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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">mvjPhnwDRv5Dq4Xm3d9jTtm</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000100059</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20180258</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Left Ventricular Remodeling Patterns in Primary Healthcare</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto de Castro Meirelles de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0034-4981</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Jorge</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Jos&#233; Lagoeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4508-256X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Luiza Garcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Adson Renato</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Dayse Mary S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chermont</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lugon</surname>
            <given-names>Jocemir Ronaldo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2284-8251</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Wolney de Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Niter&#243;i</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Curso de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares da Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Niter&#243;i</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Curso de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Antonio Jos&#233; Lagoeiro Jorge,</bold> Universidade Federal Fluminense - Rua Marqu&#234;s de Paran&#225;, 303. Postal Code 24033-900, Centro, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>lagoeiro@globo.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Almeida RCM, Jorge AJL, Rosa MLG, Martins WA; Acquisition of data: Jorge AJL, Leite AR, Correia DMS, Chermont S, Lugon JR; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Almeida RCM, Jorge AJL, Mesquita ET, Martins WA; Statistical analysis: Rosa MLG; Writing of the manuscript: Almeida RCM, Jorge AJL, Rosa MLG, Chermont S, Martins WA; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Jorge AJL, Rosa MLG, Mesquita ET, Lugon JR, Martins WA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>59</fpage>
      <lpage>65</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Left ventricular remodeling (LVR) is related to both non-fatal and fatal outcomes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To describe the geometric patterns of the LV and their associations.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A total of 636 individuals between the ages of 45 and 99 years in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, were submitted to clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, electrocardiogram, and tissue Doppler echocardiography (TDE). The difference between categories was tested with Kruskall-Wallis with post hoc tests, once all variables studied are non-normally distributed and Pearson&#8217;s Qui-square (categorical variables). Gross and adjusted ORs were estimated by logistic regression. The level of significance was 5% for all tests. Subjects had LVR characterized as: normal geometry (NG), concentric remodeling (CR), concentric hypertrophy (CH), and eccentric hypertrophy (EH).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The prevalence of altered patterns was 33%. Subjects presented NG (n = 423; 67%); EH (n = 186; 29%); CH (n = 14; 2%); and CR (n = 13; 2%). The variables of gender, age, level of education and albumin/creatinine ratio (A/C), showed a relationship with the chance of EH even after adjustment.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Approximately one third of the studied individuals had LVR and were at risk for developing heart failure. Altered A/C in urine was associated with EH, indicating an early relationship between cardiac and renal dysfunction.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Remodeling</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Renal Insufficiency</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Comorbidity</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Ventricular remodeling is a continuous process of responses to the various injuries to the myocardium. Changes in left ventricular (LV) geometry, in its various patterns, are related to the incidence of non-fatal cardiovascular outcomes and long-term mortality, which are well-known markers of poor prognosis in various cardiovascular and systemic diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Changes in ventricular geometry are considered target organ lesions on the heart and make individuals with these lesions classified as being in stage B of heart failure (HF) as it is proposed by the American College of Cardiology Foundation and American Heart Association (ACCF/AHA).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The pathophysiological mechanisms of ventricular remodeling vary according to the determining etiology. The diseases lead to pressure overload with increased systolic wall stress, gene activation, or direct myocardial injury followed by cell proliferation, fibrosis, collagen deposition, apoptosis, and remodeling of the ventricular geometry. The conditions that occur with volume overload lead to increased diastolic wall stress with linear stretching of cardiomyocytes, proliferation in parallel, and increased cavity diameters.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Epidemiological data on the prevalence and incidence of changes in ventricular geometry in population seen in primary care are scarce and knowledge of different remodeling patterns may assist in the implementation of strategies for risk stratification in this population. The aim of this study was to describe the geometric patterns of the LV in the population aged &#8805; 45 years assisted in primary care, and to examine the association between ventricular remodeling and demographic and clinical variables.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This study is part of the <italic>Digitalis trial</italic> that aimed to determine the prevalence of HF in the population studied.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedures for random sample selection and patient inclusion</title>
        <p>We selected 26 primary care units in the city of Niter&#243;i, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, between July 2011 and December 2012. The selection of units was done by a computer-generated random sequence program, in which the weight of each unit was proportional to the number of individuals assisted. In each unit, 50 subjects were randomly selected, including 30 individuals for participation and 20 for replacement in case of negative response. The selected total population was 1050. Nine hundred forty-two individuals confirmed the presence and 666 individuals attended the scheduled visit. Inclusion criteria were age between 45 and 99 years old and informed consent. Five individuals who did not complete the questionnaire were excluded, 6 did not perform the tissue Doppler echocardiography (TDE), and 20 did not perform the measurement of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP). At the end of the study, 636 patients completed the necessary requirements: structured questionnaire, physical examination, anthropometric data, BNP, electrocardiogram (ECG) at rest and TDE.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Definitions</title>
        <p>All individuals selected for the study were subjected to an assessment carried out in a single day and consisting of the following elements: clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, including BNP levels, ECG, and TDE.</p>
        <p>TDE tests were performed according to the recommendations for the quantification of chambers of the <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic> and the <italic>European Association of Echocardiography</italic>. (LANG, 2015). Indexing was performed by body surface area. The left ventricular mass (LVM) was estimated by Devereux et al. (DEVEREUX, 1986) and relative wall thickness (RWT) by the formula where RWT is equal to twice the diastolic posterior wall divided by the diameter of the LV. RWT values &#8805; 0.42 and indexed LV &#8805; 115 g/m<sup>2</sup> for men and &#8805; 95 g/m<sup>2</sup> for women were considered abnormal. The subjects were grouped into four remodeling models: normal geometry, concentric remodeling, concentric hypertrophy, and eccentric hypertrophy, according to the Guidelines of the American Society of Echocardiography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Patients were classified in stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) according to estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) calculated by KDIGO formula (Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes). Stage 1: eGFR &gt;90 mL/min; stage 2: eGFR 60-89 mL/min; stage 3: eGFR 30-59 mL/min; stage 4: eGFR 15-29 mL/min; and stage 5: eGFR &lt;15 mL/min.</p>
