<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">6cp8VYYGdw349cQJPNJfWLF</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000100078</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2019005022106</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20180140</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Euterpe Oleracea Mart. (<italic>A&#231;a&#237;</italic>) Reduces Oxidative Stress and Improves Energetic Metabolism in Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alegre</surname>
            <given-names>Patricia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mathias</surname>
            <given-names>Livia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Louren&#231;o</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Angelica</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1159-5030</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Priscila Portugal dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Ang&#233;lica</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gaiolla</surname>
            <given-names>Paula Schmidt Azevedo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5980-4367</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Minicucci</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9831-8820</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zornoff</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4412-1990</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Paiva</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio Alberto Rupp</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2875-9532</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Polegato</surname>
            <given-names>Bertha Furlan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho - UNESP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Bertha Furlan Polegato,</bold> Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho - Faculdade de Medicina Campus de Botucatu - Rubiao Jr s/n. Postal Code 18618-970, Botucatu, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>bertha.polegato@unesp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Zornoff L, Paiva SAR, Polegato BF; Acquisition of data: Alegre P, Mathias L, Louren&#231;o MA, Gon&#231;alves A, Fernandes AA; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Alegre P, Santos PP, Gaiolla PSA, Minicucci MF, Zornoff L, Paiva SAR, Polegato BF; Statistical analysis: Minicucci MF, Paiva SAR, Polegato BF; Writing of the manuscript: Alegre P, Santos PP, Polegato BF; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Alegre P, Mathias L, Louren&#231;o MA, Santos PP, Gon&#231;alves A, Fernandes AA, Gaiolla PSA, Minicucci MF, Zornoff L, Paiva SAR, Polegato BF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>78</fpage>
      <lpage>86</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Euterpe oleracea Mart. (<italic>a&#231;a&#237;</italic>) is a fruit with high antioxidant capacity and could be an adjuvant strategy to attenuate ischemia-reperfusion injury.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the influence of a&#231;a&#237; in global ischemia-reperfusion model in rats.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Wistar rats were assigned to 2 groups: Control (C: receiving standard chow; n = 9) and <italic>A&#231;a&#237;</italic> (A: receiving standard chow supplemented with 5% a&#231;a&#237;; n = 10). After six weeks, the animals were subjected to the global ischemia-reperfusion protocol and an isolated heart study to evaluate left ventricular function. Level of significance adopted: 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>There was no difference between the groups in initial body weight, final body weight and daily feed intake. Group A presented lower lipid hydroperoxide myocardial concentration and higher catalase activity, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase than group C. We also observed increased myocardial activity of b-hydroxyacyl coenzyme-A dehydrogenase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, complex I, complex II and ATP synthase in the A group as well as lower activity of the lactate dehydrogenase and phosphofructokinase enzymes. The systolic function was similar between the groups, and the A group presented poorer diastolic function than the C group. We did not observe any difference between the groups in relation to myocardial infarction area, total and phosphorylated NF-kB, total and acetylated FOXO1, SIRT1 and Nrf-2 protein expression.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>despite improving energy metabolism and attenuating oxidative stress, a&#231;ai supplementation did not decrease the infarcted area or improve left ventricular function in the global ischemia-reperfusion model.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Euterpe Oler&#225;cea</kwd>
        <kwd>Oxidative Stress</kwd>
        <kwd>Energy Metabolism</kwd>
        <kwd>Chemical Reactions</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Ischemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Reperfusion Injury</kwd>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Although the mortality attributed to ischemic heart disease is declining in some countries, it still presents high morbidity, decreasing the quality of life and increasing healthcare spending.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Cardiac ischemic events may be due to partial or total tissue ischemia, with reversible or irreversible myocardial dysfunction and cell death. Ischemic periods of more than 20 minutes cause irreversible damage of the cardiomyocytes and inability to functionally recover, even with the restoration of blood flow.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>During ischemia, to meet the myocardial energy demand, cellular ATP is generated by glycolysis, leading to intracellular pH reduction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> In parallel, reduced ATP levels interrupt important active pumps in ionic homeostasis, which results in overloaded cytosolic Na<sup>+</sup> and Ca<sup>2+</sup>, making cell repolarization unfeasible and leading to myocardial dysfunction. In addition, it is possible to observe elevated Ca<sup>2+</sup> levels in cytosol, which activate enzymes (phospholipases, proteases, endonucleases and ATPases) associated with lipid peroxidation, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), dysfunction of contractile proteins, and loss of cellular function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Although necessary to reverse ischemia, the restoration of blood flow may ultimately be more harmful than the ischemic process itself.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> During reperfusion, ischemia damages are worsened due to an additional discharge of ROS generated in the mitochondria by the restoration of oxygen flow.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> To improve myocardial protection during procedures involving reperfusion injury, attention has been focused on the research of drugs and substances that can prevent cardiac cell damage.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> In this context, we observe great interest in the antioxidant action of natural products such as <italic>a&#231;a&#237;.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p><italic>A&#231;a&#237;</italic> (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) is a typical northern Brazilian fruit recently made popular for its high antioxidant capacity related to the presence of phenolic acids, flavonoids and anthocyanins.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><italic>A&#231;a&#237;</italic> pulp compounds consist of 31% flavonoids, 23% phenolic compounds, 11% lignoids and 9% anthocyanins.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> The main anthocyanins in <italic>a&#231;a&#237;</italic> pulp are cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside, which are responsible for the purple color of the fruit.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Ferulic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic, gallic, protocatechuic, ellagic, vanillic, p-coumaric acids, and ellagic acid glycoside are the most abundant phenolic compounds.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In experimental models, <italic>a&#231;a&#237;</italic> supplementation reduced pulmonary<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> and cerebral oxidative stress,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> reduced ROS formation in polymorphonuclear cells,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> decreased DNA damage, and presented anti-carcinogenic activity in bladder cancer.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Oral <italic>a&#231;a&#237;</italic> administration was able to attenuate hypertrophy and left ventricle dysfunction in rats subjected to myocardial infarction,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> but no studies on the effect of <italic>a&#231;a&#237;</italic> in the global ischemia model or its effect on reperfusion injury were found.</p>
      <p>The aim of our study was to evaluate the infarct area, left ventricle function, oxidative stress and the activity of enzymes involved in myocardial energy metabolism in the global ischemia-reperfusion model in rats after <italic>a&#231;a&#237;</italic> supplementation.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Method</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study design</title>
        <p>The experimental protocol of this study was approved by the Ethical Committee on the Use of Animals of the Botucatu Medical School (CEUA 1111/2014), and it is in accordance with the norms established by the National Council of Control of Animal Experimentation.</p>
        <p>Twenty two-months-old male Wistar rats weighing 250-300 g were assigned to two groups: control (C; n = 10) and <italic>a&#231;a&#237;</italic> (A; n = 10). Sample size was determined by convenience based on previous studies that used the same experimental model. Animals were kept in an environment with controlled temperature (23&#176;C) and a 12-hour light-dark cycle in individual boxes to control feed intake. Group C received a standard chow, and the group A a standard one supplemented with 5% <italic>a&#231;a&#237;</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> for six weeks. After the supplementation period, all animals were anesthetized with sodium thiopental (80 mg/kg, IP ) to induce the global ischemia-reperfusion protocol, after which the heart was dissected. A sectional cut of the left ventricle was made to determine the infarct area, and the rest was stored in a freezer at -80&#176;C for further analysis. One rat from the control group was lost due to technical problems during the ischemia-reperfusion protocol and the study was concluded with 9 rats in the control group and 10 rats in the <italic>a&#231;a&#237;</italic> one.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Preparation of the chow supplemented with a&#231;a&#237;</title>
        <p>Commercialized <italic>a&#231;a&#237;</italic> pulp (Icefruit&#174;) was defrosted and incorporated into crushed Nuvilab chow (Nuvital&#174;). After homogenization, the chow was pelleted again, dried at 32&#176;C and stored in a freezer at -20&#176;C until the moment of use. The dose used in the study was 5%, as proposed by Fragoso et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Induction of global ischemia, reperfusion and evaluation of cardiac function</title>
        <p>The rats were anesthetized with thiopental sodium (80 mg/kg, IP), heparinized (2,000 IU, IP) and subjected to positive pressure ventilation with 100% oxygen. Then, median sternotomy was performed, and the ascending aorta was cannulated to start retrograde perfusion with a modified Krebs-Henseleit solution (NaCl 115 mmol/L, KCl 5.4 mmol/L, CaCl<sub>2</sub> 1.25 mmol/L; MgSO<sub>4</sub> 1.2 mmol/L, NaH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> 1.15 mmol/L, NaHCO<sub>3</sub> 25 mmol/L, 11 mmol/L glucose, and 8 mmol/L mannitol). The hearts were transferred to a Langendorff apparatus (Model 830 Hugo Sachs Eletronik, Germany) with perfusion pressure at 75 mmHg. The nutrient solution was constantly oxygenated with a gas mixture of 95% O<sub>2</sub> and 5% CO<sub>2</sub>, and the temperature was maintained at 37&#176;C. A pacemaker was used to maintain controlled heart rate (250 bpm).</p>
        <p>Left atrium was removed, and a latex balloon was inserted into the left ventricular cavity. The balloon was coupled to a pressure transducer and to a syringe, which allowed variation in the volume of the balloon. After 10 minutes of stabilization, the hearts were subjected to a 30-minute period of global ischemia followed by 30 minutes of reperfusion.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Global ischemia was induced by completely stopping the flow of Krebs-Henseleit solution to the heart.</p>
        <p>After ischemia and reperfusion periods, an evaluation of left ventricular function was performed. The volume inside the balloon was progressively increased to obtain left ventricular diastolic pressure variation of 0 to 25 mmHg. In addition, for each increase in volume to the balloon, the diastolic and systolic pressure, the maximum left ventricular pressure development rate (+dP/dt) and the maximum left ventricular pressure decrease rate (-dP/dt) were recorded. Diastolic pressure-volume curves were constructed.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Analysis of infarcted myocardial area</title>
        <p>A cross-sectional cut of the left ventricle (LV) was made - 5 mm from the apex, with a thickness of 2 mm - and incubated in phosphate buffer with 7.4 pH and 1% triphenyltetrazolium chloride (Sigma Aldrich) for 30 minutes at 37&#176;C. After that, the sections were incubated in a 10% formaldehyde solution overnight. The ventricle sections were positioned between two glass slides and scanned to obtain the images.</p>
        <p>Infarct area was measured through the ImageJ program by planimetry and expressed as the percentage of infarcted over total areas. In live cells the dye is reduced by dehydrogenases and appears with a dark red coloration. Dead cells lacking the enzymes are not stained and remain pale in color.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Analysis of antioxidant enzymes and lipid hydroperoxide</title>
        <p>Samples of approximately 100 mg of LV tissue were homogenized in a sodium phosphate buffer (0.01 M) with a pH of 7.4 and centrifuged for 30 minutes at -4&#176;C; the total proteins in the samples were quantified by Bradford method. The activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase in the cardiac tissue were determined by spectrophotometry according to previously described methods.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Lipid hydroperoxide concentration in the cardiac tissue was measured by the oxidation of ammoniacal ferrous sulfate and determined by spectrophotometry.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Evaluation of energy metabolism</title>
        <p>Samples of approximately 100 mg of LV tissue were homogenized in a sodium phosphate buffer (0.1 M, pH 7.0) and centrifuged. The supernatant was used to determine protein concentration and activity of the enzymes b-hydroxyacyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase, phosphofructokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, pyruvate dehydrogenase and citrate synthase.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> The pellet was re-suspended with sodium phosphate buffer (0.1 M) containing 250 mM sucrose and 2 mM EDTA and used to determine the activity of enzymatic complexes of the electron transport chain (complexes I, II and ATP synthase).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Readings were performed on a microplate reader with controlGen5 2.0 software, and all reagents were obtained from the Sigma-Aldrich laboratory (Saint Louis, USA).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Western blot</title>
        <p>LV samples (80 mg) were homogenized with 1 ml of radio immune precipitation assay extraction buffer (RIPA), centrifuged, and the supernatant was collected. The protein in the samples was quantified by the Bradford method; and the samples were used to determine total and phosphorylated nuclear factor signaling pathway kB (NF-kB), sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), and forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1) protein expression. To determine the nuclear factor erithroid 2 (Nrf-2), LV samples were extracted with Nuclear Extraction Buffer.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> All samples were diluted in Laemmli buffer.</p>
