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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">3VGtkZvD6DDyLMBbNYp9S7x</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000100090</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2019005021104</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190230</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Inflammatory Biomarkers and Carotid Thickness in HIV Infected Patients under Antiretroviral Therapy, Undetectable HIV-1 Viral Load, and Low Cardiovascular Risk</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Kaliene Maria Estev&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Gerson Gomes</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Godoi</surname>
            <given-names>Emmanuelle T. A. M</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vasconcelos</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana Ferraz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lorena</surname>
            <given-names>Virg&#237;nia Maria Barros</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo S&#233;rgio Ramos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2505-7516</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Kledoaldo Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lacerda</surname>
            <given-names>Heloisa Ramos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina Tropical</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Recife</city>
          <state>PE</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina Tropical, Recife, PE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Pesquisa Aggeu Magalh&#227;es</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Recife</city>
          <state>PE</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Pesquisa Aggeu Magalh&#227;es, Recife, PE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Kledoaldo Oliveira Lima</bold> Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n. Postal Code 50670-901, Cidade Universit&#225;ria, Recife, PE - Brazil E-mail: <email>kledoaldo@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Leite KME; Acquisition of data: Leite KME, Santos J&#250;nior GG, Godoi ETAM, Vasconcelos AF, Lorena VMB, Ara&#250;jo PSR, Lacerda HR; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Leite KME, Lacerda HR; Obtaining financing: Lacerda HR; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Godoi ETAM, Lima KO, Lacerda HR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>90</fpage>
      <lpage>97</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>People living with HIV are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease and carotid thickness, due to the inflammation caused by the virus, the antiretroviral therapy, and other risk factors. However, few studies have observed the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases and carotid thickness in HIV-positive population at low cardiovascular risk and with undetectable viral load.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the association between levels of inflammatory markers and carotid thickness in people living with HIV, under antiretroviral therapy and at low cardiovascular risk.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p> To determine low cardiovascular risk in both groups (HIV infected and non-infected individuals), the Framingham Risk Score was used. Inflammatory markers (IFN-&#947;, TNF-&#945;, IL-1&#946;, IL-6, sVCAM-1, and sICAM-1) were assessed using flow cytometry. Carotid thickness (mm) was measured using Doppler ultrasound. Level of significance was p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>In People living with HIV, age and smoking status were associated with carotid thickness alterations. In the non-HIV group, age, higher total cholesterol, and LDL levels were associated with increased carotid thickness. Using the multivariate analysis, a significant association between TNF-&#945; and IL- 1( levels, and a higher chance of atherosclerosis development in HIV group were observed.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Both groups have a similar risk for developing cardiovascular disease, therefore our study demonstrates that HIV-positive individuals with undetectable viral load in antiretroviral therapy without protease inhibitors and with low cardiovascular risk do not present differences in carotid thickness in relation to uninfected individuals.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>HIV</kwd>
        <kwd>HIV Infections</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Antiretroviral Therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Caroti Artery Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Increased longevity in people living with HIV (PLHIV) due to effective highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has increased the incidence of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> According to some studies, the virus and antiretroviral therapy (ART) are factors that favor the increase of inflammatory makers and carotid thickness.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> HIV-infected individuals have high levels of C-reactive protein, which is associated with atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction. Levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-&#945;), interferon gamma (IFN-&#947;), interleukin-1 (IL-1), intracellular cell adhesion molecule (sICAM), and vascular cell adhesion molecule (sVCAM), which rise in the progression of cardiovascular disease, are also increased in this population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Studies did not evaluate factors of cardiovascular disease progression in the population considered to be at low cardiovascular risk, without observing the true possible effect of the inflammation caused by the virus and the adverse effect of antiretrovirals without the interference of intrinsic factors affecting cardiovascular risk in these individuals. In addition, we have not yet studied a population in which all patients had undetectable HIV-1 RNA viral load and used only nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTIs) analogues and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), since protease inhibitors (PIs) have high adverse effect on cardiovascular disorders.</p>
      <p>The present study evaluated the association of inflammatory markers IFN-&#947;, IL-1&#946;, IL-6, TNF-&#945;, C-reactive protein, sVCAM-1, and sICAM-1 and carotid thickness in HIV infected peope, in use of NRTIs analogues and NNRTIs, and low cardiovascular risk. In addition, carotid intima-media thickness and inflammatory markers levels between HIV-infected and non-infected individuals stratified by age were compared.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Method</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study subjects</title>
        <p>Cross-sectional analytical study with 115 patients was conducted at <italic>Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</italic> - Federal University of Pernambuco, Northeast, Brazil. Individuals were enrolled by convenience sampling. Ninety-nine patients were infected with HIV (HIV group) and were attended at the Specialized HIV/AIDS Healthcare Service, other 16 individuals were healthy and used as control (non-HIV group); both groups were aged between &#8805; 18 and &#8804; 60 years. All HIV patients were under ART with two NRTIs analogues and one NNRTI started at any time from their diagnosis, had undetectable HIV-1 RNA viral load, and were not on therapy for dyslipidaemia. Healthy controls were followers of patients attending in the Urology Service of the same hospital. Low risk for cardiovascular disease was also an inclusion criterion for both groups, calculated by the Framingham Risk Score (FRS). FRS estimates the likelihood of myocardial infarction or death from coronary disease within 10 years in individuals without prior clinical atherosclerosis. Risk calculation uses parameters such as gender, age, total and HDL cholesterol levels, systolic blood pressure, and smoking status.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data collection</title>
        <p>After patients signed the informed consent form, data were collected with standardized questionnaires, based on medical records and/or interview information as follows: age, gender, race, ART type and time, CD4+ T cells count, HIV-1 RNA viral load, and smoking and diabetes status. CD4+ T-cell counts were estimated with flow cytometry using the FACSCalibur (Becton-Dickinson, USA) and results were expressed in cells/mm<sup>3</sup>. HIV viral load was measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) (Roche Diagnostics, Germany) with detection limit of 50 copies/mL. Afterwards, the examinations of lipidogram, the measurements of carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), and the assessment of inflammatory biomarker levels were carried out. The moment the patient was included in the study, blood was collected for lipidogram and inflammatory biomarker determinations. Blood pressure assessment and carotid Doppler ultrasound were performed as well.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Lipidogram</title>
        <p>Total cholesterol, HDL, and triglycerides were examined using the automated analyser CMD800i (Wiener LAB) with photometric methodology. Blood was collected without anticoagulant and was immediately sent to the laboratory for analysis. LDL and VLDL cholesterol values were obtained through the Friedwald formula.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Inflammatory markers</title>
        <p>Inflammatory markers (IFN-&#947;, TNF-&#945;, IL-1&#946;, IL-6, sVCAM-1, and sICAM-1) were assessed using the cytometric bead array (CBA) method. Results were generated in tabular and graphical format using the BD CBA Software FCAP Array, version 3.01. Ultrasensitive C-reactive protein was measured through the latex immunoblottomymetry technique using the CMD800i automated analyzer (Wiener LAB), where it reacts with the specific antibody to form insoluble immunocomplexes. The turbidity produced by immunocomplexes is proportional to the PCR concentration in the sample.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Measurements of the carotid intima-media thickness</title>
        <p>Measurement was performed using an ultrasound device (General Eletric, model LOGIQe BT12), which features DICOM 3.0 software and Auto IMT, with automatic and well-monitored images. Imaging exams were performed by two medical vascular surgeons. Measurements were performed on the posterior wall of the studied vessel in a plateau-free area and defined as the distance between two echogenic lines represented by the lumen-intima and media adventitia interface of the arterial wall. The mean automatic measurement of the thickened common carotid artery was defined as either right (RCC) or left (LCC). Presence of plaque was considered when intima-media thickening (IMT) &gt; 1.5 mm was observed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Statistical analyses were performed using the STATA software version 11.0. Level of significance was p &lt; 0.05. Variables were also analyzed stratified by age, with cutoff point at 40 years due to the distribution of N in the cases group. Qualitative variables were expressed through absolute and relative frequencies, and the quantitative ones, through descriptive statistics, such as mean, standard deviation, median, 25<sup>th</sup> and 75<sup>th</sup> percentile. Continuous variables that presented normal distribution were described through mean and standard deviation; in case of non-normal distribution, they were described through median and interquartile range. Normal distribution was observed for quantitative variables age, total cholesterol, HDL and LDL, while triglycerides, CIMT and inflammatory markers did not present normal distribution. Data normality was evaluated by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used to compare medians. Student&#8217;s independent <italic>t</italic>-test was used to compare means between groups (HIV<sup>+</sup> and HIV<sup>-</sup>). Correlation analysis was performed using the Spearman coefficient. To select the most significant variables, a stepwise logistic regression was used. Variables moderately associated (p &lt; 0.2) with the dependent variable were included in the model, whereas a threshold of p &lt; 0.05 was adopted for the stepwise elimination of variables considered as risk factors.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethical considerations</title>
