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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">YSZzRVFJc83VgmrvpSXf6dF</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000100068</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2019005021102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190227</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Subclinical Carotid Atherosclerosis and Reduced DAD Score for Cardiovascular Risk Stratification in HIV-Positive Patients</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1546-7845</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Achilles Gustavo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7234-4492</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Paulo</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva-Vergara</surname>
            <given-names>Mario Le&#243;n</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Triangulo Mineiro</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Uberaba</city>
            <state>MG</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Achilles Gustavo Silva</bold> Universidade Federal do Triangulo Mineiro - Rua Frei Paulino, 30. Postal Code 38025-180, Uberaba, MG - Brazil E-mail: <email>dr.achillesgustavo@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript: Silva AG, Paulo RV, Silva-Vergara ML; Acquisition of data: Silva AG, Paulo RV; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Silva AG, Silva-Vergara ML; Statistical analysis: Silva AG.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>68</fpage>
      <lpage>75</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>HIV-positive patients are twice as likely than the general population to have a heart attack and are four times at greater risk of sudden death. In addition to the increased risk, these individuals present with cardiovascular events on average approximately 10 years earlier than the general population.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To compare Framingham and reduced DAD (Data Collection on Adverse Effects of Anti-HIV Drugs Cohort) scores for cardiovascular risk assessment in HIV-positive patients and potential impact on clinical decision after evaluation of subclinical carotid atherosclerosis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Seventy-one HIV-positive patients with no history of cardiovascular disease were clinically evaluated, stratified by the Framingham 2008 and reduced DAD scores and submitted to subclinical carotid atherosclerosis evaluation. Agreement between scores was assessed by Kappa index and p &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>mean age was 47.2 and 53.5% among males. The rate of subclinical atherosclerosis was 39.4%. Agreement between scores was 49% with Kappa of 0.735 in high-risk patients. There was no significant difference between scores by ROC curve discrimination analysis. Among patients with intermediate risk and Framingham and reduced DAD scores, 62.5% and 30.8% had carotid atherosclerosis, respectively.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The present study showed a correlation between the scores and medium-intimal thickening, besides a high correlation between patients classified as high risk by the Framingham 2008 and reduced DAD scores. The high prevalence of carotid atherosclerosis in intermediate risk patients suggests that most of them could be reclassified as high risk.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Carotid Artery Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>HIV</kwd>
        <kwd>Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Indicators of Morbidity</kwd>
        <kwd>Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Currently, about 36.7 million people are infected with HIV worldwide, and 1.8 million cases are diagnosed every year, while 1 million deaths occur.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> In Brazil, estimates say that 813,000 people are infected with HIV, with 48,000 new cases and 14,000 deaths in 2016.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Over the last decades, the use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has led to a progressive decrease in mortality caused by opportunistic diseases and, consequently, there has been a considerable increase in the survival of these patients. AIDS has become a chronic disease and permanent immune activation, caused by the HIV virus, which translates into a systemic inflammatory process with significant repercussions in various organs and systems, especially cardiovascular system, brain, kidneys and bones, which leads to premature aging.</p>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases emerged as an important cause of morbidity and mortality in this group of patients. Data from the DAD study (Data Collection on Adverse Effects of Anti-HIV Drugs), published in 2014, indicate that 11% of deaths of HIV-positive patients are caused by cardiovascular diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> HIV-infected patients are at twice as high risk of having a heart attack than the general population and four times more likely to have sudden death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> In addition to the increased risk, people with HIV experience cardiovascular events approximately 10 years before the general population, on average.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Although traditional cardiovascular risk scores, such as Framingham, have been developed for the general population, their use in HIV-positive patients is not well defined.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Based on the prospective multicenter DAD study, which was a collaboration of 11 cohorts of HIV-positive patients treated at 212 clinics in the United States, Europe, Argentina and Australia, algorithms were developed specifically for this population. The DAD score was first published in 2010, and considered CD4 count, use of Abacavir, and time of exposure to protease inhibitors and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in addition to classic cardiovascular risk factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> In order to simplify risk stratification of HIV positive patients and due to the difficulty of assessing previous antiretroviral therapy regimens, a modification in the DAD score was proposed and published in 2016, assessing the same clinical outcomes in 5 years, but not using the classes and time of exposure to ART.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The aim of this study was to compare the Framingham and reduced DAD scores for cardiovascular risk assessment in HIV-positive patients and the potential impacts on clinical decision after evaluation of subclinical carotid atherosclerosis.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Population</title>
        <p>Seventy-one asymptomatic HIV-positive patients on regular ART, with no previous diagnosis of cardiovascular disease, and in regular follow-up at the Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Outpatient Clinic of <italic>Universidade Federal do Tri&#226;ngulo Mineiro</italic> (UFTM), in Uberaba, Minas Gerais, were included.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical assessment</title>
        <p>Clinical, demographic and anthropometric data were obtained by clinical interview and included risk factors for cardiovascular disease, namely: age (&#8805; 45 years in men and &#8805; 55 years in women), smoking (current use or cessation in the last 30 days), family history of early coronary artery disease (CAD) (myocardial infarction or death from CAD in first-degree relatives, if men &lt; 55 years and women &lt; 65 years), systemic arterial hypertension (previous diagnosis with medication for hypertension and/or blood pressure &gt;140x90 mmHg), dyslipidemia (previous diagnosis with use of lipid lowering drugs and/or laboratory abnormalities according to current guidelines and described in the following), diabetes mellitus (previous diagnosis with use of blood glucose lowering medications and/or blood glucose monitoring &gt; 126 mmHg). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as the ratio between weight in kilograms and height squared in meters and considered normal from 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, overweight from 25.0 to 29.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup> and obesity as &#8805;30.0. Waist circumference was measured in centimeters at the level of the umbilical scar and considered abnormal according to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF)&#8217;s metabolic syndrome standards.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Blood pressure was measured during clinical evaluation at the outpatient clinic using an OMRON automatic arm blood pressure measuring device (HEM-7113), in compliance with current guidelines for systemic arterial hypertension, and the each individual&#8217;s level of activity was assessed by the short version of IPAQ (International Questionnaire on Physical Activity), with those who reported performing physical activity lasting &lt; 10 minutes per week being considered sedentary.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Laboratory assessment</title>
