<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">RKkcLSFRFZJ997ZFRKsx3Cw</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000100087</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190770</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Antioxidant Effects of <italic>Euterpe Oleracea Mart.</italic> (A&#231;ai) on Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats: Would it Represent a Good Way To Follow?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3072-6270</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alencar</surname>
            <given-names>Allan Kardec Nogueira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina de Petr&#243;polis</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Petr&#243;polis</city>
            <state>RJ</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Petr&#243;polis (FMP), Petr&#243;polis, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Allan Kardec Nogueira de Alencar,</bold> Av. Bar&#227;o do Rio Branco, 1003. Postal Code 25680-120, Petr&#243;polis, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>allankdc@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>87</fpage>
      <lpage>89</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Euterpe Oler&#225;cea</kwd>
        <kwd>Oxidative Stress</kwd>
        <kwd>Energy Metabolism</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Ischemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Reperfusion Injury</kwd>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Abrupt occlusion of an epicardial coronary artery may result in acute myocardial infarction with elevation of the ST segment as the myocardium underwent an ischemic process.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> This promotes damage to the cardiomyocytes, mainly due to metabolic disturbances in the ATP generation with subsequent cell death and myocardial necrosis. Furthermore, reduced levels of intracellular ATP leads to an overload of cytosolic Ca<sup>2+</sup> and Na<sup>+</sup> concentrations and heart function impairment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> It would be expected that restoration of blood flow to the ischemic area in the myocardium to minimize the injury, but reperfusion may also induce additional damage to the cardiac cells, a phenomenon described as ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> which contributes to an increased infarct area and microvascular dysfunction, being sometimes lethal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Myocardial I/R injury involves several features that potentiate the final damage on the heart. Morphologically, I/R lesions presents contraction bands, karyolysis, disturbance of mitochondria, sarcolemma disruption, microvascular destruction, interstitial hemorrhage, and inflammation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Additionally, at reperfusion period an elevation in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) displays important roles for the I/R injury extent.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> The respiratory chain and NADPH oxidases of the NOX family are major sources of ROS that trigger the opening of mitochondrial permeability pore, causing irreversible damage to the cardiomyocytes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Usually, the rupture of atheroma and partial or complete obstruction of an epicardial coronary artery is followed by spontaneous or interventional reperfusion. However, reperfusion sometimes may not occur.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Thus, we might realize that these burdens of factors augment the final infarct size and that it is complicated to recapitulate them by using animal models considering the vast anatomic and physiological differences from the human scenario. Nevertheless, most of the current knowledge about I/R-induced myocardial damage is derived from experimental studies in animals<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> and rodent models of I/R injury can help to clarify potential pathophysiological mechanisms and identify new targets to treat this clinical condition. In this context, rat models of myocardial infarct and I/R injury have been instigating the pre-clinical research field to establish the therapeutic potential of natural agents in innumerous diseases. The antioxidant effect observed in some plant components might be useful for proposing their applicability to induce cardioprotection, and this characteristic could be, in part, proven by administrating natural products, for example, in rats with experimentally induced cardiac injury.</p>
    <p><italic>Euterpe oleracea</italic> Mart., popularly known as &#8220;a&#231;ai,&#8221; is a fruit extensively cultivated in the North region of Brazil, specifically in the Amazon. This purple fruit was chemically studied, and it was found several antioxidant substances on its composition.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Additionally, a&#231;ai has anti-inflammatory and vasodilator effects.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
		</p>
