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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">TNpBtxygGQvQg8X4rSybJSf</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000100047</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2019005002001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190209</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Evaluation of Lipid Profiles of Children and Youth from Basic Health Units in Campinas, SP, Brazil: A Cross-Sectional Laboratory Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3178-0316</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>&#201;rica Ivana L&#225;zaro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zago</surname>
            <given-names>Vanessa Helena de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faria</surname>
            <given-names>Eliana Cotta de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Patologia Cl&#237;nica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Campinas</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Patologia Cl&#237;nica, Campinas, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Campinas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Campinas</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Campinas (PUC - Campinas), Campinas, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>MailingAddress: Eliana Cotta de Faria,</bold> Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Patologia Cl&#237;nica - Rua Tess&#225;lia Vieira de Camargo, 126. Postal Code 13083-887, Cidade, Universit&#225;ria Zeferino Vaz Campinas, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>cottadefaria@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data and Obtaining financing: Faria EC; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Gomes EIL, Faria EC; Statistical analysis: Gomes EIL; Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Gomes EIL, Zago VHS, Faria EC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>47</fpage>
      <lpage>56</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>
            <bold>Background:</bold>
          </title>
          <p>Among dyslipidemias, hypercholesterolemia is considered the main risk factor for cardiovascular diseases in adults. In childhood and adolescence, elevated total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) are positively associated with atherosclerosis markers, however, systematic screening for dyslipidemias in these groups is a controversial topic.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To characterize the frequencies, types and severity of dyslipidemias in children and adolescents attended at the Basic Health Units managed by SUS in Campinas/SP.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>After an agreement with the Municipal Health Department of Campinas, consecutive results of serum lipid profiles (n = 312,650) of individuals of both sexes (n = 62,530) aged between 1 day old and 19 years were obtained, from 2008 to 2015. Age groups and dyslipidemias were classified according to recommendations in the literature. The statistical significance level adopted was the probability value (p) of 0.05 or less.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The observed frequencies of increased TC, triglycerides (TG), LDL-C and non-HDL-C (NHDL-C) were 33%, 40%, 29% and 13% respectively, and of reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) the frequency was 39%. The frequencies, in general, were greater in females and in the southwest and south regions of the city, whose populations are more vulnerable from the socioeconomic point of view; on the other hand, in children and adolescents, the frequencies of TG and HDL-C prevailed, respectively.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>The high frequency and regionalization of dyslipidemias in children and adolescents indicate the need for specific actions in the handling and treatment of such diseases by the public health system of Campinas.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Dyslipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypercholesterolemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Child</kwd>
        <kwd>Young Adult</kwd>
        <kwd>Unified Health System</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescent</kwd>
        <kwd>Laboratory Test</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2006/60585-9</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This study was funded by FAPESP process n&#186; 2006/60585-9</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) represent one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in Brazil and worldwide. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), in 2015 CVD accounted for 31% of deaths worldwide.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> In Brazil, 29% of deaths were due to CVD according to the Brazilian Society of Cardiology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Dyslipidemias play a well-established role in cardiovascular risk in adults, and so do hypertension, diabetes mellitus, early family history of coronary artery disease and smoking. Often these clinical situations are associated with comorbidities such as overweight, obesity, poor eating habits and physical inactivity, <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> with serious consequences for the individual and the public health system. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Children and adolescents account for 34% of the Brazilian population, an absolute contingent of 57,1 million people. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> There is evidence that high levels of total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in childhood and adolescence are associated with atherosclerotic outcomes in young adults. In this context, Napoli et al. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> demonstrated fatty streaks in the intrauterine life span, being more noticeable in pregnant women with hypercholesterolemia.</p>
      <p>Unlike the Brazilian Dyslipidemia Directive (DBD) Update, universal lipid screening over two years of age as compared to that of children with risk factors<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> was recommended, based on other studies, by Zachariah and Johnson<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> for having a greater diagnostic sensitivity by 30% to 60%. In Brazil, there are few population studies involving dyslipidemias in childhood and adolescence. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> In addition, the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA) stands out, with a national approach and covering a population of 80,000 young people between 12 and 17 years old. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A previous study in our laboratory characterized severe dyslipidemias in the juvenile population in a public hospital segment in Campinas. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> However, there are still gaps regarding their characterization in regional terms. Thus, this study was designed to characterize the frequencies, types and severity of dyslipidemias in children and adolescents attended at the Basic Health Units (UBS) in Campinas, SP.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This is a retrospective cross-sectional study based on monthly lipid profile databases, which were periodically sent to the Lipid Laboratory of the School of Medical Sciences of UNICAMP through an academic agreement with the Municipal Health Department of Campinas.</p>
      <p>Between 2008 and 2015 312,650 results of serum laboratory tests were obtained from 62,530 individuals of both sexes, aged between one day and 19 years who visited UBS in the city of Campinas, SP, for medical outpatient care. The UBS are distributed over five regions or health districts of the city.</p>
      <p>Only individuals with measured serum lipid profile were included in the study, with the following parameters: TC, triglycerides (TG), LDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and non-HDL-C (NHDL-C). These analyses were performed by enzymatic-colorimetric and/or direct homogenous methods for LDL, according to the quality control standards of the Brazilian Society of Clinical Pathology, including the blood collection stage in the UBS. NHDL-C was calculated. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> A single chemical analyzer, Modular&#174; Analytics Evo (Roche Diagnostics, Burgess Hill, West Sussex, UK), and reagents from Roche Diagnostics&#174; (Mannheim, Germany) were used during the study period.</p>
      <p>Dyslipidemias were classified biochemically in consonance with the cut-off values for age advocated by the current DBD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> as: isolated increases of LDL-C, TG, NHDL or reductions of HDL-C; mixed dyslipidemias, defined as lipid combinations of increased LDL-C and TG and/or increased LDL-C and reduced HDL-C and/or increased TG and reduced HDL-C.</p>
      <p>We used the reference values of Kwiterovich PO<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> for infants (children from one day to 23 months of age), once there are no DBD recommendations for this age group, except for TG in the 0-9 years of age group. For NHDL-C in all age groups, also absent in DBD recommendations, the desirable and undesirable values (&lt;123 and &#8805;144) of Kwiterovich PO were used as well.</p>
      <p>In order to determine the groups of children (2-11 years of age) and adolescents (12 to 19 years of age) we followed the Brazilian Child and Adolescent Statute definitions (Law n&#176;. 8.069/90 updated with Law no. 12.010 of 2009), with adaptation of the upper limit for adolescents because of DBD, and the recommendations therein, between two and 19 years of age. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> The cut-off values (mg/dL) used as desirable and undesirable are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Reference values for lipids and lipoproteins in children and adolescents</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Lipidic variables</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Values (mg/dL)</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Desirable</th>
              <th align="center">Undesirable (1 day to 23 months)</th>
              <th align="center">Undesirable (2 to 19 years)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TC</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 170</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 200</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 170</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL-C</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 110</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 130</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 110</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">NHDL-C</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 123</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 144<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>TG</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">0-9 years</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 75</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 100</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 75<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">**</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">10-19 years</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 90</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 130</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 90</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL-C</td>
              <td align="center">&gt; 45</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 35</td>
              <td align="center">&#8804; 45</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Reference values for 1 day to 23 months old:</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>NHDL-C &#8805; 144 1 day to 19 years old</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>**</label>
