49, 0,62) mm em 535 pacientes infectados pelo HIV no Rio de Janeiro, 0,58 (0,52, 0,68) mm em 88 controles saud&#225;veis e 0,57 (0,49, 0,70) mm em 10.943 participantes de uma grande coorte; as diferen&#231;as n&#227;o foram significativas ap&#243;s o ajuste para vari&#225;veis de confus&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>No estado do Paran&#225;, em uma amostra de 538 pacientes, foi diagnosticada hipertens&#227;o em 24,4%, hipercolesterolemia em 18,2%, HDL-colesterol baixo em 39,7%, hipertrigliceridemia em 51,3% e glicemia s&#233;rica alta em 33,3% dos pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> No estado de Minas Gerais, o estudo de uma amostra transversal de 133 pacientes em compara&#231;&#227;o com 20 controles saud&#225;veis demonstrou que a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina era mais comum entre os pacientes infectados e sugeriu o &#237;ndice do Produto da Acumula&#231;&#227;o Lip&#237;dica como um novo biomarcador de risco cardiovascular em pacientes com HIV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Na edi&#231;&#227;o atual dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Leite et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> relatam uma experi&#234;ncia brasileira adicional em Recife, estado de Pernambuco. Eles avaliaram uma amostra de conveni&#234;ncia de 99 pacientes assintom&#225;ticos com baixo risco cardiovascular e n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos indetect&#225;veis de RNA do HIV em pacientes recebendo tratamento para HIV em compara&#231;&#227;o com 16 controles para um conjunto de biomarcadores inflamat&#243;rios - IFN-g, TNF-a, IL-1b, IL-6, sVCAM-1 e sICAM-1 e espessura &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia da car&#243;tida. Ap&#243;s an&#225;lise multivariada, eles encontraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre TNF-a e IL-1b com o risco de maior espessura &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia da car&#243;tida em pacientes infectados pelo HIV. Eles reproduziram os achados negativos de nenhuma diferen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; espessura &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia da car&#243;tida entre os grupos de estudo. Esses achados contribuem para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes em terapia bem-sucedida do HIV e enfatizam novamente as realiza&#231;&#245;es do atendimento cl&#237;nico abrangente contempor&#226;neo dos pacientes, provavelmente incluindo o aconselhamento terap&#234;utico de fatores de risco cardiovasculares, como tabagismo, hipertens&#227;o, dislipidemia e diabetes.</p>
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      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Biomarcadores Inflamat&#243;rios e Espessura Carot&#237;dea em Pacientes Infectados pelo HIV em Terapia Antirretroviral, com Carga Viral de HIV-1 Indetect&#225;vel e Baixo Risco Cardiovascular</p>
        </fn>
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