        <p>All patients had 12-hour fasting peripheral venous puncture blood collection. Blood counts, blood glucose (RV = 60 to 99 mg/dL), total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, urea (RV &#8804; 50 mg/dL), creatinine (RV = 0.4 to 1,4 mg/dL), sodium (RV = 136 to 145 mmol/L), potassium (RV = 3.5 to 5.1 mmol/L). Blood glucose, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides were considered altered if &gt; 100 mg/dL, 200 mg/dL, 160 mg/dL and 150 mg/dL, respectively, and HDL-cholesterol was considered low when &lt; 40 mg/dL in men and &lt; 50 mg/dL in women.</p>
        <p>The blood samples were processed at the Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the UFTM Clinics Hospital. Total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides were determined by colorimetric-enzymatic method in a Roche Cobas 6000 apparatus. LDL-cholesterol was calculated by the formula [(total cholesterol-HDL-cholesterol) - (triglycerides/5)].</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Risk stratification</title>
        <p>Estimates of cardiovascular risk were measured by the reduced DAD and Framingham 2008 scores. Framingham 2008 considers outcomes such as cardiovascular death, CAD, stroke, heart failure and claudication in 10 years, whereas simplified DAD includes acute myocardial infarction, stroke, coronary and carotid interventions and cardiovascular death in 5 years. According to the Framingham 2008 score, event rate was considered low risk when &lt; 10%, intermediate risk when &gt;10% and &lt;20%, and high risk when &gt;20%. For DAD, values &lt;1% were considered low risk, 1% to 5% moderate risk, 5% to 10% high risk, and &gt;10% very high risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> The simplified DAD score was calculated by means of a tool available at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.chip.dk/Tools-Standards/Clinical-risk-scores">https://www.chip.dk/Tools-Standards/Clinical-risk-scores</ext-link>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Evaluation of subclinical atherosclerosis</title>
        <p>Exams were performed at the Radiology Department of the UFTM Clinical Hospital with a Toshiba Aplio 400 ultrasound device using a 10-14 MHz linear and multifrequency probe. Patients were evaluated in supine position, in a semi-dark room, with their neck positioned at 45&#186;. The distal portions of the right and left common carotid arteries (1 cm before bifurcation) and proximal segments (2 cm) of the internal carotids were evaluated. The medium-intimal complex (MIC) was measured by the distance between two echogenic lines, the lumen-intima interface and media-adventitia interface, on the vessel&#8217;s posterior wall. The MIC was considered thickened if &gt; 0.8 mm in the common carotid artery and the presence of plaques was established by a focal structure extending at least 0.5 mm to the vessel lumen and/or measuring more than 50% of the adjacent MIC value, and/or MIC greater than 1.5 mm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Qualitative variables were expressed by frequency distribution and quantitative variables with normal distribution, as per the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, were expressed as mean and standard deviation, and those with non-Gaussian distribution as median and interquartile range. The correlations in which the variables had non-Gaussian distribution were evaluated by the Spearman&#8217;s coefficient. Agreement between scores was assessed by Kappa index and discrimination power of scores was assessed by C-statistics, defined by the area below the ROC curve relating to the finding of subclinical atherosclerosis. The statistical software GraphPad Prism version 5 was used in the process. Statistical significance was set at p &lt; 0.05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>From January 2016 to July 2017, 71 HIV patients under regular treatment were evaluated. All patients had an undetectable viral load, and had been in ART for over a year, asymptomatic and with no history of cardiovascular disease. Mean age was 47.23 &#177; 9.36m with 53.52% of the sample being composed of male patients, median time to HIV infection diagnosis of 12 years (6-17), and CD4 lymphocyte count of 654, 6 &#177; 308.3 cells/mm<sup>3</sup>. The metabolic profile of these patients is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. We highlight the presence of alterations in triglycerides &gt; 150 mg/dL or total cholesterol &gt;200 mg/dL in 41 (57.74%) cases.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Main epidemiological, clinical and laboratory aspects of 71 HIV-positive patients</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">n = 71</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Males, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">38 (53.52)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age, years</td>
              <td align="center">47.23 &#177; 9.36</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Time of HIV diagnosis (years)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (6-17)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Value of CD4 cells/mm<sup>3</sup></td>
              <td align="center">654.6 &#177; 308.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Weight, Kg</td>
              <td align="center">73.14 &#177; 16.37</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI, Kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">26.77 &#177; 5.21</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Systolic pressure, mmHg</td>
              <td align="center">119.9 &#177; 15.47</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diastolic pressure, mmHg</td>
              <td align="center">75.97 &#177; 10.46</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total cholesterol, mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">199.9 (171.2-244.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL, mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">126.4 &#177; 40.27</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL, mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">47.85 &#177; 14.36</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Triglycerides, mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">169 (96-232)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Glycemia, mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">100 (90.9-112.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Glycemia &gt; 100, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">35/69(50.72)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Triglycerides &gt; 150, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">38(53.52)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Low HDL, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">26(36.61)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Triglycerides &gt; 150 or total cholesterol &gt; 200, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">41(57.74)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>HDL: high-density lipoprotein; BMI: body mass index; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; n: number of subjects.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Among the classic cardiovascular risk factors evaluated, the most frequent were dyslipidemia, physical inactivity and age in 53 (74.6%), 46 (64.78%) and 30 cases (42.25%), respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). Increased waist circumference was found in 51 (71.83%) cases and metabolic syndrome, as defined by the IDF criteria, was found in 32 (45.07%) cases.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cardiovascular risk factors in 71 HIV-positive patients.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-01-0068-90227-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Cardiovascular risk stratification was made by the Framingham 2008 and reduced DAD scores, and results are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>. The identification of high and very high risk was similar in both scores, differing in other categories, as Framingham 2008 showed 63,4% of low risk cases and DAD score revealed 54.9% intermediate risk cases. When the degree of agreement between scores was evaluated, an overall Kappa index of 0.318 was observed with p &lt; 0.001. However, there was stronger agreement for patients classified as high risk, lower agreement for low risk patients, and no statistically significant difference for intermediate risk subjects (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). Both scores showed a statistically significant and positive correlation with the medium-intimal thickening (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Degree of agreement between cardiovascular risk scores in 71 HIV-positive patients.</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Low</th>