            <p>TG &#8805; 75 according to current DBD. TC: total cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NHDL-C: non high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: triglycerides.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Lipid profiles were also evaluated for LDL-C &#8805; 190 mg/dL, without concomitant hypertriglyceridemia, for laboratory characterization of possible cases of Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH). <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The city of Campinas is a Sao Paulo inland city that has approximately 1.1 million residents, <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> with 63 UBS distributed over five health districts: East (E), Northwest (NW), North (N), Southwest (SW) and South (S). <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The variables, either continuous or categorical, were analyzed using descriptive and comparative tests in software SPSS 24.0 (SPSS Inc., USA) and SAS 9.4 (Inc, Cary, NC, USA). Since there was only one lipid profile available for some individuals and for others several were available during the study, only a single and first lipid profile per year were used in the study period (2008-2015).</p>
        <p>Tests were performed to verify the normality of data distribution (Kolmogorov-Smirnov). The groups were then compared by the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests with Bonferroni post-test, with data presented as median and interquartile ranges for the continuous variables, and chi-square (X<sup>2</sup>) test with the post-test for multiple comparisons in contingency tables based on permutations for categorical variables. Values of p &lt; 0.05 were considered significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> shows the distribution of the five health districts of Campinas with the respective numbers observed for test results, of individuals evaluated and their percentage frequencies: East: 41,075 and 8,215 (13%); Northwest: 61,900 and 12,380 (20%); North: 52,975 and 10,595 (17%); Southwest: 79,305 and 15,861 (25%) and South: 77,395 and 15,479 (25%). Half of the tests came from the southwest and south regions.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Corresponding area to the health districts in the map of the city of Campinas.</title>
          </caption>
          <attrib>Source: Campinas Health Department.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					</attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-01-0047-90209-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> summarizes the demographic characteristics of subjects, including the origin of clinical laboratory calls.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Demographic characteristics of all subjects and by sex and age</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Features</th>
              <th align="center">Number of individuals</th>
              <th align="center">Total frequencies total (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total</td>
              <td align="center">62,530</td>
              <td align="center">100</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Sex</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">F</td>
              <td align="center">34,932</td>
              <td align="center">56</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">M</td>
              <td align="center">27,598</td>
              <td align="center">44</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Age</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Infants</td>
              <td align="center">660</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">F</td>
              <td align="center">399</td>
              <td align="center">0.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">M</td>
              <td align="center">261</td>
              <td align="center">0.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Children</td>
              <td align="center">25,501</td>
              <td align="center">41</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">F</td>
              <td align="center">13,219</td>
              <td align="center">21</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">M</td>
              <td align="center">12,282</td>
              <td align="center">20</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Adolescents</td>
              <td align="center">36,369</td>
              <td align="center">58</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">F</td>
              <td align="center">21,314</td>
              <td align="center">34</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">M</td>
              <td align="center">15,055</td>
              <td align="center">24</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>N: number; F: female; M: male.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The results of the descriptive and comparative analyses are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tables 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">4</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Tabela 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Lipid profiles: medians and interquartile ranges for all subjects and stratified by sex and age</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Groups</th>
              <th align="center">Lipids (mg/dL)</th>
              <th align="center">Total</th>
              <th align="center">Female</th>
              <th align="center">Male</th>
              <th align="center">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="5">All</td>
              <td align="center">TC</td>
              <td align="center">156 (137-178)</td>
              <td align="center">158 (139-179)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">154 (135-176)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">TG</td>
              <td align="center">76 (57-103)</td>
              <td align="center">78 (59-105)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">73 (54-100)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">LDL-C</td>
              <td align="center">95 (78-114)</td>
              <td align="center">96 (79-114)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">93 (77-112)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">HDL-C</td>
              <td align="center">49 (41-57)</td>
              <td align="center">49 ( 42-57)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">48 (41-57)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">NHDL-C</td>
              <td align="center">106 (88-127)</td>
              <td align="center">107 (89-128)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">104 (86-125)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="5">Infants (I)</td>
              <td align="center">TC</td>
              <td align="center">172 (151-202)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">177 (153-206)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">167 (147-193)</td>
              <td align="center">0.000</td>
              <td align="center">0.019</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">TG</td>
              <td align="center">91 (67-131)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">94 (68-132)</td>
              <td align="center">87 (64-119)</td>
              <td align="center">0.000</td>
              <td align="center">0.068</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">LDL-C</td>
              <td align="center">108 (88-132)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">110 (88-134)</td>
              <td align="center">105 (88-128)</td>
              <td align="center">0.000</td>
              <td align="center">0.138</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">HDL-C</td>
              <td align="center">46 (39-56)</td>
              <td align="center">47 (39-58)</td>
              <td align="center">45 (38-53)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.063</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">NHDL-C</td>
              <td align="center">125 (101-150)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">128 (101-153)</td>
              <td align="center">119 (102-147)</td>
              <td align="center">0.000</td>
              <td align="center">0.108</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="5">Children (C)</td>
              <td align="center">TC</td>
              <td align="center">162 (143-182)</td>
              <td align="center">162 (143-182)</td>
              <td align="center">161 (143-182)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.901</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">TG</td>
              <td align="center">75 (56-103)</td>
              <td align="center">79 (60-109)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">71 (53-97)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">LDL-C</td>
              <td align="center">99 (83-118)</td>
              <td align="center">100 (84-118)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">99 (83-117)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.013</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">HDL-C</td>
              <td align="center">50 (42-58)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">49 (41-57)</td>
              <td align="center">51 (43-60)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.000</td>
              <td align="center">0.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">NHDL-C</td>
              <td align="center">110 (93-130)</td>
              <td align="center">111 (94-131)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">109 (92-129)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="5">Adolescents (A)</td>
              <td align="center">TC</td>
              <td align="center">153 (133-174)</td>
              <td align="center">155 (136-177)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">147 (128-168)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">TG</td>
              <td align="center">76 (57-102)</td>
              <td align="center">76 (58-103)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">74 (56-102)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">LDL-C</td>
              <td align="center">91 (75-110)</td>
              <td align="center">93 (77-111)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">88 (72-107)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">HDL-C</td>
              <td align="center">48 (41-56)</td>
              <td align="center">49 (42-58)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">46 (39-54)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">NHDL-C</td>
              <td align="center">102 (84-123)</td>
              <td align="center">105 (86-125)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">99 (82-120)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.000</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <p>F: female; M: male;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <label>(&#8224;)</label>
            <p>Mann-Whitney, F vs. M; p &lt; 0.05.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN7">
            <label>(*)</label>
            <p>Kruskal Wallis Post-hoc Bonferroni, I vs C vs A = TC, LDL-C, NHDL-C - I&gt;C&gt;A; TG - I&gt;C=A; HDL-C - C&gt;A&gt;I, p &lt; 0.05; Continuous variables appear as medians and interquartile ranges. TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NHDL-C: non high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Lipid profiles: medians and interquartile ranges for all subjects and by regions of campinas</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Lipids (mg/dL)</th>
              <th align="center">East (E)</th>
              <th align="center">Northwest (NO)</th>
              <th align="center">North (N)</th>
              <th align="center">Southwest (SO)</th>
              <th align="center">South (S)</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TC</td>
              <td align="center">158 (139-179)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">155 (136-177)</td>
              <td align="center">157 (138-178)</td>
              <td align="center">156 (136-177)</td>
              <td align="center">156 (137-177)</td>
              <td align="center">0,000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TG</td>