    <p>A recent work has been performed by Alegre et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> in which the authors address that a&#231;ai supplementation prevents metabolism deregulation in an acute rat model of myocardial I/R injury. This study shows that preventive treatment with a&#231;ai attenuates oxidative stress but did not decrease the infarcted area or improve left ventricular function after global I/R. The authors described a beneficial effect of a&#231;ai only in the metabolism of heart cells and discuss that the reduction of oxidative stress would be followed by an improvement in the left ventricular function. However, they observed that the treatment with a&#231;ai worsened diastolic function after I/R leading to infer that the left heart dysfunction depends on mechanisms other than oxidative damage. Additionally, despite the changes observed in antioxidant enzymes in this work, a&#231;ai supplementation did not influence the expression of transcriptional factor NF-kB, Nrf2, SIRT1, and FOXO1, proteins related with oxidative stress, regulation of the antioxidant enzymes production and cellular balance by acting on apoptosis, mitochondrial biogenesis, inflammation, glucose and lipid metabolism. I understand that this data can be justified by the protocol used in this work, as probably there was not enough time for the I/R injury to stimulate protein transcription. But, in my opinion, the preventive treatment with a&#231;ai for six weeks, should have avoided, at least partially, the higher levels of some of these markers after global I/R injury in hearts from male rats, as it acts as an antioxidant agent.</p>
    <p>It is also addressed that a&#231;ai supplementation led to a higher activity of b-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and citrate synthase enzymes which can characterize higher fatty acid oxidation. Moreover, there was a lower activity of phosphofructokinase, the enzyme for glycolysis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> The authors explain that a&#231;ai supplementation altered substrate selection for mitochondrial oxidation in reperfusion from glucose to fatty acids, maintaining the energy metabolism closer to a physiological situation. In this regard, I perceived a contradictory discussion of the presented results as the authors defend that a&#231;ai treatment could be beneficial by altering ATP production from glycolysis to fatty acid oxidation, but later in the discussion they assume that the change in energetic metabolism which occurs in stress situations has a protective role in the myocardium and that the prevention of glucose use induced by a&#231;ai supplementation may have negatively interfered with this adaptive protective mechanism.</p>
    <p>Finally, authors comment that the amount of a&#231;ai ingested by rats on their study is equivalent to 600 mg for a 60 kg human, assuming that through the data obtained in this work the quantity of a&#231;ai is feasible for human ingestion, and inaccurately extrapolate their finds when, by the end of discussion, it is highlighted that a&#231;ai could be a potential strategy to attenuate I/R injury in the clinical setting. How could the dose of a&#231;ai administered in rats with a cardiac lesion which promoted worsening of the diastolic function be suitable for human use? This was superficially discussed by the authors when they mentioned findings from a previous work that investigated the effects of anthocyanin extract in global rat heart I/R, suggesting that this substance, which is present in the a&#231;ai composition, was cardioprotective in low doses and could be cardiotoxic in high doses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Howbeit, this topic of the discussion was not clear on how this argument could justify the effects of administration of a standard chow supplemented with 5% a&#231;ai in rats for six weeks, as it was not measured the anthocyanin content, the treatment with a&#231;ai did not promote protection against I/R injury and the authors still remained proposing that the dose of a&#231;ai used in their experimental protocol could be used in humans.</p>
    <p>Relevant points must be considered when pre-clinical experiments are developed. This was well discussed by Ib&#225;&#241;ez et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> when they address the importance of comparing results from different models of I/R or even different laboratories. The time of the day at which the cardiac I/R injury is induced has a significative influence on the tolerance of the heart to that lesion.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Moreover, the season and day of the week may influence the results observed in animal models and in the response of possible new cardioprotective therapies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Importantly, this is also observed in patients, as the circadian clock influences a number of cardiovascular pathophysiological processes including the incidence of acute myocardial infarction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Natural products (herbs) have in numerous substances on their composition. These compounds would interact with multiple biological targets. Thus, it is of utmost importance to identify the associations among bioactive components of herbs and their targets in the cells. Many herbal substances which are currently used have not been submitted to minacious scientific evaluations, and this might promote potential and serious toxic effects due to possible drug-to-drug interactions and/or related to the dose administrated.</p>