        <p>The Ethics Committee of the Health Sciences Center of the Federal University of Pernambuco (No. 307087) approved this research and the study protocol conforms to the ethical guidelines of the 1975 Declaration of Helsink. All subjects signed an informed consent form.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Ninety-nine HIV-positive and 16 non-infected individuals participated in the study. Individuals aged 40 years old or older accounted for 59.6% of those infected with HIV and 75% of the control group. Comparing the characteristics of the groups, there were differences in inflammatory markers IFN-&#947;, IL-1, and TNF-&#945;, with higher levels in the control group. Regarding CIMT, there was no significant difference between the groups, and distribution of gender as well as smoking and diabetes status were similar among them. The following two variables had borderline significance: levels of HDL cholesterol were higher among patients with HIV, while mean LDL was lower in this group. In the HIV-positive group, 37% of patients had less than five years of ART, 29.3% between 5 and 10 years, and 33.7% more than 10 years. Regarding CD4 levels and viral load during study admission, 90.5% of the subjects had CD4 levels above 350cells/mm<sup>3</sup> and all had undetectable viral load. Among the therapeutic regimens with NRTIs analogues, 98 (98.98%) of them contained lamivudine, 65 (65.65%) contained zidovudine, 32 (32.32%) contained tenofovir, and three (3.03%) contained didanosine. For NNRTIs, 93 (93.93%) used efavirenz and six (6.06%) used nevirapine (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison between groups of HIV-infected and non-infected patients regarding demographic and clinical characteristics, risk factors for cardiovascular disease, inflammatory markers, carotid intima-media thickness measures, and risk factors for infection</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variables</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Groups</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p-value</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">HIV+ (n = 99)</th>
              <th align="center">HIV- (n = 16)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Agea (years)</td>
              <td align="center">42.2 &#177; 8.9</td>
              <td align="center">48.7 &#177; 9.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.007</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Age group</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&lt; 40 years old</td>
              <td align="center">40 (40.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (25.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.239</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">40 years old or older</td>
              <td align="center">59 (59.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (75.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Gender</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female</td>
              <td align="center">39 (39.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (25.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.404</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male</td>
              <td align="center">60 (60.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (75.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Smoking</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">12 (12.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (-)</td>
              <td align="center">0.213</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">87 (87.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Diabetes</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">3 (3.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (-)</td>
              <td align="center">1.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">96 (97.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Lipidogram (mg/dL)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total Cholesterol<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">184.0 &#177; 35.4</td>
              <td align="center">190.37 &#177; 48.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.528</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">50.3 &#177; 14.2</td>
              <td align="center">43.6 &#177; 7.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.069</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">105.3 &#177; 27.2</td>
              <td align="center">118.5 &#177; 38.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.093</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Triglycerides<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">116.2 (79.6; 176)</td>
              <td align="center">120.1 (90.1; 191.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.695</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>CIMT (mm)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CIMT means<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.573 &#177; 0.123</td>
              <td align="center">0.586 &#177; 0.116</td>
              <td align="center">0.697</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Inflammatory markers<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref></sup></bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PCR US</td>
              <td align="center">0.1 (0; 0.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.1 (0; 0.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.680</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ICAM-1</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0; 0)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0; 0)</td>
              <td align="center">1.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VCAM-1(x10<sup>-3</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">12.12 (11.42; 12.62)</td>
              <td align="center">12.94 (10.59; 13.47)</td>
              <td align="center">0.071</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IFN</td>
              <td align="center">2.16 (1.98; 2.40)</td>
              <td align="center">2.67 (2.29; 2.91)</td>
              <td align="center">0.002</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IL-1</td>
              <td align="center">2.87 (2.87; 2.87)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">2.87 (2.87; 4.08)</td>
              <td align="center">0.027</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IL-6</td>
              <td align="center">2.1 (2.1; 2.1)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">2.1 (2.1; 2.1)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">0.689</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TNF-&#945;</td>
              <td align="center">2.26 (2.26; 2.26)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">2.26 (2.26; 7.55)</td>
              <td align="center">0.005</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Time of ART (years)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&lt; 5 years</td>
              <td align="center">34 (37.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&gt; 5 and &lt; 10 years</td>
              <td align="center">27 (29.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8805; 10 years</td>
              <td align="center">31 (33.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>CD4+ Cells Count (Cells/mm<sup>3</sup>)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&lt; 200</td>
              <td align="center">2 (2.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">200-349</td>
              <td align="center">7 (7.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8805; 350</td>
              <td align="center">86 (90.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Antiretrovirals</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Lamivudine</td>
              <td align="center">98 (98.98%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Zidovudine</td>
              <td align="center">65 (65.65%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Tenofovir</td>
              <td align="center">32 (32.32%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Didanosine</td>
              <td align="center">3 (3.03 %)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Efavirenz</td>
              <td align="center">93 (93.93%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Nevirapine</td>
              <td align="center">6 (6.06%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Mean &#177; SD - Independent Student's t-test was applied.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>Median (P25; P75) - Kruskall-Wallis test was applied.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>&#8225;</label>
            <p>Values below the detection limit of the test.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; CIMT: carotid intima-media thickness; ART: antiretroviral therapy.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>In HIV-infected individuals, higher HDL and LDL levels, CIMT, CD4+ T cell counts, and ART time were observed in older individuals (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). The 75<sup>th</sup> percentile calculated for 115 patients was 0.61 mm. Therefore, the CIM was considered thickened if &gt; 0.61 mm. In the HIV-positive group, CIMT &#8805; 0.61 mm was detected in 51 individuals (51.51%), of whom 78.4% were aged 40 years old or older. For the non-HIV group, the presence of IMT &#8805; 0.61 mm was 56.25% (nine subjects), and 88.9% of these patients were 40 years old or older. Although it was evidenced that HIV-infected individuals were aged 40 years old or older were associated with increased carotid thickness, a comparison between crude and Mantel-Haenszel odds ratios showed that the association between older age and thickness is independent of the infection status. Higher levels of total and LDL cholesterol were associated with CIMT &#8805; 0.61 mm in the non-HIV group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). In the multivariate analysis, after adjustments for age, smoking status, and cholesterol level were made, a significant association with TNF-&#945; levels was observed. Thus, increased levels of TNF-&#945; were associated with greater chance of atherosclerosis. Individuals with increased IL1-&#946; levels had greater chance of atherosclerosis with p-value close to significance (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of demographic and clinical, laboratory, mean carotid intima-media thickness, and age-related antiretroviral therapy characteristics of HIV-infected individuals</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variables</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Age group</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p-value</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">&lt; 40 years old (n = 40)</th>
              <th align="center">&#8805; 40 years old (n = 59)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Gender</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female</td>
              <td align="center">14 (35.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">25 (42.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.461</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male</td>
              <td align="center">26 (65.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">34 (57.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Smoking</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">3 (7.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (15.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.246</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">37 (92.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">50 (84.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Diabetes</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">1 (2.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (3.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.800</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">39 (97.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">57 (96.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Lipidogram (mg/dL)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total cholesterol<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">169.3 &#177; 33.1</td>
              <td align="center">193.9 &#177; 33.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">45.6 &#177; 9.9</td>