              <td align="center">77 (58-105)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">74 (56-101)</td>
              <td align="center">76 (57-103)</td>
              <td align="center">77 (58-105)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">75 (56-103)</td>
              <td align="center">0,000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL-C</td>
              <td align="center">96 (79-115)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">94 (77-113)</td>
              <td align="center">95 (79-114)</td>
              <td align="center">94 (78-113)</td>
              <td align="center">95 (78-113)</td>
              <td align="center">0,000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL-C</td>
              <td align="center">49 (42-58)</td>
              <td align="center">49 (41-57)</td>
              <td align="center">49 (42-57)</td>
              <td align="center">48 (41-56)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">49 (41-57)</td>
              <td align="center">0,000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">NHDL-C</td>
              <td align="center">107 (89-128)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">104 (86-125)</td>
              <td align="center">106 (88-127)</td>
              <td align="center">106 (88-127)</td>
              <td align="center">105 (88-126)</td>
              <td align="center">0,000</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN8">
            <label>(*)</label>
            <p>Kruskal-Wallis Post-hoc Bonferroni, TC: E &gt; others; N &gt; NW/SW; TG: E/N/SW&gt;NW; E/SW&gt;S; LDL-C: E&gt;NW/SW/S; N&gt;NW; HDL-C: E&gt;S; SW &lt; others; NHDL-C: E&gt;S; NW&lt;others; p &lt; 0.05. Continuous variables appear as medians and interquartile ranges. TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NHDL-C: non high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> shows that in all the age groups, TC, TG, LDL-C and NHDL-C were higher for infants. TG was similar in children and adolescents, and the median of HDL-C levels was higher in children than in the others. In relation to sex, the female group had higher values.</p>
      <p>In the comparison by age group, the results also showed significant differences for the parameters evaluated in both sexes.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref> clearly shows that there were higher results for TC in the eastern region than in the other regions. LDL-C levels were higher in the eastern region than in the northwest, southwest and south; NHDL-C values were also higher in this region than in the south and lower in the northwest region than in the others.</p>
      <p>In the eastern, north, and southwestern regions, triglyceridemia was higher than in the northwestern region, and in the eastern and southwestern regions, it was higher than in the south. HDL-C in the southwestern region was lower than in the other ones and higher in the eastern region than in the south.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref> shows the frequencies of dyslipidemia and their ratios by sex.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Frequencies of isolated and mixed dyslipidemias in all subjects and by sex</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Dyslipidemias</th>
              <th align="center">N</th>
              <th align="center">All (%)</th>
              <th align="center">N</th>
              <th align="center">F (%)</th>
              <th align="center">N</th>
              <th align="center">M (%)</th>
              <th align="center">Frequency ratios (%) (F/M)</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Isolated dyslipidemias</td>
              <td align="center">41,689</td>
              <td align="center">67</td>
              <td align="center">23,572</td>
              <td align="center">38<sup>*</sup></td>
              <td align="center">18,117</td>
              <td align="center">29</td>
              <td align="center">1.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TC&#8593;</td>
              <td align="center">20,759</td>
              <td align="center">33</td>
              <td align="center">12,213</td>
              <td align="center">19<sup>*</sup></td>
              <td align="center">8,546</td>
              <td align="center">14</td>
              <td align="center">1.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TG&#8593;</td>
              <td align="center">24,703</td>
              <td align="center">40</td>
              <td align="center">14,527</td>
              <td align="center">23<sup>*</sup></td>
              <td align="center">10,176</td>
              <td align="center">16</td>
              <td align="center">1.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL-C&#8593;</td>
              <td align="center">18,299</td>
              <td align="center">29</td>
              <td align="center">10,594</td>
              <td align="center">17<sup>*</sup></td>
              <td align="center">7,705</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">1.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL-C&#8595;</td>
              <td align="center">24,210</td>
              <td align="center">39</td>
              <td align="center">13,120</td>
              <td align="center">21<sup>*</sup></td>
              <td align="center">11,090</td>
              <td align="center">18</td>
              <td align="center">1.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">NHDL-C&#8593;</td>
              <td align="center">7,847</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
              <td align="center">4,665</td>
              <td align="center">8<sup>*</sup></td>
              <td align="center">3,182</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">1.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mixed dyslipidemias</td>
              <td align="center">20,205</td>
              <td align="center">32</td>
              <td align="center">11,682</td>
              <td align="center">19<sup>*</sup></td>
              <td align="center">8,523</td>
              <td align="center">14</td>
              <td align="center">1.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL-C&#8593;and TG&#8593;</td>
              <td align="center">10,903</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
              <td align="center">6,485</td>
              <td align="center">10<sup>*</sup></td>
              <td align="center">4,418</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">1.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL-C&#8595; and TG &#8593;</td>
              <td align="center">12,978</td>
              <td align="center">21</td>
              <td align="center">7,270</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">5,708</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">1.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.692</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL-C&#8595; and LDL-C&#8593;</td>
              <td align="center">6,960</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">3,901</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">3,059</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">1.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.742</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN9">
            <p>F: female; M: male; Chi-square test (X<sup>2</sup>); F vs M; p &lt; 0.05. TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NHDL-C: non high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The most frequent dyslipidemias were isolated increases in TG and reduction of HDL-C. By sex, dyslipidemia frequencies were higher in females.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref> shows the frequencies of dyslipidemia by age. Infants presented higher frequencies of increased TG and NHDL-C and isolated dyslipidemias, as well as a higher prevalence of the combination of increased LDL-C and TG.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Frequencies of isolated and mixed dyslipidemias by age; ID: Isolated dyslipidemias; MD: Mixed dyslipidemias; *Chi-Square test (X<sup>2</sup>); I vs C vs. A; p &lt;0.05; Post-test for multiple comparisons in contingency tables based on permutations: TC&#8593;: LDL-C&#8593; - C &gt; A = I; TG&#8593;: NHDL-C&#8593; - I&gt; C &gt; A; HDL-C&#8595; A&gt; C&gt; I; HDL-C&#8595; and TG&#8593; and HDL-C&#8595; and LDL-C&#8593; - C&gt; A&gt; I; ID, LDL-C&#8593; and TG&#8593;: MD-A &lt;C = I; p &lt;0.05. TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NHDL-C: non high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-01-0047-90209-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>As for children, higher levels of TC and LDL-C were observed, as well as the combination of increased TG and reduced HDL-C; there was also a higher frequency of at least one type of mixed dyslipidemia. On the other hand, adolescents showed a higher number of reduced HDL-C results.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref> shows the frequencies of dyslipidemia by regions of Campinas.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Frequencies of isolated and mixed dyslipidemias by regions of campinas; ID: Isolated dyslipidemias; MD: Mixed dyslipidemias; *Chi-Square test (X2); E vs NW vs N vs SW vs S; p &lt;0.05; Post-test for multiple comparisons in contingency tables based on permutations: TC&#8593; = E &lt;others; TG&#8593;, NHDL-C&#8593; = SW&gt; NW&gt; E; LDL-C&#8593; = SW &gt; E &lt;NW; HDL-C&#8595; = SW&gt; others, S&gt; E; ID = NW &lt;SW&gt; S; LDL-C&#8593; and TG&#8593; = - NW&gt; L; HDL-C&#8595; and TG&#8593; = SW&gt; NW&gt; N&gt; E; MD = SW &gt; NW, p &lt; 0.05. TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NHDL-C: non high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-01-0047-90209-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Dyslipidemias were more frequent in the southwestern region of Campinas than in the other regions.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The development of atherosclerotic plaques is directly associated with an increase in NHDL-C lipoproteins, and evidence suggests that childhood cardiovascular risk factors such as dyslipidemia may contribute to atherosclerotic disease in childhood and adolescence, as well as in adulthood. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In this sense, the ongoing International Childhood Cardiovascular Cohort (i3C) Consortium<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> aims to evaluate the association of the presence of risk factors in childhood with the outcomes of CVD morbidity and mortality in adults. Preliminary results showed that pediatric dyslipidemia predicts dyslipidemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>)</sup> and greater carotid intima-media thickness<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> in adults. In addition, the presence of risk factors developed from the age of nine was predictive of subclinical atherosclerosis in adults. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the present study, 67% of lipid profile results indicated the presence of at least one type of biochemically classified dyslipidemia. This percentage is greater than the one reported in other national studies: one of them, for example, carried out in the northeastern region of Brazil between 2011 and 2012, involving children and adolescents (6-18 years old), found the frequency of 62% for dyslipidemias with increases in TC and/or TG and/or LDL-C and/or reductions in HDL-C. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Another study in Londrina/PR with adolescents (11-16 years old) showed that 61% of the subjects had dyslipidemia (elevated TC and/or TG and/or LDL-C and/or reduced HDL-C). <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Also, in 2007 a study of schoolchildren (10-14 years old) from Recife/PE described at least one type of dyslipidemia in 63.8% of the sample. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Other works performed in North and South American countries showed lower frequencies. In the United States<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> between 2011 and 2014, in individuals aged 6 to 19 years, the reported frequency of dyslipidemia was 21% (increased TC and/or NHDL-C and/or reduced HDL-C).</p>