              <th align="center">Intermediate</th>
              <th align="center">High</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Category Kappa</td>
              <td align="center">0.268</td>
              <td align="center">0.084</td>
              <td align="center">0.735</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">p-value of category Kappa</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.226</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">95%CI of category Kappa</td>
              <td align="center">0.11 a 0.427</td>
              <td align="center">-0.052 a 0.22</td>
              <td align="center">0.502 a 0.967</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>95%CI: 95% confidence interval.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cardiovascular risk rating in 71 HIV-positive patients according to Framingham 2008 and reduced DAD scores.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-01-0068-90227-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correlation between medium-intimal thickening in 71 HIV-positive patients according to the Framingham 2008 and reduced DAD scores.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-01-0068-90227-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The medium-intimal thickening (highest thickness) in these patients was 0.73 &#177; 0.14 and there were 28 cases of subclinical atherosclerosis (39.4%). Of these, 17 (60.7%) patients presented non-significant plaque, 6 (21.4%) only thickening, and 5 (17.8%) had both plaque and thickening. In patients classified as high risk, the occurrence of subclinical atherosclerosis was 77.8% for the Framingham 2008 score and 88.2% for the reduced DAD score. In patients classified as low or intermediate risk, the rate of subclinical atherosclerosis was higher for Framingham 2008, with 20% of patients classified as low risk presenting subclinical atherosclerosis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Frequency of subclinical atherosclerosis in 71 HIV-positive patients according to the Framingham 2008 and reduced DAD scores.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-01-0068-90227-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Among patients with subclinical atherosclerosis, 50% were classified as low or intermediate risk regardless of the score used. As for atherosclerosis stratified by Framingham 2008, 9/28 patients (32.1%) were classified as low risk and, by reduced DAD score, 12/28 (42.8%) were classified as intermediate risk (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Classification of cardiovascular risk in 71 HIV-positive patients according to the Framingham 2008 and reduced DAD scores.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-01-0068-90227-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Analysis of discrimination of scores by comparison between ROC curves targeting subclinical atherosclerosis showed no significant difference between Framingham 2008 and reduced DAD scores (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 6</xref>), and the predictive accuracy is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Predictive accuracy of Framingham 2008 and reduced DAD scores relating to the presence of subclinical atherosclerosis</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Subclinical atherosclerosis</th>
              <th align="center">Sensitivity (%)</th>
              <th align="center">Specificity (%)</th>
              <th align="center">C-Statistics</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Framingham 2008 &gt; 3.9</td>
              <td align="center">100</td>
              <td align="center">57.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.86 (0.75 - 0.93)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DAD score &gt; 3.3</td>
              <td align="center">65.5</td>
              <td align="center">92.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.85 (0.73 - 0.91)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>DAD: Data Collection on Adverse Effects of Anti-HIV Drugs.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figure 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of ROC curves between Framingham 2008 and reduced DAD scores related to subclinical atherosclerosis (p = 0.46). Numbers represent the areas below the ROC curves. The circles represent the Youden Indexes of each score.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-01-0068-90227-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In this study, 71 HIV-positive patients under regular follow-up, diagnosed for more than one year, and under ART with immune reconstitution and viral suppression were evaluated. Most patients were classified as low risk by the Framingham 2008 score and intermediate risk by the reduced DAD score. There was a correlation between the medium-intimal thickening and the scores, high agreement between patients classified as high risk by both scores, although no significant difference was observed in the ROC curve score discrimination analysis. Although subclinical atherosclerosis was observed in 88% of patients classified as high risk by the reduced DAD score, subclinical atherosclerosis was found in 62.5% of patients classified as intermediate risk by the Framingham 2008 score.</p>
      <p>Other authors have already compared risk stratification scores in HIV-positive patients,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> but to our knowledge, this is the first study to apply the reduced DAD score and assess the degree of agreement with Framingham&#8217;s score. Checking the accuracy and applicability of this tool is important because it has been developed for HIV-infected patients, and unlike DAD full, it does not use ART-related factors, which makes its use more feasible.</p>
      <p>Regarding risk factors, it is important to highlight that, although diagnosis of dyslipidemia was reported in only 32.39% of patients, laboratory tests showed total cholesterol &gt;200 mg/dL and/or triglycerides &gt;150 mg/dL in 57.74% of the cases identifying significant difference between the diagnosis reported by the patient and the laboratory verification of changes in lipid profile. When considering dyslipidemia or changes in LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides or HDL-cholesterol, the frequency of dyslipidemia was 74.6%. These values reinforce the relevant presence of this risk factor in this population and the need for proper observation of criteria for diagnosis and treatment of these changes according to current guidelines.</p>
      <p>The frequency of subclinical atherosclerosis reported here (39.4%) is similar to data from Falc&#227;o et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> who found 42.6% of subclinical carotid atherosclerosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Most patients evaluated were classified as low risk by the Framingham 2008 score and intermediate risk by the reduced DAD score, while the distribution of high risk was similar for both scores. Data from Nery et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> showed most patients classified as low risk by both Framingham and DAD full scores (94% x 74.2%), respectively, and both scores had a much smaller number of patients classified as high risk (2.8% and 2.1%), respectively, than in our sample.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Although these scores are not used to estimate the presence of subclinical atherosclerosis, data from Jeric&#243; et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> show an increasing prevalence of subclinical carotid atherosclerosis according to cardiovascular risk category, with 26.6%, 35.3% and 76,5% for very low risk, low risk and moderate/high risk patients, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Similar results were found in this study, where a positive correlation between medium-intimal thickening and score value was reported. These data are important and suggest that many patients classified as low and intermediate risk could be reclassified and managed as high risk due to the presence of subclinical atherosclerosis.</p>