    <p>Despite the important progress in pre-clinical and clinical trials evaluations of novel cardioprotective agents, it is well recognized by the cardiology field that there is a huge challenge in the development of new drugs against I/R injury, which is to perform larger phase III trials in order to elucidate clinical responses to these new substances in the context of lethal I/R. Thus, I agree that it would be worth the effort of polishing the already available therapeutic strategies instead of trying to identify new treatments for myocardial damage promoted after an episode of I/R.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short editorial related to the article: <italic>Euterpe Oleracea Mart.</italic> (A&#231;a&#237;) Reduces xidative Stress and Improves Energetic Metabolism in Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 DeWood MA, Spores J, Notske R, et al. Prevalence of total coronary occlusion during the early hours of transmural myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1980;303(16):897-902.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>DeWood</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Spores</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Notske</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prevalence of total coronary occlusion during the early hours of transmural myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>1980</year>
          <volume>303</volume>
          <issue>16</issue>
          <fpage>897</fpage>
          <lpage>902</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Jennings RB. Historical perspective on the pathology of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Circ Res. 2013;113(4):428-38.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jennings</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Historical perspective on the pathology of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury</article-title>
          <source>Circ Res</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>113</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>428</fpage>
          <lpage>438</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Juhaszova M, Zorov DB, Yaniv Y, Nuss HB, Wang S , Sollott SJ. Role of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta in cardioprotection. Circ Res. 2009;104(11):1240-52.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Juhaszova</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zorov</surname>
              <given-names>DB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yaniv</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nuss</surname>
              <given-names>HB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sollott</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Role of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta in cardioprotection</article-title>
          <source>Circ Res</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>104</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1240</fpage>
          <lpage>1252</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Przyklenk K. Lethal Myocardial "Reperfusion Injury": The Opinions of Good Men. J Thromb thrombolysis. 1997;4(1):5-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Przyklenk</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Lethal Myocardial "Reperfusion Injury": The Opinions of Good Men</article-title>
          <source>J Thromb thrombolysis</source>
          <year>1997</year>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>5</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 Ibanez B, Heusch G, Ovize M, Van de Werf F. Evolving therapies for myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65(14): 1454-71.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ibanez</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heusch</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ovize</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Van de Werf</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Evolving therapies for myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>65</volume>
          <issue>14</issue>
          <fpage>1454</fpage>
          <lpage>1471</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 Cadenas S. ROS and redox signaling in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury and cardioprotection. Free Radic Biol Med. 2018 Mar;117:76-89.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cadenas</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>ROS and redox signaling in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury and cardioprotection</article-title>