      <p>In Santiago, Chile<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> (2009-2011) in 2,900 individuals aged 10 to 14 years, the frequency of dyslipidemia was 32% (elevated TC and/or TG and/or LDL-C and/or reduced HDL-C). The higher prevalence in the present study may have been caused in part by the lower cut-off values &#8203;&#8203;used by the national guideline<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> when compared to the international guidelines. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the analyses performed to evaluate the effect of sex, dyslipidemias were more frequent for all lipid parameters in females, and these results are consistent with national<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> and international studies. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> In fact, variations in serum lipoprotein levels are inherent to these individuals in the developmental stages and, consequently, to variations in sex hormones. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Some studies indicate that estrogens increase HDL-C in part due to their action in reducing hepatic lipase (HL) activity and increasing ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 receptors (ABCA1). <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> In addition, they decrease LDL-C<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> levels by positively regulating LDL receptors, thus exerting a beneficial effect on the lipoprotein profile. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
			</p>
      <p>On the other hand, androgens increase HL activity, leading to an inverse effect: <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> HDL-C is reduced while LDL-C is increased. In contrast, Zhang et al. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> indicated that testosterone may be associated with changes in SR-B1 receptor and HL activity, facilitating the selective uptake of HDL and playing an antiatherogenic role. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Comparisons by age groups revealed that infants presented higher levels of TG, NHDL-C and combination of LDL-C and TG as well as a high frequency of individual dyslipidemias; few studies report this data up to two years of age due to the difficulty of blood collection and metabolic instability in this phase of rapid growth before 24 months of life. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> In addition, the high frequency of hypertriglyceridemia would occur through lactation and lack of food fasting. The current DBD defines the cut-off value of TG without fasting for the 0-9 years of age range as &#8805; 85 mg/dL. Evaluating this interference, we applied that cut-off value, and the results showed a lower frequency, 56% instead of 67% (&#8805; 75 mg/dL, with fasting).</p>
      <p>In this context, it is also worth noting that according to the national guidelines, <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> it is recommended to determine the lipid profile in children and adolescents when: i) grandparents, parents, siblings and first cousins &#8203;&#8203;present dyslipidemia, mainly severe or with manifestation of premature atherosclerosis; ii) in the presence of clinical signs of dyslipidemia; in the presence of other cardiovascular risk factors; iii) with involvement of other pathologies, and iv) in the use of contraceptives, immunosuppressants and other drugs that may lead to dyslipidemia. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Therefore, it is expected that other factors, not collected here, would potentially justify these variations.</p>
      <p>As for children, elevated TC and LDL-C were 40% and 35%, respectively. This increase in TC is close to that of a 2009 study with 217 individuals (84 obese), aged 2-9 years in Campina Grande/PB, ranging from 37% to 46%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Moreover, this result of TC in children is consistent with data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) of individuals aged 4-19 years, where elevations of TC levels were observed in the 9-11 years age group, decreasing later along the pubertal development. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Ramos et al. (2011) <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> reported that the increase in LDL-C ranged from 14% to 14.8% in children (non-obese and obese), a finding that is lower than that of our study (35%). However, the cut-off value we used is lower than that of the referred population. In addition, similar results were observed in a study in Mexico with children from 2 to 10 years of age: 30% of subjects presented LDL-C &#8805; 110 mg/dL. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
			</p>
      <p>As for adolescents, there was a high frequency of low HDL-C (41%), a value close to the one reported in the ERICA study, which was 47% among 38,069 schoolchildren, <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> results aligned with those of this study, even considering the different methodological approaches of the two studies.</p>
      <p>Other national studies have shown important data. A study conducted in the Northeast, with individuals aged 6 to 18 years, showed a low HDL-C frequency of 41%,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> and another one carried out in Natal, RN, with students aged between 10 and 19 showed that 50% of the sample had this type of dyslipidemia. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Another study conducted in the metropolitan region of Guadalajara, Mexico with 132 individuals aged 5 to 15 years showed a lower prevalence (38.7%), but not very different from our findings. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> The high frequency of reduced HDL-C in adolescents may be associated with young people's lifestyle, which involves inappropriate eating habits, overweight and physical inactivity. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>
			</p>
      <p>It is worth mentioning that in this study, 349 individuals presented serum phenotype with LDL-C &#8805; 190 mg/dL, that is in 0.56% (1:200) the results were suggestive for FH. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In relation to the regions of Campinas, the frequency of dyslipidemias was higher in the south and southwest than in the other regions. According to unpublished reports from the City Hall of Campinas, these regions have the highest number of records (25.7% and 27.6%, respectively) <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> in the <italic>Cadastro &#218;nico</italic>, a platform of the Federal Government that characterizes low-income families. In fact, according to Johansen et al., <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> they make up the so-called &#8220;poverty mountain range&#8221;, where there is a socioeconomic homogeneity not observed in the other regions. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> Additionally, they are the ones that have a greater number of SUS users, accounting for 50% of the test results in this study.</p>
      <p>Socioeconomic asymmetry can compromise the lifestyle of populations with direct repercussions on morbidity and mortality indicators. According to the WHO, currently three-quarters of deaths from cardiovascular disease are occurring in low and middle-income regions.<sup>1</sup></p>
      <p>The ERICA study showed significant increases in dyslipidemias in the north and northeast regions of the country (regions reportedly with the highest poverty indices in Brazil); <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> also, ERICA suggests that regional differences in dyslipidemias occur through the process of epidemiological transition, that is, regions may be at different stages. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>This study evaluated the second most populous city in the state of S&#227;o Paulo, located in the southeastern region of Brazil, where urban sprawl occurred without adequate planning and culminated in the expansion of occupation areas with the consequence for the population of inappropriate access to urban services. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations of the study</title>
        <p>One of the limitations concerns the fact that the evaluated database is of secondary origin, with possible inaccuracies in the insertion of demographic data throughout all the processes. We are aware of the continued use of the quality control standards of the Brazilian Society of Clinical Pathology by the Municipal Laboratory of Campinas, which supplies the laboratory data.</p>
        <p>In addition, since it was a cross-sectional study, it was not possible to evaluate the incidence of cases of dyslipidemia.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>This study shows the high frequency of atherogenic dyslipidemias in adolescents, children and infants attended in Campinas, with a greater distribution in the less favored socioeconomic regions, indicating the need for a regionalized focus during the development of public health programs for the prevention of early and adulthood CVD, including proper handling and treatment of dyslipidemias.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by FAPESP process n&#186; 2006/60585-9.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by &#201;rica Ivana L&#225;zaro Gomes, from Universidade Estadual de Campinas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Unicamp under the protocol number CAAE: 86627418.3.0000.5404 N&#186; do parecer: 2.662.289. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgements</title>
      <p>To the <italic>Secretaria de Sa&#250;de de Campinas</italic> for the availability of the database for the study, to the <italic>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico</italic> (CNPq); protocol 481863/2011-7, and to the <italic>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo</italic> (FAPESP); protocol 2006/60585-9 for the research grants. The authors also are grateful to the <italic>Espa&#231;o da Escrita - Pr&#243;-Reitoria de Pesquisa - UNICAMP</italic> - for the translation of the manuscript to English. This study was part of the masters&#8217;degree of Erica I. L. Gomes.</p>
    </ack>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Perfis Lip&#237;dicos Infanto-Juvenis Solicitados nas Unidades B&#225;sicas de Sa&#250;de em Campinas/SP, Brasil: Um Estudo Laboratorial Transversal</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3178-0316</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>&#201;rica Ivana L&#225;zaro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zago</surname>
            <given-names>Vanessa Helena de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faria</surname>
            <given-names>Eliana Cotta de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Patologia Cl&#237;nica, Campinas, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Campinas (PUC - Campinas), Campinas, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Eliana Cotta de Faria,</bold> Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Patologia Cl&#237;nica - Rua Tess&#225;lia Vieira de Camargo, 126. CEP 13083-887, Cidade Universit&#225;ria Zeferino, Vaz Campinas, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>cottadefaria@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Faria EC; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Gomes EIL, Faria EC; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Gomes EIL; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Gomes EIL, Zago VHS, Faria EC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Dentre as dislipidemias, a hipercolesterolemia &#233; considerada o principal fator de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares em adultos. Na inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia, a eleva&#231;&#227;o de colesterol total (CT) e colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-C) associam-se positivamente a marcadores de aterosclerose, entretanto, a triagem sistem&#225;tica para dislipidemias nestes grupos &#233; um tema controverso.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Caracterizar as frequ&#234;ncias, tipos e gravidade de dislipidemias em crian&#231;as e adolescentes atendidos nas Unidades B&#225;sicas de Sa&#250;de (UBS) mantidas pelo SUS em Campinas/SP.</p>