      <p>According to a recent publication, the Framingham&#8217;s score could underestimate cardiovascular risk in HIV-positive patients by showing a high prevalence of subclinical carotid atherosclerosis in patients sorted as low risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> The same authors suggest that the use of DAD full score allows a better association between risk stratification and the presence of subclinical atherosclerosis, and that other tools such as the verification of medium-intimal thickening may bring new information that can reclassify patients and reinforce the taking of measures of greater impact to control cardiovascular risk factors.</p>
      <p>In our study, aggravating factors for reclassifying the Framingham 2008 score were disregarded as some guidelines recommend, which led to a higher number of individuals in the low-risk category. The inclusion of aggravating factors could overestimate the risk in 10 years and lead to a 10-fold increase in the proportion of patients classified as intermediate risk (3.2% to 39.9%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The use of the Framingham and DAD scores in a recent study conducted with 997 HIV-positive patients concluded that the Framingham score would attribute to this population a greater cardiovascular risk than the DAD full score, and that this could lead to overtreatment of patients and increased risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Although the Framingham 2008 score underestimates the presence of subclinical atherosclerosis, in the reduced DAD score more than 50% of atherosclerosis patients are not classified as high-risk, suggesting that this score may also underestimate cardiovascular risk in HIV-positive patients. Another study evaluating 203 HIV-positive patients reported DAD score as having better performance than Framingham&#8217;s, and showed that its accuracy increases when CD4 lymphocyte parameters and albumin levels are incorporated. However, the detection of subclinical atherosclerosis was underestimated by both scores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <p>To compare scores, a correlation was made between them and medium-intimal thickness, besides the calculation of degree of agreement between them, and ROC curve discrimination analysis. Scores were shown to be correlated with medium-intimal thickening. Kappa index was statistically significant and showed 49% of total agreement between scores, but substantially between high-risk patients. The intermediate risk category did not present statistically significant agreement and the low risk category presented low agreement. There was no statistically significant difference in the ROC curve discrimination analysis between scores. Importantly, these scores present differences in time and composition of type of predicted cardiovascular events. In addition, the Kappa coefficient may have limitations, and even low coefficients may show a good degree of agreement.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the present observational, cross-sectional study with a small and random sample, we performed risk stratification and the presence of subclinical atherosclerosis was assessed by carotid Doppler ultrasonography; however, the occurrence of clinical events was not evaluated. These data suggest that HIV-positive patients classified as intermediate risk by the Framingham 2008 and reduced DAD scores could be reclassified as high risk in up to 62.5% and 30.8% of cases, respectively, due to the presence of subclinical atherosclerosis detected by carotid Doppler ultrasonography. These results are relevant because high-risk patients demand more aggressive therapeutic goals and subclinical atherosclerosis could indicate the need for other classes of drugs such as platelet antiaggregants.</p>
      <p>More appropriate risk stratification methods are highly desirable for this population, as this group, has risk factors inherent to chronic HIV infection itself in addition to increased risk of cardiovascular events, which leads to a systemic inflammatory process, and the use of ART increases the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. In addition to more accurate scores, new diagnostic tools or biomarkers may lead to stratification that allows better identification of high-risk patients. Thus, cardiovascular prevention measures can be reinforced not only by decrease in events, but also avoiding unnecessary use of medications that could cause adverse reactions and drug interactions.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Although this study shows a correlation between the Framingham 2008 and the reduced DAD scores and medium-intimal thickening, as well as high agreement between patients classified as high risk, we could not find a statistically significant difference between them by ROC curve discrimination analysis. In addition, the results suggest that HIV-positive patients sorted as intermediate risk by Framingham 2008 and reduced DAD scores could be reclassified as high risk in up to 65.5% and 30.8% of cases, respectively, due to the presence of subclinical atherosclerosis detected by carotid Doppler ultrasonography.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Achilles Gustavo Silva, from Universidade Federal do Triangulo Mineiro.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal do Tri&#226;ngulo Mineiro under the protocol number 1.464.324. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Aterosclerose Carot&#237;dea Subcl&#237;nica e DAD Escore Reduzido para Estratifica&#231;&#227;o de Risco Cardiovascular em Pacientes HIV Positivos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1546-7845</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Achilles Gustavo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7234-4492</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Paulo</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva-Vergara</surname>
            <given-names>Mario Le&#243;n</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Achilles Gustavo Silva</bold> Universidade Federal do Triangulo Mineiro - Rua Frei Paulino, 30. CEP 38025-180, Uberaba, MG - Brasil E-mail: <email>dr.achillesgustavo@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p><bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold> Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Silva AG, Paulo RV, Silva-Vergara ML; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Silva AG, Paulo RV; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Silva AG, Silva-Vergara ML; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Silva AG.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p><bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold> Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Pacientes HIV positivos possuem 2 vezes maior risco que a popula&#231;&#227;o geral de apresentarem infarto e 4 vezes maior de morte s&#250;bita. Al&#233;m do risco aumentado, esses indiv&#237;duos apresentam eventos cardiovasculares, em m&#233;dia, aproximadamente, 10 anos antes que a popula&#231;&#227;o geral.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Comparar os escores Framingham e DAD reduzido para avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular em pacientes HIV positivos e o potencial impacto na decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o de aterosclerose carot&#237;dea subcl&#237;nica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram avaliados clinicamente 71 pacientes HIV positivos sem antecedentes de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, estratificados pelos escores Framingham 2008 e DAD reduzido e submetidos a avalia&#231;&#227;o de aterosclerose carot&#237;dea subcl&#237;nica. A concord&#226;ncia entre os escores foi avaliada pelo &#237;ndice Kappa e os valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A idade m&#233;dia foi 47,2 e 53,5% do sexo masculino. A ocorr&#234;ncia de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica foi de 39,4%. A concord&#226;ncia entre os escores foi de 49% com Kappa de 0,735 nos pacientes de alto risco. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os escores por meio de an&#225;lise de discrimina&#231;&#227;o com curva ROC. Dos pacientes com risco intermedi&#225;rio no Framingham e DAD reduzido, 62,5% e 30,8% respectivamente apresentavam aterosclerose carot&#237;dea.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O presente estudo mostrou correla&#231;&#227;o entre os escores e espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal e alta concord&#226;ncia entre os pacientes classificados como alto risco nos escores Framingham 2008 e DAD escore reduzido. A observa&#231;&#227;o de alta preval&#234;ncia de aterosclerose carot&#237;dea em pacientes de risco intermedi&#225;rio sugere que grande parte desses pacientes poderia ser reclassificada como alto risco.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as das Art&#233;rias Car&#243;tidas</kwd>
