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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">pn3MsqrJfKpHSgfdmG7FCmK</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000100035</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20180309</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Clinical Competence in ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Management by Recently Graduated Physicians Applying for a Medical Residency Program</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0459-7919</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aimoli</surname>
            <given-names>Ugo Stocco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5968-4879</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Divis&#227;o de Medicina de Emerg&#234;ncia</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Ribeir&#227;o Preto</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Campus de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Divis&#227;o de Medicina de Emerg&#234;ncia do Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Carlos Henrique Miranda,</bold> Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Divis&#227;o de Medicina de Emerg&#234;ncia do Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Rua Bernardino de Campos, 1000. Postal Code 14040-900, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>chmiranda@fmrp.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Aimoli US, Miranda CH; Statistical analysis, Obtaining financing and Writing of the manuscript: Miranda CH.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>35</fpage>
      <lpage>44</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>A significant reduction in the morbidity and mortality related to ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) has been achieved with the development of reperfusion therapies. Early diagnosis and correct initial management are important to ensure this benefit. In Brazil, recent graduates in medicine are responsible for a large part of the initial care provided for these patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To assess the clinical competence in the diagnosis and initial treatment of STEMI by newly graduated physicians applying for a medical residency program.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We assessed the performance of 771 applicants for the direct entry selection process of the FMRP-USP Clinical Hospital Medicine Residency Program, performed in a simulated setting of STEMI, with professional actors and medical evaluators, using a standardized checklist following the recommendations of the Brazilian Guidelines for the management of this disease.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The general performance score presented a median of 7 and an interquartile range of 5.5-8.0. In relation to the items assessed: 83% required ECG monitoring, 57% requested the insertion of a peripheral venous access catheter, 95% administered acetylsalicylic acid, 80% administered a second antiplatelet agent (p2y12 inhibitor), 66% administered nitrate, 71% administered morphine, 69% recognized the diagnosis of STEMI, 71% assessed the pain duration, 63% recognized the need for immediate transfer, 34% showed adequate communication skills and only 25% insisted on the transfer even in case of non-availability of beds.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>The initial diagnosis and management of STEMI need to be improved in medical undergraduate courses and inserted into the reality of the hierarchical network structure of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS).</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Medical Staff, Hospital</kwd>
        <kwd>Education, Medical</kwd>
        <kwd>Clinical Competence</kwd>
        <kwd>Internship and Residence</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Over the last decades there has been a great development in the treatment of ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) with an important reduction in its morbidity and mortality, especially with the emergence of fibrinolytic therapy and primary angioplasty procedures which allow for immediate recanalization of the involved coronary artery.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>However, to reap these benefits, it is important to make an early diagnosis of STEMI, using a resting ECG and to organize the referral of these patients to tertiary centers capable of carrying out reperfusion therapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Inside the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS), which is categorized into levels of care, this patient is usually assisted in Emergency Care Units (UPAs). Because of the lack of professional doctors dedicated exclusively to emergency care, a great deal of this healthcare is provided by recently graduated physicians.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> The lower clinical experience of these professionals can compromise the diagnosis and initial management of these patients in this critical period, in which agility makes all the difference.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The objective of this study was to assess the clinical competence for the diagnosis and initial management of STEMI by recently graduated physicians applying for a medical residency program.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This is a single-centered cross-sectional study, which used simulation with professional actors, organized within the objective structured clinical examination system, better known as OSCE, as the evaluation method to verify the clinical competencies of recently graduated physicians in STEMI management. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> A scenario of initial patient treatment in an emergency care unit (UPA) was set up. This scenario was designed both for research data collection and as one of the practical exam stations of the direct entry public selection process of the Ribeir&#227;o Preto Medical School Clinics Hospital of the University of S&#227;o Paulo (HC-FMRP-USP), for admission of first-year residency physicians to different specialties, in 2016. The practical exam to which this study refers was performed only by the applicants approved in the first-stage written exam, consisting of multiple choice questions, at a rate of 4 candidates per vacancy (except for the Infectology and Neurosurgery fields, where the proportion was of 5 candidates per vacancy). A total 1,841 candidates applied for the first-stage exam, out of whom 1,622 performed the written exam (first stage), 863 applicants were approved for the practical exam (second stage) and 771 applicants actually took the practical exam in the STEMI station (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Flowchart with the number of applicants in the different phases of the medical residency selection process.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-01-0035-80309-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>The scenario organization</title>