              <td align="center">53.4 &#177; 15.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.007</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">97.5 &#177; 23.4</td>
              <td align="center">110.9 &#177; 28.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.002</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Triglycerides<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">130.5 (76; 199)</td>
              <td align="center">111.4 (81; 174)</td>
              <td align="center">0.571</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>CIMT (mm)*</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CIMT mean</td>
              <td align="center">0.521 &#177; 0.070</td>
              <td align="center">0.609 &#177; 0.138</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Inflammatory markers<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref></sup></bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PCR US</td>
              <td align="center">0.2 (0; 0.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.1 (0; 0.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.298</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ICAM-1</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0; 0)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0; 0)</td>
              <td align="center">1.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VCAM-1(x10<sup>-3</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">12.06 (11.59; 12.49)</td>
              <td align="center">12.12 (10.42; 12.75)</td>
              <td align="center">0.764</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IFN</td>
              <td align="center">2.18 (2.05; 2.42)</td>
              <td align="center">2.16 (1.91; 2.37)</td>
              <td align="center">0.255</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IL-1</td>
              <td align="center">2.87 (2.87; 2.87)</td>
              <td align="center">2.87 (2.87; 2.87)</td>
              <td align="center">0.529</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IL-6</td>
              <td align="center">2.1 (2.1; 2.1)</td>
              <td align="center">2.1 (2.1; 2.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.689</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TNF-&#945;</td>
              <td align="center">2.26 (2.26; 2.26)</td>
              <td align="center">2.26 (2.26; 2.26)</td>
              <td align="center">0.522</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Time of ART (years)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&lt; 5</td>
              <td align="center">20 (54.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (25.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.005</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">5-10</td>
              <td align="center">11 (29.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (29.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8805; 10</td>
              <td align="center">6 (16.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">25 (45.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>CD4+ T Cells Count (Cells/mm<sup>3</sup>)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&lt; 200</td>
              <td align="center">0 (2.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (3.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.013</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">200-349</td>
              <td align="center">6 (7.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (1.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8805; 350</td>
              <td align="center">32 (84.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">54 (94.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Mean &#177; SD - Independent Student's t-test was applied.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>Median (P25; P75) - Kruskall-Wallis test was applied.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN7">
            <p>HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; CIMT: carotid intima-media thickness; ART: antiretroviral therapy</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Risk factors related to carotid intima-media thickness, stratified according to the condition of HIV infection</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variables</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">HIV+</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">HIV-</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">&lt; 0.61 mm</th>
              <th align="center">&#8805; 0.61 mm</th>
              <th align="center">p-value</th>
              <th align="center">&lt; 0.61 mm</th>
              <th align="center">&#8805; 0.61 mm</th>
              <th align="center">p-value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age<sup>a</sup> (years)</td>
              <td align="center">37.9 &#177; 7.1</td>
              <td align="center">46.3 &#177; 8.5</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">44.0 &#177; 9.8</td>
              <td align="center">52.4 &#177; 7.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.063</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Age group</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&lt; 40</td>
              <td align="center">29 (60.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">11 (21.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup>b</sup></td>
              <td align="center">3 (42.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (11.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.192<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8805; 40</td>
              <td align="center">19 (39.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">40 (78.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">4 (57.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (88.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Gender</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female</td>
              <td align="center">19 (39.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (39.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.970</td>
              <td align="center">2 (28.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (22.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.608</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male</td>
              <td align="center">29 (60.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">31 (60.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">5 (71.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (77.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Smoking</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">3 (6.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (17.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.082</td>
              <td align="center">0 (-)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (-)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">45 (93.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">42 (82.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">7 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Diabetes</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">1 (2.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (3.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.594</td>
              <td align="center">0 (-)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (-)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">47 (97.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">49 (96.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">7 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Lipidogram (mg/dL)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total cholesterol<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">178.1 &#177; 33.8</td>
              <td align="center">199.9 &#177; 58.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.395</td>
              <td align="center">175.7 &#177; 31.5</td>
              <td align="center">191.8 &#177; 37.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.023</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">41.5 &#177; 9.8</td>
              <td align="center">45.2 &#177; 5.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.362</td>
              <td align="center">50.4 &#177; 17.6</td>
              <td align="center">50.1 &#177; 10.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.931</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">110.9 &#177; 23.3</td>
              <td align="center">124.4 &#177; 47.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.504</td>
              <td align="center">98.5 &#177; 21.7</td>
              <td align="center">111.4 &#177; 30.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.020</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Triglycerides<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">113 (72; 181)</td>
              <td align="center">118 (86; 174)</td>
              <td align="center">0.459</td>
              <td align="center">117 (86; 169)</td>
              <td align="center">122 (101; 200)</td>
              <td align="center">0.560</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Inflammatory markers<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8225;</xref></sup></bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PCR US</td>
              <td align="center">0.1 (0; 0.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.1 (0; 0.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.966</td>
              <td align="center">0.1 (0; 0.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.1 (0; 0.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.581</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ICAM-1<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VCAM-1(x10<sup>-3</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">12.1 (11.3; 12.6)</td>
              <td align="center">12.0 (11.4; 12.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.931</td>
              <td align="center">13.0 (6.6; 13.6)</td>
              <td align="center">12.9 (10.8; 13.4)</td>
              <td align="center">1.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IFN</td>
              <td align="center">2.16 (1.98; 2.37)</td>
              <td align="center">2.21 (1.93; 2.43)</td>
              <td align="center">0.481</td>
              <td align="center">2.91 (1.96; 3.24)</td>
              <td align="center">2.66 (2.32; 2.72)</td>
              <td align="center">0.368</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IL-1</td>
              <td align="center">2.87 (2.87; 2.87)</td>
              <td align="center">2.87 (2.87; 2.87)</td>
              <td align="center">1.000</td>
              <td align="center">2.87 (2.87; 4.40)</td>
              <td align="center">2.87 (2.87; 3.77)</td>
              <td align="center">0.597</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IL-6<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">0.149</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TNF-&#945;</td>
              <td align="center">2.26 (2.26; 2.26)</td>
              <td align="center">2.26 (2.26; 2.26)</td>
              <td align="center">0.328</td>
              <td align="center">2.26 (2.26; 6.75)</td>
              <td align="center">2.26 (2.26; 13.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.634</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Time of ART (years)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8804; 5</td>
              <td align="center">19 (43.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">15 (31.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.383</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">5-10</td>
              <td align="center">13 (29.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (29.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8805; 10</td>
              <td align="center">12 (27.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">19 (39.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN8">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Media &#177; standard deviation - Independent Student's t-test was applied.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN9">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>OR Crude, 5.47 (2.41-12.93); OR Mantel-Haenszel, 5.60 (2.43-12.9).</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN10">
            <label>&#8225;</label>