        <kwd>HIV</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome de Imunodefici&#234;ncia Adquirida/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Indicadores de Morbimortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Globalmente, cerca de 36,7 milh&#245;es de pessoas est&#227;o infectadas com HIV, 1,8 milh&#227;o de casos s&#227;o diagnosticados anualmente e 1 milh&#227;o de &#243;bitos ocorrem a cada ano.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Estima-se que no Brasil 813.000 pessoas estejam infectados pelo HIV com 48.000 novos casos e 14.000 mortes no ano de 2016.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Durante as &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, o uso de terapia antirretroviral (TARV) levou &#224; queda progressiva da mortalidade causada por doen&#231;as oportunistas e consequentemente houve incremento consider&#225;vel da sobrevida destes pacientes. A AIDS tornou-se uma doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica e a ativa&#231;&#227;o imunol&#243;gica permanente causada pelo v&#237;rus HIV se traduz em um processo inflamat&#243;rio sist&#234;mico com repercuss&#227;o significativa em diversos &#243;rg&#227;os e sistemas, principalmente cardiovascular, c&#233;rebro, rim e ossos o que leva ao envelhecimento precoce desses pacientes.</p>
        <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares despontaram como uma causa importante de morbimortalidade neste grupo de pacientes. Dados do estudo DAD (<italic>Data Collection on Adverse Effects of Anti-HIV Drugs)</italic>, publicados em 2014, indicam que 11% das mortes de pacientes HIV positivos s&#227;o causadas por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Pacientes infectados pelo HIV possuem um risco 2 vezes maior que a popula&#231;&#227;o geral de apresentarem infarto e 4 vezes de morte s&#250;bita.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Al&#233;m do risco aumentado, os portadores de HIV apresentam eventos cardiovasculares, em m&#233;dia, aproximadamente, 10 anos antes que a popula&#231;&#227;o geral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Embora os escores de risco cardiovascular tradicionais como o Framingham tenham sido desenvolvidos para a popula&#231;&#227;o geral, a aplica&#231;&#227;o destes na popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes HIV positivos ainda n&#227;o est&#225; bem definida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Baseado no estudo DAD, de cunho prospectivo e multic&#234;ntrico, formado pela colabora&#231;&#227;o de 11 coortes de pacientes HIV positivos, tratados em 212 cl&#237;nicas dos Estados Unidos, Europa, Argentina e Austr&#225;lia, foram desenvolvidos algoritmos especificamente para esta popula&#231;&#227;o. Inicialmente foi publicado o DAD escore em 2010 que considerava al&#233;m de fatores de risco cardiovasculares cl&#225;ssicos, a contagem de CD4, o uso de Abacavir e o tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o aos inibidores de proteases e inibidores da transcriptase reversa nucleos&#237;deos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Com o objetivo de simplificar a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco do paciente HIV positivo e devido &#224; dificuldade de avalia&#231;&#227;o dos esquemas terap&#234;uticos antirretrovirais pr&#233;vios, foi proposta uma modifica&#231;&#227;o do DAD escore publicada em 2016 que tamb&#233;m avaliou os mesmos desfechos cl&#237;nicos em 5 anos, mas que n&#227;o utilizou como vari&#225;veis as classes e o tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; TARV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O objetivo desse estudo foi comparar os escores Framingham e DAD reduzido para avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular em pacientes HIV positivos e o potencial impacto na decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o de aterosclerose carot&#237;dea subcl&#237;nica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 71 pacientes HIV positivos, assintom&#225;ticos, em uso de terapia antirretroviral regular, sem diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e em acompanhamento regular no Ambulat&#243;rio de Doen&#231;as Infecciosas e Parasit&#225;rias da Universidade Federal do Tri&#226;ngulo Mineiro em Uberaba, Minas Gerais.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</title>
          <p>Os dados cl&#237;nicos, demogr&#225;ficos e antropom&#233;tricos destes pacientes foram obtidos mediante entrevista cl&#237;nica e inclu&#237;ram os fatores de risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular, a saber: idade (&#8805; 45 anos em homens e &#8805; 55 anos em mulheres), tabagismo (em uso ou cessa&#231;&#227;o nos &#250;ltimos 30 dias), hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) precoce (infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ou morte por DAC em parentes de primeiro grau , se homens &lt; 55 anos e mulheres &lt; 65 anos), hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio com uso de medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva e/ou observa&#231;&#227;o de n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos &gt; 140x90 mmHg), dislipidemia (diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio com uso de medicamentos para redu&#231;&#227;o de n&#237;veis lip&#237;dicos e/ou altera&#231;&#245;es laboratoriais conforme diretrizes atuais e descritas a seguir), diabetes mellitus (diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio com uso de medicamentos para redu&#231;&#227;o de glicemia e/ou observa&#231;&#227;o de glicemia &gt; 126 mmHg). O &#237;ndice de massa corporal foi calculado pela rela&#231;&#227;o entre o peso em quilogramas e o quadrado da altura em metros e considerado normal de 18,5 a 24,9 Kg/m<sup>2</sup>, sobrepeso de 25,0 a 29,9 Kg/m<sup>2</sup> e obesidade &#8805; 30,0. A circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal foi medida em cent&#237;metros no n&#237;vel da cicatriz umbilical e considerada anormal conforme diretriz de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica da IDF (International Diabetes Federation).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A press&#227;o arterial foi medida durante avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica no ambulat&#243;rio por meio de aparelho de medi&#231;&#227;o de press&#227;o arterial autom&#225;tico de bra&#231;o OMRON (HEM-7113) conforme as diretrizes atuais de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e o grau de atividade dos indiv&#237;duos foi avaliado pelo IPAQ (Question&#225;rio Internacional de Atividade F&#237;sica) vers&#227;o curta, sendo considerado sedent&#225;rio aquele indiv&#237;duo que realiza atividade f&#237;sica com dura&#231;&#227;o &lt; 10 minutos por semana.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial</title>
          <p>Todos os pacientes realizaram coleta de sangue mediante pun&#231;&#227;o venosa perif&#233;rica em jejum de 12 horas. Foram realizados hemograma, glicemia (VR = 60 a 99 mg/dL), colesterol total, triglic&#233;rides, HDL-colesterol, LDL-colesterol, ureia (VR &#8804; 50 mg/dL), creatinina (VR = 0,4 a 1,4 mg/dL), s&#243;dio (VR = 136 a 145 mmol/L), pot&#225;ssio (VR = 3,5 a 5,1 mmol/L). A glicemia, colesterol total, LDL- colesterol e triglic&#233;rides foram considerados alterados se &gt; 100 mg/dL, 200 mg/dL, 160 mg/dL e 150 mg/dL respectivamente e o HDL-colesterol considerado baixo quando &lt; 40 mg/dL em homens e &lt; 50 mg/dL em mulheres.</p>
          <p>As amostras de sangue foram processadas no Laborat&#243;rio de An&#225;lises Cl&#237;nicas do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas da UFTM. Colesterol total, HDL-colesterol e triglicer&#237;deos foram determinados por m&#233;todo colorim&#233;trico-enzim&#225;tico em aparelho Cobas 6000 da Roche. O LDL-colesterol foi calculado pela f&#243;rmula [(colesterol total-HDLcolesterol)-(triglicer&#237;deos/5)].</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco</title>