        <p>Before beginning the treatment, the applicants were informed that they would assist an adult patient in a UPA. The scenario was organized as a standard doctor&#8217;s office, where a properly trained actor (Appendix B)<xref ref-type="app" rid="app1">*</xref> was lying on a stretcher and the evaluator was sitting at a table connected to a computer which displayed the checklist of predetermined competencies and attitudes. Inside the room, there was a printed instruction on the wall (Appendix A)<xref ref-type="app" rid="app1">*</xref> saying that the patient in question had been admitted with a complaint of chest pain, and that the nurse prioritized his care and traced a 12-lead ECG. An ECG with typical tracing for anterior wall STEMI was provided for the applicant (Appendix F)<xref ref-type="app" rid="app1">*</xref>. Some history and physical exam data were previously provided (severe retrosternal pain with an intensity 8/10 of sudden onset, associated with nausea, no irradiation and other associated symptoms, no other health problems, no use of medication in the previous 24 hours, physical examination revealed an oxygen saturation level of 98% on room air, a blood pressure of 130/80 mmHg and a heart rate of 88 bpm and no need for physical examination, considering the other data were normal). On the printed instructions, there were two tasks to be performed by the applicants: first, to define the main diagnosis for the evaluator; second, to provide the most adequate clinical management for the patient. The applicant was given a deadline of five minutes to execute these tasks. Time was clocked using an automated system. The actor was trained to ask the applicant two active questions in a row, only when the applicant suggested the need for a transfer to a hospital or Cardiology Center: &#8220;Doctor, why do I need to go to a hospital?&#8221;. And after 10 seconds: &#8220;Doctor, what if there is no room?&#8221;.</p>
        <p>In the consulting room, there was a list with all the medications and procedures available in that UPA (Appendix E)<xref ref-type="app" rid="app1">*</xref>, and there were no fibrinolytic therapy and coronary angioplasty available on site. A total of 11 simulated doctor offices were organized, which worked simultaneously during the evaluation.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>The evaluators&#8217; training for filling out the checklist</title>
        <p>Sixteen evaluators, all experienced doctors, were trained to fill out the checklist electronically , using a computer available in the scenario, simultaneously with the execution of the tasks by the applicants. The evaluators were instructed not to communicate with the applicants, who should only follow the written instructions. The instructions used in the evaluators&#8217; training are available in Appendix C<xref ref-type="app" rid="app1">*</xref> of the supplementary appendix. Each applicant was evaluated by only one examiner. To reduce heterogeneity between the examiners a training was performed immediately before the beginning of the practical station, when each item of the checklist was reviewed in terms of possible answers. There was an external evaluator who was positioned in the access passage to all simulated consulting rooms and centralized any interpretation doubts concerning the applicants&#8217; answers. This external evaluator&#8217;s opinion was always accepted in cases of doubtful interpretation on the part of the evaluators.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>The development of the checklist</title>
        <p>The checklist was developed by a cardiologist with experience in treating STEMI patients following the V Guideline of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology on Acute Myocardial Infarction Treatment with ST-Segment Elevation and revised by other five experienced physicians.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> The checklist included 12 different items, six of which were directly concerned with the treatment (0.5 points each, with a total of 3.0 points): requirement of ECG monitoring, insertion of a peripheral venous access catheter, acetylsalicylic acid administration, administration of a second antiplatelet agent (p2y12 inhibitor), sublingual nitrate administration and morphine administration (it was not necessary to specify the correct dosage of these medications, but only to mention them). And the six remaining items were directly associated with the diagnosis and transfer management: recognition of the diagnosis of STEMI (2.0 points), assessment of pain duration, which is an important aspect in the determination of the therapeutic conduct in this case (1.0 point), recognition of immediate need for patient transfer (2.0 points) in order to perform reperfusion therapy (thrombolytic or primary angioplasty), one item related with communication skills towards the patient, explaining the disease and the treatment using simple and objective language (1.0 point) and one item related with reinforcing the need to transfer the patient for a tertiary service, even in case of non-availability of beds (1.0 point), defined as &#8220;zero vacancy&#8221;, according with the Resolution 2077/14 of the Federal Medicine Council (CFM) for urgencies and emergencies. Finally, there was one item of negative evaluation, which consisted of delaying treatment to wait for myocardial necrosis markers (a two-point reduction in the score). More details on the checklist can be found in Appendix C<xref ref-type="app" rid="app1">*</xref> of the supplementary appendix. The score ranged from 0 to 10 points, being directly proportional to the clinical competence observed in the simulated scenario approach. According to the organization of the checklist, the most important items were: identification of STEMI diagnosis (2.0 points) and immediate transfer to reperfusion (2.0 points). In relation to the correct diagnosis, it was necessary to specify ST-segment elevation, because electrocardiographic criteria for this diagnosis are quite well defined. We considered as a partial answer the identification of infarction with no reference to ST-segment elevation, since, even in such case, the applicant could initiate the recommended therapeutic conduct. Other drug therapies were included as adjuvant therapy and had the same value (0.5 points), since all of them were classified as Class-I recommendation in the most recent Brazilian guidelines for initial management of STEMI.