          <source>Free Radic Biol Med</source>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>117</volume>
          <fpage>76</fpage>
          <lpage>89</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 Skyschally A, Schulz R, Heusch G. Pathophysiology of myocardial infarction: protection by ischemic pre- and postconditioning. Herz. 2008; 33(2): 88-100.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Skyschally</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schulz</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heusch</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pathophysiology of myocardial infarction: protection by ischemic pre- and postconditioning</article-title>
          <source>Herz</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>88</fpage>
          <lpage>100</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 Rodrigues RB, Lichtenthaler R, Zimmermann BF, Papagiannopoulos M, Fabricius H, Marx F, et al. Total oxidant scavenging capacity of Euterpe oleracea Mart. (acai) seeds and identification of their polyphenolic compounds. J Agric Food Chem. 2006;54(12):4162-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lichtenthaler</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zimmermann</surname>
              <given-names>BF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Papagiannopoulos</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fabricius</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marx</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Total oxidant scavenging capacity of Euterpe oleracea Mart. (acai) seeds and identification of their polyphenolic compounds</article-title>
          <source>J Agric Food Chem</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>54</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>4162</fpage>
          <lpage>4167</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9 Schauss AG, Wu X, Prior RL, Ou B, Huang D, Owens J, et al. Antioxidant capacity and other bioactivities of the freeze-dried Amazonian palm berry, Euterpe oleraceae mart. (acai). J Agric Food Chem.200654(22):8604-10.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Schauss</surname>
              <given-names>AG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wu</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Prior</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ou</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huang</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Owens</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Antioxidant capacity and other bioactivities of the freeze-dried Amazonian palm berry, Euterpe oleraceae mart. (acai)</article-title>
          <source>J Agric Food Chem</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>54</volume>
          <issue>22</issue>
          <fpage>8604</fpage>
          <lpage>8610</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10 Rocha AP, Carvalho LC, Sousa MA, Madeira SV, Sousa PJ, Tano T, et al. Endothelium-dependent vasodilator effect of Euterpe oleracea Mart. (Acai) extracts in mesenteric vascular bed of the rat. Vascul Pharmacol. 2007;46(2):97-104.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rocha</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carvalho</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sousa</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Madeira</surname>
              <given-names>SV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sousa</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tano</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Endothelium-dependent vasodilator effect of Euterpe oleracea Mart. (Acai) extracts in mesenteric vascular bed of the rat</article-title>
          <source>Vascul Pharmacol</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>46</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>97</fpage>
          <lpage>104</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11 Alegre P, Mathias L, Louren&#231;o MA, Santos PP, Gon&#231;alves A, Fernandes AA, et al. Euterpe Oleracea Mart. (A&#231;a&#237;) Reduz o estresse oxidativo e melhora o metabolismo energ&#233;tico da les&#227;o de isquemia-reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em ratos. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 114(1):78-86.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Alegre</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mathias</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Louren&#231;o</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>PP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fernandes</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Euterpe Oleracea Mart. (A&#231;a&#237;) Reduz o estresse oxidativo e melhora o metabolismo energ&#233;tico da les&#227;o de isquemia-reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em ratos</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>114</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>78</fpage>