          <p>As estimativas de risco cardiovascular foram realizadas por meio dos escores DAD reduzido e Framingham 2008. O Framingham 2008 considera como desfechos morte cardiovascular, DAC, acidente vascular cerebral, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e claudica&#231;&#227;o em 10 anos, j&#225; o DAD simplificado inclui infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, AVC, interven&#231;&#245;es coronarianas e carot&#237;deas e &#243;bitos cardiovasculares em 5 anos. De acordo com o Framingham 2008, foi considerado baixo risco quando a taxa de eventos era &lt; 10%, intermedi&#225;rio quando &gt; 10% e &lt; 20% e de alto risco quando &gt; 20%. J&#225; pelo DAD, valores &lt; 1% foram considerados de baixo risco, de 1% a 5% risco moderado, de 5% a 10% alto risco e &gt; 10% muito alto risco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> O DAD escore simplificado foi calculado por ferramenta dispon&#237;vel em <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.chip.dk/Tools-Standards/Clinical-risk-scores">https://www.chip.dk/Tools-Standards/Clinical-risk-scores</ext-link>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica</title>
          <p>Os exames foram realizados no Setor de Radiologia do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas da UFTM com aparelho de ultrassonografia Toshiba Aplio 400 com utiliza&#231;&#227;o de sonda linear e multifrequencial 10 - 14 MHz. Os pacientes foram avaliados em posi&#231;&#227;o supina, em sala semiescura, com pesco&#231;o posicionado a 45&#186;. Foram avaliadas as por&#231;&#245;es distais das art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas comum direita e esquerda (1 cm antes da bifurca&#231;&#227;o) e segmentos proximais (2 cm) das car&#243;tidas internas. A medida do complexo m&#233;dio-intimal (CMI) foi definida pela dist&#226;ncia entre duas linhas ecog&#234;nicas, a interface l&#250;men-&#237;ntima e m&#233;dia-advent&#237;cia, na parede posterior do vaso. O CMI foi considerado espessado se &gt; 0,8 mm na car&#243;tida comum e a presen&#231;a de placa foi definida por estrutura focal estendendo-se no m&#237;nimo 0,5 mm para a luz do vaso, e/ou medindo mais do que 50% do valor da medida do CMI adjacente e/ou ainda uma medida de CMI maior que 1,5 mm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis qualitativas foram expressas por meio de distribui&#231;&#227;o de frequ&#234;ncias e as vari&#225;veis quantitativas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov foram expressas como m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o e nas com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o Gaussiana como mediana e intervalo interquartil. As correla&#231;&#245;es em que as vari&#225;veis apresentavam distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o Gaussiana foram avaliadas pelo coeficiente de Spearman. A concord&#226;ncia entre os escores foi avaliada pelo &#237;ndice Kappa e a capacidade discriminat&#243;ria dos escores foi avaliada pela estat&#237;stica-C, definida pela &#225;rea abaixo da curva ROC em rela&#231;&#227;o ao achado de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica. Foi utilizado o programa estat&#237;stico GraphPad Prism, vers&#227;o 5. Todos os valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>De janeiro de 2016 a julho de 2017, foram avaliados 71 pacientes com infec&#231;&#227;o por HIV em tratamento regular. Todos os pacientes apresentavam carga viral indetect&#225;vel, tratamento antirretroviral h&#225; mais de um ano, assintom&#225;ticos e sem antecedente de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. A idade m&#233;dia foi de 47,23 &#177; 9,36 com 53,52% dos pacientes do sexo masculino, a mediana de tempo de diagn&#243;stico da infec&#231;&#227;o pelo HIV foi 12 anos (6-17), e contagem de linf&#243;citos CD4 de 654,6 &#177; 308,3 c&#233;lulas/mm<sup>3</sup>. O perfil metab&#243;lico destes pacientes pode ser observado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>. Destaca-se a presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#227;o de triglic&#233;rides &gt; 150 mg/dL ou colesterol total &gt; 200 mg/dL em 41(57,74%) casos.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Principais aspectos epidemiol&#243;gicos, cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais de 71 pacientes HIV positivos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">n = 71</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (53,52)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">47,23 &#177; 9,36</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tempo de diagn&#243;stico de HIV (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (6-17)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Valor de CD4 c&#233;lulas/mm<sup>3</sup></td>
                <td align="center">654,6 &#177; 308,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peso, Kg</td>
                <td align="center">73,14 &#177; 16,37</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC, Kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">26,77 &#177; 5,21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Press&#227;o sist&#243;lica, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">119,9 &#177; 15,47</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Press&#227;o diast&#243;lica, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">75,97 &#177; 10,46</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol total, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">199,9 (171,2-244,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">126,4 &#177; 40,27</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">47,85 &#177; 14,36</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglic&#233;rides, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">169 (96-232)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glicemia, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">100 (90,9-112,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glicemia &gt;100, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">35/69(50,72)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglic&#233;rides &gt; 150, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">38(53,52)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL Baixo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">26(36,61)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglic&#233;rides &gt; 150 ou colesterol Total &gt; 200, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">41(57,74)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>HDL: high-density lipoprotein; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; n: n&#250;mero de pacientes.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Dentre os fatores de riscos cardiovasculares cl&#225;ssicos avaliados, os mais frequentes foram dislipidemia, sedentarismo e idade em 53 (74,6%), 46 (64,78%) e 30 (42,25%), dos casos respectivamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 1</xref>). A circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal aumentada foi evidenciada em 51 (71,83%) dos casos e a ocorr&#234;ncia de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica definida pelos crit&#233;rios da IDF foi de 32 (45,07%) casos.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fatores de risco cardiovascular em 71 pacientes HIV positivos.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-01-0068-90227-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular foi realizada com o uso de Framingham 2008 e DAD escore reduzido e est&#225; apresentada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 2</xref>. A identifica&#231;&#227;o de alto e muito alto risco foi semelhante nos dois escores, diferindo nas demais categorias, sendo que Framingham 2008 mostrou 63,4% dos casos com baixo risco e o DAD escore 54,9% com risco intermedi&#225;rio. Quando avaliado o grau de concord&#226;ncia entre os dois escores, foi observado &#237;ndice Kappa geral de 0,318 com p &lt; 0,001. Contudo, houve maior concord&#226;ncia naqueles pacientes classificados como de alto risco, menor concord&#226;ncia nos de baixo risco, enquanto que naqueles de risco intermedi&#225;rio, n&#227;o foi evidenciada diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>). Os dois escores apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa e positiva com espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Classifica&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular em 71 pacientes HIV positivos de acordo com Framingham 2008 e DAD escore reduzido.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-01-0068-90227-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Grau de concord&#226;ncia entre os escores de risco cardiovascular em 71 pacientes HIV positivos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Baixo</th>