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Demographic and education data</title>
        <p>These data were obtained from the application form filled out by the candidates: age, sex, graduation year, state of origin, medical school of origin. Data related to the performance in the evaluation, obtained through the electronic checklist, were exported to Excel spreadsheets from a system exclusively developed to carry out this practical assessment. This project was approved by the Ethics Committee in Research of our institution under protocol number 838/2017.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>Sample size corresponded to all the applicants who performed the station practical exam of the selection process for the medical residency program of the HC-FMRP-USP, in 2016. Normality of distribution was checked using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Quantitative variables with normal distribution were expressed as mean (standard deviation) and the other quantitative variables as median and interquartile range. Categorical variables were expressed as percentage. Student-t test was used to compare two quantitative variables with normal distribution and Mann-Whitney test was used for comparison between two quantitative variables not normally distributed. The Chi-square test was used to compare two categorical values. A two-tailed p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered significant. Data analyses and graphic building were performed by STATA 13.1 for Windows (STATA software, College Station, TX, USA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The demographic characteristics of the 771 applicants who performed the tasks in this simulated station are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. The median age was 25 years (24-27 years), and the majority of the applicants were males (58%). Most applicants were newly formed physicians (90%), among whom 71% had graduated less than a year before and 19% had graduated between 1-2 years before. Most candidates had come from a public university (66%) in the Southeast region (65%).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Demographic characteristics of the recently graduated physicians who took part in the practical examin on STEMI medical care</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center">n = 771 individuals</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years); median (19)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">25 (24-27)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male sex; n(%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">444 (58)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Years from graduation; n(%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 1 year</td>
              <td align="center">549 (71)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 1-2 years</td>
              <td align="center">145 (19)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 2-3 years</td>
              <td align="center">44 (06)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 3-4 years</td>
              <td align="center">12 (01)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 4 years</td>
              <td align="center">21 (03)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Institution where graduated; n(%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">Public</td>
              <td align="center">509 (66)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">Private</td>
              <td align="center">254 (33)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">Foreign</td>
              <td align="center">8 (01)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Region of origin; n(%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">Southeast</td>
              <td align="center">499 (65)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">Northeast</td>
              <td align="center">173 (22)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">South</td>
              <td align="center">48 (06)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">Central-West</td>
              <td align="center">33 (04)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">North</td>
              <td align="center">10 (01)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">Abroad</td>
              <td align="center">08 (01)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Regarding the general performance of the applicants, a median of 7.0 (interquartile range: 5.5-8.0) and a mean of 6.74 with a standard deviation of 1.93 were observed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Frequency histogram showing the general score distribution obtained by the recently graduated physicians during practical assessment in the simulated station of STEMI medical care.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-01-0035-80309-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>In relation to each item of the checklist directly associated with the treatment, the following result was observed: 83% of the applicants requested ECG monitoring, 57% oriented the insertion of a peripheral venous access device, 95% administered acetylsalicylic acid, 80% added a second antiplatelet agent (P2Y12 inhibitor), 66% administered sublingual nitrates e 71% administered intravenous morphine for pain relief (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Bars graphic showing the performance of the recently graduated physicians in each of the six items of the cheklist related directly to the treatment during practical assessment in the simulated station of STEMI medical care.