          <lpage>86</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12 Ziberna L, Lunder M, Moze S, Vanzo A, Tramer F, Passamonti S, et al. Acute cardioprotective and cardiotoxic effects of bilberry anthocyanins in ischemia-reperfusion injury: beyond concentration-dependent antioxidant activity. Cardiovasc Toxicol. 2010;10(4):283-94.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ziberna</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lunder</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moze</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vanzo</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tramer</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Passamonti</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Acute cardioprotective and cardiotoxic effects of bilberry anthocyanins in ischemia-reperfusion injury: beyond concentration-dependent antioxidant activity</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Toxicol</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>283</fpage>
          <lpage>294</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13 Suarez-Barrientos A, Lopez-Romero P, Vivas D, Castro-Ferreira F, Nunez Gil I, Franco E, et al. Circadian variations of infarct size in acute myocardial infarction. Heart. 2011;97(12):970-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Suarez-Barrientos</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lopez-Romero</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vivas</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Castro-Ferreira</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nunez Gil</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Franco</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Circadian variations of infarct size in acute myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Heart</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>97</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>970</fpage>
          <lpage>976</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeitos Antioxidantes do <italic>Euterpe Oleracea Mart.</italic> (A&#231;a&#237;) na Les&#227;o de Isquemia-Reperfus&#227;o do Mioc&#225;rdio em Ratos: Essa seria uma Boa Abordagem a ser Seguida?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3072-6270</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alencar</surname>
            <given-names>Allan Kardec Nogueira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Petr&#243;polis (FMP), Petr&#243;polis, RJ - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Allan Kardec Nogueira de Alencar,</bold> Av. Bar&#227;o do Rio Branco, 1003. CEP 25680-120, Petr&#243;polis, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>allankdc@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd><italic>Euterpe Oleracea</italic> Mart.</kwd>
        <kwd>Estresse Oxidativo</kwd>
        <kwd>Metabolismo Energ&#233;tico</kwd>
        <kwd>Isquemia/reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A oclus&#227;o abrupta de uma art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria epic&#225;rdica pode resultar em infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST, pois o mioc&#225;rdio foi submetido a um processo isqu&#234;mico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Isso promove danos aos cardiomi&#243;citos, principalmente devido a dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos na gera&#231;&#227;o de ATP com subsequente morte celular e necrose mioc&#225;rdica. Al&#233;m disso, n&#237;veis reduzidos de ATP intracelular levam a uma sobrecarga das concentra&#231;&#245;es citos&#243;licas de Ca<sup>2+</sup> e Na<sup>+</sup> e comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Seria esperado que a restaura&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo na &#225;rea isqu&#234;mica do mioc&#225;rdio diminu&#237;sse a les&#227;o, mas a reperfus&#227;o tamb&#233;m pode induzir danos &#224;s c&#233;lulas card&#237;acas, um fen&#244;meno descrito como les&#227;o de isquemia-reperfus&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> (I/R), o qual contribui para o aumento da &#225;rea de infarto e disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular, sendo algumas vezes letal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> A les&#227;o de I/R do mioc&#225;rdio envolve v&#225;rias caracter&#237;sticas que potencializam o dano final no cora&#231;&#227;o. Morfologicamente, as les&#245;es de I/R apresentam bandas de contra&#231;&#227;o, cari&#243;lise, perturba&#231;&#227;o das mitoc&#244;ndrias, ruptura de sarcolema, destrui&#231;&#227;o microvascular, hemorragia intersticial e inflama&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Al&#233;m disso, no per&#237;odo da reperfus&#227;o, uma eleva&#231;&#227;o na produ&#231;&#227;o de esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio (ROS) tem papel importante na extens&#227;o da les&#227;o I/R.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> A cadeia respirat&#243;ria e as NADPH oxidases, da fam&#237;lia NOX, s&#227;o as principais fontes de ROS que desencadeiam a abertura do poro de permeabilidade mitocondrial, causando danos irrevers&#237;veis aos cardiomi&#243;citos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Geralmente, a ruptura do ateroma e a obstru&#231;&#227;o parcial ou completa de uma art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria epic&#225;rdica &#233; seguida de reperfus&#227;o espont&#226;nea ou intervencionista. Contudo, &#224;s vezes a reperfus&#227;o pode n&#227;o ocorrer.