            <p>Median (P25; P75) - Mann-Whitney test.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN11">
            <label>&#165;</label>
            <p>There is no variation (all values equal to the minimum).</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN12">
            <p>HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; ART: antiretroviral therapy.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Association of factors risks related to carotid intima-media thickness, multivariate analysis stratified according to HIV infection status</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Inflammatory markers<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#8225;</xref></sup></th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">HIV+</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">HIV-</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">CIMT &gt; 0.61 mm OR (95%CI)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center">p-value</th>
              <th align="center">CIMT &gt; 0.61 mm OR (95%CI)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#8224;</xref></sup></th>
              <th align="center">p-value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PCR US</td>
              <td align="center">1.17 (0.45-2.98)</td>
              <td align="center">0.747</td>
              <td align="center">0.31 (0.02-5.31)</td>
              <td align="center">0.425</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VCAM-1(x10<sup>-3</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">0.54 (0.21-1.38)</td>
              <td align="center">0.197</td>
              <td align="center">1.08 (0.07-17.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.954</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IFN</td>
              <td align="center">1. 76 (0.69-4.51)</td>
              <td align="center">0.238</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IL-1</td>
              <td align="center">10.4 (0.71-151.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.087</td>
              <td align="center">6.14 (0.24-156)</td>
              <td align="center">0.272</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TNF-&#945;</td>
              <td align="center">31.2 (2.70-361)</td>
              <td align="center">0.006</td>
              <td align="center">3.06 (0.12-79.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.500</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN13">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Adjusted by age and smoking.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN14">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>Adjusted by age and total cholesterol.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN15">
            <label>&#8225;</label>
            <p>Analysis considering the median value of the markers.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN16">
            <p>CIMT: carotid intima-media thickness; OR: odds ratio.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate inflammatory biomarkers with the presence of CIMT only in individuals considered at low cardiovascular risk, with exclusive use of NRTIs and NNRTIs, and with undetectable HIV-1 RNA viral load in a population of HIV-infected patients.</p>
      <p>In the univariate analysis, it was found that inflammatory biomarkers (IFN-&#947;, IL-1&#946;, and TNF-&#945;) were higher in the non-HIV group. These data are in contrast to the ones by Ross et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> who found that TNF-&#945;, hs-CRP, IL-6, and sVCAM-1 were significantly higher in the HIV-infected group. Bethan et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> also observed higher elevation of IL-6 and C-reactive protein in HIV-positives as compared with controls. Our study excluded patients with detectable viral load, which is a contributing factor to the increase of these markers. In contrast, the studies cited did not use detectable viral load as an exclusion criterion, and it may have been an influencing factor in the discordance of the results. Samples obtained from plasma donors before, during, and after HIV acquisition demonstrated elevations in various cytokines during viral expansion,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> and the initiation of ART in chronic infection is associated with a decline in the circulating levels of some cytokines, including IL-1&#946;, IL-6, and TNF-&#945;, possibly by reduction of viral load.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> An important limitation of the present study is the fact that the non- HIV group consisted of older individuals as compared with the infected ones. This factor may have contributed to the determination of higher levels of the abovementioned inflammatory markers and total and LDL cholesterol and consequently may have also skewed the results of the association of total and LDL cholesterol with CIMT &#8805; 0.61 mm. However, it is worth noting that there is a great divergence in several studies under lipidogram changes in HIV-infected individuals<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. For example, in the study by Ross et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> the HIV-infected group had lower mean HDL, but total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL were similar between the groups. LDL and triglyceride levels were positively correlated with CIMT. HIV-infected individuals had significantly higher triglyceride values and lower values of total cholesterol, HDL, and LDL as compared with the control group.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>It has been shown that individuals over 40 years of age presented significantly higher total cholesterol, HDL and LDL levels, and higher mean CIMT, reinforcing that older age is a factor associated with its altered thickness measurement. CIMT means showed no statistically significant difference when compared to individuals with and without HIV. Lorenz et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> demonstrated higher CIMT mean in the HIV group when compared with the control one. According to Falc&#227;o et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> patients classified as having medium or high cardiovascular risk based on the Framingham score were 3.7 times more likely to present atherosclerosis than patients considered at low risk. In another study, patients with subclinical atherosclerosis had higher risk score compared to those with normal to mid-normal thickness. For every 10% increase in the FRS, the odds of having an abnormal CIMT tripled.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> However, the low number of individuals in the control group indicates another important limitation for our results, which may explain the lack of statistical association of carotid thickness and HIV infection. Thus, in later studies, we would need a larger group of individuals to further investigate this hypothesis.</p>
      <p>Higher mean age was associated with higher CIMT in HIV-infected and non-infected individuals. Stratified analysis, when controlling for age and CIMT by the infection status, verified that HIV infection does not interfere in the association, that is, the aforementioned relation is independent of the infection status in the analyzed population. However, a larger sample size would be necessary to give greater statistical power to the analysis, considering the wide confidence interval of the raw odds ratios and Mantel-Haenszel odds.</p>
      <p>When evaluating the association between inflammatory markers and CIMT, a significant association with TNF-&#945; was observed in the multivariate analysis, as the increase in IL1-&#946; levels presented a greater chance of atherosclerosis with p-value close to significance. Ssinabulya et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> found high levels of us-CRP were not associated with CIMT. However, in other studies, higher CIMT was associated with higher levels of IL-2, IL-6, TNF-&#945;, us-CRP, and sVCAM-1.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Both our studies and other ones cited have small sample size, so further investigation is needed to more accurately confirm the relationship between inflammatory markers and the occurrence of carotid atherosclerosis. Our result can be explained by careful selection of our patients. Both are attended at a referral centre for HIV treatment, with good medical follow-up. Our sample evaluates an &#8220;ideal&#8221; patient, who has undetectable viral load for probably a rather long time, since the time of ART is greater than five years in 63% and without previous or current use of protease inhibitors. In addition, the FRS calculation for cardiovascular disease is low. These data point to the importance of patient awareness among health professionals, guiding them and controlling risk factors such as smoking, diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidaemia.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>HIV-positive individuals with undetectable HIV-1 RNA viral load, at low risk for cardiovascular disease, using NRTI and NNRTI presented similar carotid thickness compared with non-infected people. Inflammatory markers IL-6, hs-CRP, sVCAM-1, and sICAM-1 showed similar levels in the studied groups and IFN-&#947;, IL-1, and TNF-&#945; had lower levels in the HIV population. Evaluating the association between inflammatory markers and CIMT, in the multivariate analysis, TNF-&#945; and IL1-&#946; were shown to be associated with a greater chance of higher carotid thickness. Our study demonstrates that HIV-positive individuals with undetectable viral load in ART without protease inhibitors and with low cardiovascular risk do not present differences in carotid thickness in relation to uninfected individuals. Control of viral load with NRTIs and NNRTI plus the maintenance of cardiovascular risk parameters under control - such as smoking, diabetes, and dyslipidaemia - possibly result in the patient with HIV having lower risk of occurrence of subclinical atherosclerosis.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by Conselho Nacional de DesenvolvimentoCient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Kaliene Maria Estev&#227;o Leite, from Universidade Federal de Pernambuco.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal de Pernambuco under the protocol number 307087. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
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          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Biomarcadores Inflamat&#243;rios e Espessura Carot&#237;dea em Pacientes Infectados pelo HIV em Terapia Antirretroviral, com Carga Viral de HIV-1 Indetect&#225;vel e Baixo Risco Cardiovascular</article-title>
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            <surname>Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Kaliene Maria Estev&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
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            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Gerson Gomes</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
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            <surname>Godoi</surname>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
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            <given-names>Adriana Ferraz</given-names>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lorena</surname>
            <given-names>Virg&#237;nia Maria Barros</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo S&#233;rgio Ramos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2505-7516</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Kledoaldo Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
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            <given-names>Heloisa Ramos</given-names>
          </name>