        <p>Protein electrophoresis was performed at 4&#176;C on an 8 to 10% polyacrylamide gel (Mini-Protean 3 Electrophoresis Cell System, Bio-Rad, Hercules, USA). After electrophoresis, the gels were transferred to nitrocellulose membranes (Mini Trans-Blot system, Bio-Rad, Hercules, USA) in a wet transfer system followed by blocking with 5% skim milk powder solution. The membrane was washed, and primary antibodies were added (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., Europe). After overnight incubation, the membrane was washed with basal solution, and secondary antibodies were added (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., Europe). After 2 hours, the membrane was washed again in basal solution.</p>
        <p>Immunodetection was performed with the chemiluminescence method using the SuperSignal West Pico Chemiluminescent Substrate Kit (ThermoScientific, USA). Photo documentation by ImageQuant LAS 4000 (General Eletrikcs) was used to generate images, which were analyzed in Gel-Pro 32 (Media Cybernetics, Rockville, USA). The results obtained for the target proteins were normalized by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) expression, and the same control animal was included in all electrophoreses for standardization between the experiments.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Values obtained are presented as the means &#177; standard deviation (variables with normal distribution) or median and 25 and 75% quartile (variables with non-normal distribution). Normality was verified by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Comparisons between the groups were performed with a non-pared Student&#8217;s <italic>t-</italic>test (variables with normal distribution) or Mann-Whitney test (variables with non-normal distribution). Statistical analysis was carried out by use of the SigmaStat software, considering significance level at 5% for all analyses.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>General features</title>
        <p>The animals&#8217; initial and final body weight did not differ between groups. Additionally, the left and right ventricles, liver and lung weights were similar between groups. Daily food intake was approximately 26 g for both groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Morphological variables and feed intake in rats submitted to global myocardial ischemia-reperfusion</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">C (n = 9)</th>
                <th align="center">A (n = 10)</th>
                <th align="center">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Initial BW (g)</td>
                <td align="center">274 &#177; 15</td>
                <td align="center">281 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">0.274</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Final BW (g)</td>
                <td align="center">468 &#177; 29</td>
                <td align="center">448 &#177; 40</td>
                <td align="center">0.225</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LV weight (g)</td>
                <td align="center">1.03 &#177; 0.09</td>
                <td align="center">1.02 &#177; 0.07</td>
                <td align="center">0.934</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RV weight (g)</td>
                <td align="center">0.30 &#177; 0.03</td>
                <td align="center">0.29 &#177; 0.03</td>
                <td align="center">0.431</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Liver weight (g)</td>
                <td align="center">14.4 &#177; 1.6</td>
                <td align="center">12.9 &#177; 2.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.154</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Lung weight (g)</td>
                <td align="center">1.62 &#177; 0.03</td>
                <td align="center">1.54 &#177; 0.18</td>
                <td align="center">0.359</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Daily chow intake (g)</td>
                <td align="center">26.1 &#177; 2.2</td>
                <td align="center">26.6 &#177; 1.8</td>
                <td align="center">0.246</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>C: control group; A: a&#231;a&#237; group; BW: body weight; LV: left ventricle; RV: right ventricle. Values are expressed as the means &#177; standard deviation; p-value: t test.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Infarcted myocardial area</title>
        <p>We observed no difference in the area of myocardial infarction between groups A and C, as observed in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Myocardial infarcted area after global myocardial ischemia-reperfusion. Figure shows left ventricles sections stained with triphenyltetrazolium chloride 1%. White area represents the infarcted myocardium. C: control group; A: a&#231;a&#237; group; There is no difference between groups (p = 0.710).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-01-0078-80140-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Oxidative stress and myocardial energy metabolism</title>
        <p><italic>A&#231;a&#237;</italic> supplementation promoted lower myocardial lipid hydroperoxide concentration, and greater activity of the enzymes catalase, SOD and GSH-Px in the myocardium of these rats was observed (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Myocardial oxidative stress marker and antioxidant enzymes activity after global ischemia-reperfusion</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">C (n = 9)</th>
                <th align="center">A (n = 10)</th>
                <th align="center">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LH (nmol/g tissue)</td>
                <td align="center">330 &#177; 33</td>
                <td align="center">208 &#177; 22</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CAT (&#181;mol/g of tissue)</td>
                <td align="center">58.5 &#177; 6.4</td>
                <td align="center">70.0 &#177; 8.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SOD (nmol/mg of protein)</td>
                <td align="center">5.7 &#177; 0.4</td>
                <td align="center">8.1 &#177; 0.7</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GSH-Px (nmol/mg of tissue)</td>
                <td align="center">20.2 &#177; 3.3</td>
                <td align="center">32.8 &#177; 4.7</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>C: control group; A: a&#231;a&#237; group; LH: lipid hydroperoxide; CAT: catalase; SOD superoxide dismutase; GSH-Px: glutathione peroxidase. Values are expressed as the means &#177; standard deviation; p-value: t test.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Regarding myocardium energy metabolism, <italic>a&#231;a&#237;</italic> pulp supplementation promoted lower activity of the enzymes lactate dehydrogenase and phosphofructokinase and higher activity of the enzymes b-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase, citrate synthase and pyruvate dehydrogenase. In addition, we observed higher activity of complex I, complex II and ATP synthase in the group supplemented with <italic>a&#231;a&#237;</italic> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Myocardial activity of enzymes related to energy metabolism after global ischemia-reperfusion protocol</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">C (n= 9)</th>
                <th align="center">A (n=10)</th>
                <th align="center">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#946;-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (nmoL/mg protein)</td>
                <td align="center">19.8 &#177; 3.3</td>
                <td align="center">49.8 &#177; 7.0</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Phosphofructokinase (nmoL/g tissue)</td>
                <td align="center">181 (160 - 228)</td>
                <td align="center">73 (67 - 82)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Lactate dehydrogenase (nmoL/mg protein)</td>
                <td align="center">147 (145 - 167)</td>
                <td align="center">70 (65 - 77)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pyruvate dehydrogenase (nmoL/g tissue)</td>
                <td align="center">114 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">176 &#177; 19</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Citrate synthase (nmol/mg protein)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (30 - 37)</td>
                <td align="center">100 (81 - 117)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Complex I (nmol/mg protein)</td>
                <td align="center">3.7 &#177; 1.0</td>
                <td align="center">8.0 &#177; 1.7</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Complex II (nmol/mg protein)</td>
                <td align="center">2.1 &#177; 0.6</td>
                <td align="center">3.5 &#177; 0.5</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ATP synthase (nmol/mg protein)</td>
                <td align="center">22.0 &#177; 3.9</td>
                <td align="center">44.5 &#177; 6.6</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>C: control group; A: a&#231;a&#237; group. Values are expressed as the means &#177; standard deviation or median and 1st and 3rd quartile; p-value: t test or Mann-Whitney test.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Western blot</title>
        <p>The expression of the proteins involved in the regulation of the oxidative stress pathway is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>. There was no difference in the expression of total and phosphorylated NF-kB, total and acetylated FOXO1, SIRT1 and Nrf-2. Also, no differences were observed in the NF-kB phosphorylated/total or the FOXO1 acetylated/total ratios.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Protein expression evaluated by Western blot. C: control group; A: a&#231;a&#237; group; SIRT1: silent information regulator 1; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; FOXO1: forkhead protein 1; aFOXO1: acetylated forkhead protein 1; Nrf-2: nuclear factor erythroid 2; NF-kB: nuclear factor kappa B; pNF-kB: phosphorylated nuclear factor kappa B. All proteins expressions were normalized by GAPDH. There are no differences between groups in protein expression (p &gt; 0.05).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-01-0078-80140-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Isolated heart study</title>
        <p>There was no difference between the groups regarding the initial volume of the balloon, the maximum systolic pressure reached, or +dP/dt, which represents systolic function. Group A presented worse -dP/dt than C, signifying impairment of the diastolic function in the rats that received <italic>a&#231;a&#237;</italic> supplementation. The areas under the curves in the diastolic pressure-volume relationship did not differ between groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Isolated heart study after global myocardial ischemia-reperfusion. Panel A: C: control group; A: a&#231;a&#237; group. Initial volume represents the volume inside the balloon when diastolic pressure was zero; +dP/dt: left ventricular pressure development rate; -dP/dt: left ventricular pressure decrease rate; *different from group C (p = 0.025). Panel B: Relationship between diastolic pressure and volume. The area under the curve and inclination were similar between the groups.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-01-0078-80140-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and it remains a situation for which current clinical therapies are surprisingly deficient.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Irreversible myocardial injury progresses with increased duration of ischemia; therefore, rapid restoration of blood flow to the ischemic area is essential to save the viable myocardium.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Reperfusion, however, can induce death of cardiomyocytes regardless of the ischemic episode by a process known as reperfusion injury.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Decreased reperfusion injury is a key target in the battle to preserve cardiac function in patients with acute myocardial infarction.</p>
      <p>During ischemia-reperfusion, changes such as the release of cytokines, interaction between leukocytes and endothelial cells and production of reactive nitrogen/oxygen species and free radicals (ERs)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> occur in cellular metabolism, which can lead to oxidative damage. ERs are generated from various sources, and the energetic metabolism, more precisely the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC), is one of the most important generators of these radicals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The continuous production of ERs during metabolic processes is regulated by an antioxidant defense system, which limits the intracellular levels and controls the occurrence of cellular damage. The antioxidant defense system can be enzymatic and non-enzymatic.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Non-enzymatic defense system includes antioxidant compounds of dietary origin, like vitamins, mineral and phenolic compounds. Flavonoids and other compounds present in <italic>a&#231;a&#237;</italic> can act as non-enzymatic antioxidant, inactivating reactive species.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
			</p>
      <p>During ischemia, there is an increase in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase, nitric oxide synthase, xanthine oxidase, cytochrome P450 and cyclooxygenase,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> which may result in increased ER generation; likewise, ischemia is associated with a decrease in different antioxidant enzymes. All these changes may result in oxidative stress. In this study, group A presented higher antioxidants enzymes activity in addition to lower concentration of myocardial lipid hydroperoxide. Lipid hydroperoxide is a marker of oxidative damage and is originated from the oxidative lesion of membrane lipids. Membrane lesion can lead to disturbances in permeability, alteration of the ionic flow and DNA, and impairment of extracellular matrix components.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In relation to the proteins involved in the regulation of the oxidative stress pathway, the mechanisms by which phenolic dietary compounds act in the prevention of degenerative pathologies have been partially studied. The complex interactions between these dietary molecules and their molecular targets activate signaling pathways of the cellular response, including the NF-kB, Nrf2, SIRT1, and FOXO1.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
			</p>
      <p>NF-kB is considered an important transcriptional factor related to oxidative stress. <italic>A&#231;a&#237;</italic> treatment inhibited NF-kB activation in astrocytes cell culture,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> inhibited NF-kB phosphorylation in microglial cells<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> and down-regulated gene expression of NF-kB in colon myofibroblasts cell culture.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> Similarly, Nrf2 is an important regulator of antioxidant enzymes production. In response to oxidative stress, Nrf2 dissociates from the Keap1 protein and migrates to the cell nucleus, where it stimulates the production of antioxidant enzymes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> Myocardial ischemia promotes increased protein expression of Nrf2<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> and the effect of <italic>a&#231;a&#237;</italic> on Nrf2 expression was verified in an astrocyte culture study in which the fruit reduced the protein expression of Nrf2.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> However, in another study, also with astrocyte culture, <italic>a&#231;a&#237;</italic> administration increased Nrf2 expression,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> showing that the effects of <italic>a&#231;a&#237;</italic> on Nrf2 are not completely understood.</p>
      <p>Another cellular balance regulator is the SIRT1 protein, which can act on apoptosis, mitochondrial biogenesis, inflammation, glucose and lipid metabolism, autophagy and adaptations to cellular stress through the deacetylation of target proteins such as NF-kB and FOXO1. When acetylated by SIRT1, FOXO1 leads to increased expression of gluconeogenic genes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Increased transcriptional activity of FOXO1 also increases the gene expression of catalase and superoxide dismutase.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> To the best of our knowledge, there are no studies that evaluated the effect of a&#231;ai on FOXO1 and SIRT1 protein expression.</p>