          <p>M&#233;todos: A partir do conv&#234;nio com a Secretaria Municipal de Sa&#250;de de Campinas foram obtidos resultados consecutivos de perfis lip&#237;dicos s&#233;ricos (n = 312.650) de indiv&#237;duos de ambos os sexos (n = 62.530), com idade entre 1 dia e 19 anos, entre 2008 e 2015. Grupos et&#225;rios e dislipidemias foram classificados conforme recomenda&#231;&#245;es da literatura. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stico considerado significativo foi de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>As frequ&#234;ncias observadas de CT, triglic&#233;rides (TG), LDL-C e n&#227;o HDL-C (NHDL-C) aumentados foram, respectivamente 33%, 40%, 29% e 13% e de redu&#231;&#227;o do colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-C) 39%, no total, sendo maiores no sexo feminino e nas regi&#245;es sudoeste e sul da cidade, mais vulner&#225;veis do ponto de vista socioecon&#244;mico; j&#225; em infantes a de TG, e nos adolescentes a de HDL-C prevaleceram.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>A alta frequ&#234;ncia e a regionaliza&#231;&#227;o das dislipidemias em crian&#231;as e adolescentes apontam para a necessidade de a&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas no manuseio e tratamento destas no &#226;mbito do sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de em Campinas.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Dislipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipercolesterolemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Crian&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Adulto Jovem</kwd>
        <kwd>Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescente</kwd>
        <kwd>Testes Laboratoriais</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2006/60585-9</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela FAPESP processo n&#186; 2006/60585-9</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) representam uma das principais causas de morbimortalidade no Brasil e no mundo. Segundo a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de (OMS), em 2015 as DCV representaram 31% de &#243;bitos no mundo. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> No Brasil, 29% dos &#243;bitos foram devido as DCV segundo a Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As dislipidemias t&#234;m um papel bem estabelecido no que se refere ao risco cardiovascular em adultos, assim como a hipertens&#227;o arterial, diabete melito, hist&#243;ria familiar precoce de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e tabagismo. Frequentemente estas situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas est&#227;o associadas &#224; comorbidades como sobrepeso, obesidade, h&#225;bitos alimentares inadequados e sedentarismo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> com graves consequ&#234;ncias sobre a sa&#250;de individual e p&#250;blica. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Crian&#231;as e adolescentes representam 34% da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, um contingente absoluto de 57,1 milh&#245;es de pessoas. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> H&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que concentra&#231;&#245;es elevadas de colesterol total (CT) e colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-C) na inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia estejam associadas a desfechos ateroscler&#243;ticos em adultos jovens. Ainda neste contexto, Napoli et al., <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> evidenciaram estrias gordurosas no per&#237;odo de vida intrauterino, sendo mais pronunciadas em gestantes com hipercolesterolemia.</p>
        <p>Diferentemente da Atualiza&#231;&#227;o da Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemias (DBD), a triagem lip&#237;dica universal acima de dois anos quando comparada com a de crian&#231;as que apresentam fatores de risco, <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> foi recomendada, a partir de outros estudos, por Zachariah e Johnson<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> por ter uma sensibilidade diagn&#243;stica maior em 30 a 60%. No Brasil, existem poucos estudos populacionais envolvendo dislipidemias na inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Ademais, destaca-se o <italic>Estudo dos Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes-ERICA,</italic> de abordagem nacional, abrangendo uma popula&#231;&#227;o de 80.000 jovens entre 12 e 17 anos. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Estudo pr&#233;vio em nosso laborat&#243;rio caracterizou dislipidemias graves em popula&#231;&#227;o infanto-juvenil em um segmento hospitalar p&#250;blico em Campinas. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Entretanto, ainda existem lacunas no que diz respeito &#224; sua caracteriza&#231;&#227;o em termos regionais. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar as frequ&#234;ncias, tipos e gravidade de dislipidemias em crian&#231;as e adolescentes atendidos nas UBS em Campinas-SP.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Este estudo tem car&#225;ter transversal e retrospectivo. Para sua execu&#231;&#227;o, foram obtidos bancos de dados de resultados mensais de perfil lip&#237;dico, encaminhados periodicamente ao Laborat&#243;rio de L&#237;pides da Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da UNICAMP por meio de conv&#234;nio acad&#234;mico com a Secretaria Municipal de Sa&#250;de de Campinas.</p>
        <p>Entre os anos de 2008 e 2015 foram obtidos 312.650 resultados de exames laboratoriais s&#233;ricos, de 62.530 indiv&#237;duos de ambos os sexos, com idades entre um dia e 19 anos, que compareceram &#224;s UBS da cidade de Campinas-SP para atendimento m&#233;dico-ambulatorial. Estas UBS est&#227;o distribu&#237;das em cinco regi&#245;es ou distritos de sa&#250;de da cidade.</p>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos apenas os indiv&#237;duos que tiveram o perfil lip&#237;dico s&#233;rico determinado, e os seguintes par&#226;metros: CT, triglic&#233;rides (TG), LDL-C, colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-C) e n&#227;o HDL-C (NHDL-C). Estas an&#225;lises foram realizadas por m&#233;todos enzim&#225;tico-colorim&#233;tricos e/ou homog&#234;neo direto para o LDL, seguindo as normas de controle de qualidade da Sociedade Brasileira de Patologia Cl&#237;nica, incluindo a etapa da coleta de sangue nas UBS. O NHDL-C foi calculado. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Durante o per&#237;odo do estudo foi utilizado um &#250;nico analisador qu&#237;mico, o Modular&#174; Analytics Evo (Roche Diagnostics, Burgess Hill, West Sussex, Reino Unido), e reagentes da Roche Diagnostics&#174; (Mannheim, Alemanha).</p>
        <p>As dislipidemias foram classificadas bioquimicamente de acordo com os valores de corte para a idade preconizados pela atual DBD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> como: aumentos isolados de LDL-C, de TG, de NHDL ou redu&#231;&#245;es de HDL-C; as mistas, definidas como combina&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas de LDL-C e TG aumentados e/ou LDL-C aumentado e HDL-C reduzido e/ou TG aumentados e HDL-C reduzido.</p>
        <p>Para os infantes (crian&#231;as de um dia a 23 meses de idade), utilizamos os valores referenciais de Kwiterovich PO, <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> uma vez que para esse grupo et&#225;rio n&#227;o h&#225; recomenda&#231;&#245;es descritas pelas DBD exceto para o TG que apresenta valores na DBD para o grupo de 0-9 anos. Para o NHDL-C em todos os grupos et&#225;rios foram utilizados os valores desej&#225;veis e n&#227;o desej&#225;veis (&lt;123 e &#8805;144) de Kwiterovich PO, tamb&#233;m pela aus&#234;ncia desta recomenda&#231;&#227;o na DBD.</p>
        <p>Para determinar os grupos de crian&#231;as (2-11 anos) e adolescentes (12 a 19 anos) foram utilizadas as defini&#231;&#245;es do Estatuto Brasileiro da Crian&#231;a e Adolescente (Lei n&#186; 8.069/90 atualizada com a Lei n&#186; 12.010 de 2009) com adapta&#231;&#227;o do limite superior para adolescentes em fun&#231;&#227;o da DBD, e as recomenda&#231;&#245;es nesta descritas, entre dois e 19 anos. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Os valores de corte (mg/dL) utilizados como desej&#225;veis e n&#227;o desej&#225;veis seguiram como mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Valores de refer&#234;ncia para l&#237;pides e lipoprote&#237;nas em crian&#231;as e adolescentes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis Lip&#237;dicas</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Valores (mg/dL)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Desej&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">N&#227;o desej&#225;veis (1 dia a 23 meses)</th>
                <th align="center">N&#227;o desej&#225;veis (2 a 19 anos)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CT</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 170</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 200</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 170</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL-C</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 110</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 130</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 110</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NHDL-C</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;123</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 144<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>TG</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">0-9 anos</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 75</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805;100</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 75<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">**</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">10-19 anos</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 90</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805;130</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 90</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL-C</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 45</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;35</td>
                <td align="center">&#8804; 45</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>Valores de refer&#234;ncia para 1d a 23meses:</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>TG &#8805; 75 conforme atual DBD; *NHDL-C &#8805; 144 1d a 19a. CT: colesterol total; LDL-C: colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; TG: triglic&#233;rides; HDL-C: colesterol da Lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; NHDL-C: n&#227;o HDL-C.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>NHDL-C &#8805; 144 1d a 19a. CT: colesterol total; LDL-C: colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; TG: triglic&#233;rides; HDL-C: colesterol da Lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; NHDL-C: n&#227;o HDL-C.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os perfis lip&#237;dicos tamb&#233;m foram avaliados quanto as concentra&#231;&#245;es de LDL-C &#8805; 190 mg/dL, sem hipertrigliceridemia concomitante, para caracteriza&#231;&#227;o laboratorial de poss&#237;veis casos de hipercolesterolemia familiar (HF). <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A cidade de Campinas est&#225; situada no interior de S&#227;o Paulo e tem aproximadamente 1,1 milh&#245;es de habitantes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> possuindo 63 UBS distribu&#237;das em cinco distritos de sa&#250;de: Leste (L), Noroeste (NO), Norte (N), Sudoeste (SE) e Sul (S). <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis, quer cont&#237;nuas ou categ&#243;ricas, foram analisadas por meio de testes descritivos e comparativos nos programas SPSS 24.0 (SPSS Inc., USA) e SAS 9.4 (Inc, Cary, NC, USA). Instituiu-se para as an&#225;lises um &#250;nico e primeiro resultado de perfil lip&#237;dico completo no per&#237;odo do estudo (2008-2015), pela raz&#227;o de que alguns perfis lip&#237;dicos eram &#250;nicos e outros v&#225;rios ao longo do estudo.</p>