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Assim, podemos perceber que esses fatores aumentam o tamanho final do infarto e que &#233; complicado reproduzi-los utilizando modelos animais, considerando as vastas diferen&#231;as anat&#244;micas e fisiol&#243;gicas do cen&#225;rio humano. No entanto, a maior parte do conhecimento atual sobre dano mioc&#225;rdico induzido por I/R deriva de estudos experimentais em animais,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> e modelos de roedores com les&#227;o de I/R podem ajudar a esclarecer poss&#237;veis mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos e identificar novos alvos para o tratamento dessa condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. Nesse contexto, modelos de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e les&#227;o de I/R em ratos vem investigando, no campo da pesquisa pr&#233;-cl&#237;nica o potencial terap&#234;utico de agentes naturais em in&#250;meras doen&#231;as. O efeito antioxidante observado em alguns componentes de plantas pode ser &#250;til para propor sua aplicabilidade na indu&#231;&#227;o de cardioprote&#231;&#227;o, e essa caracter&#237;stica pode ser, em parte, comprovada pela administra&#231;&#227;o de produtos naturais, por exemplo, em ratos com les&#227;o card&#237;aca induzida experimentalmente.</p>
      <p>A <italic>Euterpe Oleracea Mart</italic>., popularmente conhecida como &#8220;a&#231;a&#237;&#8221;, &#233; uma fruta amplamente cultivada na regi&#227;o Norte do Brasil, especificamente na Amaz&#244;nia. Essa fruta roxa foi estudada quimicamente e foram encontradas diversas subst&#226;ncias antioxidantes em sua composi&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Al&#233;m disso, o a&#231;a&#237; possui efeitos anti-inflamat&#243;rios e vasodilatadores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Um trabalho recente foi realizado por Alegre et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> em que os autores abordam que a suplementa&#231;&#227;o com a&#231;a&#237; evita a desregula&#231;&#227;o do metabolismo em um modelo agudo de ratos com les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de I/R. Este estudo mostra que o tratamento preventivo com a&#231;a&#237; atenua o estresse oxidativo, mas n&#227;o diminui a &#225;rea infartada nem melhora a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda ap&#243;s uma I/R global. Os autores descreveram um efeito ben&#233;fico do a&#231;a&#237; apenas no metabolismo das c&#233;lulas card&#237;acas, discutindo que a redu&#231;&#227;o do estresse oxidativo seria seguida por uma melhora na fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. No entanto, eles observaram que o tratamento com a&#231;a&#237; piorou a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ap&#243;s a I/R, levando-os a inferir que a disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca esquerda depende de outros mecanismos al&#233;m do dano oxidativo. Al&#233;m disso, apesar das altera&#231;&#245;es observadas nas enzimas antioxidantes nesse trabalho, a suplementa&#231;&#227;o com a&#231;a&#237; n&#227;o influenciou a express&#227;o do fator transcricional NF-kB, Nrf2, SIRT1 e FOXO1, prote&#237;nas relacionadas ao estresse oxidativo, regula&#231;&#227;o da produ&#231;&#227;o de enzimas antioxidantes e equil&#237;brio celular ao atuar na apoptose, biog&#234;nese mitocondrial, inflama&#231;&#227;o, glicose e metabolismo lip&#237;dico. Entendo que esses dados possam ser justificados pelo protocolo utilizado nesse trabalho, pois provavelmente n&#227;o houve tempo suficiente para a les&#227;o de I/R estimular a transcri&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;nas. No entanto, na minha opini&#227;o, o tratamento preventivo com a&#231;a&#237; por seis semanas deveria ter evitado, pelo menos parcialmente, as altera&#231;&#245;es nos n&#237;veis de alguns desses marcadores ap&#243;s les&#227;o global de I/R em cora&#231;&#245;es de ratos, pois ele atua como um agente antioxidante.</p>
      <p>Aborda-se tamb&#233;m o fato de que a suplementa&#231;&#227;o com a&#231;a&#237; levou a uma atividade maior das enzimas b-hidroxiacil-CoA desidrogenase e citrato sintase, o que pode caracterizar maior oxida&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cidos graxos. Al&#233;m disso, houve menor atividade da fosfofrutocinase, a enzima da glic&#243;lise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Os autores explicam que a suplementa&#231;&#227;o com a&#231;a&#237; alterou a sele&#231;&#227;o de substratos para oxida&#231;&#227;o mitocondrial, na reperfus&#227;o, de glicose para &#225;cidos graxos, mantendo o metabolismo energ&#233;tico mais pr&#243;ximo de uma situa&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica. A esse respeito, percebi uma discuss&#227;o contradit&#243;ria dos resultados apresentados, pois os autores defendem que o tratamento com a&#231;a&#237; pode ser ben&#233;fico ao alterar a produ&#231;&#227;o de ATP da glic&#243;lise para a oxida&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cidos graxos, mas posteriormente, na discuss&#227;o, eles assumem que a mudan&#231;a no metabolismo energ&#233;tico que ocorre em situa&#231;&#245;es de estresse t&#234;m papel protetor no mioc&#225;rdio e que a preven&#231;&#227;o do uso de glicose induzida pela suplementa&#231;&#227;o com a&#231;a&#237; pode ter interferido negativamente nesse mecanismo protetor adaptativo.</p>