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        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina Tropical, Recife, PE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Pesquisa Aggeu Magalh&#227;es, Recife, PE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Kledoaldo Oliveira Lima</bold> Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n. CEP 50670-901, Cidade Universit&#225;ria, Recife, PE - Brasil E-mail: <email>kledoaldo@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p><bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold> Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Leite KME; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Leite KME, Santos J&#250;nior GG, Godoi ETAM, Vasconcelos AF, Lorena VMB, Ara&#250;jo PSR, Lacerda HR; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Leite KME, Lacerda HR; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Lacerda HR; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Godoi ETAM, Lima KO, Lacerda HR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p><bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold> Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>As pessoas que vivem com HIV t&#234;m um risco aumentado de doen&#231;a cardiovascular e espessamento da car&#243;tida, devido &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o causada pelo v&#237;rus, &#224; terapia antirretroviral e a outros fatores de risco. No entanto, poucos estudos observaram a ocorr&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e espessamento carot&#237;deo na popula&#231;&#227;o soropositiva com baixo risco cardiovascular e carga viral indetect&#225;vel.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios e espessura da car&#243;tida em pessoas vivendo com HIV, sob terapia antirretroviral e com baixo risco cardiovascular.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Para determinar o baixo risco cardiovascular em ambos os grupos (indiv&#237;duos infectados e n&#227;o-infectados pelo HIV), foi utilizado o Escore de Risco de Framingham. Os marcadores inflamat&#243;rios (IFN-&#947;, TNF-&#945;, IL-1&#946;, IL-6, sVCAM-1 e sICAM-1) foram avaliados por citometria de fluxo. A espessura da car&#243;tida (mm) foi mensurada por meio de ultrassom com Doppler. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Em pessoas vivendo com HIV, a idade e o tabagismo foram associados a altera&#231;&#245;es da espessura da car&#243;tida. No grupo n&#227;o-HIV, idade e n&#237;veis mais altos de colesterol total e LDL foram associados ao aumento da espessura da car&#243;tida. Utilizando a an&#225;lise multivariada, observou-se associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre os n&#237;veis de TNF-&#945; e IL-1&#946; e maior chance de desenvolvimento de aterosclerose no grupo com HIV.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Ambos os grupos t&#234;m risco semelhante de desenvolver doen&#231;a cardiovascular, portanto, nosso estudo demonstra que indiv&#237;duos HIV-positivos com carga viral indetect&#225;vel em terapia antirretroviral sem inibidores de protease e com baixo risco cardiovascular n&#227;o apresentam diferen&#231;as na espessura da car&#243;tida em rela&#231;&#227;o aos indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o-infectados.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>HIV</kwd>
        <kwd>Infec&#231;&#245;es por HIV</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Terapia Antirretroviral</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as das Art&#233;rias Car&#243;tidas</kwd>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O aumento da longevidade em pessoas vivendo com HIV (PVHIV) devido &#224; terapia antirretroviral de alta atividade (HAART) aumentou a incid&#234;ncia de condi&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas, como as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Segundo alguns estudos, o v&#237;rus e a terapia antirretroviral (TARV) s&#227;o fatores que favorecem o aumento de fatores inflamat&#243;rios e o espessamento da car&#243;tida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Indiv&#237;duos infectados por HIV apresentam altos n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na C-reativa, associada &#224; aterosclerose e ao infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. Os n&#237;veis de interleucina-6 (IL-6), fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-&#945;), interferon gama (IFN-&#947;), interleucina-1 (IL-1), mol&#233;culas de ades&#227;o intracelular (sICAM) e de ades&#227;o vacular (sVCAM), que aumentam na progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a cardiovascular, tamb&#233;m encontram-se aumentados nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Estudos anteriores n&#227;o avaliaram fatores de progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a cardiovascular na popula&#231;&#227;o considerada de baixo risco cardiovascular, deixando de observar o verdadeiro poss&#237;vel efeito da inflama&#231;&#227;o causada pelo v&#237;rus e o efeito adverso dos antirretrovirais sem a interfer&#234;ncia de fatores intr&#237;nsecos que afetam o risco cardiovascular nesses pacientes. Al&#233;m disso, ainda n&#227;o foi estudada uma popula&#231;&#227;o na qual todos os pacientes apresentassem carga viral indetect&#225;vel de RNA do HIV-1 e usassem apenas inibidores da transcriptase reversa an&#225;logos de nucleos&#237;deos (NRTIs) e Inibidores da transcriptase reversa n&#227;o-nucleos&#237;deos (NNRTIs), uma vez que inibidores de protease (IP) t&#234;m alto efeito adverso sobre dist&#250;rbios cardiovasculares.</p>
        <p>O presente estudo avaliou a associa&#231;&#227;o de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios IFN-&#947;, IL-1&#946;, IL-6, TNF-&#945;, prote&#237;na C-reativa, sVCAM-1 e sICAM-1 e a espessura da car&#243;tida em pessoas infectadas pelo HIV, em uso de NRTIs an&#225;logos e NNRTIs e baixo risco cardiovascular. Al&#233;m disso, foram comparados os n&#237;veis de espessura da camada &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia de art&#233;ria car&#243;tida (EMIC) e marcadores inflamat&#243;rios entre indiv&#237;duos infectados e n&#227;o infectados pelo HIV, estratificados por idade.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>Este estudo anal&#237;tico transversal com 115 pacientes foi realizado no Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, na regi&#227;o Nordeste do Brasil. Os participantes foram selecionados por amostragem de conveni&#234;ncia. Noventa e nove pacientes eram portadores de HIV (grupo HIV) e foram atendidos no Servi&#231;o Especializado de Sa&#250;de em HIV/AIDS, outros 16 indiv&#237;duos eram saud&#225;veis e foram utilizados como controle (grupo n&#227;o HIV); ambos os grupos tinham idade entre &#8805; 18 e &#8804; 60 anos. Todos os pacientes com HIV estavam sob TARV iniciada a qualquer momento a partir do diagn&#243;stico com dois NRTIs e um NNRTI, tinham carga viral de RNA do HIV-1 indetect&#225;vel e n&#227;o se encontravam sob tratamento para dislipidemia. Os controles saud&#225;veis foram acompanhantes de pacientes atendidos no Servi&#231;o de Urologia do mesmo hospital. O baixo risco de doen&#231;a cardiovascular tamb&#233;m foi um crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o para ambos os grupos, calculado pelo Escore de Risco de Framingham (ERF). O ERF estima a probabilidade de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ou morte por doen&#231;a coronariana em 10 anos em indiv&#237;duos sem aterosclerose cl&#237;nica pr&#233;via. O c&#225;lculo do risco utiliza par&#226;metros como sexo, idade, n&#237;veis de colesterol total e HDL, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e tabagismo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coleta de dados</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s a assinatura do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE), os dados foram coletados atrav&#233;s de question&#225;rios padronizados, com base em prontu&#225;rios e/ou entrevistas, de acordo com: idade, sexo, ra&#231;a, tipo e tempo da TARV, contagem de c&#233;lulas T CD4 +, carga viral de RNA do HIV-1, tabagismo e diabetes. As contagens de c&#233;lulas T CD4 + foram estimadas atrav&#233;s da citometria de fluxo usando o FACSCalibur (Becton-Dickinson, EUA) e os resultados foram expressos em c&#233;lulas/mm<sup>3</sup>. A carga viral do HIV foi medida usando a rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real (RT-PCR) (Roche Diagnostics, Alemanha) com limite de detec&#231;&#227;o de 50 c&#243;pias/mL. Posteriormente, foram realizados os exames de lipidograma, as medidas de medidas da espessura mediointimal de car&#243;tida (EMIC) e a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de biomarcadores inflamat&#243;rios. No momento em que o paciente foi inclu&#237;do no estudo, o sangue deste foi coletado para determina&#231;&#245;es de lipidogramas e biomarcadores inflamat&#243;rios. Tamb&#233;m foram realizados avalia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial e ultrassom de car&#243;tida com Doppler.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Lipidograma</title>
          <p>O colesterol total, HDL e triglicer&#237;deos foram examinados usando o analisador autom&#225;tico CMD800i (Wiener LAB) com metodologia fotom&#233;trica. O sangue foi coletado sem anticoagulante e imediatamente enviado ao laborat&#243;rio para an&#225;lise. Os valores de colesterol LDL e VLDL foram obtidos pela f&#243;rmula de Friedwald.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Marcadores inflamat&#243;rios</title>
          <p>Os marcadores inflamat&#243;rios (IFN-&#947;, TNF-&#945;, IL-1&#946;, IL-6, sVCAM-1 e sICAM-1) foram avaliados pelo m&#233;todo <italic>citometric bead array</italic> (CBA). Os resultados foram gerados em formato tabular e gr&#225;fico usando o BD CBA Software FCAP Array, vers&#227;o 3.01. A prote&#237;na C-reativa ultrassens&#237;vel foi medida atrav&#233;s da t&#233;cnica de imunoturbidimetria usando o analisador autom&#225;tico CMD800i (Wiener LAB), reagindo com o anticorpo espec&#237;fico para formar imunocomplexos insol&#250;veis. A turbidez produzida pelos imunocomplexos &#233; proporcional &#224; concentra&#231;&#227;o de PCR na amostra.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Mensura&#231;&#227;o da espessura da camada &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia de art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas</title>
          <p>A mensura&#231;&#227;o foi realizada com aparelho de ultrassom (General Eletric, modelo LOGIQe BT12), que possui o software DICOM 3.0 e o Auto IMT, com imagens autom&#225;ticas e bem monitoradas. Os exames de imagem foram realizados por dois m&#233;dicos cirurgi&#245;es vasculares. As medidas foram realizadas na parede posterior do vaso estudado em uma &#225;rea livre de plat&#244; e definida como a dist&#226;ncia entre duas linhas ecog&#234;nicas representadas pela interface l&#250;men-&#237;ntima e advent&#237;cia mediana da parede arterial. A medida autom&#225;tica m&#233;dia da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida comum espessada foi definida como direita (CCD) ou esquerda (CCE). A presen&#231;a de placa foi considerada quando espessamento m&#233;dio-&#237;ntimal (EMI) &gt; 1,5 mm foi observado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas no <italic>software</italic> STATA, vers&#227;o 11.0. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi de p &lt; 0,05. As vari&#225;veis tamb&#233;m foram analisadas estratificadas por idade, com limite de 40 anos devido &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o de N no grupo de casos. As vari&#225;veis qualitativas foram expressas por frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas, e as quantitativas, por estat&#237;sticas descritivas, como m&#233;dia, desvio padr&#227;o, mediana, e percentil de 25 e 75. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas que apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram descritas por m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o; no caso de distribui&#231;&#227;o anormal, elas foram descritas atrav&#233;s de mediana e intervalo interquartil. Foi observada distribui&#231;&#227;o normal para as vari&#225;veis quantitativas idade, colesterol total, HDL e LDL, enquanto triglicer&#237;deos, EMIC e marcadores inflamat&#243;rios n&#227;o apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. A normalidade dos dados foi avaliada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Os testes n&#227;o param&#233;tricos de Kruskal-Wallis e Mann-Whitney foram utilizados para comparar as medianas. O teste t independente de Student foi usado para comparar as m&#233;dias entre os grupos (HIV<sup>+</sup> e HIV<sup>-</sup>). A an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o foi realizada usando o coeficiente de Spearman. Para selecionar as vari&#225;veis mais significativas, foi utilizada uma regress&#227;o log&#237;stica stepwise. As vari&#225;veis moderadamente associadas (p &lt; 0,2) &#224; vari&#225;vel dependente foram inclu&#237;das no modelo, enquanto um limiar de p &lt; 0,05 foi adotado para a elimina&#231;&#227;o gradual das vari&#225;veis consideradas como fatores de risco.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es &#233;ticas</title>
