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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">rzCRL9bwtpc8wPdthsRNGBM</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000100076</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190747</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estimating Cardiovascular Risk in HIV-Infected Patients</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3711-1754</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio Sommer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica e Epidemiol&#243;gica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica e Epidemiol&#243;gica - Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">DASA</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">DASA, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Marcio Sommer Bittencourt,</bold> Av. Lineu Prestes, 2565. Postal Code 05412-003, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>msbittencourt@mail.harvard.edu</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>76</fpage>
      <lpage>77</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Carotid Artery Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>HIV</kwd>
        <kwd>Antiretroviral Therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Highly Active</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>From the initial reports of HIV infections in 1981, substantial progress in the prevention, detection and treatment have led to a marked reduction in mortality. Among them, the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) with the combination of multiple antiretroviral drugs acting in different phases of the viral cycle resulted in impressive reductions in transmission and infectious complications. This increase in survival led to a large and growing population of persons living with HIV (PLWH) as a chronic condition in a setting where other non-infectious complications became more common.</p>
    <p>Among those novel conditions affecting PLWH, cardiovascular complications became the leading cause of morbidity and mortality, at least in countries with adequate access to care and widespread use of HAART.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> The increase in cardiovascular risk in PLWH is multifactorial. First, studies suggest that PLWH are more likely to be diabetics and smokers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Second, those individuals are more likely to have higher triglycerides and lower HDL-C, though LDL-C and total cholesterol were also reduced. It also seems possible that HIV infection is responsible for increases in blood pressure and glucose levels by different mechanisms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> However, considerable evidence supports the concept that traditional risk factors do not fully account for the higher cardiovascular risk in those individuals,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> as the changes in the cardiovascular system in PWLH is multifactorial and at least partially mediated by inflammation and immune activation, leading to endothelial dysfunction, changes in vascular elasticity, coagulation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Moreover, HIV treatment with HAART may also be responsible for a considerable increase in cardiovascular risk in this population. Previous studies suggest that longer HAART duration is associated with hypertension and lipid abnormalities, particularly for first-generation protease inhibitors and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.</p>
    <p>With such abundant evidence that the spectrum of cardiovascular risk in PLWH is not similar to the usual primary prevention patient, it should come as no surprise that the traditional risk calculators such as the Framingham risk score,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> do not perform as expected in this population. In order to address this issue, investigators from the data-collection on adverse effects of anti-HIV drugs (D:A:D) study derived additional risk equations including HIV-related aspects such as CD4 count and type of HAART drug use to improve risk prediction in this population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Since retrieval of information related to prior HAART therapies might be challenging in real practice, an updated reduced version of the D:A:D score restricting the input related to HIV to CD4 levels has but recently published.</p>
    <p>In the present issue of the ABC Cardiol, Silva et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> further, evaluate the performance of this novel reduced D:A:D score in a Brazilian population comparing it to the traditional Framingham risk score in 71 PLWH who underwent carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) for the evaluation of subclinical atherosclerosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> The authors demonstrate that both scores correlate well with the cIMT. However, individuals with low and intermediated risk in the Framingham risk score were more likely to have documented subclinical atherosclerosis in cIMT (20% vs. 6.7% in low risk and 62.5% vs. 30.8% for intermediate risk), indicating that the use of the Framingham risk scores results in underestimation of the prevalence of subclinical disease in low and intermediate risk individuals. Those findings have important implications for practice as a substantial proportion of true high-risk individuals among PLWH would remain untreated or undertreated if the cardiovascular risk is estimated only used traditional scores such as Framingham. Although the current data cannot be interpreted as a complete validation of the D:A:D score in a Brazilian population, it certainly provides evidence to support that the concept that PLWH are of higher risk for atherosclerosis and the estimation of risk in this population is more adequately performed using the D:A:D score than other scores developed for the general population.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Subclinical Carotid Atherosclerosis and Reduced DAD Score for Cardiovascular Risk Stratification in HIV-Positive Patients</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estimando o Risco Cardiovascular em Pacientes Infectados pelo HIV</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3711-1754</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio Sommer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica e Epidemiol&#243;gica - Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">DASA, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Marcio Sommer Bittencourt,</bold> Av. Lineu Prestes, 2565. CEP 05412-003, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>msbittencourt@mail.harvard.edu</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as das Art&#233;rias Car&#243;tidas</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome de Imunodefici&#234;ncia Adquirida</kwd>