          <p>Foram realizados testes para verifica&#231;&#227;o da normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados (Kolmogorov-Smirnov). Em seguida, os grupos foram comparados pelos testes de Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis com p&#243;s-teste Bonferroni, sendo os dados apresentados como mediana e intervalos interquartis para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e teste Qui-Quadrado (X<sup>2</sup>) com o p&#243;s-teste para compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas em tabelas de conting&#234;ncia baseadas em permuta&#231;&#245;es para as categ&#243;ricas. Foram considerados significativos valores de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref> mostra a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos cinco distritos de Sa&#250;de de Campinas com os respectivos n&#250;meros observados para resultados de exames utilizados, de indiv&#237;duos avaliados e suas frequ&#234;ncias percentuais: Leste: 41.075 e 8.215 (13%); Noroeste: 61.900 e 12.380 (20%); Norte: 52.975 e 10.595 (17%); Sudoeste: 79.305 e 15.861 (25%) e Sul: 77.395 e 15.479 (25%). A metade dos exames foi origin&#225;ria das regi&#245;es sudoeste e sul.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#193;rea correspondente aos distritos de sa&#250;de inseridos no mapa da cidade de Campinas.</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Fonte: Secretaria de sa&#250;de de Campinas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
						</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-01-0047-90209-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 2</xref> est&#225; apresentada a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o demogr&#225;fica dos indiv&#237;duos incluindo a origem dos atendimentos cl&#237;nico-laboratoriais.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas de todos e por sexos e idades</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th align="center">N&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos</th>
                <th align="center">Frequ&#234;ncias no total (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total</td>
                <td align="center">62.530</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">F</td>
                <td align="center">34.932</td>
                <td align="center">56</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M</td>
                <td align="center">27.598</td>
                <td align="center">44</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Idade</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Infantes</td>
                <td align="center">660</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">F</td>
                <td align="center">399</td>
                <td align="center">0,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M</td>
                <td align="center">261</td>
                <td align="center">0,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Crian&#231;as</td>
                <td align="center">25.501</td>
                <td align="center">41</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">F</td>
                <td align="center">13.219</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M</td>
                <td align="center">12.282</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Adolescentes</td>
                <td align="center">36.369</td>
                <td align="center">58</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">F</td>
                <td align="center">21.314</td>
                <td align="center">34</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M</td>
                <td align="center">15.055</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <p>N: n&#250;mero; F: sexo feminino; M: sexo masculino.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os resultados das an&#225;lises descritivas e comparativas est&#227;o mostrados nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabelas 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">4</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Perfis lip&#237;dicos: medianas e intervalos interquartis de todos e estratificados por sexo e idade</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Grupos</th>
                <th align="center">L&#237;pides (mg/dL)</th>
                <th align="center">Total</th>
                <th align="center">Feminino</th>
                <th align="center">Masculino</th>
                <th align="center">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#8224;</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="5">Todos</td>
                <td align="center">CT</td>
                <td align="center">156 (137-178)</td>
                <td align="center">158 (139-179)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">154 (135-176)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">TG</td>
                <td align="center">76 (57-103)</td>
                <td align="center">78 (59-105)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">73 (54-100)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">LDL-C</td>
                <td align="center">95 (78-114)</td>
                <td align="center">96 (79-114)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">93 (77-112)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">HDL-C</td>
                <td align="center">49 (41-57)</td>
                <td align="center">49 ( 42-57)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">48 (41-57)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">NHDL-C</td>
                <td align="center">106 (88-127)</td>
                <td align="center">107 (89-128)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">104 (86-125)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="5">Infantes (I)</td>
                <td align="center">CT</td>
                <td align="center">172 (151-202)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">177 (153-206)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">167 (147-193)</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
                <td align="center">0,019</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">TG</td>
                <td align="center">91 (67-131)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">94 (68-132)</td>
                <td align="center">87 (64-119)</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
                <td align="center">0,068</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">LDL-C</td>
                <td align="center">108 (88-132)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">110 (88-134)</td>
                <td align="center">105 (88-128)</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
                <td align="center">0,138</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">HDL-C</td>
                <td align="center">46 (39-56)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (39-58)</td>
                <td align="center">45 (38-53)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,063</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">NHDL-C</td>
                <td align="center">125 (101-150)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">128 (101-153)</td>
                <td align="center">119 (102-147)</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
                <td align="center">0,108</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="5">Crian&#231;as (C)</td>
                <td align="center">CT</td>
                <td align="center">162 (143-182)</td>
                <td align="center">162 (143-182)</td>
                <td align="center">161 (143-182)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,901</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">TG</td>
                <td align="center">75 (56-103)</td>
                <td align="center">79 (60-109)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">71 (53-97)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">LDL-C</td>
                <td align="center">99 (83-118)</td>
                <td align="center">100 (84-118)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">99 (83-117)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,013</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">HDL-C</td>
                <td align="center">50 (42-58)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">49 (41-57)</td>
                <td align="center">51 (43-60)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">NHDL-C</td>
                <td align="center">110 (93-130)</td>
                <td align="center">111 (94-131)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">109 (92-129)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="5">Adolescentes (A)</td>
                <td align="center">CT</td>
                <td align="center">153 (133-174)</td>
                <td align="center">155 (136-177)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">147 (128-168)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">TG</td>
                <td align="center">76 (57-102)</td>
                <td align="center">76 (58-103)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">74 (56-102)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">LDL-C</td>
                <td align="center">91 (75-110)</td>
                <td align="center">93 (77-111)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">88 (72-107)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">HDL-C</td>
                <td align="center">48 (41-56)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (42-58)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">46 (39-54)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">NHDL-C</td>
                <td align="center">102 (84-123)</td>
                <td align="center">105 (86-125)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">99 (82-120)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <p>F: sexo feminino; M: sexo masculino; CT: colesterol total; LDL-C: colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; TG: triglic&#233;rides; HDL-C: colesterol da Lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; NHDL-C: n&#227;o HDL-C.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN15">
              <label>(<sup>&#8224;</sup>) </label>
              <p>Mann-Whitney, F vs. M; p &lt; 0,05.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN16">
              <label>(*)</label>
              <p>Kruskal Wallis Post-hoc Bonferroni, I vs C vs A = CT, LDL-C, NHDL-C - I&gt;C&gt;A; TG - I&gt;C = A; HDL-C - C&gt;A&gt;I, p &lt; 0,05; Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas apresentadas como medianas e intervalos interquartis.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Perfis lip&#237;dicos: medianas e intervalos interquartis de todos por regi&#245;es de campinas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">L&#237;pides (mg/dL)</th>
                <th align="center">Leste (L)</th>
                <th align="center">Noroeste (NO)</th>
                <th align="center">Norte (N)</th>
                <th align="center">Sudoeste (SO)</th>
                <th align="center">Sul (S)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CT</td>
                <td align="center">158 (139-179)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">155 (136-177)</td>
                <td align="center">157 (138-178)</td>
                <td align="center">156 (136-177)</td>
                <td align="center">156 (137-177)</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TG</td>
                <td align="center">77 (58-105)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">74 (56-101)</td>
                <td align="center">76 (57-103)</td>
                <td align="center">77 (58-105)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">75 (56-103)</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL-C</td>
                <td align="center">96 (79-115)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">94 (77-113)</td>