        <p>Individuals with BMI &#8805; 30 kg / m2 were considered obese. Diabetic patients were defined by previous history of diabetes. The study classified as hypertensive individuals those who reported being hypertensive, were on medication to treat hypertension or had a mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) &#8805; 140 mmHg or mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) &#8805; 90 mmHg.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v 21.0 (Chicago, Illinois, USA). Continuous variables were expressed as median and interquartile range (50 %(25-75%)). Categorical variables were expressed in absolute numbers and/or percentages. For comparison between groups, the qui-square test was employed. All continuous variables were tested for normality with the Shapiro-Wilk test with pos-hoc test and for all of them the Ho (null hypothesis) of equality was rejected, that is, none of them had normal distribution. To that extent, the difference between those variables and the phenotypes was tested with the Kruskall-Wallis test. We estimated crude and adjusted odds ratios by logistic regression. In all comparisons, bilateral tests were utilized, and p values &lt; 5% were considered statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethical considerations</title>
        <p>This study was conducted in accordance with the principles set out in the Declaration of Helsinki revised in 2000 (Scotland, 2000). The study was previously approved by the Universidade Federal Fluminense under n&#176; CAAE: 0077.0.258.000-10, and informed written consent was provided by all participating patients.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The study evaluated 636 individuals of 59.5 &#177; 10.3 years old (62% women, 63% non-whites). The subjects were classified according to the geometry of the LV: normal geometry in 423 (67%); eccentric hypertrophy in 186 (29%); concentric hypertrophy in 14 (2%); and concentric remodeling in 13 (2%). Demographic data of the subjects are listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. The variables of age, gender, level of education, high blood pressure, pulse pressure, albumin/creatinine ratio, and the sodium/creatinine ratio in urine were statistically significant between the remodeling patterns. Hypertension and diabetes mellitus were the most prevalent comorbidities in patients with concentric hypertrophy, while coronary artery disease and obesity occurred more frequently in the group with concentric remodeling (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> lists the main echocardiographic changes.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Demographic and clinical characteristics of the selected individuals characterized by left ventricular remodeling patterns</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">Normal geometry<break/> n = 423</th>
              <th align="center">Eccentric hypertrophy<break/> n = 186</th>
              <th align="center">Concentric hypertrophy<break/> n = 14</th>
              <th align="center">Concentric remodeling<break/> n = 13</th>
              <th align="center">p-value <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">(*)</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">56 (50-64)</td>
              <td align="center">58 (47-70)</td>
              <td align="center">63 (55-71)</td>
              <td align="center">61 (53-71)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female (%)</td>
              <td align="center">57.4</td>
              <td align="center">71.5</td>
              <td align="center">78.6</td>
              <td align="center">53.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.005</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-white (%)</td>
              <td align="center">63.5</td>
              <td align="center">63</td>
              <td align="center">57</td>
              <td align="center">61.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.812</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">133.7 (121-147)</td>
              <td align="center">133(115.5-134.9)</td>
              <td align="center">144.5 (126-175)</td>
              <td align="center">135.6 (120.2-156)</td>
              <td align="center">0.148</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">82.3 (74.3-90.0)</td>
              <td align="center">76 (73.5-91)</td>
              <td align="center">83.5 (75.9-91.5)</td>
              <td align="center">80 (72-90)</td>
              <td align="center">0.385</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">517 (42-60)</td>
              <td align="center">51 (36-59)</td>
              <td align="center">60 (47-59)</td>
              <td align="center">55 (46-67)</td>
              <td align="center">0.004</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HR (bpm)</td>
              <td align="center">70 (63-78)</td>
              <td align="center">72 (65-80)</td>
              <td align="center">74 (64-83)</td>
              <td align="center">69 (61-77)</td>
              <td align="center">0.468</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">27.2 (24,5-30.6)</td>
              <td align="center">28.6 (19.4-35.8)</td>
              <td align="center">26.8 (23.4-30.6)</td>
              <td align="center">27.7 (24.3-30.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.881</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Glycemia (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">101 (92-113)</td>
              <td align="center">107 (92-125)</td>
              <td align="center">104 (92-125)</td>
              <td align="center">100 (92-115)</td>
              <td align="center">0.734</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">GFR (mL/min)</td>
              <td align="center">83.4 (71.7-96.1)</td>
              <td align="center">84.1 (74.6-92.8)</td>
              <td align="center">67.7 (53.6-85.0)</td>
              <td align="center">82.3 (67.2-94.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.021</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Uric acid (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">5.2 (4.3-6.4)</td>
              <td align="center">4.5 (3.8-5.9)</td>
              <td align="center">4.6 (3.9-5.9)</td>
              <td align="center">5.0 (4.1-6.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.266</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">214 (188-243)</td>
              <td align="center">201 (157-221)</td>
              <td align="center">208 (184-250)</td>
              <td align="center">215 (185-245)</td>
              <td align="center">0.507</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Alb/Creat (mg/g)</td>
              <td align="center">9.3 (5.5-18.7)</td>
              <td align="center">8.0 (5.2-170.1)</td>
              <td align="center">16.2 (9.9-42.9)</td>
              <td align="center">11.8 (6.2-38.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.018</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">sod/creat in urine</td>
              <td align="center">120.9 (77-160)</td>
              <td align="center">108.3 (48-200)</td>
              <td align="center">145.4 (77-235)</td>
              <td align="center">126.2 (89-185)</td>
              <td align="center">0,205</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BNP (pg/mL)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (10-25)</td>
              <td align="center">17 (11-41)</td>
              <td align="center">35 (14-120)</td>
              <td align="center">21 (11-42)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Albuminuria (mg)</td>
              <td align="center">10.5 (5.4-20.8)</td>
              <td align="center">8.5 (4.4-65.4)</td>
              <td align="center">13.7 (5.8-30.8)</td>
              <td align="center">12.8 (7-34.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.049</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension (%)</td>
              <td align="center">54.6</td>
              <td align="center">63.4</td>
              <td align="center">71.4</td>
              <td align="center">53.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.150</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes (%)</td>
              <td align="center">24.3</td>
              <td align="center">23.7</td>
              <td align="center">50.0</td>
              <td align="center">30.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.159</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CAD (%)</td>
              <td align="center">8.7</td>
              <td align="center">7.5</td>
              <td align="center">14.3</td>
              <td align="center">15.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.657</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Obesity (%)</td>
              <td align="center">28.7</td>
              <td align="center">32.3</td>
              <td align="center">28.6</td>