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-01-0035-80309-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The following proportion was observed in relation to the checklist items concerning with the diagnosis and transfer management: 69% of the applicants identified the diagnosis of STEMI and 28% identified the diagnosis of infarction, but did not mention ST-segment elevation. The duration of pain was verified by 71% of the applicants. The majority of the applicants recognized the need for transfer to perform the reperfusion procedure (63%) and 19% recognized this necessity, however they did not specify the reason for the transfer (reperfusion therapy), 18% did not raise the need for transfer. Communication skills were considered adequate in 34% of the applicants (they provided adequate explanation on disease and treatment), 32% explained only one of these items (disease or treatment) and 34% did not approach any of the two items with the patient. Only 25% of the applicants insisted on the transfer to a tertiary center even in case of non-availability of beds after the actor&#8217;s intervention. A total of 4% of the applicants kept waiting for the markers of myocardial necrosis in order to define the therapeutic conduct (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Bars graph showing performance of recently graduated physicians in each of the six items of the checklist directly related to diagnosis and management of the patient&#8217;s tranfer during practical evaluation in the simulated station of STEMI medical care.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-01-0035-80309-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>When comparing the applicants who performed best (general score &gt; 7) with those with a lower performance (general score &#8804;7), no differences were observed in relation to the age, mean time of graduation and geographic region of origin. However, a higher prevalence of males was observed in the group with lower performance (63% vs. 52%; p = 0.003) and a higher prevalence of graduates from public universities in the group with greater performance (71% vs. 61%; p = 0.0016). When comparing their performance in each of the 12 items of the checklist, the first group presented superior results in all items. Nevertheless, the greatest differences between the groups occurred with regard to diagnosis aspects, transfer management and communication skills. The prevalence of identification of immediate transfer need was 100% vs. 31%; p &lt; 0.0001, the percentage of adequate communication skills was 55% vs. 15%; p &lt; 0.0001, the identification of the diagnosis of STEMI was 89% vs. 51%; p &lt; 0.0001 and the persistence to organize the transfer even in case of non-availability of beds was 45% vs. 8%; p &lt; 0.0001 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison between the groups with greater performance (general score &gt; 7) and lower performance (general score &#8804; 7) in the simulated practice regarding STEMI medical care</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Characteristic</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">General score</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">Relative difference</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p-value</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">&gt; 7 n = 363</th>
              <th align="center">&#8804; 7 n = 408</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Demographic</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age, mean &#177; DP</td>
              <td align="center">26 &#177; 7</td>
              <td align="center">26 &#177; 5</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.99</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age, years; median(19)</td>
              <td align="center">25 (24-27)</td>
              <td align="center">25 (24-27)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male sex, n(%)</td>
              <td align="center">189 (52)</td>
              <td align="center">255 (63)</td>
              <td align="center">-11%</td>
              <td align="center">0.0034</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Medical Graduation</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Time from conclusion, years; median(19)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0-1)</td>
              <td align="center">0(0-1)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">&gt; 0,05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Private institution, n(%)</td>
              <td align="center">99(27)</td>
              <td align="center">155(38)</td>
              <td align="center">-11%</td>
              <td align="center">0.0016</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Public institution, n(%)</td>
              <td align="center">259(71)</td>
              <td align="center">250(61)</td>
              <td align="center">+10%</td>
              <td align="center">0.0032</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Region of origin, n(%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.792</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Southeast</td>
              <td align="center">245(67)</td>
              <td align="center">254(62)</td>
              <td align="center">+5%</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Northeast</td>
              <td align="center">72(20)</td>
              <td align="center">101(25)</td>
              <td align="center">-5%</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">South</td>
              <td align="center">24(07)</td>
              <td align="center">24(06)</td>
              <td align="center">+1%</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Central-West</td>
              <td align="center">16(04)</td>
              <td align="center">9(02)</td>
              <td align="center">+2%</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">North</td>
              <td align="center">3(01)</td>
              <td align="center">7(02)</td>