          <p>O Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (n&#186; 307087) aprovou esta pesquisa e o protocolo do estudo est&#225; em conformidade com as diretrizes &#233;ticas da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque de 1975. Todos os participantes assinaram um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Participaram do estudo 99 indiv&#237;duos HIV-positivos e 16 n&#227;o-infectados. Indiv&#237;duos com 40 anos ou mais representaram 59,6% das pessoas infectadas pelo HIV e 75% do grupo controle. Comparando as caracter&#237;sticas dos grupos, houve diferen&#231;as nos marcadores inflamat&#243;rios IFN-&#947;, IL-1 e TNF-&#945;, com n&#237;veis mais elevados no grupo controle. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; EMIC, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos, e a distribui&#231;&#227;o de g&#234;nero, bem como o tabagismo e a diabetes, foram semelhantes entre si. As duas vari&#225;veis a seguir apresentaram signific&#226;ncia lim&#237;trofe: os n&#237;veis de colesterol HDL foram maiores nos pacientes com HIV, enquanto o LDL m&#233;dio foi menor nesse grupo. No grupo HIV-positivo, 37% dos pacientes tinham menos de cinco anos de TARV, 29,3% entre 5 e 10 anos e 33,7% mais de 10 anos. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos n&#237;veis de CD4 e de carga viral durante o per&#237;odo de admiss&#227;o no estudo, 90,5% dos indiv&#237;duos apresentavam n&#237;veis de CD4 acima de 350 c&#233;lulas/mm<sup>3</sup> e todos tinham carga viral indetect&#225;vel. Entre os esquemas terap&#234;uticos com NRTIs, 98 (98,98%) deles continham lamivudina, 65 (65,65%) continha zidovudina, 32 (32,32%) continham tenofovir e tr&#234;s (3,03%) continham didanosina. Para os NNRTIs, 93 (93,93%) usaram efavirenz e seis (6,06%) usaram nevirapina (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos de pacientes infectados e n&#227;o-infectados pelo HIV em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas, fatores de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, marcadores inflamat&#243;rios, medidas de espessura da camada &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida e fatores de risco para infec&#231;&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Grupos</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">HIV+ (n = 99)</th>
                <th align="center">HIV- (n = 16)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idadea (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">42,2 &#177; 8,9</td>
                <td align="center">48,7 &#177; 9,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Faixa et&#225;ria</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt;40 anos</td>
                <td align="center">40 (40,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (25,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,239</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">40 anos ou mais</td>
                <td align="center">59 (59,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (75,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">39 (39,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (25,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,404</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">60 (60,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (75,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Tabagismo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">12 (12,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (-)</td>
                <td align="center">0,213</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">87 (87,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Diabetes</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">3 (3,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (-)</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">96 (97,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Lipidograma (mg/dL)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol Total<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">184,0 &#177; 35,4</td>
                <td align="center">190,37 &#177; 48,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,528</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">50,3 &#177; 14,2</td>
                <td align="center">43,6 &#177; 7,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,069</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">105,3 &#177; 27,2</td>
                <td align="center">118,5 &#177; 38,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,093</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglicerides<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">116,2 (79,6; 176)</td>
                <td align="center">120,1 (90,1; 191,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,695</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>EIMC (mm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EIMC m&#233;dia<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,573 &#177; 0,123</td>
                <td align="center">0,586 &#177; 0,116</td>
                <td align="center">0,697</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Marcadores inflamat&#243;rios<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">&#8224;</xref></sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PCR US</td>
                <td align="center">0,1 (0; 0,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,1 (0; 0,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,680</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ICAM-1</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0; 0)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0; 0)</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VCAM-1(x10<sup>-3</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">12,12 (11,42; 12,62)</td>
                <td align="center">12,94 (10,59; 13,47)</td>
                <td align="center">0,071</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IFN</td>
                <td align="center">2,16 (1,98; 2,40)</td>
                <td align="center">2,67 (2,29; 2,91)</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IL-1</td>
                <td align="center">2,87 (2,87; 2,87)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">2,87 (2,87; 4,08)</td>
                <td align="center">0,027</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IL-6</td>
                <td align="center">2,1 (2,1; 2,1)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">2,1 (2,1; 2,1)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,689</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TNF-&#945;</td>
                <td align="center">2,26 (2,26; 2,26)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">2,26 (2,26; 7,55)</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Tempo de TARV (anos)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 5 anos</td>
                <td align="center">34 (37,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&gt; 5 e &lt; 10 anos</td>
                <td align="center">27 (29,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805; 10 anos</td>
                <td align="center">31 (33,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>CD4+ ContagemCelular (Celulas/mm<sup>3</sup>)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 200</td>
                <td align="center">2 (2,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">200-349</td>
                <td align="center">7 (7,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805; 350</td>
                <td align="center">86 (90,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Antirretrovirais</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Lamivudina</td>
                <td align="center">98 (98,98%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Zidovudina</td>
                <td align="center">65 (65,65%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tenofovir</td>
                <td align="center">32 (32,32%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Didanosina</td>
                <td align="center">3 (3,03 %)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Efavirenz</td>
                <td align="center">93 (93,93%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nevirapina</td>
                <td align="center">6 (6,06%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN17">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>M&#233;dia &#177; DP - foi aplicado o teste t de Student.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN18">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Mediana (P25; P75) - foi aplicado o teste de Kruskall-Wallis.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN19">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>Valores abaixo do limite de detec&#231;&#227;o do teste.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN20">
              <p>HDL: lipoproteina de alta densidade; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; EIMC: espessura da camada &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia de art&#233;ria car&#243;tida; TARV: terapia antirretroviral.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Nos indiv&#237;duos infectados pelo HIV, foram observados n&#237;veis mais altos de HDL e LDL, EMIC, contagem de c&#233;lulas T CD4+ e tempo de TARV nos indiv&#237;duos mais velhos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>). O percentil 75 calculado para 115 pacientes foi de 0,61 mm. Portanto, a IMC foi considerada espessada se &gt;0,61 mm. No grupo HIV-positivo, foi detectada EMIC &#8805;0,61 mm em 51 indiv&#237;duos (51,51%), dos quais 78,4% tinham 40 anos ou mais. Para o grupo n&#227;o-HIV, a presen&#231;a de EMIC &#8805; 0,61 mm foi de 56,25% (nove indiv&#237;duos), sendo que 88,9% desses pacientes tinham 40 anos ou mais. Embora tenha sido evidenciada associa&#231;&#227;o entre indiv&#237;duos infectados pelo HIV com 40 anos ou mais e o aumento da espessura da car&#243;tida, uma compara&#231;&#227;o entre as raz&#245;es de chances (<italic>odds ratio</italic>) brutas e de Mantel-Haenszel mostrou que a associa&#231;&#227;o entre idade e espessura maiores &#233; independente do <italic>status</italic> da infec&#231;&#227;o. N&#237;veis mais altos de colesterol total e LDL foram associados &#224; EMIC &#8805; 0,61 mm no grupo n&#227;o-HIV (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>). Foi observada uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com os n&#237;veis de TNF-&#945; na an&#225;lise multivariada ap&#243;s ajustes por idade, tabagismo e n&#237;vel de colesterol. Assim, n&#237;veis aumentados de TNF-&#945; foram associados a maior chance de aterosclerose. Indiv&#237;duos com n&#237;veis elevados de IL1-&#946; tiveram maior chance de aterosclerose com valor de p pr&#243;ximo &#224; signific&#226;ncia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais, espessura da camada &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida e caracter&#237;sticas da terapia antirretroviral relacionada &#224; idade de indiv&#237;duos infectados pelo HIV</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Faixa et&#225;ria</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">&lt; 40 anos (n = 40)</th>
                <th align="center">&#8805; 40 anos (n = 59) </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">14 (35,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (42,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,461</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">26 (65,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (57,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Tabagismo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">3 (7,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (15,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,246</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">37 (92,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (84,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Diabetes</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (3,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,800</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">39 (97,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">57 (96,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Lipidograma (mg/dL)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol total<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">169,3 &#177; 33,1</td>