              <td align="center">46.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.488</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; PP: pulse pressure; HR: heart rate; BMI: body mass index; GFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; Alb/Creat: albumin/creatinine ratio; sod/creat: sodium/creatinine ratio; BNP: type B natriuretic peptide; CAD: coronary artery disease;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>(*)</label>
            <p>p = difference between the patterns of remodeling performed with the Kruskall-Wallis test 1-way ANOVA for multiple comparisons (all pairs) and Pearson's chi-squared test for differences of proportion.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Echocardiographic parameters of the selected individuals characterized by left ventricular remodeling patterns</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">Normal geometry<break/> n = 423</th>
              <th align="center">Eccentric hypertrophy<break/> n = 186</th>
              <th align="center">Concentric hypertrophy<break/> n = 14</th>
              <th align="center">Concentric remodeling<break/> n = 13</th>
              <th align="center">p-value <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">(*)</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEF (%)</td>
              <td align="center">61 (58-65)</td>
              <td align="center">63 (58-64)</td>
              <td align="center">59 (50-64)</td>
              <td align="center">60 (56-63)</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVMi (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">82.8 (72.2-92.0)</td>
              <td align="center">84 (70.7-93.4)</td>
              <td align="center">120 (105.6-150.71)</td>
              <td align="center">116.3 (102.4-127.3)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LAVi (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">20.8 (17.1-24.5)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (14-22.3)</td>
              <td align="center">23.6 (19.2-33.1)</td>
              <td align="center">22.6 (19.2-27.5)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">EDVi (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">60.1 (51.8-67.2)</td>
              <td align="center">41.7 (36.4-49.4)</td>
              <td align="center">60.5 (52.1-75.9)</td>
              <td align="center">74.7 (67.7-83.2)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">E'(cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">10(8-12)</td>
              <td align="center">12(7.5-13)</td>
              <td align="center">7.7(6-10.6)</td>
              <td align="center">9(7-11)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">E (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">64 (54-76)</td>
              <td align="center">70(52-93)</td>
              <td align="center">68(51-75)</td>
              <td align="center">63 (52-78)</td>
              <td align="center">0.532</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">A (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">65 (53-81)</td>
              <td align="center">76(59-99)</td>
              <td align="center">69(56-98)</td>
              <td align="center">71 (57-86)</td>
              <td align="center">0.242</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">E/A ratio</td>
              <td align="center">1.0 (0.7-1.3)</td>
              <td align="center">1.1 (0.6-1.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.9 (0.7-1.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.8 (0.7-1.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.003</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">E/E' ratio</td>
              <td align="center">6.4 (5.3-7.7)</td>
              <td align="center">7.1 (4.7-8.7)</td>
              <td align="center">8.0 (5.7-10.0)</td>
              <td align="center">7.1 (5.7-8.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.008</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SWT (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">8(7-8)</td>
              <td align="center">9(8-10)</td>
              <td align="center">10(10-12)</td>
              <td align="center">9(8-9)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVDD (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">47 (44-50)</td>
              <td align="center">40 (34.5-41.5)</td>
              <td align="center">43.5 (41.7-47.8)</td>
              <td align="center">52 (49-54,2)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PWT (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">8(7-8)</td>
              <td align="center">9(8-10)</td>
              <td align="center">10(10-12)</td>
              <td align="center">8(8-9)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVMi: indexed left ventricular mass; LAVi: indexed left atrial volume; EDVi: indexed end-diastolic volume; E': mitral annular early diastolic velocity; E: early mitral inflow velocity; A: peak mitral inflow velocity at atrial contraction ; LVDD: LV diastolic diameter; SWT: septal wall thickness; PWT: posterior wall thickness</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>(*)</label>
            <p>p value - the difference between the patterns of remodeling performed with Kruskall-Wallis test 1-way ANOVA for multiple comparisons (all pairs).</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> presents the crude and adjusted <italic>odds ratio</italic> of eccentric hypertrophy versus normal geometry, the only remodeling pattern with sufficient prevalence to achieve adequate power for conducting a multiple analysis. The variables of gender, age, level of education and albumin/creatinine ratio showed a relationship with the risk of eccentric hypertrophy even after adjustment.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Crude and adjusted odds ratios of eccentric hypertrophy versus normal geometry</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">OR (IC 95%)</th>
              <th align="center">ORa (IC 95%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="3">
                <bold>Gender</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female</td>
              <td align="center">1.80 (1.25-2.60)</td>
              <td align="center">1.75 (1.17-2.61)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="3">
                <bold>Age range</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">70-99 years</td>
              <td align="center">2.33 (1.54-3.52)</td>
              <td align="center">2.04 (1.28-3.26)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">45-69 years</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="3">
                <bold>Skin color</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Black</td>
              <td align="center">1.20 (0.812-1.774)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-black</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="3">
                <bold>Level of education</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8804; Elementary school</td>
              <td align="center">1.86 (1.32-2.62)</td>
              <td align="center">1.59 (1.07-2.34)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&gt; Elementary School</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="3">
                <bold>Per capita income</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8804; 1 MW</td>
              <td align="center">1.52 (1.00-2.30)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&gt; 1 MW</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="3">
                <bold>Smoking in life</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoker or ex-smoker</td>
              <td align="center">0.91 (0.65-1.28)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Never smoked</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="3">
                <bold>Alcohol consumption - risk drinker</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">0.57 (0.29-1.10)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="3">
                <bold>Physical activity</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sedentary and irregular</td>
              <td align="center">0.82 (0.57-1.92)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Active or very active</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="3">
                <bold>Obesity</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes (BMI &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">1.16 (0.81-1.68)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No (BMI &lt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="3">
                <bold>Hypertension</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">1.69 (1.13-2.52)</td>
              <td align="center">1.23 (0.79-1.92)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="3">
                <bold>Type 2 diabetes</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">0.94 (0.63-1.41)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="3">
                <bold>Uric acid altered</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">1.04 (0.68-1.59)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="3">