                <th align="center">Intermedi&#225;rio</th>
                <th align="center">Alto</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Kappa da categoria</td>
                <td align="center">0,268</td>
                <td align="center">0,084</td>
                <td align="center">0,735</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">p- valor do Kappa da categoria</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,226</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IC 95% de Kappa da categoria</td>
                <td align="center">0,11 a 0,427</td>
                <td align="center">-0,052 a 0,22</td>
                <td align="center">0,502 a 0,967</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f9">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal em 71 pacientes HIV positivos segundo os escores Framingham 2008 e DAD reduzido.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-01-0068-90227-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A espessura m&#233;dio-intimal (maior espessura) nestes pacientes foi de 0,73 &#177; 0,14 e a ocorr&#234;ncia de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica foi de 28 (39,4%). Destes, 17 (60,7%) apresentavam placa n&#227;o significativa, 6 (21,4%) apenas espessamento e 5 (17,8%) tinham placa e espessamento. Nos pacientes classificados como de alto risco, a ocorr&#234;ncia de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica foi de 77,8% no Framingham 2008 e 88,2% no DAD reduzido. J&#225; nos pacientes classificados como de risco baixo ou intermedi&#225;rio, a ocorr&#234;ncia de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica foi maior no Framingham 2008, com 20% dos pacientes classificados como baixo risco que apresentavam aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f10">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Frequ&#234;ncia de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica em 71 pacientes HIV positivos de acordo com escore de risco Framingham 2008 e DAD reduzido.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-01-0068-90227-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Dos pacientes com aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica, 50% foram classificados como de risco baixo ou intermedi&#225;rio independente do escore utilizado. Aqueles com aterosclerose estratificados pelo Framingham 2008, 9/28 (32,1%) foram classificados como de baixo risco e pelo DAD escore reduzido, 12/28 (42,8%) foram classificados como de risco intermedi&#225;rio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 5</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f11">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Classifica&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular dos pacientes HIV positivos com aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica de acordo com os escores Framingham 2008 e DAD reduzido.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-01-0068-90227-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise de discrimina&#231;&#227;o dos escores por meio de compara&#231;&#227;o de curvas ROC para o achado de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;a significativa entre Framingham 2008 e DAD escore reduzido (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura 6</xref>) e a acur&#225;cia preditora est&#225; apresentada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">tabela 3</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f12">
            <label>Figura 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o de Curvas ROC entre os Escores Framingham 2008 e DAD escore reduzido em rela&#231;&#227;o a ocorr&#234;ncia de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica (p = 0,46). N&#250;meros representam as &#225;reas abaixo das curvas ROC. Os c&#237;rculos representam os &#205;ndices de Youden de cada escore.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-01-0068-90227-gf06-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Acur&#225;cia preditora dos Escores Framingham 2008 e DAD reduzido em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; presen&#231;a de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica</th>
                <th align="center">Sensibilidade (%)</th>
                <th align="center">Especificidade (%)</th>
                <th align="center">Estat&#237;stica-C</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Framingham 2008 &gt; 3,9</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">57,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,86 (0,75 - 0,93)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DAD score &gt; 3,3</td>
                <td align="center">65,5</td>
                <td align="center">92,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,85 (0,73 - 0,91)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>DAD: Data Collection on Adverse Effects of Anti-HIV Drugs.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>No presente estudo, foram avaliados 71 pacientes HIV positivos em acompanhamento regular, diagnosticados h&#225; mais de um ano e em uso de TARV com reconstitui&#231;&#227;o imunol&#243;gica e supress&#227;o viral. A maioria dos pacientes foi classificada como baixo risco no Framingham 2008 e de intermedi&#225;rio risco pelo DAD escore reduzido. Houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal e os escores, alta concord&#226;ncia entre os pacientes classificados como de alto risco em ambos os escores, embora n&#227;o tenha sido observada diferen&#231;a significativa por meio de an&#225;lise de discrimina&#231;&#227;o dos escores com curva ROC. Apesar de ter sido observado aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica em 88% dos pacientes classificados como alto risco pelo DAD escore reduzido, a ocorr&#234;ncia de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica foi de 62,5% nos pacientes classificados como de risco intermedi&#225;rio pelo Framingham 2008.</p>
        <p>Outros autores j&#225; t&#234;m comparado escores para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco em pacientes HIV positivos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> mas para nosso conhecimento, o presente estudo &#233; o primeiro a aplicar o DAD escore reduzido e avaliar grau de concord&#226;ncia com Framingham. A verifica&#231;&#227;o da acur&#225;cia e aplicabilidade dessa ferramenta &#233; importante, pois foi desenvolvida em pacientes infectados pelo HIV, e diferentemente do DAD <italic>full</italic>, esse n&#227;o utiliza fatores relacionados a TARV, o que o torna mais facilmente utiliz&#225;vel.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos fatores de riscos encontrados &#233; importante ressaltar que embora o diagn&#243;stico de dislipidemia tenha sido relatado em apenas 32,39% dos pacientes, os exames laboratoriais mostraram a ocorr&#234;ncia de colesterol total &gt; 200 mg/dL e/ou triglic&#233;rides &gt; 150 mg/dL em 57,74% dos casos identificando diferen&#231;a significativa entre o diagn&#243;stico relatado pelo paciente e a verifica&#231;&#227;o laboratorial de altera&#231;&#245;es no perfil lip&#237;dico. Quando considerado relato de dislipidemia ou altera&#231;&#245;es de LDL-colesterol, triglic&#233;rides ou HDL-colesterol, a frequ&#234;ncia de dislipidemia encontrada foi de 74,6%. Esses valores refor&#231;am o quanto este fator de risco encontra-se presente nessa popula&#231;&#227;o e a necessidade da observa&#231;&#227;o adequada dos crit&#233;rios para diagn&#243;stico e tratamento dessas altera&#231;&#245;es de acordo com as diretrizes atualmente vigentes.</p>