      <p>Finalmente, os autores comentam que a quantidade de a&#231;a&#237; ingerida por ratos em seu estudo &#233; equivalente a 600 mg para um ser humano de 60 kg; assumindo que, atrav&#233;s dos dados obtidos nesse trabalho, a quantidade de a&#231;a&#237; seja vi&#225;vel para a ingest&#227;o humana, e extrapolam de forma imprecisa seus achados, quando eles destacam, ao final da discuss&#227;o, que o a&#231;a&#237; pode ser uma estrat&#233;gia potencial para atenuar a les&#227;o de I/R no cen&#225;rio cl&#237;nico. Como pode a dose de a&#231;a&#237;, administrada em ratos com les&#227;o card&#237;aca, que promoveu agravamento da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, ser adequada para uso humano? Isso foi discutido superficialmente pelos autores quando mencionaram os achados de um trabalho anterior que investigou os efeitos do extrato de antocianina no cora&#231;&#227;o de ratos com les&#245;es de I/R globais, sugerindo que essa subst&#226;ncia, presente na composi&#231;&#227;o do a&#231;a&#237;, era cardioprotetora em doses baixas mas poderia ser cardiot&#243;xica em doses altas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> No entanto, esse t&#243;pico da discuss&#227;o n&#227;o deixou claro como esse argumento poderia justificar os efeitos da administra&#231;&#227;o de uma ra&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o suplementada com 5% de a&#231;a&#237; em ratos, por seis semanas, uma vez que a concentra&#231;&#227;o de antocianinas n&#227;o foi avaliada no estudo em quest&#227;o, o tratamento com a&#231;a&#237; n&#227;o promoveu prote&#231;&#227;o contra les&#245;es de I/R e os autores continuaram propondo que a dose de a&#231;a&#237; usada no protocolo experimental poderia ser usada em humanos.</p>
      <p>Alguns pontos relevantes devem ser considerados, quando experimentos pr&#233;-cl&#237;nicos s&#227;o desenvolvidos. Isso foi bem discutido por Ib&#225;&#241;ez et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> quando abordam a import&#226;ncia de comparar resultados de diferentes modelos de I/R ou at&#233; mesmo diferentes laborat&#243;rios. A hora do dia em que a les&#227;o card&#237;aca de I/R &#233; induzida tem uma influ&#234;ncia significativa na toler&#226;ncia do cora&#231;&#227;o a essa les&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Al&#233;m disso, a esta&#231;&#227;o do ano e o dia da semana podem influenciar os resultados observados em modelos animais e a resposta de poss&#237;veis novas terapias cardioprotetoras.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> &#201; importante notar que isso tamb&#233;m &#233; observado em pacientes, pois o ciclo circadiano influencia v&#225;rios processos fisiopatol&#243;gicos cardiovasculares, incluindo a incid&#234;ncia de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Os produtos naturais (ervas) possuem in&#250;meras subst&#226;ncias em sua composi&#231;&#227;o. Esses compostos interagem com v&#225;rios alvos biol&#243;gicos. Assim, &#233; de extrema import&#226;ncia identificar as associa&#231;&#245;es entre os componentes bioativos das ervas e seus alvos nas c&#233;lulas. Muitas subst&#226;ncias &#224; base de plantas atualmente utilizadas n&#227;o foram submetidas a avalia&#231;&#245;es cient&#237;ficas minuciosas e isso pode promover efeitos t&#243;xicos potenciais e graves, devido a poss&#237;veis intera&#231;&#245;es medicamentosas e/ou relacionadas &#224; dose administrada.</p>
      <p>Apesar do importante progresso nas avalia&#231;&#245;es de ensaios pr&#233;-cl&#237;nicos e cl&#237;nicos de novos agentes cardioprotetores, &#233; bem reconhecido pelo campo da cardiologia que existe um enorme desafio no desenvolvimento de novos f&#225;rmacos contra a les&#227;o de I/R, o qual consiste em realizar ensaios maiores de fase III para elucidar as respostas cl&#237;nicas a essas novas subst&#226;ncias no contexto de I/R letais. Assim, concordo que valeria a pena o esfor&#231;o de aperfei&#231;oar as estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas j&#225; dispon&#237;veis, em vez de tentar identificar novos tratamentos para danos ao mioc&#225;rdio promovidos ap&#243;s um epis&#243;dio de I/R.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: <italic>Euterpe Oleracea Mart.</italic> (A&#231;a&#237;) Reduz o Estresse Oxidativo e Melhora o Metabolismo Energ&#233;tico da Les&#227;o de Isquemia-Reperfus&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica Em Ratos</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