                <bold>Coronary artery disease</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">0.78 (0.41-1.47)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="3">
                <bold>Albumin/creatinine ratio</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8805; 30 mg/g</td>
              <td align="center">1.82 (1.19-2.76)</td>
              <td align="center">1.64 (1.05-2.57)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&lt; 30 mg/g</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="3">
                <bold>Sodium/creatinine ratio in urine</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&gt; 10.39 g/dL</td>
              <td align="center">1.64 (1.08-2.47)</td>
              <td align="center">1.34 (0.86-2.09)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8804; 10.39 g/dL</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="3">
                <bold>Chronic kidney disease (CKD)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Stages 3,4,5</td>
              <td align="center">1.43 (0.84-2.43)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Stages 1,2</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <p>OR: odds ratio; Ora: odds ratio adjusted; CI: confidence interval; MW: minimum wage; BMI: body mass &#237;ndex; Uric acid altered: male &gt; 7.0 mg/dL and female &gt; 6.0 mg/dL; CKD: chronic kidney disease estimated by glomerular filtration rate (KDIGO) stages 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> shows the distribution of the patterns of left ventricular remodeling in patients without changes in renal function (A); in patients with subclinical changes demonstrated by microalbuminuria (B); and in those with established kidney disease (C).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A, B, and C: Evaluation of parameters of renal function in different patterns of left ventricular remodeling.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-01-0059-80258-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In the present study, with individuals assisted in primary care aged 45 years or more, the main pattern of ventricular geometric changes was eccentric LVH. The change was more prevalent in women, older patients, patients with lower educational levels, and patients with hypertension and renal dysfunction.</p>
      <p>The differences observed in this study compared to other studies in Europe and the United States can be explained by reasons similar to those reported in the study by Schvartzman et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> The stature of Brazilians is lower than that of Europeans and North American Caucasians, impacting the LV mass indexed by the body surface.</p>
      <p>Ventricular remodeling throughout life occurs as an adaptive response to aging, exposure to risk factors for cardiovascular disease and myocardial injury.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> A study carried out in the community with 4492 participants (mean age 51 years and 59% women) showed that 64% had normal geometry, 18% had concentric remodeling, 13% had eccentric hypertrophy, and 5% had concentric hypertrophy. Our data are similar to the population with normal geometry (64 vs. 67%), but different in relation to remodeling standards, especially regarding concentric remodeling (18% vs. 2%) and eccentric hypertrophy (13% vs. 29%). These differences can also be explained by the greater number of hypertensive and diabetic patients observed in our study in relation to the trial of Lieb et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A study conducted in the community by Teh et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> assessed the prevalence of the four remodeling models in 108 patients aged &gt;70 years, in which 56% were women, 84% had hypertension, and 20% had diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Although the data of Teh et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> were obtained in an older population, they are similar to ours in relation to the higher prevalence of eccentric hypertrophy observed in the sample (26% vs 29%), showing that there seems to be an increased prevalence of eccentric remodeling in older individuals and those with more comorbidities.</p>
      <p>Aging is directly related to the progression of cardiac remodeling, most likely due to exposure to multiple cardiovascular risk factors. This finding was present in our study as well as in the literature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>We observed an association between female gender and the presence of LV eccentric hypertrophy after adjusting for other variables (OR, 95% CI, 1.75 [1.17 to 2.61]). There are differences in cardiac structure and function in relation to gender, and these differences appear to be more pronounced in the presence of risk factors for HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), and they can be explained by sexual dimorphism.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> A study evaluating changes in LV stiffness in 1,402 individuals in the community observed an increase in stiffness with aging, which is increased in women more frequently than in men.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> A study involving 318 healthy adults from the Framingham Heart Study who underwent MRI to determine the reference values of LV parameters observed a greater increase in the linear dimensions of the LV after adjustment for body surface area in women than in men (p &lt; 0.001).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Our data showed that low educational level had an association with eccentric hypertrophy. Such a result can be explained by greater exposure to risk factors, less understanding about self-care, and less adherence to drug treatment.</p>
      <p>Microalbuminuria is an important cardiovascular risk marker,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> and the data presented here showed that individuals with changes in ventricular geometry had high levels of urinary albumin and worsening renal function assessed by GFR. Individuals with impaired renal function have a progressive increase in eccentric hypertrophy, which may reflect heart disease with concomitant loss of kidney function. Both concentric and eccentric patterns reflect hypertensive nephropathy, which progresses with structural heart disease. Studies show the existence of an association between albuminuria, remodeling, and cardiovascular disease. Increased urinary albumin excretion is associated with changes in ventricular remodeling in patients with hypertension. Patients with hypertension who have albuminuria regression disability have a higher incidence of cardiovascular disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Our data show there is a strong association between the albumin/creatinine ratio and the development of eccentric LV hypertrophy.</p>
      <p>This study was the first in the Brazilian primary care population to specifically study the LV geometry with inclusion of RWT.</p>
      <p>The greater inclusion of female patients is noteworthy as a limitation to the study. This was due to greater adherence of women to the study protocol. Similarly, the greater adherence to therapy may have influenced the remodeling patterns in females, and such adherence was not measured.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>One third of individuals attending primary care between the ages of 45 and 99 years, in the sample analyzed, had LVR and were at risk for developing HF. Altered albumin/creatinine ratios in urine was associated with eccentric hypertrophy, indicating an early relations hip between cardiac and renal dysfunction.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Roberto de Castro Meirelles Almeida, from Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal Fluminense under the protocol number CAAE: 0077.0.258.000-10. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
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              <surname>Mello</surname>