                <td align="center">193,9 &#177; 33,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">45,6 &#177; 9,9</td>
                <td align="center">53,4 &#177; 15,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">97,5 &#177; 23,4</td>
                <td align="center">110,9 &#177; 28,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglic&#233;rides<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">130,5 (76; 199)</td>
                <td align="center">111,4 (81; 174)</td>
                <td align="center">0,571</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>EIMC (mm)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">*</xref></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EIMC media</td>
                <td align="center">0,521 &#177; 0,070</td>
                <td align="center">0,609 &#177; 0,138</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Marcadores inflamat&#243;rios<sup>&#8224;</sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PCR US</td>
                <td align="center">0,2 (0; 0,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,1 (0; 0,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,298</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ICAM-1</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0; 0)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0; 0)</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VCAM-1(x10<sup>-3</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">12,06 (11,59; 12,49)</td>
                <td align="center">12,12 (10,42; 12,75)</td>
                <td align="center">0,764</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IFN</td>
                <td align="center">2,18 (2,05; 2,42)</td>
                <td align="center">2,16 (1,91; 2,37)</td>
                <td align="center">0,255</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IL-1</td>
                <td align="center">2,87 (2,87; 2,87)</td>
                <td align="center">2,87 (2,87; 2,87)</td>
                <td align="center">0,529</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IL-6</td>
                <td align="center">2,1 (2,1; 2,1)</td>
                <td align="center">2,1 (2,1; 2,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,689</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TNF-&#945;</td>
                <td align="center">2,26 (2,26; 2,26)</td>
                <td align="center">2,26 (2,26; 2,26)</td>
                <td align="center">0,522</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Tempo de TARV (anos)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 5</td>
                <td align="center">20 (54,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (25,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">5-10</td>
                <td align="center">11 (29,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (29,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805; 10</td>
                <td align="center">6 (16,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (45,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>CD4+ T Contagem Celular (C&#233;lulas/mm<sup>3</sup>)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 200</td>
                <td align="center">0 (2,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (3,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,013</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">200-349</td>
                <td align="center">6 (7,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805; 350</td>
                <td align="center">32 (84,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">54 (94,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN21">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>M&#233;dia &#177; DP - foi aplicado o teste t de Student.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN22">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Mediana (P25; P75) - foi aplicado o teste de Kruskall-Wallis.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN23">
              <p>HDL: lipoproteina de alta densidade; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; EIMC: espessura da camada &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia de art&#233;ria car&#243;tida; TARV: terapia antirretroviral.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fatores de risco relacionados &#224; espessura da camada &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida, estratificados de acordo com a condi&#231;&#227;o de infec&#231;&#227;o pelo HIV</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">HIV+</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">HIV-</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">&lt; 0,61 mm</th>
                <th align="center">&#8805; 0,61 mm</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p </th>
                <th align="center">&lt; 0,61 mm</th>
                <th align="center">&#8805; 0,61 mm</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade<sup>a</sup> (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">37,9 &#177; 7,1</td>
                <td align="center">46,3 &#177; 8,5</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">44,0 &#177; 9,8</td>
                <td align="center">52,4 &#177; 7,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,063</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Faixa et&#225;ria</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 40</td>
                <td align="center">29 (60,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (21,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">3 (42,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (11,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,192<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805; 40</td>
                <td align="center">19 (39,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (78,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">4 (57,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (88,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">19 (39,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (39,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,970</td>
                <td align="center">2 (28,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (22,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,608</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">29 (60,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (60,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">5 (71,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (77,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Tabagismo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">3 (6,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (17,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,082</td>
                <td align="center">0 (-)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (-)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">45 (93,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (82,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">7 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Diabetes</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (3,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,594</td>
                <td align="center">0 (-)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (-)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">47 (97,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (96,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">7 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Lipidograma (mg/dL)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol total <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">178,1 &#177; 33,8</td>
                <td align="center">199,9 &#177; 58,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,395</td>
                <td align="center">175,7 &#177; 31,5</td>
                <td align="center">191,8 &#177; 37,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,023</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">41,5 &#177; 9,8</td>
                <td align="center">45,2 &#177; 5,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,362</td>
                <td align="center">50,4 &#177; 17,6</td>
                <td align="center">50,1 &#177; 10,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,931</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">110,9 &#177; 23,3</td>
                <td align="center">124,4 &#177; 47,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,504</td>
                <td align="center">98,5 &#177; 21,7</td>
                <td align="center">111,4 &#177; 30,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,020</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglic&#233;rides<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN26">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">113 (72; 181)</td>
                <td align="center">118 (86; 174)</td>
                <td align="center">0,459</td>
                <td align="center">117 (86; 169)</td>
                <td align="center">122 (101; 200)</td>
                <td align="center">0,560</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Marcadores inflamat&#243;rios <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN26">&#8225;</xref></sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PCR US</td>
                <td align="center">0,1 (0; 0,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,1 (0; 0,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,966</td>
                <td align="center">0,1 (0; 0,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,1 (0; 0,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,581</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ICAM-1<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN27">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VCAM-1(x10<sup>-3</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">12,1 (11,3; 12,6)</td>
                <td align="center">12,0 (11,4; 12,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,931</td>
                <td align="center">13,0 (6,6; 13,6)</td>
                <td align="center">12,9 (10,8; 13,4)</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IFN</td>
                <td align="center">2,16 (1,98; 2,37)</td>
                <td align="center">2,21 (1,93; 2,43)</td>
                <td align="center">0,481</td>
                <td align="center">2,91 (1,96; 3,24)</td>
                <td align="center">2,66 (2,32; 2,72)</td>
                <td align="center">0,368</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IL-1</td>
                <td align="center">2,87 (2,87; 2,87)</td>
                <td align="center">2,87 (2,87; 2,87)</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
                <td align="center">2,87 (2,87; 4,40)</td>
                <td align="center">2,87 (2,87; 3,77)</td>
                <td align="center">0,597</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IL-6<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN27">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0,149</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TNF-&#945;</td>
                <td align="center">2,26 (2,26; 2,26)</td>
                <td align="center">2,26 (2,26; 2,26)</td>
                <td align="center">0,328</td>
                <td align="center">2,26 (2,26; 6,75)</td>
                <td align="center">2,26 (2,26; 13,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,634</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Tempo de TARV (anos)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8804; 5</td>
                <td align="center">19 (43,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (31,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,383</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">5-10</td>
                <td align="center">13 (29,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (29,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805; 10</td>