      <p>In the normal adult heart, approximately 95% of ATP production is derived from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. The adult heart normally obtains 50-70% of its ATP from fatty acid b-oxidation instead of glucose oxidation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> The flavin adenine dinucleotide and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide produced during fatty acid oxidation are used in mitochondrial ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref> This is critically dependent on the maintenance of an electrochemical proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane generated by the extrusion of protons from the matrix to the intermembrane space by complexes I, III and IV, which form the ETC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In our study, <italic>a&#231;a&#237;</italic> supplementation led to higher activity of b-hydroxyacyl CoA-dehydrogenase and citrate synthase enzymes, which can characterize higher fatty acid oxidation. Moreover, there was lower activity of phosphofructokinase, the enzyme for glycolysis. This shows that a&#231;ai supplementation altered the substrate selection for mitochondrial oxidation in reperfusion from glucose to fatty acids, maintaining energy metabolism closer to a physiological situation, as showed previously in an experimental model of renal ischemia-reperfusion.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref> Additionally,<italic>a&#231;a&#237;</italic> supplementation increased the activity of complexes I, II and ATP synthase by protecting the damage to mitochondrial complexes. However, fatty acid oxidation decreases the metabolic efficiency of injured hearts.</p>
      <p>Interestingly, <italic>a&#231;a&#237;</italic> pulp is composed predominantly by lipids that correspond to 48%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref> Offering more lipids could contribute to increased b-hydroxyacyl CoA-dehydrogenase activity in the treated <italic>a&#231;a&#237;</italic> group. This pattern was observed in the experimental myocardial infarction model that administered a chow rich in lipids.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Regarding the infarcted area, as expected for the 30-minute period of ischemia, we observed a large infarcted area in our study, approximately 50% in both groups. Previously, supplementation of a diet rich in anthocyanins in an experimental model of ischemia-reperfusion decreased the myocardial infarcted area.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref> However, in the present study, <italic>a&#231;a&#237;</italic> supplementation did not reduce infarct size.</p>
      <p>Large infarctions usually present with important left ventricular dysfunction resulting from the impairment of cellular processes and changes in cardiac morphology. Increased oxidative stress compromises the plasma membrane permeability of myocytes, the activity of ionic pumps in the plasma membrane and in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and intracellular calcium transit, compromising both systole and diastole.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> It would be expected that the attenuation of oxidative stress would be followed by an improvement in left ventricular function, as showed in different myocardial damage models.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref> However, this study evidenced that the administration of <italic>a&#231;a&#237;</italic> worsened the diastolic function after cardiac ischemia-reperfusion. This leads us to infer that the ventricular dysfunction observed in this model depends on mechanisms other than oxidative damage. Curiously, a study performed to investigate the effect of anthocyanin extract in global rat heart ischemia-reperfusion suggests that anthocyanin was cardioprotective in low doses and could be cardiotoxic in high ones.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Additionally, the change in energetic metabolism that occurs in stress situations has a protective role in the myocardium.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> The fact that a&#231;ai supplementation prevents the use of glucose and favors the maintenance of myocardial metabolism close to normal may have negatively interfered with this adaptive protective mechanism.</p>
      <p>Whereas ischemia induces morphological and functional alterations and reperfusion injury can exacerbate these features, the discovery of new drugs, substances or strategies that can minimize cardiac damage is essential. The quantity of <italic>a&#231;a&#237;</italic> that rats took was equivalent to 600 mg for a 60 kg human,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref> which is feasible human <italic>a&#231;a&#237;</italic> ingestion. Therefore, <italic>a&#231;a&#237;</italic> could be a potential strategy to attenuate ischemia-reperfusion injury in clinical scenario.</p>
      <p>However, there are some limitations that difficult the translational impact of these results. First, rats share several metabolic pathways with humans, but the organisms are quite different. Second, in this study we evaluated a global myocardial ischemia that is not the routine in clinical practice. The ischemic process in humans is the result of a long inflammatory process that can modulate completely different metabolic pathways from our model.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p><italic>A&#231;a&#237;</italic> supplementation did not decrease the infarcted area nor improve the left ventricular function in the global ischemia-reperfusion model despite improving cardiac energy metabolism and attenuating myocardial oxidative stress, suggesting that these mechanisms may not be the main determinants of the worsened diastolic left ventricular function observed after ischemia and reperfusion with <italic>a&#231;a&#237;</italic>supplementation.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Patricia Alegre, from pela Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu under the protocol number 1111/2014. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Ibanez B, Heusch G, Ovize M, Van de Werf F. Evolving therapies for myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65(14):1454-71.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ibanez</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heusch</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ovize</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Van de Werf</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Evolving therapies for myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>65</volume>
          <issue>14</issue>
          <fpage>1454</fpage>
          <lpage>1471</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Kals J, Starkopf J, Zilmer M, Pruler T, Pulges K, Hallaste M, et al. Antioxidant UPF1 attenuates myocardial stunning in isolated rat hearts. Int J Cardiol. 2008;125(1):133-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kals</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Starkopf</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zilmer</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pruler</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pulges</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hallaste</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Antioxidant UPF1 attenuates myocardial stunning in isolated rat hearts</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>125</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>133</fpage>
          <lpage>135</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Palmer BS, Hadziahmetovic M, Veci T, Angelos MG. Global ischemic duration and reperfusion function in the isolated perfused rat heart. Resuscitation. 2004;62(1):97-106.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Palmer</surname>
              <given-names>BS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hadziahmetovic</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Veci</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Angelos</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Global ischemic duration and reperfusion function in the isolated perfused rat heart</article-title>
          <source>Resuscitation</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>62</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>97</fpage>
          <lpage>106</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Borges JP, Lessa MA. Mechanisms involved in exercise-induced cardioprotection: a systematic review. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2015;105(1):71-81.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Borges</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lessa</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Mechanisms involved in exercise-induced cardioprotection: a systematic review</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>105</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>71</fpage>
          <lpage>81</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 Cadenas S. ROS and redox signaling in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury and cardioprotection. Free Radic Biol Med. 2018 Mar;117:76-89.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cadenas</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>ROS and redox signaling in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury and cardioprotection</article-title>
          <source>Free Radic Biol Med</source>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>117</volume>
          <fpage>76</fpage>
          <lpage>89</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 Martins GF, Siqueira Filho AG, Santos JB, Assuncao CR, Bottino F, Carvalho KG, et al. Trimetazidine on ischemic injury and reperfusion in coronary artery bypass grafting. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2011;97(3):209-16.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Martins</surname>
              <given-names>GF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Siqueira</surname>
              <given-names>AG</given-names>
              <suffix>Filho</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Assuncao</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bottino</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carvalho</surname>
              <given-names>KG</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Trimetazidine on ischemic injury and reperfusion in coronary artery bypass grafting</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>97</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>209</fpage>
          <lpage>216</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 Torre-Amione G, Kapadia S, Benedict C, Oral H, Young JB, Mann DL. Proinflammatory cytokine levels in patients with depressed left ventricular ejection fraction: a report from the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD). J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996;27(5):1201-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Torre-Amione</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kapadia</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Benedict</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oral</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Young</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mann</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Proinflammatory cytokine levels in patients with depressed left ventricular ejection fraction: a report from the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD)</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>1996</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>1201</fpage>
          <lpage>1206</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 Mahmoudabady M, Haghshenas M, Niazmand S. Extract from Teucrium polium L. protects rat heart against oxidative stress induced by ischemic-reperfusion injury. Adv Biomed Res. 2018 Jan 30;7:15.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mahmoudabady</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haghshenas</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Niazmand</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Extract from Teucrium polium L. protects rat heart against oxidative stress induced by ischemic-reperfusion injury</article-title>
          <source>Adv Biomed Res</source>
          <day>30</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <fpage>15</fpage>
          <lpage>15</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9 Moura RS, Ferreira TS, Lopes AA, Pires KM, Nesi RT, Resende AC, et al. Effects of Euterpe oleracea Mart. (A&#199;A&#205;) extract in acute lung inflammation induced by cigarette smoke in the mouse. Phytomedicine. 2012;19(3-4):262-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Moura</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferreira</surname>
              <given-names>TS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lopes</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pires</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nesi</surname>
              <given-names>RT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Resende</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effects of Euterpe oleracea Mart. (A&#199;A&#205;) extract in acute lung inflammation induced by cigarette smoke in the mouse</article-title>
          <source>Phytomedicine</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>3-4</issue>
          <fpage>262</fpage>
          <lpage>269</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10 Fragoso MF, Prado MG, Barbosa L, Rocha NS, Barbisan LF. Inhibition of mouse urinary bladder carcinogenesis by a&#231;a&#237; fruit (Euterpe oleraceae Martius) intake. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2012;67(3):235-41.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fragoso</surname>
              <given-names>MF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Prado</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barbosa</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rocha</surname>
              <given-names>NS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barbisan</surname>
              <given-names>LF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Inhibition of mouse urinary bladder carcinogenesis by a&#231;a&#237; fruit (Euterpe oleraceae Martius) intake</article-title>
          <source>Plant Foods Hum Nutr</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>67</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>235</fpage>
          <lpage>241</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11 Guerra JF, Magalhaes CL, Costa DC, Silva ME, Pedrosa ML. Dietary acai modulates ROS production by neutrophils and gene expression of liver antioxidant enzymes in rats. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2011;49(3):188-94.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Guerra</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Magalhaes</surname>
              <given-names>CL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Costa</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pedrosa</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Dietary acai modulates ROS production by neutrophils and gene expression of liver antioxidant enzymes in rats</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Biochem Nutr</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>49</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>188</fpage>
          <lpage>194</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12 Hassimotto NM, Genovese MI, Lajolo FM. Antioxidant activity of dietary fruits, vegetables, and commercial frozen fruit pulps. J Agric Food Chem. 2005;53(8):2928-35.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hassimotto</surname>
              <given-names>NM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Genovese</surname>
              <given-names>MI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lajolo</surname>
              <given-names>FM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Antioxidant activity of dietary fruits, vegetables, and commercial frozen fruit pulps</article-title>
          <source>J Agric Food Chem</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>53</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>2928</fpage>
          <lpage>2935</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13 Yamaguchi KK, Pereira LF, Lamar&#227;o CV, Lima ES, da Veiga-Junior VF. Amazon acai: chemistry and biological activities: a review. Food Chem. 2015 Jul 15;179:137-51.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yamaguchi</surname>