              <td align="center">-1%</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Checklist Items, yes; n(%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Recognizes need for transfer</td>
              <td align="center">363(100)</td>
              <td align="center">125(31)</td>
              <td align="center">+69%</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Adequately informs the patient</td>
              <td align="center">201(55)</td>
              <td align="center">63(15)</td>
              <td align="center">+40%</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Recognizes STEMI</td>
              <td align="center">323(89)</td>
              <td align="center">207(51)</td>
              <td align="center">+38%</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Insists on tranfer in the absence of bed</td>
              <td align="center">162(45)</td>
              <td align="center">31(08)</td>
              <td align="center">+37%</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Requests venous access insertion</td>
              <td align="center">245(67)</td>
              <td align="center">193(43)</td>
              <td align="center">+24%</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Assesses pain duration</td>
              <td align="center">300(83)</td>
              <td align="center">244(60)</td>
              <td align="center">+23%</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Administers SL nitrate</td>
              <td align="center">274(75)</td>
              <td align="center">232(57)</td>
              <td align="center">+18%</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Administers IV morphine</td>
              <td align="center">293(81)</td>
              <td align="center">258(63)</td>
              <td align="center">+18%</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Administers P<sub>2</sub>Y<sub>12</sub> inhibitors</td>
              <td align="center">318(88)</td>
              <td align="center">298(73)</td>
              <td align="center">+15%</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Requests ECG monitoring</td>
              <td align="center">318(88)</td>
              <td align="center">323(79)</td>
              <td align="center">+9%</td>
              <td align="center">0.0018</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Administers acetylsalicylic acid</td>
              <td align="center">355(98)</td>
              <td align="center">377(92)</td>
              <td align="center">+6%</td>
              <td align="center">0.0006</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Waits for necrosis markers to start therapy</td>
              <td align="center">00(00)</td>
              <td align="center">32(08)</td>
              <td align="center">-8%</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>SD: standard deviation; ECG: electrocardiogram; STEMI: ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; SL:sublingual; IV: intravenous.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>When comparing the 90 candidates from our institution with all the other applicants from the remaining institutions, the following results were found: ECG monitoring requirement (86% vs. 83%; p = 0.50), insertion of peripheral venous access device (81% vs. 54%; p &lt; 0.0001), pain duration assessment (63% vs. 71%; p = 0.11), accurate STEMI diagnosis (76% vs. 68%; p = 0.20), acetylsalicylic acid administration (100% vs. 94%; p = 0.01), second antiplatelet agent administration (80% vs. 76%; p = 0.004), nitrate administration (72% vs. 65%; p = 0.16), morphine administration (82% vs. 70%; p = 0.01), immediate transfer requirement (82% vs. 61%; p &lt; 0.0001), adequate communication skill (49% vs. 32%; p = 0.001), transfer requirement even in case of non-availability of beds (38% vs. 23%; p = 0.003).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This study shows the need to enhance training, during undergraduate courses, on the identification of STEMI and, especially, to increase knowledge of the assistance flow in the care line of this disease.</p>
      <p>According with report data on medical demography in Brazil, in 2016, there were 18,753 new registrations in Regional Medical Councils, most of them from the Southeast region (50% of the registrations).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Thus, every year, there is a great number of young doctors graduating from several medical colleges in Brazil. Many of them begin medical practice by choice, or due to difficulties to enter residency programs, and even concomitantly with these programs to complement their earnings. Due to lack of professionals exclusively dedicated to emergency care, newly graduated doctors usually take shifts in the emergency department.</p>
      <p>In Brazil, about 50% of STEMI patients are treated with reperfusion therapy,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> reaching a percentage of 20% in public hospitals of certain regions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> In a Brazilian registry of acute coronary syndrome, in which 2,453 patients were included, high rates of acetylsalicylic acid use (97.6%) and P2Y12 inhibitor (89.5%) were observed in the first 24 hours, similar to the rates found in this study, but among STEMI patients, only 35.9% received primary angioplasty and 25.3% received fibrinolytic therapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Several factors contribute to this reduced number of patients who receive reperfusion therapy in Brazil. However, one of these factors refers to the lack of recognition and inappropriate management by newly graduated physicians in primary care. It is unlikely that a STEMI will not be identified by a cardiologist, but a less experienced doctor may have difficulties. On the other hand, a patient with STEMI is more likely to be assisted in an Emergency Care Unit of the Brazilian National Health System (SUS) by a recently graduated doctor than by a specialist in the field. Therefore, in order to increase the proportion of patients with STEMI receiving reperfusion therapy in Brazil, it is necessary to encourage and improve the teaching of this disease during undergraduate courses in medicine.</p>