        <p>A frequ&#234;ncia de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica encontrada no presente estudo (39,4%) &#233; similar aos dados de Falc&#227;o et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> que encontraram 42,6% de aterosclerose carot&#237;dea subcl&#237;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> A maioria dos pacientes aqui avaliada foi classificada como de baixo risco no Framingham 2008 e como de risco intermedi&#225;rio no DAD reduzido e a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos de alto risco foi semelhante para ambos os escores. Dados de Nery et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> mostraram que a maioria dos pacientes avaliados foi classificada como baixo risco tanto no Framingham quanto DAD escore full (94% x 74,2%) respectivamente e ambos os escores tiveram um n&#250;mero muito menor de pacientes classificados como alto risco (2,8% e 2,1%) respectivamente do que o encontrado em nossa casu&#237;stica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Embora esses escores n&#227;o sejam utilizados para estimar a presen&#231;a de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica, dados de Jeric&#243; et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> mostram preval&#234;ncias crescentes de aterosclerose carot&#237;dea subcl&#237;nica de acordo com a categoria de risco cardiovascular sendo 26,6%, 35,3% e 76,5% para pacientes de muito baixo risco, baixo risco e moderado/alto risco respectivamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Dados similares foram observados no presente estudo que identificou correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal e valor do escore. Esses dados s&#227;o importantes e sugerem que muitos pacientes classificados como de risco baixo e intermedi&#225;rio poderiam ser reclassificados e conduzidos como alto risco devido &#224; presen&#231;a de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica.</p>
        <p>Conforme recente publica&#231;&#227;o, o escore de Framingham poderia subestimar o risco cardiovascular em pacientes HIV positivos ao mostrar alta preval&#234;ncia de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica carot&#237;dea naqueles casos estratificados como de baixo risco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Os mesmos autores sugerem que a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do DAD escore full permite evidenciar melhor associa&#231;&#227;o entre estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e presen&#231;a de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica e que outras ferramentas como a verifica&#231;&#227;o de espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal podem trazer novas informa&#231;&#245;es que permitem reclassificar esses doentes e refor&#231;ar a tomada de medidas de maior impacto e controle dos fatores de risco cardiovasculares.</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, foram desconsiderados fatores agravantes para reclassifica&#231;&#227;o do escore Framingham 2008 conforme algumas diretrizes recomendam, o que levou a um maior n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos na categoria de baixo risco. A inclus&#227;o de fatores agravantes poderia superestimar o risco em 10 anos e levar a um aumento de at&#233; 10 vezes na propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes classificados como risco intermedi&#225;rio (3,2% para 39,9%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A aplica&#231;&#227;o dos escores Framingham e DAD em trabalho recente publicado com 997 pacientes HIV positivos concluiu que o uso de Framingham escore atribuiria maior risco cardiovascular &#224; essa popula&#231;&#227;o que o DAD escore full e que isso poderia levar a tratamento excessivo de pacientes e aumentaria tamb&#233;m o risco de rea&#231;&#245;es adversas e intera&#231;&#245;es medicamentosas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Embora o Framingham 2008 subestime a presen&#231;a de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica, no DAD escore reduzido, mais de 50% dos pacientes com aterosclerose n&#227;o s&#227;o classificados como de alto risco, o que sugere que este escore tamb&#233;m pode subestimar o risco cardiovascular em pacientes HIV positivos. Um outro estudo que avaliou 203 pacientes HIV positivos mostrou que o DAD escore possui melhor performance que o Framingham e sua acur&#225;cia aumenta quando os par&#226;metros de linf&#243;citos CD4 e n&#237;veis de albumina s&#227;o incorporados. Entretanto, a detec&#231;&#227;o de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica foi subestimada por ambos os escores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No intuito de comparar os dois escores, foi realizada correla&#231;&#227;o entre os escores e espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal, grau de concord&#226;ncia entre eles e an&#225;lise de discrimina&#231;&#227;o por meio de curva ROC. Os dois escores mostraram correla&#231;&#227;o com espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal. O c&#225;lculo do &#237;ndice Kappa foi estatisticamente significativo e mostrou 49% de concord&#226;ncia total entre as duas ferramentas, mas de forma substancial entre os pacientes de alto risco. J&#225; a categoria de risco intermedi&#225;rio n&#227;o apresentou concord&#226;ncia estatisticamente significativa e a de baixo risco apresentou baixa concord&#226;ncia. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa na an&#225;lise de discrimina&#231;&#227;o com curva ROC entre os escores. &#201; importante ressaltar que as duas ferramentas possuem diferen&#231;as no tempo e na composi&#231;&#227;o do tipo de eventos cardiovasculares preditos. Al&#233;m disso, o coeficiente Kappa pode ter limita&#231;&#245;es e mesmo coeficientes baixos podem apresentar um bom grau de concord&#226;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No presente estudo observacional, transversal, com amostra pequena e casual foram realizadas estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e verifica&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica por meio de doppler de car&#243;tidas, entretanto, n&#227;o foi avaliada a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cl&#237;nicos. Os dados aqui apresentados sugerem que pacientes HIV positivos estratificados como risco intermedi&#225;rio pelo Framingham 2008 e o DAD escore reduzido, poderiam ser reclassificados como alto risco em at&#233; 62,5% e 30,8% dos casos respectivamente devido a presen&#231;a de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica detectada por meio de ultrassom doppler de car&#243;tidas. Estes fatos possuem relev&#226;ncia, pois pacientes de alto risco exigem metas terap&#234;uticas mais agressivas e a presen&#231;a de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica poderia indicar a necessidade do uso de outras classes de medicamentos tais como antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios.</p>
        <p>M&#233;todos de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco mais adequados s&#227;o altamente desej&#225;veis nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, que al&#233;m de possuir risco aumentado de eventos cardiovasculares, apresenta fatores de risco inerentes &#224; pr&#243;pria infec&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica pelo HIV, que leva a um processo inflamat&#243;rio sist&#234;mico e ao uso de TARV, que aumenta a preval&#234;ncia de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica. Al&#233;m da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de escores com maior acur&#225;cia, novas ferramentas diagn&#243;sticas ou biomarcadores poder&#227;o levar a uma estratifica&#231;&#227;o que permita melhor identifica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes de alto risco. Desta forma, as medidas de preven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular poder&#227;o ser refor&#231;adas n&#227;o apenas com diminui&#231;&#227;o de eventos, mas tamb&#233;m evitando o uso desnecess&#225;rio de medicamentos que poderiam levar a rea&#231;&#245;es adversas e intera&#231;&#245;es medicamentosas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Apesar do presente estudo mostrar correla&#231;&#227;o entre os escores Framingham 2008 e DAD reduzido e espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal e alta concord&#226;ncia entre os pacientes classificados como alto risco, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel demonstrar diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre eles por meio de an&#225;lise de discrimina&#231;&#227;o com curva ROC. Al&#233;m disso, os resultados sugerem que pacientes HIV positivos estratificados como risco intermedi&#225;rio no Framingham 2008 e DAD escore reduzido, poderiam ser reclassificados como alto risco em at&#233; 65,5% e 30,8% dos casos, respectivamente, devido a presen&#231;a de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica detectada por meio de ultrassom Doppler de car&#243;tidas.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Achilles Gustavo Silva pela Universidade Federal do Triangulo Mineiro.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade Federal do Tri&#226;ngulo Mineiro sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 1.464.324. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