              <given-names>KK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pereira</surname>
              <given-names>LF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lamar&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>CV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lima</surname>
              <given-names>ES</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>da</surname>
              <given-names>VF</given-names>
              <suffix>Veiga-Junior</suffix>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Amazon acai: chemistry and biological activities: a review</article-title>
          <source>Food Chem</source>
          <day>15</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>179</volume>
          <fpage>137</fpage>
          <lpage>151</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14 da Silveira TFF, Godoy HT. Non-anthocyanin phenolic compounds in a&#231;a&#237; (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) juice by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (UHPLC-DAD): a multivariate optimization. J Chromatogr Sci. 2019;57(2):139-48.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>da Silveira</surname>
              <given-names>TFF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Godoy</surname>
              <given-names>HT</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Non-anthocyanin phenolic compounds in a&#231;a&#237; (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) juice by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (UHPLC-DAD): a multivariate optimization</article-title>
          <source>J Chromatogr Sci</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>57</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>139</fpage>
          <lpage>148</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15 Spada PD, Dani C, Bortolini GV, Funchal C, Henriques JA, Salvador M. Frozen fruit pulp of Euterpe oleraceae Mart. (Acai) prevents hydrogen peroxide-induced damage in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and hippocampus of rats. J Med Food. 2009;12(5):1084-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Spada</surname>
              <given-names>PD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dani</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bortolini</surname>
              <given-names>GV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Funchal</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Henriques</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Salvador</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Frozen fruit pulp of Euterpe oleraceae Mart. (Acai) prevents hydrogen peroxide-induced damage in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and hippocampus of rats</article-title>
          <source>J Med Food</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>1084</fpage>
          <lpage>1088</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16 Wu X, Schauss AG. Mitigation of inflammation with foods. J Agric Food Chem. 2012;60(27):6703-17.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wu</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schauss</surname>
              <given-names>AG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Mitigation of inflammation with foods</article-title>
          <source>J Agric Food Chem</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>60</volume>
          <issue>27</issue>
          <fpage>6703</fpage>
          <lpage>6717</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17 Zapata-Sudo G, da Silva JS, Pereira SL, Souza PJ, de Moura RS, Sudo RT. Oral treatment with Euterpe oleracea Mart. (acai) extract improves cardiac dysfunction and exercise intolerance in rats subjected to myocardial infarction. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2014 Jul 8;14:227.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zapata-Sudo</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>da Silva</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pereira</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Souza</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Moura</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sudo</surname>
              <given-names>RT</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Oral treatment with Euterpe oleracea Mart. (acai) extract improves cardiac dysfunction and exercise intolerance in rats subjected to myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>BMC Complement Altern Med</source>
          <day>08</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <fpage>227</fpage>
          <lpage>227</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18 Fragoso MF, Romualdo GR, Ribeiro DA, Barbisan LF. Acai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) feeding attenuates dimethylhydrazine-induced rat colon carcinogenesis. Food Chem Toxicol. 2013 Aug;58:68-76.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fragoso</surname>
              <given-names>MF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Romualdo</surname>
              <given-names>GR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barbisan</surname>
              <given-names>LF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Acai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) feeding attenuates dimethylhydrazine-induced rat colon carcinogenesis</article-title>
          <source>Food Chem Toxicol</source>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>58</volume>
          <fpage>68</fpage>
          <lpage>76</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19 Wang X, Yuan B, Cheng B, Liu Y, Zhang B, Lin X, et al. Crocin alleviates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress via regulation of MIR-34A/SIRT1/NRF2 pathway. Shock. 2019;51(1):123-130.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yuan</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cheng</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lin</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Crocin alleviates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress via regulation of MIR-34A/SIRT1/NRF2 pathway</article-title>
          <source>Shock</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>51</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>123</fpage>
          <lpage>130</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20 Nakamura A, Minakami S. Synthesis of catalase in liver slices from aminotriazole-pretreated rats. J Biochem. 1974;75(6):1373-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nakamura</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Minakami</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Synthesis of catalase in liver slices from aminotriazole-pretreated rats</article-title>
          <source>J Biochem</source>
          <year>1974</year>
          <volume>75</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1373</fpage>
          <lpage>1375</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21 Ewing JF, Janero DR. Microplate superoxide dismutase assay employing a nonenzymatic superoxide generator. Anal Biochem. 1995;232(2):243-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ewing</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Janero</surname>
              <given-names>DR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Microplate superoxide dismutase assay employing a nonenzymatic superoxide generator</article-title>
          <source>Anal Biochem</source>
          <year>1995</year>
          <volume>232</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>243</fpage>
          <lpage>248</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22 Jiang ZY, Woollard AC, Wolff SP. Lipid hydroperoxide measurement by oxidation of Fe2+ in the presence of xylenol orange. Comparison with the TBA assay and an iodometric method. Lipids. 1991;26(10):853-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jiang</surname>
              <given-names>ZY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Woollard</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wolff</surname>
              <given-names>SP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Lipid hydroperoxide measurement by oxidation of Fe2+ in the presence of xylenol orange. Comparison with the TBA assay and an iodometric method</article-title>
          <source>Lipids</source>
          <year>1991</year>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>853</fpage>
          <lpage>856</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23 Bass A, Brdiczka D, Eyer P, Hofer S, Pette D. Metabolic differentiation of distinct muscle types at the level of enzymatic organization. Eur J Biochem. 1969;10(2):198-206.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bass</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brdiczka</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eyer</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hofer</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pette</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Metabolic differentiation of distinct muscle types at the level of enzymatic organization</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Biochem</source>
          <year>1969</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>198</fpage>
          <lpage>206</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24 Cassina A, Radi R. Differential inhibitory action of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite on mitochondrial electron transport. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1996;328(2):309-16.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cassina</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Radi</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Differential inhibitory action of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite on mitochondrial electron transport</article-title>
          <source>Arch Biochem Biophys</source>
          <year>1996</year>
          <volume>328</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>309</fpage>
          <lpage>316</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25 Lustosa BB, Polegato B, Minicucci M, Rafacho B, Santos PP, Fernandes AA, et al. Green tea (Cammellia sinensis) attenuates ventricular remodeling after experimental myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol. 2016 Dec 15;225:147-53.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lustosa</surname>
              <given-names>BB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Polegato</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Minicucci</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rafacho</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>PP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fernandes</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Green tea (Cammellia sinensis) attenuates ventricular remodeling after experimental myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <day>15</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>225</volume>
          <fpage>147</fpage>
          <lpage>153</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26 Lefer DJ, Marb&#225;n E. Is cardioprotection dead? Circulation. 2017;136(1):98-109.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lefer</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marb&#225;n</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Is cardioprotection dead?</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>136</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>98</fpage>
          <lpage>109</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27 Pell VR, Chouchani ET, Frezza C, Murphy MP, Krieg T. Succinate metabolism: a new therapeutic target for myocardial reperfu</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pell</surname>
              <given-names>VR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chouchani</surname>
              <given-names>ET</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Frezza</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Murphy</surname>
              <given-names>MP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Krieg</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Succinate metabolism: a new therapeutic target for myocardial reperfu</source>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28 Dhalla NS, Elmoselhi AB, Hata T, Makino N. Status of myocardial antioxidants in ischemia-reperfusion injury. Cardiovasc Res. 2000;47(3):446-56.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dhalla</surname>
              <given-names>NS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Elmoselhi</surname>
              <given-names>AB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hata</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Makino</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Status of myocardial antioxidants in ischemia-reperfusion injury</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Res</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>47</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>446</fpage>
          <lpage>456</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29 Mertens-Talcott SU, Rios J, Jilma-Stohlawetz P, Pacheco-Palencia LA, Meibohm B, Talcott ST, et al. Pharmacokinetics of anthocyanins and antioxidant effects after the consumption of anthocyanin-rich acai juice and pulp (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) in human healthy volunteers. J Agric Food Chem. 2008;56(17):7796-802.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mertens-Talcott</surname>
              <given-names>SU</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rios</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jilma-Stohlawetz</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pacheco-Palencia</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meibohm</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Talcott</surname>
              <given-names>ST</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pharmacokinetics of anthocyanins and antioxidant effects after the consumption of anthocyanin-rich acai juice and pulp (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) in human healthy volunteers</article-title>
          <source>J Agric Food Chem</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>56</volume>
          <issue>17</issue>
          <fpage>7796</fpage>
          <lpage>7802</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>30 Raedschelders K, Ansley DM, Chen DD. The cellular and molecular origin of reactive oxygen species generation during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Pharmacol Ther. 2012;133(2):230-55.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Raedschelders</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ansley</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>DD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The cellular and molecular origin of reactive oxygen species generation during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion</article-title>
          <source>Pharmacol Ther</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>133</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>230</fpage>
          <lpage>255</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <mixed-citation>31 Pi J, Bai Y, Reece JM, Williams J, Liu D, Freeman ML, et al. Molecular mechanism of human Nrf2 activation and degradation: role of sequential phosphorylation by protein kinase CK2. Free Radic Biol Med. 2007;42(12):1797-806.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pi</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bai</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reece</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Williams</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Freeman</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Molecular mechanism of human Nrf2 activation and degradation: role of sequential phosphorylation by protein kinase CK2</article-title>
          <source>Free Radic Biol Med</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>42</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1797</fpage>
          <lpage>1806</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <label>32</label>
        <mixed-citation>32 Crozier A, Jaganath IB, Clifford MN. Dietary phenolics: chemistry, bioavailability and effects on health. Nat Prod Rep. 2009;26(8):1001-43.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Crozier</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jaganath</surname>