        <kwd>HIV</kwd>
        <kwd>Indicadores de Morbimortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Desde os relatos iniciais de infec&#231;&#245;es pelo HIV em 1981, progressos substanciais na preven&#231;&#227;o, detec&#231;&#227;o e no tratamento levaram a uma redu&#231;&#227;o acentuada da mortalidade. Entre esses progressos, o uso de terapia antirretroviral altamente ativa (HAART), com a combina&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;ltiplos antirretrovirais atuando em diferentes fases do ciclo viral, resultou em redu&#231;&#245;es impressionantes na transmiss&#227;o e complica&#231;&#245;es infecciosas. Esse aumento na sobrevida levou a uma popula&#231;&#227;o grande e crescente de pessoas vivendo com HIV (PVHIV) como uma condi&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica em um ambiente em que outras complica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o infecciosas se tornaram mais comuns.</p>
      <p>Entre as novas condi&#231;&#245;es que afetam as PVHIV, as complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares se tornaram a principal causa de morbidade e mortalidade, pelo menos em pa&#237;ses com acesso adequado aos cuidados e uso generalizado da HAART.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> O aumento do risco cardiovascular nas PVHIV &#233; multifatorial. Primeiro, os estudos sugerem que as PVHIV s&#227;o mais propensas a serem diab&#233;ticas e fumantes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Segundo, esses indiv&#237;duos t&#234;m maior probabilidade de apresentar n&#237;veis de triglic&#233;rides mais altos e HDL-C mais baixo, embora o LDL-C e o colesterol total tamb&#233;m sejam reduzidos. Tamb&#233;m parece poss&#237;vel que a infec&#231;&#227;o pelo HIV seja respons&#225;vel pelo aumento da press&#227;o arterial e dos n&#237;veis de glicose por diferentes mecanismos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> No entanto, evid&#234;ncias consider&#225;veis apoiam o conceito de que os fatores de risco tradicionais n&#227;o respondem totalmente pelo maior risco cardiovascular nesses indiv&#237;duos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> uma vez que as altera&#231;&#245;es no sistema cardiovascular das PVHIV &#233; multifatorial e, pelo menos parcialmente, mediado pela inflama&#231;&#227;o e ativa&#231;&#227;o imune, levando &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, altera&#231;&#245;es na elasticidade vascular e coagula&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, o tratamento do HIV com HAART tamb&#233;m pode ser respons&#225;vel por um aumento consider&#225;vel no risco cardiovascular nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. Estudos anteriores sugerem que uma maior dura&#231;&#227;o do tratamento com HAART est&#225; associada a hipertens&#227;o e anormalidades lip&#237;dicas, particularmente para inibidores de protease de primeira gera&#231;&#227;o e inibidores n&#227;o nucleos&#237;deos da transcriptase reversa.</p>
      <p>Com tantas evid&#234;ncias de que o espectro de risco cardiovascular nas PVHIV n&#227;o &#233; semelhante ao paciente de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria habitual, n&#227;o &#233; surpresa que as calculadoras de risco tradicionais, como o escore de risco de Framingham,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> n&#227;o tenham o desempenho esperado nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. Para resolver esse problema, os pesquisadores da data-collection on adverse effects of anti-HIV drugs (D:A:D) derivaram equa&#231;&#245;es de risco adicionais, incluindo aspectos relacionados ao HIV, como a contagem de CD4 e o tipo de medicamentos HAART utilizados para melhorar previs&#227;o de risco nesta popula&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Como a recupera&#231;&#227;o de informa&#231;&#245;es relacionadas a terapias anteriores com HAART pode ser desafiadora na pr&#225;tica da vida real, uma vers&#227;o reduzida atualizada do escore D:A:D, que restringe a entrada relacionada ao HIV para os n&#237;veis de CD4, foi publicada recentemente.</p>
      <p>Na presente edi&#231;&#227;o da ABC Cardiol, Silva et al., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> avaliam ainda mais o desempenho deste novo escore reduzido D:A:D em uma popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, comparando-o ao tradicional escore de risco de Framingham em 71 PVHIV submetidas a avalia&#231;&#227;o da espessura m&#233;dio-&#237;ntima carot&#237;dea (EMIC) para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Os autores demonstram que ambos os escores se correlacionam bem com a EMIC. Entretanto, indiv&#237;duos com risco baixo e intermedi&#225;rio no escore de risco de Framingham apresentaram maior probabilidade de apresentar aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica documentada na EMIC (20% vs. 6,7% em baixo risco e 62,5% vs. 30,8% para risco intermedi&#225;rio), indicando que o uso dos escores de risco de Framingham resultam em subestima&#231;&#227;o da preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a subcl&#237;nica em indiv&#237;duos de baixo e m&#233;dio risco. Esses achados t&#234;m implica&#231;&#245;es importantes para a pr&#225;tica, uma vez que uma propor&#231;&#227;o substancial de indiv&#237;duos de alto risco entre as PVHIV permaneceria sem tratamento ou seria sub-tratada se o risco cardiovascular fosse estimado apenas com escores tradicionais, como o escore Framingham. Embora os dados atuais n&#227;o possam ser interpretados como uma valida&#231;&#227;o completa do escore D:A:D em uma popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, certamente fornecem evid&#234;ncias para apoiar o conceito de que PVHIV apresentam maior risco para aterosclerose e que a estimativa de risco nessa popula&#231;&#227;o &#233; realizada de forma mais adequada utilizando-se o escore D:A:D, do que outros escores desenvolvidos para a popula&#231;&#227;o em geral.</p>
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          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Aterosclerose Carot&#237;dea Subcl&#237;nica e DAD Escore Reduzido para Estratifica&#231;&#227;o de Risco Cardiovascular em Pacientes HIV Positivos</p>
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