      <p>Another study carried out in Brazil, in which 97 patients victims of acute myocardial infarction were interviewed, found that only 33% managed to get immediate hospitalization, whereas 67% of the patients went through up to five units until they could be admitted. Among the main reasons for the lack of hospitalization was the fact that the physician referred the patient back home due to no identification of this diagnosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Ghanem et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> using standard questionnaires applied to medical students, found that only 22% of them knew how to aid patients with myocardial infarction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Little et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><italic>s</italic>howed that only 61% of the students in the last year of medical training recognized the electrocardiographic diagnosis of inferior wall STEMI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Realistic simulation was the methodology employed in this assessment. This is an important assessment tool of health professionals, because it enables the performance of different evaluations within the same systematic framework, ensuring uniformity, which would be impracticable in a real scenario. On the other hand, it tries to reproduce directly the environment where this assistance usually occurs, allowing for knowledge, skills and attitude assessment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> We consider this simulation as highly reliable, since it was performed inside a hospital environment, with duly trained professional actors and the psychological aspect of the emotional stress involved in the performance of an evaluation, similar to that found in a real situation of emergency assistance. Therefore, the use of this methodology is a strong point of this study which deserves to be highlighted, because it presents greater validity, when compared with the application of standard questionnaires, for instance.</p>
      <p>This methodology is widespread worldwide and employed in most Brazilian medical schools. Thus, most applicants are familiar with this type of evaluation, which is not a particularity of our institution. In spite of the greater performance in some items, the answer pattern of the applicants graduated in our institution was quite similar to that of the remaining applicants.</p>
      <p>Simulation is an active learning methodology. In this study, it was used to evaluate the applicants, but it can also be used in medical teaching. We find it important to develop a realistic simulation standard scenario of STEMI assistance, adjusted to the particularities of the Brazilian health system, as performed in this study, because it can be reproduced in other medical schools and used in the teaching process when approaching this major cardiac disease.</p>
      <p>An important issue that should be highlighted during the education of graduate students concerns the insertion of patients within the hierarchical network of the SUS because, in addition to establishing the adequate pharmacological treatment available in the place of care, it is important to promote an integration with the urgency and emergencies network for the prompt transfer of these patients to reference centers capable of performing the reperfusion therapy. Most students remembered to administer antiplatelet agents but, on the other hand, a significant proportion did not reinforce the need for the patient's immediate and adequate transfer, as expected in these situations.</p>
      <p>The lack of well-organized assistance networks<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> to refer STEMI patients from emergency care units to reference hospitals, makes the primary service doctor to have a central role in this transfer management. Only 25% of the applicants insisted on the transfer even in the non-availability of hospital bed. Therefore, it is important to raise the discussion about integrated clinical scenarios with management aspects, such as the Resolution N&#176;. 2,077/14 of Federal Medicine Council on urgencies and emergencies, which addresses the concept of &#8220;zero vacancy&#8221;. It is extremely important that graduate students in Medicine courses understand that the treatment of this disease is time-dependent, and that it is possible to change the natural history, when treatment is set up early and, for this reason, they must insist on transfer of patients suffering from this disease to a center capable of providing reperfusion therapy, even in the absence of hospital beds.</p>
      <p>The use of telemedicine can solve difficulties of ECG interpretation by newly graduated physicians, but this will be useless if they do not have enough knowledge on how to speed up the patient&#8217;s transfer according with the assistance flow established for each region.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Simulation has already been used to assess the performance of medical students in emergency scenarios, such as STEMI assistance in other countries. However, to our knowledge, no other Brazilian study has used a similar research method.</p>
      <p>The study showed that undergraduate students&#8217; performance in treating simulated cases of STEMI are worse compared with other situations in which the patient is stable. For a total of 143 medical school fourth-year students, the total percentage of correct actions was 47.8% in the STEMI station, which was significantly lower in relation to the other stations (p&lt;0.001).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> This fact can be observed in practice, since during the undergraduate course they end up having more contact with stable patients, while more severe patients are treated by resident physicians. Thus, simulation is considered an interesting alternative for improving emergency competencies and abilities during the undergraduate course.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In an interesting study comparing simulation in small groups combined with traditional learning activities and traditional learning activities alone in 291 medical school fourth-year students for STEMI patients management, a significant improvement was observed in the performance of students in the simulation group (53.5 &#177; 8.9% vs. 47.4 &#177; 9.8%; p &lt; 0.001), especially in relation to physical examination (48.5 &#177; 16.2% vs. 37.6 &#177; 13.1%; p &lt; 0,02) and to diagnosis (75.7 &#177; 24.2% vs. 64.6 &#177; 25.1%; p &lt; 0.02).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Another important aspect that should be emphasized with the undergraduate student is the improvement of communication skills. A small number of applicants (34%) showed effective communication with the patient concerning the disease and the recommended treatment. This issue is often neglected in emergency care, but it is a major stage, because the patient has a right to know what is happening and the treatment strategies proposed. Besides, access to information can decrease the level of anxiety and emotional tension during an acute episode.</p>