              <given-names>IB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clifford</surname>
              <given-names>MN</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Dietary phenolics: chemistry, bioavailability and effects on health</article-title>
          <source>Nat Prod Rep</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>1001</fpage>
          <lpage>1043</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <label>33</label>
        <mixed-citation>33 Albertoni G, Schor N. Resveratrol plays important role in protective mechanisms in renal disease-mini-review. J Bras Nefrol. 2015;37(1):106-14.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Albertoni</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schor</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Resveratrol plays important role in protective mechanisms in renal disease-mini-review</article-title>
          <source>J Bras Nefrol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>106</fpage>
          <lpage>114</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <label>34</label>
        <mixed-citation>34 Ma Q. Transcriptional responses to oxidative stress: pathological and toxicological implications. Pharmacol Ther. 2010;125(3):376-93.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ma</surname>
              <given-names>Q</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Transcriptional responses to oxidative stress: pathological and toxicological implications</article-title>
          <source>Pharmacol Ther</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>125</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>376</fpage>
          <lpage>393</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <label>35</label>
        <mixed-citation>35 Noratto GD, Angel-Morales G, Talcott ST, Mertens-Talcott SU. Polyphenolics from a&#231;a&#237; (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) and red muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia) protect human umbilical vascular Endothelial cells (HUVEC) from glucose- and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation and target microRNA-126. J Agric Food Chem. 2011;59(14):7999-8012.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Noratto</surname>
              <given-names>GD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Angel-Morales</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Talcott</surname>
              <given-names>ST</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mertens-Talcott</surname>
              <given-names>SU</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Polyphenolics from a&#231;a&#237; (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) and red muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia) protect human umbilical vascular Endothelial cells (HUVEC) from glucose- and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation and target microRNA-126</article-title>
          <source>J Agric Food Chem</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>59</volume>
          <issue>14</issue>
          <fpage>7999</fpage>
          <lpage>8012</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <label>36</label>
        <mixed-citation>36 Ajit D, Simonyi A, Li R, Chen Z, Hannink M, Fritsche KL, et al. Phytochemicals and botanical extracts regulate NF-kB and Nrf2/ARE reporter activities in DI TNC1 astrocytes. Neurochem Int. 2016 Jul;97:49-56.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ajit</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Simonyi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hannink</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fritsche</surname>
              <given-names>KL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Phytochemicals and botanical extracts regulate NF-kB and Nrf2/ARE reporter activities in DI TNC1 astrocytes</article-title>
          <source>Neurochem Int</source>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>97</volume>
          <fpage>49</fpage>
          <lpage>56</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <label>37</label>
        <mixed-citation>37 Poulose SM, Fisher DR, Larson J, Bielinski DF, Rimando AM, Carey AN, et al. Anthocyanin-rich a&#231;ai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) fruit pulp fractions attenuate inflammatory stress signaling in mouse brain BV-2 microglial cells. J Agric Food Chem. 2012;60(4):1084-93.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Poulose</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fisher</surname>
              <given-names>DR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Larson</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bielinski</surname>
              <given-names>DF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rimando</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carey</surname>
              <given-names>AN</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Anthocyanin-rich a&#231;ai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) fruit pulp fractions attenuate inflammatory stress signaling in mouse brain BV-2 microglial cells</article-title>
          <source>J Agric Food Chem</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>60</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>1084</fpage>
          <lpage>1093</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B38">
        <label>38</label>
        <mixed-citation>38 Dias MM, Martino HS, Noratto G, Roque-Andrade A, Stringheta PC, Talcott S, et al. Anti-inflammatory activity of polyphenolics from a&#231;ai (Euterpe oleracea Martius) in intestinal myofibroblasts CCD-18Co cells. Food Funct. 2015;6(10):3249-56.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dias</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martino</surname>
              <given-names>HS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Noratto</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roque-Andrade</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stringheta</surname>
              <given-names>PC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Talcott</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Anti-inflammatory activity of polyphenolics from a&#231;ai (Euterpe oleracea Martius) in intestinal myofibroblasts CCD-18Co cells</article-title>
          <source>Food Funct</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>3249</fpage>
          <lpage>3256</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B39">
        <label>39</label>
        <mixed-citation>39 Bai H, Wang Z, Cui J, Yun K, Zhang H, Liu RH, et al. Synergistic radiation protective effect of purified Auricularia auricular-judae polysaccharide (AAP IV) with grape seed procyanidins. Molecules. 2014;19(12):20675-94.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bai</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cui</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yun</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>RH</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Synergistic radiation protective effect of purified Auricularia auricular-judae polysaccharide (AAP IV) with grape seed procyanidins</article-title>
          <source>Molecules</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>20675</fpage>
          <lpage>20694</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B40">
        <label>40</label>
        <mixed-citation>40 Zhang Y, Sano M, Shinmura K, Tamaki K, Katsumata Y, Matsuhashi T, et al. 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal protects against cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury via the Nrf2-dependent pathway. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2010;49(4):576-86.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sano</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shinmura</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tamaki</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Katsumata</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matsuhashi</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>4-hydroxy-2-nonenal protects against cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury via the Nrf2-dependent pathway</article-title>
          <source>J Mol Cell Cardiol</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>49</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>576</fpage>
          <lpage>586</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B41">
        <label>41</label>
        <mixed-citation>41 da Silva Santos V, Bisen-Hersh E, Yu Y, Cabral IS, Nardini V, Culbreth M, et al. Anthocyanin-rich a&#231;a&#237; (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) extract attenuates manganese-induced oxidative stress in rat primary astrocyte cultures. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2014;77(7):390-404.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>da Silva Santos</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bisen-Hersh</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yu</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cabral</surname>
              <given-names>IS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nardini</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Culbreth</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Anthocyanin-rich a&#231;a&#237; (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) extract attenuates manganese-induced oxidative stress in rat primary astrocyte cultures</article-title>
          <source>J Toxicol Environ Health A</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>77</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>390</fpage>
          <lpage>404</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B42">
        <label>42</label>
        <mixed-citation>42 Azevedo PS, Minicucci MF, Santos PP, Paiva SAR, Zornoff LAM. Energy metabolism in cardiac remodeling and heart failure. Cardiol Rev. 2013;21(3):135-40.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Azevedo</surname>
              <given-names>PS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Minicucci</surname>
              <given-names>MF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>PP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paiva</surname>
              <given-names>SAR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zornoff</surname>
              <given-names>LAM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Energy metabolism in cardiac remodeling and heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Cardiol Rev</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>135</fpage>
          <lpage>140</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B43">
        <label>43</label>
        <mixed-citation>43 Lopaschuk GD, Ussher JR, Folmes CD, Jaswal JS, Stanley WC. Myocardial fatty acid metabolism in health and disease. Physiol Rev. 2010;90(1):207-58.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lopaschuk</surname>
              <given-names>GD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ussher</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Folmes</surname>
              <given-names>CD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jaswal</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stanley</surname>
              <given-names>WC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Myocardial fatty acid metabolism in health and disease</article-title>
          <source>Physiol Rev</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>90</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>207</fpage>
          <lpage>258</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B44">
        <label>44</label>
        <mixed-citation>44 Hinkle PC. P/O ratios of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2005;1706(1-2):1-11.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hinkle</surname>
              <given-names>PC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>P/O ratios of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation</article-title>
          <source>Biochim Biophys Acta</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>1706</volume>
          <issue>1-2</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>11</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B45">
        <label>45</label>
        <mixed-citation>45 El Morsy EM, Ahmed MA, Ahmed AA. Attenuation of renal ischemia/reperfusion injury by acai extract preconditioning in a rat model. Life Sci. 2015 Feb 15;123:35-42.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>El Morsy</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ahmed</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ahmed</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Attenuation of renal ischemia/reperfusion injury by acai extract preconditioning in a rat model</article-title>
          <source>Life Sci</source>
          <day>15</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>123</volume>
          <fpage>35</fpage>
          <lpage>42</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B46">
        <label>46</label>
        <mixed-citation>46 Alessandra-Perini J, Rodrigues-Baptista KC, Machado DE, Nasciutti LE, Perini JA. Anticancer potential, molecular mechanisms and toxicity of Euterpe oleracea extract (a&#231;a&#237;): a systematic review. PLoS One. 2018;13(7):e0200101.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Alessandra-Perini</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rodrigues-Baptista</surname>
              <given-names>KC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Machado</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nasciutti</surname>
              <given-names>LE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Perini</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Anticancer potential, molecular mechanisms and toxicity of Euterpe oleracea extract (a&#231;a&#237;): a systematic review</article-title>
          <source>PLoS One</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <elocation-id>e0200101</elocation-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B47">
        <label>47</label>
        <mixed-citation>47 Ardisson LP, Minicucci MF, Azevedo PS, Chiuso-Minicucci F, Matsubara BB, Matsubara LS, et al. Influence of AIN-93 diet on mortality and cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction in rats. Int J Cardiol. 2012;156(3):265-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ardisson</surname>
              <given-names>LP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Minicucci</surname>
              <given-names>MF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Azevedo</surname>
              <given-names>PS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chiuso-Minicucci</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matsubara</surname>
              <given-names>BB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matsubara</surname>
              <given-names>LS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Influence of AIN-93 diet on mortality and cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction in rats</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>156</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>265</fpage>
          <lpage>269</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B48">
        <label>48</label>
        <mixed-citation>48 Toufektsian MC, de Lorgeril M, Nagy N, Salen P, Donati MB, Giordano L, et al. Chronic dietary intake of plant-derived anthocyanins protects the rat heart against ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Nutr. 2008;138(4):747-52.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Toufektsian</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Lorgeril</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nagy</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Salen</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Donati</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giordano</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Chronic dietary intake of plant-derived anthocyanins protects the rat heart against ischemia-reperfusion injury</article-title>
          <source>J Nutr</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>138</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>747</fpage>
          <lpage>752</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B49">
        <label>49</label>
        <mixed-citation>49 Carvalho PB, Gon&#231;alves AF, Alegre PH, Azevedo PS, Roscani MG, Bergamasco CM, et al. Pamidronate attenuates oxidative stress and energetic metabolism changes but worsens functional outcomes in acute doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2016;40(3-4):431-42.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Carvalho</surname>