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      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Antonio Jos&#233; Lagoeiro Jorge,</bold> Universidade Federal Fluminense - Rua Marqu&#234;s de Paran&#225;, 303. CEP 24033-900, Centro, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>lagoeiro@globo.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Almeida RCM, Jorge AJL, Rosa MLG, Martins WA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Jorge AJL, Leite AR, Correia DMS, Chermont S, Lugon JR; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Almeida RCM, Jorge AJL, Mesquita ET, Martins WA; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Rosa MLG; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Almeida RCM, Jorge AJL, Rosa MLG, Chermont S, Martins WA; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Jorge AJL, Rosa MLG, Mesquita ET, Lugon JR, Martins WA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O remodelamento ventricular esquerdo (RVE) est&#225; relacionado a desfechos n&#227;o fatais e fatais.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Descrever os padr&#245;es geom&#233;tricos do VE e suas associa&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Um total de 636 indiv&#237;duos entre 45 e 99 anos no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, foi submetido a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, exames laboratoriais, eletrocardiograma e ecocardiograma com Doppler tecidual (EDT). A diferen&#231;a entre as categorias foi testada com Kruskall-Wallis com testes post hoc, uma vez que todas as vari&#225;veis estudadas n&#227;o s&#227;o normalmente distribu&#237;das e o qui-quadrado de Pearson (vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas). As ORs brutas e ajustadas foram estimadas por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi de 5% para todos os testes. Os indiv&#237;duos tinham RVE caracterizada como: geometria normal (GN), remodelamento conc&#234;ntrico (RC), hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica (HC) e hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica (HE).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A preval&#234;ncia de padr&#245;es alterados foi de 33%. Os sujeitos apresentaram GN (n = 423; 67%); HE (n = 186; 29%); HC (n = 14; 2%); e RC (n = 13; 2%). As vari&#225;veis sexo, idade, escolaridade e raz&#227;o albumina/creatinina (A/C) mostraram rela&#231;&#227;o com a chance de HE, mesmo ap&#243;s o ajuste.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Aproximadamente um ter&#231;o dos indiv&#237;duos estudados apresentavam RVE e corriam risco de desenvolver insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. A/C alterada na urina foi associada &#224; HE, indicando uma rela&#231;&#227;o precoce entre disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e renal.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Remodelamento Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Renal</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Comorbidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O remodelamento ventricular &#233; um processo cont&#237;nuo de respostas &#224;s v&#225;rias les&#245;es no mioc&#225;rdio. Altera&#231;&#245;es na geometria do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE), em seus v&#225;rios padr&#245;es, est&#227;o relacionadas &#224; incid&#234;ncia de resultados cardiovasculares n&#227;o fatais e mortalidade a longo prazo, que s&#227;o marcadores bem conhecidos de mau progn&#243;stico em v&#225;rias doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e sist&#234;micas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Altera&#231;&#245;es na geometria ventricular s&#227;o consideradas les&#245;es de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo no cora&#231;&#227;o e classificam os indiv&#237;duos com essas les&#245;es como estando no est&#225;gio B de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), conforme proposto pela American College of Cardiology Foundation e a American Heart Association (ACCF/AHA).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos do remodelamento ventricular variam de acordo com a etiologia determinante. As doen&#231;as que levam &#224; sobrecarga de press&#227;o com aumento do estresse na parede sist&#243;lica, ativa&#231;&#227;o g&#234;nica ou les&#227;o direta do mioc&#225;rdio, seguida por prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular, fibrose, deposi&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno, apoptose e remodelamento da geometria ventricular. As condi&#231;&#245;es que ocorrem com a sobrecarga de volume levam ao aumento do estresse da parede diast&#243;lica com alongamento linear dos cardiomi&#243;citos, prolifera&#231;&#227;o paralela e aumento dos di&#226;metros das cavidades.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os dados epidemiol&#243;gicos sobre a preval&#234;ncia e incid&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es na geometria ventricular na popula&#231;&#227;o atendida na aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria s&#227;o escassos e o conhecimento de diferentes padr&#245;es de remodelamento pode auxiliar na implementa&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever os padr&#245;es geom&#233;tricos do VE na popula&#231;&#227;o com idade &#8805; 45 anos atendida na aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e examinar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre remodelamento ventricular e vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Este estudo faz parte do estudo Digitalis, que teve como objetivo determinar a preval&#234;ncia de IC na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Procedimentos para sele&#231;&#227;o aleat&#243;ria de amostras e inclus&#227;o de pacientes</title>
          <p>Foram selecionadas 26 unidades de aten&#231;&#227;o b&#225;sica na cidade de Niter&#243;i, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, entre julho de 2011 e dezembro de 2012. A sele&#231;&#227;o das unidades foi realizada por um programa de sequ&#234;ncia aleat&#243;ria gerada por computador, no qual o peso de cada unidade era proporcional ao n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos assistidos. Em cada unidade, 50 indiv&#237;duos foram selecionados aleatoriamente, incluindo 30 indiv&#237;duos para participa&#231;&#227;o e 20 para reposi&#231;&#227;o em caso de resposta negativa. A popula&#231;&#227;o total selecionada foi de 1050. Novecentos e quarenta e dois indiv&#237;duos confirmaram a presen&#231;a e 666 indiv&#237;duos compareceram &#224; visita agendada. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram idade entre 45 e 99 anos e consentimento informado. Foram exclu&#237;dos cinco indiv&#237;duos que n&#227;o preencheram o question&#225;rio, 6 n&#227;o realizaram o ecocardiograma com Doppler tecidual (EDT) e 20 n&#227;o realizaram a medida do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B (BNP). Ao final do estudo, 636 pacientes preencheram os requisitos necess&#225;rios: question&#225;rio estruturado, exame f&#237;sico, dados antropom&#233;tricos, BNP, eletrocardiograma (ECG) em repouso e EDT.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Defini&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Todos os indiv&#237;duos selecionados para o estudo foram submetidos a uma avalia&#231;&#227;o realizada em um &#250;nico dia e composta pelos seguintes elementos: avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, exames laboratoriais, incluindo n&#237;veis de BNP, ECG e EDT.</p>
          <p>Os testes EDT foram realizados de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es para a quantifica&#231;&#227;o de c&#226;maras da <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic> e da <italic>European Association of Echocardiography</italic>. (LANG, 2015). A indexa&#231;&#227;o foi realizada por &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal. A massa ventricular esquerda (MVE) foi estimada por Devereux et al. (DEVEREUX, 1986) e a espessura relativa da parede (RWT) pela f&#243;rmula em que a RWT &#233; igual ao dobro da parede posterior diast&#243;lica dividida pelo di&#226;metro do VE. Valores de RWT &#8805; 0,42 e VE indexado &#8805; 115 g/m<sup>2</sup> para homens e &#8805; 95 g/m<sup>2</sup> para mulheres foram considerados anormais. Os indiv&#237;duos foram agrupados em quatro modelos de remodelamento: geometria normal, remodelamento conc&#234;ntrico, hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica e hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica, de acordo com as Diretrizes da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Os pacientes foram classificados em est&#225;gios de doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DRC) de acordo com a taxa estimada de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (eTFG), calculada pela f&#243;rmula KDIGO (Doen&#231;a renal: melhorando os resultados globais). Est&#225;gio 1: eTFG &gt; 90 mL/min; est&#225;gio 2: eTFG 60-89 mL/min; est&#225;gio 3: eTFG 30-59 mL/min; est&#225;gio 4: eTFG 15-29 mL/min; e est&#225;gio 5: eTFG &lt; 15 mL/min.</p>