                <td align="center">95 (79-114)</td>
                <td align="center">94 (78-113)</td>
                <td align="center">95 (78-113)</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL-C</td>
                <td align="center">49 (42-58)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (41-57)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (42-57)</td>
                <td align="center">48 (41-56)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">49 (41-57)</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NHDL-C</td>
                <td align="center">107 (89-128)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">104 (86-125)</td>
                <td align="center">106 (88-127)</td>
                <td align="center">106 (88-127)</td>
                <td align="center">105 (88-126)</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN17">
              <p>CT: colesterol total; LDL-C: colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; TG: triglic&#233;rides; HDL-C: colesterol da Lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; NHDL-C: n&#227;o HDL-C.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN18">
              <label>(*) </label>
              <p>Kruskal-Wallis Post-hoc Bonferroni, CT- L &gt; demais; N &gt; NO/SO; TG -L/N/SO&gt;NO; L/SO&gt;S; LDL-C - L&gt;NO/SO/S; N&gt;NO; HDL-C - L&gt;S; SO &lt; demais; NHDL-C - L&gt;S; NO &lt; demais; p &lt; 0,05. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas apresentadas como medianas e intervalos interquartis.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Evidencia-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 3</xref> que entre os grupos et&#225;rios, para os infantes o CT, TG, LDL-C, NHDL-C foram mais altos entre os grupos. O TG foi semelhante em crian&#231;as e adolescentes e o HDL-C apresentou mediana maior nas crian&#231;as em rela&#231;&#227;o aos demais. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sexo, o grupo feminino apresentou valores mais altos.</p>
        <p>Quando comparados por grupo de idade, os resultados tamb&#233;m mostraram diferen&#231;as significativas para os par&#226;metros avaliados em ambos os sexos.</p>
        <p>Na tabela 4, evidencia-se que na regi&#227;o leste houve resultados mais altos para CT em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s outras regi&#245;es. Para as concentra&#231;&#245;es de LDL-C na regi&#227;o leste os resultados foram maiores do que a noroeste, sudoeste e sul; os valores de NHDL-C tamb&#233;m foram mais altos nesta regi&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o a sul e menores na noroeste em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s demais.</p>
        <p>Nas regi&#245;es leste, norte e sudoeste a trigliceridemia foi mais alta do que na regi&#227;o noroeste e nas regi&#245;es leste e sudoeste maior do que na sul. O HDL-C na regi&#227;o sudoeste foi menor do que nas demais e maior na regi&#227;o leste em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; sul.</p>
        <p>As frequ&#234;ncias de dislipidemias, total e suas raz&#245;es por sexo s&#227;o evidenciadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Frequ&#234;ncias de dislipidemias isoladas e mistas: todos e por sexos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Dislipidemias</th>
                <th align="center">N</th>
                <th align="center">Todos (%)</th>
                <th align="center">N</th>
                <th align="center">F (%)</th>
                <th align="center">N</th>
                <th align="center">M (%)</th>
                <th align="center">Raz&#245;es de frequ&#234;ncias (%) (F/M)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipidemias isoladas</td>
                <td align="center">41.689</td>
                <td align="center">67</td>
                <td align="center">23.572</td>
                <td align="center">38<sup>*</sup></td>
                <td align="center">18.117</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">1,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CT&#8593;</td>
                <td align="center">20.759</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">12.213</td>
                <td align="center">19<sup>*</sup></td>
                <td align="center">8.546</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">1,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TG&#8593;</td>
                <td align="center">24.703</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">14.527</td>
                <td align="center">23<sup>*</sup></td>
                <td align="center">10.176</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">1,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL-C&#8593;</td>
                <td align="center">18.299</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">10.594</td>
                <td align="center">17<sup>*</sup></td>
                <td align="center">7.705</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">1,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL-C&#8595;</td>
                <td align="center">24.210</td>
                <td align="center">39</td>
                <td align="center">13.120</td>
                <td align="center">21<sup>*</sup></td>
                <td align="center">11.090</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">1,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o HDL-C&#8593;</td>
                <td align="center">7.847</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">4.665</td>
                <td align="center">8<sup>*</sup></td>
                <td align="center">3.182</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">1,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipidemias Mistas</td>
                <td align="center">20.205</td>
                <td align="center">32</td>
                <td align="center">11.682</td>
                <td align="center">19<sup>*</sup></td>
                <td align="center">8.523</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">1,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL-C&#8593;e TG&#8593;</td>
                <td align="center">10.903</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">6.485</td>
                <td align="center">10<sup>*</sup></td>
                <td align="center">4.418</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">1,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL-C&#8595; e TG &#8593;</td>
                <td align="center">12.978</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">7.270</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">5.708</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">1,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,692</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL-C&#8595; e LDL-C&#8593;</td>
                <td align="center">6.960</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">3.901</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">3.059</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">1,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,742</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN19">
              <p>F: sexo feminino; M: sexo masculino; CT: colesterol total; LDL-C: colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; TG: triglic&#233;rides; HDL-C: colesterol da Lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; NHDL-C: n&#227;o HDL-C. Teste de Qui-Quadrado (X<sup>2</sup>); F vs M; p &lt; 0,05.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>As dislipidemias mais frequentes foram aumentos isolados de TG e redu&#231;&#227;o de HDL-C. Por sexo, as frequ&#234;ncias de dislipidemias foram maiores no sexo feminino.</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2</xref> apresenta as frequ&#234;ncias de dislipidemias por idade. Observou-se que os infantes apresentaram maiores frequ&#234;ncias de TG, NHDL-C aumentados e de dislipidemias isoladas bem como a maior preval&#234;ncia da combina&#231;&#227;o de LDL-C e TG aumentados.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Frequ&#234;ncias de dislipidemias isoladas e mistas por idade. CT: colesterol total; LDL-C: colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; TG: triglic&#233;rides; HDL-C: colesterol da Lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; NHDL-C: n&#227;o HDL-C; DI: Dislipidemias isoladas; DM: Dislipidemias mistas; *Teste de Qui-Quadrado(X<sup>2</sup>);I vs C vs A; p &lt; 0,05; P&#243;s-teste para compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas em tabelas de conting&#234;ncia baseado em permuta&#231;&#245;es: CT&#8593;, LDL-C&#8593; - C&gt;A = I; TG&#8593;, NHDL-C&#8593; - I&gt;C&gt;A;HDL-C&#8595; A&gt;C&gt;I; HDL-C&#8595; e TG&#8593; e HDL-C&#8595; e LDL-C&#8593; - C&gt;A&gt;I; DI, LDL-C&#8593; e TG&#8593;, DM - A&lt;C = I; p &lt; 0,05.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-01-0047-90209-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Quanto &#224;s crian&#231;as, observaram-se maiores n&#237;veis de CT e LDL-C, e da combina&#231;&#227;o de TG aumentado e HDL-C reduzido; tamb&#233;m houve maior frequ&#234;ncia de no m&#237;nimo um tipo de dislipidemia mista. J&#225; os adolescentes apresentaram maior n&#250;mero de resultados de HDL-C reduzido.</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref> apresenta as frequ&#234;ncias de dislipidemias por regi&#245;es de Campinas.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Frequ&#234;ncias de dislipidemias isoladas e mistas por regi&#245;es de campinas. CT: colesterol total; LDL-C: colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; TG: triglic&#233;rides; HDL-C: colesterol da Lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; NHDL-C: n&#227;o HDL-C; DI: Dislipidemias isoladas; DM: Dislipidemias mistas; *Teste de Qui-Quadrado (X2); L vs NO vs N vs SO vs S; p &lt; 0,05; P&#243;s-teste para compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas em tabelas de conting&#234;ncia baseado em permuta&#231;&#245;es: CT&#8593;= L&lt; demais; TG&#8593;, NHDL-C&#8593; = SO&gt;NO&gt;L; LDL-C&#8593; = SO&gt;L&lt;NO; HDL-C&#8595; = SO &gt; demais, S&gt;L; DI = NO&lt;SO&gt;S; LDL-C&#8593; e TG&#8593; = - NO&gt;L; HDL-C&#8595; e TG&#8593; = SO&gt;NO&gt;N&gt;L; DM = SO&gt;NO, p &lt; 0,05.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-01-0047-90209-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>As dislipidemias foram mais frequentes na regi&#227;o sudoeste de Campinas com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s demais.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O desenvolvimento da placa ateroscler&#243;tica est&#225; diretamente associado com o aumento de lipoprote&#237;nas NHDL-C e evid&#234;ncias sugerem que os fatores de risco cardiovascular encontrados na inf&#226;ncia, como as dislipidemias, podem contribuir para a doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica ainda na inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia, assim como na vida adulta. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Neste sentido, o cons&#243;rcio em andamento <italic>The International Childhood Cardiovascular Cohort</italic> (i3C) <italic>Consortium</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> tem como objetivo comum avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a de fatores de risco na inf&#226;ncia com os desfechos de morbidade e mortalidade por DCV no adulto. Resultados preliminares mostraram que a dislipidemia pedi&#225;trica prediz a dislipidemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> e tamb&#233;m a maior espessura &#237;ntimo-medial de car&#243;tidas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> em adultos. Al&#233;m disso, a presen&#231;a de fatores de risco desenvolvidos a partir dos nove anos de idade foi preditiva de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica em adultos. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, 67% dos resultados dos perfis lip&#237;dicos indicaram a presen&#231;a de pelo menos um &#250;nico tipo de dislipidemia bioquimicamente classificada. Este resultado &#233; maior do que o observado em outros trabalhos nacionais: um deles, por exemplo, realizado na regi&#227;o nordeste do Brasil entre 2011 e 2012, envolvendo crian&#231;as e adolescentes (6-18 anos) e no qual se observou a frequ&#234;ncia de 62% de dislipidemias &#224; custa de aumentos de CT e/ou TG e/ou de LDL-C e/ou redu&#231;&#245;es de HDL-C. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Outro estudo, realizado na cidade de Londrina/PR com adolescentes (11-16 anos), demonstrou que 61% dos indiv&#237;duos apresentaram dislipidemias (CT e/ou TG e/ou LDL-C elevados e/ou HDL-C reduzidos). <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Ainda, em 2007 um estudo em escolares (10-14 anos) de Recife/PE descreveu pelo menos um tipo de dislipidemia em 63,8% dos avaliados. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Outros trabalhos realizados em pa&#237;ses norte e sul americanos mostraram frequ&#234;ncias menores. Nos Estados Unidos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> entre 2011 e 2014, em indiv&#237;duos de idades entre seis e 19 anos relatou 21% de dislipidemias (aumentos de CT e/ou NHDL-C elevados e/ou HDL-C reduzidos).</p>