              <given-names>PB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
              <given-names>AF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alegre</surname>
              <given-names>PH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Azevedo</surname>
              <given-names>PS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roscani</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bergamasco</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pamidronate attenuates oxidative stress and energetic metabolism changes but worsens functional outcomes in acute doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats</article-title>
          <source>Cell Physiol Biochem</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <issue>3-4</issue>
          <fpage>431</fpage>
          <lpage>442</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B50">
        <label>50</label>
        <mixed-citation>50 Zornoff LA, Matsubara LS, Matsubara BB, Okoshi MP, Okoshi K, Dal Pai-Silva M, et al. Beta-carotene supplementation attenuates cardiac remodeling induced by one-month tobacco-smoke exposure in rats.Toxicol Sci. 2006;90(1):259-66.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zornoff</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matsubara</surname>
              <given-names>LS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matsubara</surname>
              <given-names>BB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Okoshi</surname>
              <given-names>MP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Okoshi</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dal Pai-Silva</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Beta-carotene supplementation attenuates cardiac remodeling induced by one-month tobacco-smoke exposure in rats</article-title>
          <source>Toxicol Sci</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>90</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>259</fpage>
          <lpage>266</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B51">
        <label>51</label>
        <mixed-citation>51 Ziberna L, Lunder M, Moze S, Vanzo A, Tramer F, Passamonti S, et al. Acute cardioprotective and cardiotoxic effects of bilberry anthocyanins in ischemia-reperfusion injury: beyond concentration-dependent antioxidant activity. Cardiovasc Toxicol. 2010;10(4):283-94.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ziberna</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lunder</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moze</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vanzo</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tramer</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Passamonti</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Acute cardioprotective and cardiotoxic effects of bilberry anthocyanins in ischemia-reperfusion injury: beyond concentration-dependent antioxidant activity</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Toxicol</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>283</fpage>
          <lpage>294</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B52">
        <label>52</label>
        <mixed-citation>52 Reagan-Shaw S, Nihal M, Ahmad N. Dose translation from animal to human studies revisited. FASEB J. 2008;22(3):659-61.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Reagan-Shaw</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nihal</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ahmad</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Dose translation from animal to human studies revisited</article-title>
          <source>FASEB J</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>659</fpage>
          <lpage>661</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B53">
        <label>53</label>
        <mixed-citation>53 Garcia LR, Polegato BF, Zornoff LAM. Challenges of translational science. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2017;108(5):388-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Garcia</surname>
              <given-names>LR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Polegato</surname>
              <given-names>BF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zornoff</surname>
              <given-names>LAM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Challenges of translational science</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>108</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>388</fpage>
          <lpage>389</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Euterpe Oleracea Mart. (A&#231;a&#237;) Reduz o Estresse Oxidativo e Melhora o Metabolismo Energ&#233;tico da Les&#227;o de Isquemia-Reperfus&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica Em Ratos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alegre</surname>
            <given-names>Patricia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mathias</surname>
            <given-names>Livia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Louren&#231;o</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Angelica</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1159-5030</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Priscila Portugal dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Ang&#233;lica</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gaiolla</surname>
            <given-names>Paula Schmidt Azevedo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5980-4367</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Minicucci</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9831-8820</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zornoff</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4412-1990</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Paiva</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio Alberto Rupp</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2875-9532</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Polegato</surname>
            <given-names>Bertha Furlan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho - UNESP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Bertha Furlan Polegato,</bold> Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho - Faculdade de Medicina Campus de Botucatu - Rubiao Jr s/n. CEP 18618-970, Botucatu, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>bertha.polegato@unesp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Zornoff L, Paiva SAR, Polegato BF; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Alegre P, Mathias L, Louren&#231;o MA, Gon&#231;alves A, Fernandes AA; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Alegre P, Santos PP, Gaiolla PSA, Minicucci MF, Zornoff L, Paiva SAR, Polegato BF; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Minicucci MF, Paiva SAR, Polegato BF; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Alegre P, Santos PP, Polegato BF; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Alegre P, Mathias L, Louren&#231;o MA, Santos PP, Gon&#231;alves A, Fernandes AA, Gaiolla PSA, Minicucci MF, Zornoff L, Paiva SAR, Polegato BF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Euterpe oleracea Mart. (a&#231;a&#237;) &#233; uma fruta com alta capacidade antioxidante e pode ser uma estrat&#233;gia adjuvante para atenuar a les&#227;o de isquemia-reperfus&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a influ&#234;ncia do a&#231;a&#237; no modelo global de isquemia-reperfus&#227;o em ratos.</p>
          <p>Metodologia: Ratos Wistar foram divididos em 2 grupos: Controle (C: recebendo ra&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o; n = 9) e A&#231;a&#237; (A: recebendo ra&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o suplementada com 5% de a&#231;a&#237;; n = 10). Ap&#243;s seis semanas, os animais foram submetidos ao protocolo global de isquemia-reperfus&#227;o e a estudo do cora&#231;&#227;o isolado para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. N&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado: 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos quanto ao peso corporal inicial e final, e a ingest&#227;o di&#225;ria de ra&#231;&#227;o. O grupo A apresentou menor concentra&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de hidroper&#243;xido lip&#237;dico e maior atividade de catalase, super&#243;xido dismutase e glutationa peroxidase do que o grupo C. Tamb&#233;m observamos aumento da atividade mioc&#225;rdica da b-hidroxiacil coenzima-A desidrogenase, piruvato desidrogenase, citrato sintase, complexo I, complexo II e ATP sintase no grupo A, bem como menor atividade das enzimas lactato desidrogenase e fosfofructoquinase. A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica foi semelhante entre os grupos, e o grupo A apresentou fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica pior que C. N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; &#225;rea de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, e express&#227;o proteica de NF-kB total e fosforilado, e das prote&#237;nas FOXO1, SIRT1 e Nrf-2.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>apesar de melhorar o metabolismo energ&#233;tico e atenuar o estresse oxidativo, a suplementa&#231;&#227;o de a&#231;a&#237; n&#227;o diminuiu a &#225;rea infartada nem melhorou a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda no modelo global de isquemia-reperfus&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Euterpe oleracea Mart.</kwd>
        <kwd>Estresse Oxidativo</kwd>
        <kwd>Metabolismo Energ&#233;tico</kwd>
        <kwd>Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Inj&#250;ria de por Reperfus&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Embora a mortalidade atribu&#237;da &#224; cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica esteja diminuindo em alguns pa&#237;ses, ela ainda apresenta alta morbidade, diminuindo a qualidade de vida e aumentando os gastos em sa&#250;de.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Os eventos isqu&#234;micos card&#237;acos podem ser causados por isquemia parcial ou total do tecido, com disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica revers&#237;vel ou irrevers&#237;vel e morte celular. Per&#237;odos isqu&#234;micos superiores a 20 minutos causam danos irrevers&#237;veis aos cardiomi&#243;citos e incapacidade de recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional, mesmo com a restaura&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Durante a isquemia, para atender &#224; demanda energ&#233;tica do mioc&#225;rdio, o ATP celular &#233; gerado pela glic&#243;lise, levando &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o do pH intracelular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Paralelamente, n&#237;veis reduzidos de ATP interrompem importantes bombas ativas na homeostase i&#244;nica, o que resulta em sobrecarga de Na<sup>+</sup> e Ca<sup>2+</sup> citos&#243;lico, inviabilizando a repolariza&#231;&#227;o celular e levando &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Al&#233;m disso, &#233; poss&#237;vel observar n&#237;veis elevados de Ca<sup>2+</sup> no citosol que pode ativar diversas enzimas (fosfolipases, proteases, endonucleases e ATPases) associadas &#224; peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica, &#224; produ&#231;&#227;o de esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio (ERO), &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;nas contr&#225;teis e &#224; perda da fun&#231;&#227;o celular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Embora seja necess&#225;rio reverter a isquemia, a restaura&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo pode ser mais prejudicial do que o pr&#243;prio processo isqu&#234;mico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Durante a reperfus&#227;o, os danos isqu&#234;micos s&#227;o agravados devido a uma descarga adicional de ERO gerada nas mitoc&#244;ndrias pela restaura&#231;&#227;o do fluxo de oxig&#234;nio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Tem ganhado aten&#231;&#227;o a pesquisa de drogas e subst&#226;ncias que possam prevenir danos &#224;s c&#233;lulas card&#237;acas em situa&#231;&#245;es e procedimentos que envolvem les&#227;o por reperfus&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Nesse contexto, observamos grande interesse na a&#231;&#227;o antioxidante de produtos naturais como o a&#231;a&#237;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O a&#231;a&#237; (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) &#233; uma fruta t&#237;pica do norte do Brasil recentemente popularizada por sua alta capacidade antioxidante relacionada &#224; presen&#231;a de &#225;cidos fen&#243;licos, flavonoides e antocianinas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Os compostos de polpa de a&#231;a&#237; consistem em 31% de flavonoides, 23% de compostos fen&#243;licos, 11% de lignoides e 9% de antocianinas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> As principais antocianinas na polpa do a&#231;a&#237; s&#227;o a cianidina-3-O-glucos&#237;deo e a cianidina-3-O-rutinos&#237;deo, respons&#225;veis pela cor p&#250;rpura da fruta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Os compostos fen&#243;licos mais abundantes s&#227;o o &#225;cido fer&#250;lico, os &#225;cidos p-hidroxibenz&#243;ico, g&#225;lico, protocatec&#250;ico, el&#225;gico, van&#237;lico, p-coumarico e o glicos&#237;deo do &#225;cido el&#225;gico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em modelos experimentais, a suplementa&#231;&#227;o de a&#231;a&#237; reduziu o estresse oxidativo pulmonar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> e cerebral,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> reduziu a forma&#231;&#227;o de ERO em c&#233;lulas polimorfonucleares,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> diminuiu o dano ao DNA e apresentou atividade anticarcinog&#234;nica no c&#226;ncer de bexiga.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> A administra&#231;&#227;o oral de a&#231;a&#237; foi capaz de atenuar quadros de hipertrofia e disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em ratos submetidos a infarto do mioc&#225;rdio,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> mas n&#227;o foram encontrados estudos sobre o efeito do a&#231;a&#237; no modelo global de isquemia ou seu efeito na les&#227;o de reperfus&#227;o.</p>
        <p>O objetivo do nosso estudo foi avaliar a &#225;rea de infarto, a fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, o estresse oxidativo e a atividade de enzimas envolvidas no metabolismo energ&#233;tico do mioc&#225;rdio no modelo global de isquemia-reperfus&#227;o em ratos ap&#243;s suplementa&#231;&#227;o de a&#231;a&#237;.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Desenho do estudo</title>
          <p>O protocolo experimental deste estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Uso de Animais da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu (CEUA 1111/2014), e est&#225; em conformidade com as normas estabelecidas pelo Conselho Nacional de Controle de Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal.</p>
          <p>Vinte ratos Wistar machos com 2 meses de idade, pesando 250-300 g, foram divididos em dois grupos: controle (C; n = 10) e a&#231;a&#237; (A; n = 10). O tamanho da amostra foi determinado por conveni&#234;ncia com base em estudos anteriores que utilizaram o mesmo modelo experimental. Os animais foram mantidos em ambiente com temperatura controlada (23&#176;C) e ciclo claro-escuro de 12 horas em caixas individuais para controlar a ingest&#227;o de alimentos. O grupo C recebeu ra&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o e o grupo A foi suplementado com 5% de a&#231;a&#237;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> por seis semanas. Ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de suplementa&#231;&#227;o, todos os animais foram anestesiados com tiopental de s&#243;dio (80 mg/kg, IP) para induzir o protocolo de isquemia global-reperfus&#227;o, ap&#243;s o qual o cora&#231;&#227;o foi dissecado. Foi feito um corte seccional do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo para determinar a &#225;rea de infarto e o restante foi armazenado em um freezer a -80&#176;C para an&#225;lise posterior. Um rato do grupo controle foi perdido devido a problemas t&#233;cnicos durante o protocolo de isquemia-reperfus&#227;o e o estudo foi conclu&#237;do com 9 ratos no grupo controle e 10 ratos no grupo a&#231;a&#237;.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Prepara&#231;&#227;o da ra&#231;&#227;o suplementada com a&#231;a&#237;</title>