          <p>Indiv&#237;duos com IMC &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> foram considerados obesos. Pacientes diab&#233;ticos foram definidos pela hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de diabetes. O estudo classificou como hipertensos aqueles que referiram ser hipertensos, usavam medicamentos para tratar hipertens&#227;o ou apresentavam press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica m&#233;dia (PAS) &#8805; 140 mmHg ou press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica m&#233;dia (PAD) &#8805; 90 mmHg.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada com o programa SPSS v 21.0 (Chicago, Illinois, EUA). As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas em mediana e intervalo interquartil (50% (25-75%)). As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em n&#250;meros absolutos e/ou porcentagens. Para compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos, foi utilizado o teste do qui-quadrado. Todas as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram testadas quanto &#224; normalidade com o teste Shapiro-Wilk com teste pos-hoc e para todas elas foi rejeitada a Ho (hip&#243;tese nula) de igualdade, ou seja, nenhuma delas apresentava distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. Nessa medida, a diferen&#231;a entre essas vari&#225;veis e os fen&#243;tipos foi testada com o teste de Kruskall-Wallis. Estimamos raz&#245;es de chance brutas e ajustadas por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. Em todas as compara&#231;&#245;es, foram utilizados testes bilaterais e valores de p &lt; 5% foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>O estudo avaliou 636 indiv&#237;duos de 59,5 &#177; 10,3 anos (62% mulheres, 63% n&#227;o brancos). Os indiv&#237;duos foram classificados de acordo com a geometria do VE: geometria normal em 423 (67%); hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica em 186 (29%); hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica em 14 (2%); e remodelamento conc&#234;ntrico em 13 (2%). Os dados demogr&#225;ficos dos indiv&#237;duos est&#227;o listados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>. As vari&#225;veis idade, sexo, escolaridade, press&#227;o alta, press&#227;o de pulso, raz&#227;o albumina/creatinina e rela&#231;&#227;o s&#243;dio/creatinina na urina foram estatisticamente significantes entre os padr&#245;es de remodelamento. Hipertens&#227;o e diabetes mellitus foram as comorbidades mais prevalentes em pacientes com hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica, enquanto doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e obesidade ocorreram com maior frequ&#234;ncia no grupo com remodelamento conc&#234;ntrico (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">tabela 2</xref> lista as principais altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas dos indiv&#237;duos selecionados caracterizadas pelos padr&#245;es de remodelamento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">Geometria normal n = 423</th>
                <th align="center">Hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica n = 186</th>
                <th align="center">Hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica n = 14</th>
                <th align="center">Remodelamento conc&#234;ntrico n = 13</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">(*)</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">56 (50-64)</td>
                <td align="center">58 (47-70)</td>
                <td align="center">63 (55-71)</td>
                <td align="center">61 (53-71)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Feminino (%)</td>
                <td align="center">57,4</td>
                <td align="center">71,5</td>
                <td align="center">78,6</td>
                <td align="center">53,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o branco (%)</td>
                <td align="center">63,5</td>
                <td align="center">63</td>
                <td align="center">57</td>
                <td align="center">61,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,812</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">133,7 (121-147)</td>
                <td align="center">133 (115,5-134,9)</td>
                <td align="center">144,5 (126-175)</td>
                <td align="center">135,6 (120,2-156)</td>
                <td align="center">0,148</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">82,3 (74,3-90,0)</td>
                <td align="center">76 (73,5-91)</td>
                <td align="center">83,5 (75,9-91,5)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (72-90)</td>
                <td align="center">0,385</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">517 (42-60)</td>
                <td align="center">51 (36-59)</td>
                <td align="center">60 (47-59)</td>
                <td align="center">55 (46-67)</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FC (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">70 (63-78)</td>
                <td align="center">72 (65-80)</td>
                <td align="center">74 (64-83)</td>
                <td align="center">69 (61-77)</td>
                <td align="center">0,468</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">27,2 (24,5-30,6)</td>
                <td align="center">28,6 (19,4-35,8)</td>
                <td align="center">26,8 (23,4-30,6)</td>
                <td align="center">27,7 (24,3-30,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,881</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glicemia (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">101 (92-113)</td>
                <td align="center">107 (92-125)</td>
                <td align="center">104 (92-125)</td>
                <td align="center">100 (92-115)</td>
                <td align="center">0,734</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TFG (mL/min)</td>
                <td align="center">83,4 (71,7-96,1)</td>
                <td align="center">84,1 (74,6-92,8)</td>
                <td align="center">67,7 (53,6-85,0)</td>
                <td align="center">82,3 (67,2-94,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,021</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#193;cido &#250;rico (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">5,2 (4,3-6,4)</td>
                <td align="center">4,5 (3,8-5,9)</td>
                <td align="center">4,6 (3,9-5,9)</td>
                <td align="center">5,0 (4,1-6,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,266</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">214 (188-243)</td>
                <td align="center">201 (157-221)</td>
                <td align="center">208 (184-250)</td>
                <td align="center">215 (185-245)</td>
                <td align="center">0,507</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alb/Creat (mg/g)</td>
                <td align="center">9,3 (5,5-18,7)</td>
                <td align="center">8,0 (5,2-170,1)</td>
                <td align="center">16,2 (9,9-42,9)</td>
                <td align="center">11,8 (6,2-38,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,018</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">sod/creat na urina</td>
                <td align="center">120,9 (77-160)</td>
                <td align="center">108,3 (48-200)</td>
                <td align="center">145,4 (77-235)</td>
                <td align="center">126,2 (89-185)</td>
                <td align="center">0,205</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BNP (pg/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (10-25)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (11-41)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (14-120)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (11-42)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Albumin&#250;ria (mg)</td>
                <td align="center">10,5 (5,4-20,8)</td>
                <td align="center">8,5 (4,4-65,4)</td>
                <td align="center">13,7 (5,8-30,8)</td>
                <td align="center">12,8 (7-34,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,049</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o (%)</td>
                <td align="center">54,6</td>
                <td align="center">63,4</td>
                <td align="center">71,4</td>
                <td align="center">53,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,150</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes (%)</td>
                <td align="center">24,3</td>
                <td align="center">23,7</td>
                <td align="center">50,0</td>
                <td align="center">30,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,159</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DAC (%)</td>
                <td align="center">8,7</td>
                <td align="center">7,5</td>
                <td align="center">14,3</td>
                <td align="center">15,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,657</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Obesidade (%)</td>
                <td align="center">28,7</td>
                <td align="center">32,3</td>
                <td align="center">28,6</td>
                <td align="center">46,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,488</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; PP: press&#227;o de pulso; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; TFG: taxa estimada de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular; Raz&#227;o Alb/Creat: albumina/creatinina; raz&#227;o sod/creat: s&#243;dio/creatinina; BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico do tipo B; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <label>(*)</label>
              <p>p = diferen&#231;a entre os padr&#245;es de remodelamento realizados com o teste Kruskall-Wallis 1-way ANOVA para m&#250;ltiplas compara&#231;&#245;es (todos os pares) e teste qui&#8209;quadrado de Pearson para diferen&#231;as de propor&#231;&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos dos indiv&#237;duos selecionados, caracterizados pelos padr&#245;es de remodelamento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">Geometria normal n = 423</th>