                <td align="center">12 (27,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (39,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN24">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>M&#233;dia &#177; DP - foi aplicado o teste t de Student.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN25">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>OR brute, 5,47 (2,41-12,93); OR Mantel-Haenszel, 5,60 (2,43-12,9).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN26">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>Mediana (P25; P75) - foi aplicado o teste de Mann-Whitney.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN27">
              <label>&#165;</label>
              <p>N&#227;o h&#225; varia&#231;&#227;o (todos os valores s&#227;o iguais ao m&#237;nimo).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN28">
              <p>HDL: lipoproteina de alta densidade; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; TARV: terapia antirretroviral.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de risco relacionados &#224; espessura da camada &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida, an&#225;lise multivariada estratificada de acordo com o status de infec&#231;&#227;o pelo HIV</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Marcadores inflamat&#243;rios<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN31">&#8225;</xref></sup></th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">HIV+</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">HIV-</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">EIMC &gt; 0,61 mm OR (IC 95%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN29">*</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                <th align="center">EIMC &gt; 0,61 mm OR (IC 95%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN30">&#8224;</xref></sup></th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PCR US</td>
                <td align="center">1, 17 (0,45-2,98)</td>
                <td align="center">0,747</td>
                <td align="center">0,31 (0,02-5,31)</td>
                <td align="center">0,425</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VCAM-1(x10<sup>-3</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">0, 54 (0,21-1,38)</td>
                <td align="center">0,197</td>
                <td align="center">1,08 (0,07-17,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,954</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IFN</td>
                <td align="center">1, 76 (0,69-4,51)</td>
                <td align="center">0,238</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IL-1</td>
                <td align="center">10,4 (0,71-151,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,087</td>
                <td align="center">6,14 (0,24-156)</td>
                <td align="center">0,272</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TNF-&#945;</td>
                <td align="center">31,2 (2,70-361)</td>
                <td align="center">0,006</td>
                <td align="center">3,06 (0,12-79,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,500</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN29">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Ajustado por idade e tabagismo.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN30">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Ajustado por idade e colesterol total.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN31">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>An&#225;lise considerando o valor mediano dos marcadores.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN32">
              <p>EIMC: espessura da camada &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia de art&#233;ria car&#243;tida; OR: odds ratio.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>At&#233; onde sabemos, este &#233; o primeiro estudo a avaliar biomarcadores inflamat&#243;rios com presen&#231;a de EMIC apenas em indiv&#237;duos considerados de baixo risco cardiovascular, com uso exclusivo de NRTIs e NNRTIs e com carga viral indetect&#225;vel de RNA do HIV-1 em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes infectados com HIV.</p>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise univariada, verificou-se que os biomarcadores inflamat&#243;rios (IFN-&#947;, IL-1&#946; e TNF-&#945;) foram mais altos no grupo n&#227;o-HIV. Esses dados contrastam com os de Ross et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> que descobriram que TNF-&#945;, hs-CRP, IL-6 e sVCAM-1 eram significativamente maiores no grupo infectado pelo HIV. Bethan et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> tamb&#233;m observaram aumentos mais significativos das prote&#237;nas IL-6 e C-reativa nos soropositivos para o HIV em compara&#231;&#227;o aos controles. Nosso estudo excluiu pacientes com carga viral detect&#225;vel, o que contribui para o aumento desses marcadores. Por outro lado, os estudos citados n&#227;o utilizaram a carga viral detect&#225;vel como crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o, o que pode ter influenciado na discord&#226;ncia dos resultados. As amostras obtidas de doadores de plasma antes, durante e ap&#243;s a aquisi&#231;&#227;o do HIV demonstraram eleva&#231;&#245;es em v&#225;rias citocinas durante a expans&#227;o viral,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> e o in&#237;cio da TARV na infec&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica est&#225; associado a um decl&#237;nio nos n&#237;veis circulantes de algumas citocinas, incluindo IL-1&#946;, IL- 6 e TNF-&#945;, possivelmente pela redu&#231;&#227;o da carga viral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Uma limita&#231;&#227;o importante do presente estudo &#233; o fato de o grupo n&#227;o-HIV consistir em indiv&#237;duos mais velhos em compara&#231;&#227;o com os infectados. Esse fator pode ter contribu&#237;do para a determina&#231;&#227;o de n&#237;veis mais elevados dos marcadores inflamat&#243;rios e colesterol total e LDL mencionados acima e, consequentemente, tamb&#233;m pode ter distorcido os resultados da associa&#231;&#227;o do colesterol total e LDL com a EIMC &#8805;0,61 mm. No entanto, vale ressaltar que h&#225; uma grande diverg&#234;ncia em v&#225;rios estudos sobre altera&#231;&#245;es de lipidograma em indiv&#237;duos infectados pelo HIV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Por exemplo, no estudo de Ross et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> o grupo infectado pelo HIV apresentou HDL m&#233;dio mais baixo, mas o colesterol total, triglicer&#237;deos e LDL foram semelhantes entre os grupos. Os n&#237;veis de LDL e triglicer&#237;deos foram correlacionados positivamente com a EMIC. Os indiv&#237;duos infectados pelo HIV apresentaram valores significativamente mais altos de triglicer&#237;deos e valores mais baixos de colesterol total, HDL e LDL em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Foi demonstrado que indiv&#237;duos acima de 40 anos apresentaram n&#237;veis significativamente mais altos de colesterol total, HDL e LDL, al&#233;m de EMIC m&#233;dia mais alta, refor&#231;ando que a idade mais avan&#231;ada &#233; um fator associado &#224; sua medida de espessura alterada. As m&#233;dias da EMIC n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa quando comparadas a indiv&#237;duos com e sem HIV. Lorenz et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> demonstraram maior EMIC no grupo HIV quando comparado ao grupo controle. Segundo Falc&#227;o et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> os pacientes classificados como de risco cardiovascular m&#233;dio ou alto, com base no escore de Framingham, apresentaram 3,7 vezes mais chances de apresentar aterosclerose do que os pacientes considerados de baixo risco. Em outro estudo, pacientes com aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica apresentaram maior escore de risco em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles com espessura normal a m&#233;dia-normal. Para cada aumento de 10% no ERF, as chances de EMIC anormal triplicaram.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> No entanto, o baixo n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos no grupo controle indica outra limita&#231;&#227;o importante para nossos resultados, o que pode explicar a falta de associa&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica da espessura da car&#243;tida e infec&#231;&#227;o pelo HIV. Assim, em estudos posteriores, seria necess&#225;rio um grupo maior de indiv&#237;duos para investigar melhor essa hip&#243;tese.</p>
        <p>Maior idade m&#233;dia foi associada a maior EMIC em indiv&#237;duos infectados e n&#227;o infectados pelo HIV. Ao controlar a idade e a EMIC pelo status de infec&#231;&#227;o, a an&#225;lise estratificada verificou que a infec&#231;&#227;o pelo HIV n&#227;o interfere em sua associa&#231;&#227;o, ou seja, a rela&#231;&#227;o mencionada acima &#233; independente do <italic>status</italic> de infec&#231;&#227;o na popula&#231;&#227;o analisada. No entanto, um tamanho amostral maior seria necess&#225;rio para dar maior poder estat&#237;stico &#224; an&#225;lise, considerando o amplo intervalo de confian&#231;a das <italic>odds ratios</italic> bruta e de Mantel-Haenszel.</p>
        <p>Ao avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre marcadores inflamat&#243;rios e EMIC, observou-se associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com TNF-&#945; na an&#225;lise multivariada, pois o aumento dos n&#237;veis de IL1-&#946;(apresentou maior chance de aterosclerose com valor de p pr&#243;ximo &#224; signific&#226;ncia. Ssinabulya et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> encontraram altos n&#237;veis de PCR-us n&#227;o associados &#224; EMIC. Entretanto, em outros estudos, a maior EMIC foi associada a n&#237;veis mais altos de IL-2, IL-6, TNF-&#945;, PCR-us e sVCAM-1<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>. Tanto nossos estudos quanto os outros citados t&#234;m pequeno tamanho amostral, sendo necess&#225;rias mais investiga&#231;&#245;es para confirmar com maior precis&#227;o a rela&#231;&#227;o entre marcadores inflamat&#243;rios e a ocorr&#234;ncia de aterosclerose carot&#237;dea. Nosso resultado pode ser explicado pela sele&#231;&#227;o cuidadosa de nossos pacientes. Ambos s&#227;o atendidos em um centro de refer&#234;ncia para tratamento do HIV, com bom acompanhamento m&#233;dico. Nossa amostra avalia um paciente &#8220;ideal&#8221;, com carga viral indetect&#225;vel por provavelmente um longo per&#237;odo de tempo, j&#225; que o tempo de TARV &#233; superior a cinco anos em 63% deles e n&#227;o houve uso pr&#233;vio ou atual de inibidores de protease. Al&#233;m disso, o c&#225;lculo do ERF para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares &#233; baixo. Esses dados apontam para a import&#226;ncia da conscientiza&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes entre os profissionais de sa&#250;de, orientando-os e controlando fatores de risco como tabagismo, diabetes, hipertens&#227;o e dislipidemia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Indiv&#237;duos HIV-positivos com carga viral indetect&#225;vel de RNA HIV-1, com baixo risco de doen&#231;a cardiovascular, utilizando NRTI e NNRTI apresentaram espessura carot&#237;dea semelhante em compara&#231;&#227;o com pessoas n&#227;o-infectadas. Os marcadores inflamat&#243;rios IL-6, hs-PCR, sVCAM-1 e sICAM-1 apresentaram n&#237;veis semelhantes nos grupos estudados e IFN-&#947;, IL-1 e TNF-&#945; apresentaram n&#237;veis mais baixos na popula&#231;&#227;o com HIV. Ao avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre marcadores inflamat&#243;rios e EMIC na an&#225;lise multivariada, TNF-&#945; e IL1-&#946; mostraram-se associados a uma maior chance de espessamento da car&#243;tida. Nosso estudo demonstra que indiv&#237;duos HIV-positivos com carga viral indetect&#225;vel em TARV sem inibidores de protease e com baixo risco cardiovascular n&#227;o apresentam diferen&#231;as na espessura da car&#243;tida em rela&#231;&#227;o aos indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o-infectados. O controle da carga viral com NRTIs e NNRTIs, al&#233;m da manuten&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros de risco cardiovascular sob controle - como tabagismo, diabetes e dislipidemia - possivelmente resultam em pacientes com HIV com menor risco de ocorr&#234;ncia de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Conselho Nacional de DesenvolvimentoCient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Kaliene Maria Estev&#227;o Leite pela Universidade Federal de Pernambuco.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 307087. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