          <p>A polpa de a&#231;a&#237; comercializada (Icefruit&#174;) foi descongelada e incorporada na ra&#231;&#227;o Nuvilab triturada (Nuvital&#174;). Ap&#243;s a homogeneiza&#231;&#227;o, a ra&#231;&#227;o foi novamente peletizada, seca a 32&#176;C e armazenada em freezer a -20&#176;C at&#233; o momento do uso. A dose utilizada no estudo foi de 5%, conforme proposto por Fragoso et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Indu&#231;&#227;o de isquemia global, reperfus&#227;o e avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca</title>
          <p>Os ratos foram anestesiados com tiopental de s&#243;dio (80 mg/kg, IP), heparinizados (2.000 UI, IP) e submetidos a ventila&#231;&#227;o com press&#227;o positiva com oxig&#234;nio a 100%. Em seguida, foi realizada esternotomia mediana e a aorta ascendente foi canulada para iniciar a perfus&#227;o retr&#243;grada com solu&#231;&#227;o de Krebs-Henseleit modificada (NaCl 115 mmol/L, KCl 5,4 mmol/L, CaCl<sub>2</sub> 1,25 mmol/L; MgSO<sub>4</sub> 1,2 mmol/L, NaH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> 1,15 mmol/L, NaHCO<sub>3</sub> 25 mmol/L, 11 mmol/L de glicose e 8 mmol/L de manitol). Os cora&#231;&#245;es foram transferidos para aparato de Langendorff (Modelo 830 Hugo Sachs Eletronik, Alemanha) com press&#227;o de perfus&#227;o a 75 mmHg. A solu&#231;&#227;o nutritiva foi constantemente oxigenada com uma mistura gasosa de 95% de O<sub>2</sub> e 5% de CO<sub>2</sub>, e a temperatura foi mantida a 37&#176;C. Um marcapasso foi utilizado para manter a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sob controle (250 bpm).</p>
          <p>O &#225;trio esquerdo foi removido e um bal&#227;o de l&#225;tex foi inserido na cavidade ventricular esquerda. O bal&#227;o foi acoplado a um transdutor de press&#227;o e a uma seringa, o que permitiu varia&#231;&#227;o no volume do bal&#227;o. Ap&#243;s 10 minutos de estabiliza&#231;&#227;o, os cora&#231;&#245;es foram submetidos a um per&#237;odo de 30 minutos de isquemia global, seguido de 30 minutos de reperfus&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> A isquemia global foi induzida pela interrup&#231;&#227;o completa do fluxo da solu&#231;&#227;o de Krebs-Henseleit para o cora&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>Ap&#243;s os per&#237;odos de isquemia e reperfus&#227;o, foi realizada uma avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. O volume dentro do bal&#227;o foi aumentado progressivamente para obter varia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de 0 a 25 mmHg. Al&#233;m disso, para cada aumento de volume no bal&#227;o, foram registradas as press&#245;es diast&#243;lica e sist&#243;lica, a taxa m&#225;xima de desenvolvimento da press&#227;o ventricular esquerda (+dP/dt) e a taxa m&#225;xima de diminui&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o ventricular esquerda (-dP/dt). Curvas de press&#227;o-volume diast&#243;lica foram constru&#237;das.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise da &#225;rea mioc&#225;rdica infartada</title>
          <p>Foi realizado um corte transversal do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) - 5 mm do &#225;pice, com espessura de 2 mm - e incubado em tamp&#227;o de fosfato a 7,4 pH e cloreto de trifeniltetraz&#243;lio a 1% (Sigma Aldrich) por 30 minutos a 37&#176;C. Depois disso, as se&#231;&#245;es foram incubadas em uma solu&#231;&#227;o de formalde&#237;do a 10% durante a noite. As se&#231;&#245;es ventriculares foram posicionadas entre duas l&#226;minas de vidro e digitalizadas para obten&#231;&#227;o das imagens.</p>
          <p>A &#225;rea de infarto foi medida atrav&#233;s do programa <italic>ImageJ</italic> por planimetria e expressa como a porcentagem de infarto em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; &#225;rea total. Nas c&#233;lulas vivas, o corante &#233; reduzido pelas desidrogenases e aparece com uma colora&#231;&#227;o vermelha escura. As c&#233;lulas mortas sem as enzimas n&#227;o s&#227;o coradas e permanecem p&#225;lidas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise de enzimas antioxidantes e hidroper&#243;xido lip&#237;dico</title>
          <p>Amostras de aproximadamente 100 mg de tecido do VE foram homogeneizadas em um tamp&#227;o de fosfato de s&#243;dio (0,01 M) com um pH de 7,4 e centrifugadas por 30 minutos a -4&#176;C; as prote&#237;nas totais nas amostras foram quantificadas pelo m&#233;todo de Bradford. As atividades de glutationa peroxidase (GSH-Px), super&#243;xido dismutase (SOD) e catalase no tecido card&#237;aco foram determinadas por espectrofotometria, de acordo com os m&#233;todos descritos anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> A concentra&#231;&#227;o de hidroper&#243;xido lip&#237;dico no tecido card&#237;aco foi medida pela oxida&#231;&#227;o do sulfato ferroso amoniacal e determinada por espectrofotometria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do metabolismo energ&#233;tico</title>
          <p>Amostras de aproximadamente 100 mg de tecido do VE foram homogeneizadas em tamp&#227;o de fosfato de s&#243;dio (0,1 M, pH 7,0) e centrifugadas. O sobrenadante foi utilizado para determinar a concentra&#231;&#227;o proteica e a atividade das enzimas b-hidroxiacil coenzima A desidrogenase, fosfofructoquinase, lactato desidrogenase, piruvato desidrogenase e citrato sintase.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> O sedimento foi ressuspenso com tamp&#227;o de fosfato de s&#243;dio (0,1 M) contendo sacarose 250 mM e EDTA 2 mM, e foi utilizado para determinar a atividade de complexos enzim&#225;ticos da cadeia de transporte de el&#233;trons (complexos I, II e ATP sintase).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> As leituras foram realizadas em um leitor de microplacas com o software controlGen5 2.0, e todos os reagentes foram obtidos no laborat&#243;rio Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, EUA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>
            <italic>Western blot</italic>
          </title>
          <p>As amostras de VE (80 mg) foram homogeneizadas com 1 ml de tamp&#227;o de extra&#231;&#227;o do ensaio de precipita&#231;&#227;o por radioimunidade (RIPA), centrifugadas e o sobrenadante foi coletado. A prote&#237;na nas amostras foi quantificada pelo m&#233;todo de Bradford e as amostras foram usadas para determinar a express&#227;o proteica do fator nuclear kB (NF-kB) total e fosforilado, sirtuina 1 (SIRT1) e prote&#237;na forkhead box O1 (FOXO1). Para determinar o fator nuclear eritroid 2 (Nrf-2), as amostras de VE foram extra&#237;das com o tamp&#227;o de extra&#231;&#227;o nuclear.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Todas as amostras foram dilu&#237;das em tamp&#227;o Laemmli.</p>
          <p>A eletroforese de prote&#237;nas foi realizada a 4&#176;C em gel de poliacrilamida de 8 a 10% (<italic>Mini-Protean 3 Electroforesis Cell System</italic>, Bio-Rad, Hercules, EUA). Ap&#243;s eletroforese, os g&#233;is foram transferidos para as membranas de nitrocelulose (sistema <italic>Mini Trans-Blot</italic>, Bio-Rad, Hercules, EUA) em um sistema de transfer&#234;ncia &#250;mida seguido de bloqueio com solu&#231;&#227;o de leite em p&#243; desnatado a 5%. A membrana foi lavada e os anticorpos prim&#225;rios foram adicionados (Santa Cruz <italic>Biotechnology,</italic> Inc., Europa). Ap&#243;s incuba&#231;&#227;o durante a noite, a membrana foi lavada com solu&#231;&#227;o basal e foram adicionados anticorpos secund&#225;rios (Santa Cruz <italic>Biotechnology</italic>, Inc., Europa). Ap&#243;s 2 horas, a membrana foi lavada novamente em solu&#231;&#227;o basal.</p>
          <p>A imunodetec&#231;&#227;o foi realizada com o m&#233;todo de quimioluminesc&#234;ncia usando o Kit <italic>SuperSignal West Pico Chemiluminescent Substrate Kit</italic> (<italic>ThermoScientific</italic>, EUA). O fotodocumentador <italic>ImageQuant</italic> LAS 4000 (<italic>General Eletrikcs</italic>) foi utilizado para gerar imagens, que foram analisadas pelo programa Gel-Pro 32 (<italic>Media Cybernetics</italic>, Rockville, EUA). Os resultados obtidos para as prote&#237;nas alvo foram normalizados pela express&#227;o de gliceralde&#237;do-3-fosfato desidrogenase (GAPDH), e o mesmo animal controle foi inclu&#237;do em todas as eletroforeses para padroniza&#231;&#227;o entre os experimentos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os valores obtidos s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal) ou mediana e quartil 25 e 75% (vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-normal). A normalidade foi verificada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. As compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos foram realizadas por teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic> n&#227;o pareado (vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal) ou de Mann-Whitney (vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-normal). A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada pelo <italic>software</italic> SigmaStat, considerando n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% para todas as an&#225;lises.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais</title>
          <p>O peso corporal inicial e final dos animais n&#227;o diferiu entre os grupos. Al&#233;m disso, os ventr&#237;culos esquerdo e direito, o peso de f&#237;gado e o pulm&#227;o foram semelhantes entre os grupos. A ingest&#227;o di&#225;ria de ra&#231;&#227;o foi de aproximadamente 26 g para os dois grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Vari&#225;veis morfol&#243;gicas e consume de ra&#231;&#227;o em ratos submetidos &#224; isquemia-reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica global</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">C (n = 9)</th>
                  <th align="center">A (n = 10)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PC inicial (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">274 &#177; 15</td>
                  <td align="center">281 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">0,274</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PC final (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">468 &#177; 29</td>
                  <td align="center">448 &#177; 40</td>
                  <td align="center">0,225</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Peso do VE (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,03 &#177; 0,09</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02 &#177; 0,07</td>
                  <td align="center">0,934</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Peso do VD (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,30 &#177; 0,03</td>
                  <td align="center">0,29 &#177; 0,03</td>
                  <td align="center">0,431</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Peso do f&#237;gado (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">14,4 &#177; 1,6</td>
                  <td align="center">12,9 &#177; 2,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,154</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Peso do pulm&#227;o (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,62 &#177; 0,03</td>
                  <td align="center">1,54 &#177; 0,18</td>
                  <td align="center">0,359</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Consumo di&#225;rio de ra&#231;&#227;o (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">26,1 &#177; 2,2</td>
                  <td align="center">26,6 &#177; 1,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,246</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>C: grupo controle; A: grupo a&#231;a&#237;; PC: peso corporal; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito. Os valores s&#227;o expressos como a m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o; Valor de p: teste t.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>&#193;rea mioc&#225;rdica infartada</title>
          <p>N&#227;o observamos diferen&#231;a na &#225;rea de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio entre os grupos A e C, conforme observado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#193;rea mioc&#225;rdica infartada ap&#243;s isquemia-reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica global. A figura mostra as sec&#231;&#245;es de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo coradas com cloreto de trifeniltetraz&#243;lio a 1%. A &#225;rea branca representa o mioc&#225;rdio infartado. C: grupo controle; A: grupo a&#231;a&#237;. N&#227;o h&#225; diferen&#231;a entre os grupos (p = 0,710).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-01-0078-80140-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Estresse oxidativo e metabolismo energ&#233;tico do mioc&#225;rdio</title>
          <p>A suplementa&#231;&#227;o de a&#231;a&#237; promoveu menor concentra&#231;&#227;o de hidroper&#243;xido lip&#237;dico no mioc&#225;rdio, e foi observada maior atividade das enzimas catalase, SOD e GSH-Px no mioc&#225;rdio desses ratos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Marcador do estresse oxidativo do mioc&#225;rdio e atividade de enzimas antioxidantes ap&#243;s isquemia-reperfus&#227;o global</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">C (n = 9)</th>
                  <th align="center">A (n = 10)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">HL (nmol/g de tecido)</td>
                  <td align="center">330 &#177; 33</td>
                  <td align="center">208 &#177; 22</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">CAT (&#181;mol/g de tecido)</td>
                  <td align="center">58,5 &#177; 6,4</td>
                  <td align="center">70,0 &#177; 8,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SOD (nmol/mg de prote&#237;na)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,7 &#177; 0,4</td>
                  <td align="center">8,1 &#177; 0,7</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">GSH-Px (nmol/mg de tecido)</td>
                  <td align="center">20,2 &#177; 3,3</td>
                  <td align="center">32,8 &#177; 4,7</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>C: grupo controle; A: grupo a&#231;a&#237;; HL: hidroper&#243;xido lip&#237;dico; CAT: catalase; SOD: super&#243;xido dismutase; GSH-Px: glutationa peroxidase. Os valores s&#227;o expressos como a m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o; valor de p: teste t.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Quanto ao metabolismo energ&#233;tico do mioc&#225;rdio, a suplementa&#231;&#227;o de polpa de a&#231;a&#237; promoveu menor atividade das enzimas lactato desidrogenase e fosfofructoquinase e maior atividade das enzimas b-hidroxiacil-coenzima A desidrogenase, citrato sintase e piruvato desidrogenase. Al&#233;m disso, observamos maior atividade do complexo I, complexo II e ATP sintase no grupo suplementado com a&#231;a&#237; (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Atividade mioc&#225;rdica de enzimas relacionadas ao metabolismo energ&#233;tico ap&#243;s protocolo global de isquemia-reperfus&#227;o</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">C (n= 9)</th>
                  <th align="center">A (n=10)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#946;-hidroxiacil-CoA desidrogenase (nmoL/mg de prote&#237;na)</td>
                  <td align="center">19,8 &#177; 3,3</td>
                  <td align="center">49,8 &#177; 7,0</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fosfofructoquinase (nmoL/g de tecido)</td>
                  <td align="center">181 (160 - 228)</td>
                  <td align="center">73 (67 - 82)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Lactato desidrogenase (nmoL/mg de prote&#237;na)</td>
                  <td align="center">147 (145 - 167)</td>
                  <td align="center">70 (65 - 77)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Piruvirato desidrogenase (nmoL/g de tecido)</td>
                  <td align="center">114 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">176 &#177; 19</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Citrato sintase (nmol/mg de prote&#237;na)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (30 - 37)</td>
                  <td align="center">100 (81 - 117)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Complexo I (nmol/mg de prote&#237;na)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,7 &#177; 1,0</td>
                  <td align="center">8,0 &#177; 1,7</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Complexo II (nmol/mg de prote&#237;na)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,1 &#177; 0,6</td>