                <th align="center">Hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica n = 186</th>
                <th align="center">Hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica n = 14</th>
                <th align="center">Remodelamento conc&#234;ntrico n = 13</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">(*)</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEVE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">61 (58-65)</td>
                <td align="center">63 (58-64)</td>
                <td align="center">59(50-64)</td>
                <td align="center">60 (56-63)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MVEi (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">82,8 (72,2-92,0)</td>
                <td align="center">84 (70,7-93,4)</td>
                <td align="center">120(105,6-150,71)</td>
                <td align="center">116,3 (102,4-127,3)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VAEi (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">20,8 (17,1-24,5)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (14-22,3)</td>
                <td align="center">23,6(19,2-33,1)</td>
                <td align="center">22,6 (19,2-27,5)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VDFi (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">60,1 (51,8-67,2)</td>
                <td align="center">41,7 (36,4-49,4)</td>
                <td align="center">60,5(52,1-75,9)</td>
                <td align="center">74,7 (67,7-83,2)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E'(cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (8-12)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (7,5-13)</td>
                <td align="center">7,7(6-10,6)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (7-11)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">64 (54-76)</td>
                <td align="center">70 (52-93)</td>
                <td align="center">68(51-75)</td>
                <td align="center">63 (52-78)</td>
                <td align="center">0,532</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">A (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">65 (53-81)</td>
                <td align="center">76 (59-99)</td>
                <td align="center">69(56-98)</td>
                <td align="center">71 (57-86)</td>
                <td align="center">0,242</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/A ratio</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 (0,7-1,3)</td>
                <td align="center">1,1 (0,6-1,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,9(0,7-1,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,8 (0,7-1,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/E' ratio</td>
                <td align="center">6,4 (5,3-7,7)</td>
                <td align="center">7,1 (4,7-8,7)</td>
                <td align="center">8,0(5,7-10,0)</td>
                <td align="center">7,1 (5,7-8,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EPS (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (7-8)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (8-10)</td>
                <td align="center">10(10-12)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (8-9)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DDVE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (44-50)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (34,5-41,5)</td>
                <td align="center">43,5(41,7-47,8)</td>
                <td align="center">52 (49-54,2)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EPP (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (7-8)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (8-10)</td>
                <td align="center">10(10-12)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (8-9)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; MVEi: massa ventricular esquerda indexada; VAEi: volume atrial esquerdo indexado; VDFi: volume diast&#243;lico final indexado; E': velocidade mitral diast&#243;lica anular precoce; E: velocidade inicial do fluxo mitral; A: velocidade m&#225;xima do fluxo mitral na contra&#231;&#227;o atrial; DDVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do VE; EPS: espessura da parede septal; EPP: espessura da parede posterior</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <label>(*)</label>
              <p>valor de p = a diferen&#231;a entre os padr&#245;es de remodelamento realizados com teste Kruskall-Wallis 1-way ANOVA para m&#250;ltiplas compara&#231;&#245;es (todos os pares).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref> apresenta a raz&#227;o de chances bruta e ajustada da hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica versus geometria normal, o &#250;nico padr&#227;o de remodelamento com preval&#234;ncia suficiente para atingir pot&#234;ncia adequada para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de uma an&#225;lise m&#250;ltipla. As vari&#225;veis sexo, idade, escolaridade e raz&#227;o albumina/creatinina mostraram rela&#231;&#227;o com o risco de hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica mesmo ap&#243;s o ajuste.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Raz&#227;o de chance bruta e ajustada da hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica versus geometria normal</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">OR (IC 95%)</th>
                <th align="center">ORa (IC 95%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>G&#234;nero</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">1,80 (1,25-2,60)</td>
                <td align="center">1,75 (1,17-2,61)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Idade</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">70-99 anos</td>
                <td align="center">2,33 (1,54-3,52)</td>
                <td align="center">2,04 (1,28-3,26)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">45-69 anos</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Cor da pele</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Negro</td>
                <td align="center">1,20 (0,812-1,774)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o negro</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Escolaridade</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8804; Ensino Fundamental</td>
                <td align="center">1,86 (1,32-2,62)</td>
                <td align="center">1,59 (1,07-2,34)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&gt; Ensino Fundamental</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Renda per capita</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8804; 1 SM</td>
                <td align="center">1,52 (1,00-2,30)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&gt; 1 SM</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Tabagismo</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fumante ou ex fumante</td>
                <td align="center">0,91 (0,65-1,28)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nunca fumou</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Consumo de &#225;lcool - bebedor de risco</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">0,57 (0,29-1,10)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Atividade f&#237;sica</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sedent&#225;rio e irregular</td>
                <td align="center">0,82 (0,57-1,92)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ativo ou muito ativo</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Obesidade</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim (IMC &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">1,16 (0,81-1,68)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o (IMC &lt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Hipertens&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">1,69 (1,13-2,52)</td>
                <td align="center">1,23 (0,79-1,92)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Diabetes tipo 2</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">0,94 (0,63-1,41)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>&#193;cido &#250;rico alterado</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">1,04 (0,68-1,59)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">0,78 (0,41-1,47)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Raz&#227;o albumina / creatinina</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805; 30 mg/g</td>
                <td align="center">1,82 (1,19-2,76)</td>
                <td align="center">1,64 (1,05-2,57)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 30 mg/g</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Raz&#227;o s&#243;dio / creatinina na urina</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&gt; 10.39 g/dL</td>
                <td align="center">1,64 (1,08-2,47)</td>
                <td align="center">1,34 (0,86-2,09)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8804; 10.39 g/dL</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DRC)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Est&#225;gios 3,4,5</td>