        <p>J&#225; em Santiago/Chile<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> (2009-2011) em 2.900 indiv&#237;duos de 10 a 14 anos, 32% de dislipidemias (CT e/ou TG e/ou LDL-C elevados e/ou HDL-C reduzidos) foram observadas. A preval&#234;ncia maior no presente estudo pode ter sido causada em parte por menores valores de corte utilizados pela diretriz nacional<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s internacionais. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Nas an&#225;lises realizadas para se avaliar o efeito do sexo, as dislipidemias foram mais frequentes para todos os par&#226;metros lip&#237;dicos no sexo feminino e esses resultados condizem com estudos nacionais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> e internacionais. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> De fato, as varia&#231;&#245;es nas concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas de lipoprote&#237;nas s&#227;o inerentes a estes indiv&#237;duos frente aos est&#225;gios de desenvolvimento e, consequentemente, &#224;s varia&#231;&#245;es dos horm&#244;nios sexuais. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Alguns estudos indicam que os estr&#243;genos aumentam o HDL-C devido em parte &#224; sua a&#231;&#227;o na redu&#231;&#227;o da atividade da lipase hep&#225;tica (LH) e aumento de receptores <italic>ATP-binding cassette transporter A1</italic>(ABCA1). <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Al&#233;m disso, diminuem as concentra&#231;&#245;es de LDL-C<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> por regularem positivamente os receptores de LDL exercendo um efeito ben&#233;fico no perfil de lipoprote&#237;nas. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				</p>
        <p>J&#225; os andr&#243;genos aumentam a atividade da LH, levando a um efeito inverso: <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> o HDL-C apresenta-se reduzido, enquanto o LDL-C aumenta. Em contraposi&#231;&#227;o, Zhang et al., <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> indicaram que a testosterona pode estar associada a altera&#231;&#245;es no receptor SR-B1 e na atividade da LH, facilitando a capta&#231;&#227;o seletiva de HDL e exercendo um papel anti-aterog&#234;nico. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As compara&#231;&#245;es por faixas et&#225;rias revelaram que os infantes apresentaram maiores n&#237;veis de TG, NHDL-C e combina&#231;&#227;o de LDL-C e TG assim como uma alta frequ&#234;ncia de dislipidemias individuais; poucos trabalhos reportam estes dados at&#233; os dois anos de idade pela pr&#243;pria dificuldade da coleta de sangue e instabilidade metab&#243;lica nesta fase de crescimento r&#225;pido antes dos 24 meses de vida. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Al&#233;m disso, a alta frequ&#234;ncia de hipertrigliceridemia ocorreria pelo aleitamento e pela falta de jejum alimentar. A atual DBD define o valor de corte de TG sem jejum para a faixa de 0 a 9 anos (&#8805; 85 mg/dL). Avaliando esta interfer&#234;ncia, aplicamos este valor de corte, e os resultados mostram uma frequ&#234;ncia menor, 56% ao inv&#233;s de 67% (&#8805; 75 mg/dL, com jejum).</p>
        <p>Neste contexto, tamb&#233;m vale destacar que segundo as diretrizes nacionais, <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> recomenda-se determinar o perfil lip&#237;dico em crian&#231;as e adolescentes quando: i) av&#243;s, pais, irm&#227;os e primos de primeiro grau apresentam dislipidemia, principalmente grave ou com manifesta&#231;&#227;o de aterosclerose prematura; ii) na presen&#231;a de sinais cl&#237;nicos de dislipidemias; na presen&#231;a de outros fatores de risco cardiovascular; iii) com acometimento por outras patologias e iv) na utiliza&#231;&#227;o de contraceptivos, imunossupressores e outras drogas que possam levar a dislipidemias. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Sendo assim, espera-se que outros fatores, aqui n&#227;o coletados, que potencialmente justificariam estas varia&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>Quanto &#224;s crian&#231;as, o CT e LDL-C elevados foram de 40 e 35%, respectivamente. Este aumento de CT &#233; semelhante ao de um estudo de 2009 com 217 indiv&#237;duos (84 obesos), na faixa et&#225;ria de 2-9 anos de Campina Grande/PB, que variou de 37 a 46%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Ainda, este resultado de CT em crian&#231;as condiz com dados do estudo <italic>National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey</italic> (NHANES) onde foi observada em indiv&#237;duos de 4-19 anos eleva&#231;&#227;o das concentra&#231;&#245;es de CT na faixa et&#225;ria de 9-11 anos, diminuindo posteriormente durante o desenvolvimento puberal. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Ramos et al., <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> reportaram que o aumento de LDL-C variou de 14 a 14,8% em crian&#231;as (n&#227;o obesas e obesas), achado menor do que o de nosso estudo (35%). Por&#233;m, o valor de corte utilizado em nosso estudo &#233; menor do que o da referida popula&#231;&#227;o. Adicionalmente, resultados semelhantes foram observados em um estudo realizado no M&#233;xico com crian&#231;as de 2 a 10 anos de idade: 30% dos indiv&#237;duos apresentaram LDL-C &#8805; 110 mg/dL. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Quanto aos adolescentes houve alta frequ&#234;ncia de HDL-C baixo (41%), valor pr&#243;ximo ao estudo ERICA, cujo valor foi de 47% entre 38.069 escolares, <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> resultados alinhados aos deste trabalho, inclusive frente a diferente abordagem metodol&#243;gica de ambos.</p>
        <p>Outros estudos nacionais mostraram dados importantes. Um estudo realizado no Nordeste, com indiv&#237;duos de 6 a 18 anos, revelou frequ&#234;ncia de HDL-C baixo de 41%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> e um estudo realizado em Natal/RN com escolares entre 10 e 19 anos mostrou que 50% da amostra apresentava esta dislipidemia. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Outro estudo realizado na regi&#227;o metropolitana de Guadalajara/M&#233;xico com 132 indiv&#237;duos de 5 a 15 anos mostrou preval&#234;ncia menor (38,7%), mas n&#227;o muito diferente dos nossos achados. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> A alta frequ&#234;ncia de HDL-C reduzido em adolescentes pode estar associada ao estilo de vida dos jovens e que envolve h&#225;bitos alimentares inadequados, sobrepeso e inatividade f&#237;sica. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Vale destacar que, neste estudo, 349 indiv&#237;duos apresentaram fen&#243;tipo s&#233;rico com LDL-C &#8805; 190 mg/dL, ou seja, 0,56% (1:200) dos resultados sugestivos para HF. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s regi&#245;es de Campinas, a sul e sudoeste apresentaram frequ&#234;ncias de dislipidemias mais altas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s demais. Segundo relat&#243;rios n&#227;o publicados da Prefeitura Municipal de Campinas, estas s&#227;o as regi&#245;es que possuem maior n&#250;mero de registros (25,7 e 27,6%, respectivamente) <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> no Cadastro &#218;nico, plataforma do Governo Federal que caracteriza as fam&#237;lias de baixa renda. De fato, segundo Johansen et al., <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> elas comp&#245;em a chamada &#8220;cordilheira da pobreza&#8221;, onde existe uma homogeneidade socioecon&#244;mica n&#227;o observada nas demais regi&#245;es. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> Adicionalmente, s&#227;o as que apresentam um maior n&#250;mero de usu&#225;rios do SUS, correspondendo a 50% dos resultados de exames neste estudo.</p>
        <p>A assimetria socioecon&#244;mica pode comprometer o estilo de vida das popula&#231;&#245;es com repercuss&#245;es diretas sobre indicadores de morbidade e mortalidade. Segundo a OMS, atualmente tr&#234;s quartos das mortes por DCV est&#227;o ocorrendo em regi&#245;es de renda m&#233;dia e baixa. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O estudo ERICA apontou aumentos significativos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s dislipidemias nas regi&#245;es norte e nordeste do pa&#237;s (regi&#245;es descritas com os maiores &#237;ndices de pobreza no Brasil); <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> ainda, o ERICA sugere que as diferen&#231;as regionais de dislipidemias ocorram pelo processo de transi&#231;&#227;o epidemiol&#243;gica, ou seja, as regi&#245;es podem estar em fases distintas. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Este estudo avaliou a segunda mais populosa cidade do estado de S&#227;o Paulo localizada na regi&#227;o sudeste do Brasil, onde a expans&#227;o urbana ocorreu sem planejamento adequado, culminando na amplia&#231;&#227;o das &#225;reas de ocupa&#231;&#227;o e como consequ&#234;ncia para a popula&#231;&#227;o, a falta de acesso apropriado aos servi&#231;os urbanos. <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Uma das limita&#231;&#245;es refere-se ao fato do banco de dados avaliado ser de origem secund&#225;ria, com poss&#237;veis incorre&#231;&#245;es na inser&#231;&#227;o dos dados demogr&#225;ficos pelos respons&#225;veis ao longo de todos os processos. Temos ci&#234;ncia do uso continuado das normas de controle de qualidade da Sociedade Brasileira de Patologia Cl&#237;nica pelo Laborat&#243;rio Municipal de Campinas fornecedor dos dados laboratoriais.</p>
          <p>Al&#233;m disso, por ser um estudo transversal n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel avaliar a incid&#234;ncia de casos de dislipidemias.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este estudo mostra a alta frequ&#234;ncia de dislipidemias aterog&#234;nicas em jovens crian&#231;as e infantes atendidos em Campinas, com distribui&#231;&#227;o maior nas regi&#245;es socioecon&#244;micas desfavorecidas indicando a necessidade de um foco regionalizado durante a elabora&#231;&#227;o de programas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica de preven&#231;&#227;o de DCV precoce e na vida adulta, incluindo o manuseio e tratamento adequados de dislipidemias.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela FAPESP processo n&#186; 2006/60585-9.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de &#201;rica Ivana L&#225;zaro Gomes pela Universidade Estadual de Campinas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Unicamp sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CAAE: 86627418.3.0000.5404 N&#186; do parecer: 2.662.289. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>&#192; Secretaria de Sa&#250;de de Campinas pela disponibiliza&#231;&#227;o do banco de dados para o estudo, ao apoio financeiro Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq); protocolo</p>
        <p>2006/60585-9. Ao Espa&#231;o da Escrita - Pr&#243;-Reitoria de Pesquisa - UNICAMP - pela tradu&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito para o ingl&#234;s. Este estudo fez parte do mestrado da &#201;rica I. L. Gomes.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