                  <td align="center">3,5 &#177; 0,5</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">ATP sintase (nmol/mg de prote&#237;na)</td>
                  <td align="center">22,0 &#177; 3,9</td>
                  <td align="center">44,5 &#177; 6,6</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>C: grupo controle; A: grupo a&#231;a&#237;. Os valores s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana e 1&#186; e 3&#186; quartil; Valor de p: teste t ou de Mann-Whitney.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>
            <italic>Western blot</italic>
          </title>
          <p>A express&#227;o das prote&#237;nas envolvidas na regula&#231;&#227;o da via do estresse oxidativo &#233; mostrada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2</xref>. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na express&#227;o de NF-kB total e fosforilado, FOXO1 total e acetilado, SIRT1 e Nrf-2. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as nas raz&#245;es NF-kB fosforilada/total ou FOXO1 acetilada/total.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f5">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Express&#227;o proteica avaliada por Western blot. C: grupo controle; A: grupo a&#231;a&#237;; SIRT1: regulador silencioso de informa&#231;&#245;es 1; GAPDH: gliceralde&#237;do-3-fosfato desidrogenase; FOXO1: prote&#237;na garfo cabe&#231;a 1; aFOXO1: prote&#237;na garfo cabe&#231;a acetilada 1; Nrf-2: fator nuclear eritr&#243;ide 2; NF-kB: fator nuclear kappa B; pNF-kB: fator nuclear fosforilado Kappa B. Todas as express&#245;es proteicas foram normalizadas por GAPDH. N&#227;o h&#225; diferen&#231;as entre os grupos na express&#227;o proteica (p &gt; 0,05).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-01-0078-80140-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Estudo isolado do cora&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao volume inicial do bal&#227;o, &#224; press&#227;o sist&#243;lica m&#225;xima atingida, ou +dP/dt, que representa a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica. O grupo A apresentou pior -dP/dt que o C, significando comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica nos ratos que receberam suplementa&#231;&#227;o de a&#231;a&#237;. As &#225;reas sob as curvas na rela&#231;&#227;o press&#227;o diast&#243;lica-volume n&#227;o diferiram entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Estudo card&#237;aco isolado ap&#243;s isquemia-reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica global. Painel A: C: grupo controle; A: grupo de a&#231;a&#237;. O volume inicial representa o volume dentro do bal&#227;o quando a press&#227;o diast&#243;lica era zero; +dP/dt: taxa de desenvolvimento da press&#227;o ventricular esquerda; -dP/dt: taxa de diminui&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o ventricular esquerda; * diferente do grupo C (p = 0,025). Painel B: Rela&#231;&#227;o entre press&#227;o diast&#243;lica e volume. A &#225;rea sob a curva e a inclina&#231;&#227;o foram semelhantes entre os grupos.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-01-0078-80140-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A les&#227;o de isquemia-reperfus&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio &#233; uma das principais causas de morte no mundo, e continua sendo uma situa&#231;&#227;o em que as terapias cl&#237;nicas atuais s&#227;o surpreendentemente deficientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> A les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica irrevers&#237;vel progride com o aumento da dura&#231;&#227;o da isquemia; portanto, a r&#225;pida restaura&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo para a &#225;rea isqu&#234;mica &#233; essencial para salvar o mioc&#225;rdio vi&#225;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A reperfus&#227;o, no entanto, pode induzir a morte de cardiomi&#243;citos, independentemente do epis&#243;dio isqu&#234;mico, por um processo conhecido como les&#227;o de reperfus&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> A diminui&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o por reperfus&#227;o &#233; um dos principais alvos na batalha para preservar a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
        <p>Durante a isquemia-reperfus&#227;o, ocorrem altera&#231;&#245;es como libera&#231;&#227;o de citocinas, intera&#231;&#227;o entre leuc&#243;citos e c&#233;lulas endoteliais, e produ&#231;&#227;o de esp&#233;cies reativas de nitrog&#234;nio/oxig&#234;nio e radicais livres (ERs)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> o que pode levar a danos oxidativos. Os ERs s&#227;o gerados a partir de v&#225;rias fontes, e o metabolismo energ&#233;tico, mais precisamente a cadeia de transporte de el&#233;trons mitocondrial (CTE), &#233; uma das fontes mais importantes desses radicais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A produ&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua de ERs durante processos metab&#243;licos &#233; regulada por um sistema de defesa antioxidante, que limita os n&#237;veis intracelulares e controla a ocorr&#234;ncia de danos celulares. O sistema de defesa antioxidante pode ser enzim&#225;tico e n&#227;o-enzim&#225;tico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> O sistema de defesa n&#227;o-enzim&#225;tico inclui compostos antioxidantes de origem alimentar, como vitaminas, minerais e compostos fen&#243;licos. Os flavonoides e outros compostos presentes no a&#231;a&#237; podem atuar como antioxidantes n&#227;o-enzim&#225;ticos, inativando esp&#233;cies reativas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Durante a isquemia, h&#225; um aumento da nicotinamida adenina dinucleot&#237;deo oxidase, &#243;xido n&#237;trico sintase, xantina oxidase, citocromo P450 e ciclooxigenase,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> o que pode resultar em aumento de gera&#231;&#227;o de ER; da mesma forma, a isquemia est&#225; associada a uma diminui&#231;&#227;o de diferentes enzimas antioxidantes. Todas essas altera&#231;&#245;es podem resultar em estresse oxidativo. Neste estudo, o grupo A apresentou maior atividade das enzimas antioxidantes, al&#233;m de menor concentra&#231;&#227;o de hidroper&#243;xido lip&#237;dico do mioc&#225;rdio. O hidroper&#243;xido lip&#237;dico &#233; um marcador de dano oxidativo e &#233; originado da les&#227;o oxidativa dos lip&#237;dios da membrana. A les&#227;o de membrana pode levar a dist&#250;rbios na permeabilidade, a altera&#231;&#245;es do fluxo i&#244;nico e les&#227;o do DNA al&#233;m de comprometer a matriz extracelular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s prote&#237;nas envolvidas na regula&#231;&#227;o da via do estresse oxidativo, os mecanismos pelos quais os compostos alimentares fen&#243;licos atuam na preven&#231;&#227;o de patologias degenerativas foram parcialmente estudados. As intera&#231;&#245;es complexas entre essas mol&#233;culas da dieta e seus alvos moleculares ativam as vias de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o da resposta celular, incluindo NF-kB, Nrf2, SIRT1 e FOXO1.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O NF-kB &#233; considerado um importante fator transcricional relacionado ao estresse oxidativo. O tratamento com a&#231;a&#237; inibiu a ativa&#231;&#227;o de NF-kB na cultura de c&#233;lulas de astr&#243;citos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> inibiu a fosforila&#231;&#227;o de NF-kB em c&#233;lulas microgliais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> e a express&#227;o g&#234;nica de NF-kB com regula&#231;&#227;o negativa em cultura de miofibroblastos de c&#243;lon.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> Da mesma forma, o Nrf2 &#233; um importante regulador da produ&#231;&#227;o de enzimas antioxidantes. Em resposta ao estresse oxidativo, o Nrf2 se dissocia da prote&#237;na Keap1 e migra para o n&#250;cleo celular, onde estimula a produ&#231;&#227;o de enzimas antioxidantes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> A isquemia mioc&#225;rdica promove aumento da express&#227;o proteica de Nrf2,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> e o efeito do a&#231;a&#237; na express&#227;o de Nrf2 foi verificado em um estudo de cultura de astr&#243;citos em que o fruto reduziu a express&#227;o proteica de Nrf2.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> Entretanto, em outro estudo, tamb&#233;m com cultura de astr&#243;citos, a administra&#231;&#227;o de a&#231;a&#237; aumentou a express&#227;o de Nrf2,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> mostrando que os efeitos do a&#231;a&#237; sobre Nrf2 n&#227;o s&#227;o completamente compreendidos.</p>
        <p>Outro regulador do equil&#237;brio celular &#233; a prote&#237;na SIRT1, que pode atuar na apoptose, na biog&#234;nese mitocondrial, em inflama&#231;&#245;es, no metabolismo de glicose e lip&#237;dios, na autofagia e em adapta&#231;&#245;es ao estresse celular por meio da desacetila&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;nas-alvo como NF-kB e FOXO1. Quando acetilado pelo SIRT1, o FOXO1 leva ao aumento da express&#227;o de genes gliconeog&#234;nicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> O aumento da atividade transcricional do FOXO1 tamb&#233;m aumenta a express&#227;o g&#234;nica da catalase e super&#243;xido dismutase.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> At&#233; onde sabemos, n&#227;o existem estudos que tenham avaliado o efeito do a&#231;a&#237; na express&#227;o das prote&#237;nas FOXO1 e SIRT1.</p>
        <p>No cora&#231;&#227;o adulto normal, aproximadamente 95% da produ&#231;&#227;o de ATP &#233; derivada da fosforila&#231;&#227;o oxidativa mitocondrial. O cora&#231;&#227;o adulto normalmente obt&#233;m de 50 a 70% do seu ATP a partir da b-oxida&#231;&#227;o dos &#225;cidos graxos, em vez da oxida&#231;&#227;o da glicose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> O dinucleot&#237;deo de flavina adenina e o dinucleot&#237;deo de nicotinamida adenina produzidos durante a oxida&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cidos graxos s&#227;o utilizados na s&#237;ntese de ATP mitocondrial via fosforila&#231;&#227;o oxidativa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref> Isso depende criticamente da manuten&#231;&#227;o de um gradiente eletroqu&#237;mico de pr&#243;tons atrav&#233;s da membrana mitocondrial interna gerada pela extrus&#227;o de pr&#243;tons da matriz para o espa&#231;o intermembranar pelos complexos I, III e IV, que formam o CTE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em nosso estudo, a suplementa&#231;&#227;o de a&#231;a&#237; resultou em maior atividade das enzimas b-hidroxiacil CoA-desidrogenase e citrato sintase, que podem caracterizar maior oxida&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cidos graxos. Al&#233;m disso, houve menor atividade da fosfofructoquinase, envolvida na glic&#243;lise. Isso mostra que a suplementa&#231;&#227;o de a&#231;a&#237; alterou a sele&#231;&#227;o de substratos de glicose para &#225;cidos graxos, mantendo o metabolismo energ&#233;tico mais pr&#243;ximo de uma situa&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica, como mostrado anteriormente em um modelo experimental de isquemia-reperfus&#227;o renal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref> Al&#233;m disso, a suplementa&#231;&#227;o de a&#231;a&#237; aumentou a atividade dos complexos I, II e ATP sintase, protegendo os danos aos complexos mitocondriais. No entanto, a oxida&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cidos graxos diminui a efici&#234;ncia metab&#243;lica dos cora&#231;&#245;es lesionados.</p>
        <p>Curiosamente, a polpa de a&#231;a&#237; &#233; composta predominantemente por lip&#237;dios, que correspondem a 48%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref> A oferta de mais lip&#237;dios poderia contribuir para o aumento da atividade da b-hidroxiacil CoA-desidrogenase no grupo tratado com a&#231;a&#237;. Esse padr&#227;o foi observado no modelo experimental de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, que administrava dieta rica em lip&#237;dios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Como esperado para o per&#237;odo de 30 minutos de isquemia, observamos uma grande &#225;rea de infarto em nosso estudo, de aproximadamente 50% em ambos os grupos. Anteriormente, a suplementa&#231;&#227;o de uma dieta rica em antocianinas em um estudo com modelo experimental de isquemia-reperfus&#227;o diminuiu a &#225;rea mioc&#225;rdica infartada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref> No entanto, no presente estudo, a suplementa&#231;&#227;o de a&#231;a&#237; n&#227;o reduziu o tamanho do infarto.</p>
        <p>Grandes infartos geralmente apresentam importante disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda resultante do comprometimento dos processos celulares e de altera&#231;&#245;es na morfologia card&#237;aca. O aumento do estresse oxidativo compromete a permeabilidade da membrana plasm&#225;tica dos mi&#243;citos, a atividade das bombas i&#244;nicas na membrana plasm&#225;tica e no ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico e o tr&#226;nsito intracelular de c&#225;lcio, comprometendo tanto a s&#237;stole quanto a di&#225;stole.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Seria de esperar que a atenua&#231;&#227;o do estresse oxidativo fosse seguida por uma melhora na fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, como demonstrado em diferentes modelos de dano mioc&#225;rdico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref> No entanto, este estudo evidenciou que a administra&#231;&#227;o de a&#231;a&#237; piorou a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ap&#243;s isquemia-reperfus&#227;o card&#237;aca. Isso nos leva a inferir que a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular observada neste modelo depende de outros mecanismos al&#233;m do dano oxidativo. Curiosamente, um estudo realizado para investigar o efeito do extrato de antocianina na isquemia-reperfus&#227;o card&#237;aca global de ratos sugere que a antocianina era cardioprotetora em baixas doses e poderia ser cardiot&#243;xica em altas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, a mudan&#231;a que ocorre no metabolismo energ&#233;tico em situa&#231;&#245;es de estresse tem papel protetor no mioc&#225;rdio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> O fato de a suplementa&#231;&#227;o de a&#231;a&#237; impedir o uso de glicose e favorecer a manuten&#231;&#227;o do metabolismo mioc&#225;rdico pr&#243;ximo ao normal pode ter interferido negativamente nesse mecanismo protetor adaptativo.</p>
        <p>Enquanto a isquemia induz altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas e funcionais e a les&#227;o de reperfus&#227;o pode exacerbar esses aspectos, a descoberta de novos f&#225;rmacos, subst&#226;ncias ou estrat&#233;gias que minimizem o dano card&#237;aco &#233; essencial. A quantidade de a&#231;a&#237; que os ratos ingeriram foi equivalente a 600 mg para um ser humano de 60 kg,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref> quantidade plaus&#237;vel de ser ingerida por um ser humano. Portanto, o a&#231;a&#237; pode ser uma estrat&#233;gia potencial para atenuar a les&#227;o de isquemia-reperfus&#227;o no cen&#225;rio cl&#237;nico.</p>
        <p>No entanto, existem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es que dificultam o impacto translacional desses resultados. Primeiro, os ratos compartilham v&#225;rias vias metab&#243;licas com os seres humanos, mas os organismos s&#227;o bem diferentes. Segundo, neste estudo avaliamos uma isquemia mioc&#225;rdica global, que n&#227;o &#233; a rotina na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. O processo isqu&#234;mico em humanos &#233; o resultado de um longo processo inflamat&#243;rio que pode modular vias metab&#243;licas completamente diferentes do nosso modelo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A suplementa&#231;&#227;o de a&#231;a&#237; n&#227;o diminuiu a &#225;rea infartada nem melhorou a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda no modelo global de isquemia-reperfus&#227;o, apesar de melhorar o metabolismo energ&#233;tico card&#237;aco e atenuar o estresse oxidativo do mioc&#225;rdio, sugerindo que esses mecanismos podem n&#227;o ser os principais determinantes da piora da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda diast&#243;lica observada ap&#243;s isquemia e reperfus&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Patricia Alegre pela Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica no uso de animais da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CEUA 1111/2014. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