                <td align="center">1,43 (0,84-2,43)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Est&#225;gios 1,2</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>R: raz&#227;o de chances; Ora: raz&#227;o de chances ajustada; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; SM: sal&#225;rio m&#237;nimo; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; &#193;cido &#250;rico alterado: masculino &gt; 7,0 mg/dL e feminino&gt; 6,0 mg/dL; DRC: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica estimada pela taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (KDIGO) est&#225;gios 1, 2, 3, 4 e 5.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref> mostra a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos padr&#245;es de remodelamento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em pacientes sem altera&#231;&#245;es na fun&#231;&#227;o renal (A); em pacientes com altera&#231;&#245;es subcl&#237;nicas demonstradas por microalbumin&#250;ria (B); e naqueles com doen&#231;a renal estabelecida (C).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A, B e C: Avalia&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros da fun&#231;&#227;o renal em diferentes padr&#245;es de remodelamento ventricular esquerdo. TFG: taxa estimada de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-01-0059-80258-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>No presente estudo, com indiv&#237;duos atendidos na aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria com 45 anos ou mais, o principal padr&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es geom&#233;tricas ventriculares foi a HVE exc&#234;ntrica. A mudan&#231;a foi mais prevalente em mulheres, pacientes idosos, pacientes com menor n&#237;vel educacional e pacientes com hipertens&#227;o e disfun&#231;&#227;o renal.</p>
        <p>As diferen&#231;as observadas neste estudo em compara&#231;&#227;o com outros estudos na Europa e nos Estados Unidos podem ser explicadas por raz&#245;es semelhantes &#224;s relatadas no estudo de Schvartzman et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> A estatura dos brasileiros &#233; menor que a dos europeus e caucasianos norte-americanos, impactando a massa do VE indexada pela superf&#237;cie corporal.</p>
        <p>O remodelamento ventricular ao longo da vida ocorre como resposta adaptativa ao envelhecimento, exposi&#231;&#227;o a fatores de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e les&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Um estudo realizado na comunidade com 4492 participantes (idade m&#233;dia de 51 anos e 59% de mulheres) mostrou que 64% apresentavam geometria normal, 18% remodelamento conc&#234;ntrico, 13% hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica e 5% hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica. Nossos dados s&#227;o semelhantes aos da popula&#231;&#227;o com geometria normal (64 vs. 67%), mas diferentes em rela&#231;&#227;o aos padr&#245;es de remodelamento, principalmente em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; remodelamento conc&#234;ntrico (18% vs. 2%) e hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica (13% vs. 29%). Essas diferen&#231;as tamb&#233;m podem ser explicadas pelo maior n&#250;mero de pacientes hipertensos e diab&#233;ticos observados em nosso estudo em rela&#231;&#227;o ao estudo de Lieb et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Um estudo realizado na comunidade por Teh et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> avaliaram a preval&#234;ncia dos quatro modelos de remodelamento em 108 pacientes com idade &gt; 70 anos, sendo 56% mulheres, 84% hipertensos e 20% diab&#233;ticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Embora os dados de Teh et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> tenham sido obtidos em uma popula&#231;&#227;o mais idosa, eles s&#227;o semelhantes aos nossos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; maior preval&#234;ncia de hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica observada na amostra (26% vs. 29%), mostrando que parece haver uma preval&#234;ncia aumentada de remodelamento exc&#234;ntrico em indiv&#237;duos mais velhos e com mais comorbidades.</p>
        <p>O envelhecimento est&#225; diretamente relacionado &#224; progress&#227;o do remodelamento card&#237;aco, provavelmente devido &#224; exposi&#231;&#227;o a m&#250;ltiplos fatores de risco cardiovascular. Essa conclus&#227;o esteve presente em nosso estudo e na literatura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Observamos uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre o sexo feminino e a presen&#231;a de hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica do VE ap&#243;s o ajuste para outras vari&#225;veis (OR, IC95%, 1,75 [1,17 a 2,61]). Existem diferen&#231;as na estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em rela&#231;&#227;o ao g&#234;nero, e essas diferen&#231;as parecem ser mais pronunciadas na presen&#231;a de fatores de risco para IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEp), e podem ser explicadas pelo dimorfismo sexual.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Um estudo que avaliou mudan&#231;as na rigidez do VE em 1.402 indiv&#237;duos na comunidade observou um aumento na rigidez com o envelhecimento, que &#233; mais frequente nas mulheres do que nos homens.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Um estudo envolvendo 318 adultos saud&#225;veis do Framingham Heart Study que foram submetidos &#224; RM para determinar os valores de refer&#234;ncia dos par&#226;metros do VE observou um aumento maior nas dimens&#245;es lineares do VE ap&#243;s o ajuste da &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal em mulheres do que em homens (p &lt; 0,001).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Nossos dados mostraram que o baixo n&#237;vel educacional associou-se &#224; hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica. Tal resultado pode ser explicado por uma maior exposi&#231;&#227;o a fatores de risco, menos compreens&#227;o sobre o autocuidado e menor ades&#227;o ao tratamento medicamentoso.</p>
        <p>A microalbumin&#250;ria &#233; um importante marcador de risco cardiovascular,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> e os dados apresentados aqui mostraram que indiv&#237;duos com altera&#231;&#245;es na geometria ventricular apresentaram altos n&#237;veis de albumina na urina e piora da fun&#231;&#227;o renal avaliados pela TFG. Indiv&#237;duos com insufici&#234;ncia renal apresentam aumento progressivo da hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica, que pode refletir doen&#231;as card&#237;acas com perda concomitante da fun&#231;&#227;o renal. Os padr&#245;es conc&#234;ntricos e exc&#234;ntricos refletem nefropatia hipertensiva, que progride com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural. Estudos mostram a exist&#234;ncia de uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre albumin&#250;ria, remodelamento e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. O aumento da excre&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria de albumina est&#225; associado a altera&#231;&#245;es no remodelamento ventricular em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o. Pacientes com hipertens&#227;o com incapacidade de regress&#227;o &#224; albumin&#250;ria t&#234;m maior incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Nossos dados mostram que existe uma forte associa&#231;&#227;o entre a raz&#227;o albumina/creatinina e o desenvolvimento de hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica do VE.</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi o primeiro da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira de assist&#234;ncia prim&#225;ria a estudar especificamente a geometria do VE com a inclus&#227;o de RWT.</p>
        <p>A maior inclus&#227;o de pacientes do sexo feminino &#233; digna de nota como uma limita&#231;&#227;o ao estudo. Isso ocorreu devido &#224; maior ades&#227;o das mulheres ao protocolo do estudo. Da mesma forma, a maior ades&#227;o &#224; terapia pode ter influenciado os padr&#245;es de remodelamento nas mulheres, e essa ades&#227;o n&#227;o foi medida.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Um ter&#231;o dos indiv&#237;duos atendidos na assist&#234;ncia prim&#225;ria entre 45 e 99 anos, na amostra analisada, apresentava RVE e corria risco de desenvolver IC. A rela&#231;&#227;o albumina/creatinina alterada na urina foi associada &#224; hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica, indicando uma rela&#231;&#227;o precoce entre as disfun&#231;&#245;es card&#237;aca e renal.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte da disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Roberto de Castro Meirelles de Almeida pela Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade Federal Fluminense sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CAAE: 0077.0.258.000-10. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