      <p>We highlight some limitations of this study. First, since only the applicants who were approved in the first phase of the selection process (written test) were submitted to practical evaluation, the presence of a selection bias should be considered. This may have overestimated the performance of the applicants in the selected sample and if the same evaluation had been applied to a general sample, probably the performance would have been lower than that observed. However, since in some less competitive specialties, almost all enrolled applicants were approved for the practical examination, this may have minimized this effect. Secondly, it was an evaluation applied in a single center (unicentric), but there were representatives from different regions of the country, although there was a predominance of the Southeast and Northeast regions, without an adequate sample distribution proportional to the number of graduates from different medical schools around the country. Therefore, their results cannot be extrapolated to all Brazilian territory. Thirdly, it was clarified that the fibrinolytic agent was not available in the service unit, as in the majority of these units in Brazil. Thus, immediate transfer to reperfusion therapy is indicated even in the absence of hospital beds. We agree that some differences can be observed according with the organization of the line of treatment for STEMI in each region of Brazil, like, for example, the availability of fibrinolytic agents in some of these Emergency Units. In such case, we suggest that the item <italic>Recognizes the need of immediate transfer for reperfusion therapy</italic> should be divided into two sub-items: administers the fibrinolytic agent and requests immediate transfer to a hospital, because either way, this patient will have to be transferred to a center capable of performing coronary intervention<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> and, in fact, no UPA in Brazil provides this resource. Fourth, the drug heparin was not included in the checklist. This fact occurred because, during initial care in a UPA the reperfusion strategy to be adopted for the patient (fibrinolytic therapy or primary angioplasty) is unknown and, depending on the strategy assigned, the type of heparin and the dosage prescribed as first option are different and, most of the times, this medication is delayed in order to be administered in the hospital service where the reperfusion therapy will be implemented. Although they integrate the treatment, the medications, beta blockers, statins and the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, have not been included, because these drugs do not need to be prescribed immediately and can be introduced throughout the first twenty-four hours. Fifth, due to restricted time for each evaluation (5 minutes), the evaluators selected some topics that they considered more relevant, such as diagnosis and therapeutic treatment, at the expense of others related with clinical history and physical examination, which is understandable, since, most of the times, few alterations are observed in the physical examination of these patients. And, finally, this tool needs external validation in other training centers.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>STEMI approach needs to be improved during medical undergraduate courses, highlighting practical aspects such as temporality for starting treatment and the assistance flows of these patients inside the Brazilian Unified Health System. Realistic simulation can be an adequate tool to improve these competencies.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the HC-FMRP-USP under the protocol number 838/2017. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <app-group>
      <app id="app1">
        <label>*</label>
        <title>Supplemental Materials</title>
        <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://publicacoes.cardiol.br/portal/abc/portugues/2020/v11401/pdf/11401007-material-suplementar.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
      </app>
    </app-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Compet&#234;ncia Cl&#237;nica no Manejo do Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesn&#237;vel do Segmento ST por M&#233;dico Rec&#233;m-Formado Candidato &#224; Resid&#234;ncia M&#233;dica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0459-7919</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aimoli</surname>
            <given-names>Ugo Stocco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5968-4879</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Campus de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Divis&#227;o de Medicina de Emerg&#234;ncia do Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Carlos Henrique Miranda,</bold> Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Divis&#227;o de Medicina de Emerg&#234;ncia do Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Rua Bernardino de Campos, 1000. CEP 14040-900, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>chmiranda@fmrp.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Aimoli US, Miranda CH; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Miranda CH.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Houve importante redu&#231;&#227;o da morbimortalidade do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST (IAMCSST) com o desenvolvimento das terapias de reperfus&#227;o. Para garantir este benef&#237;cio &#233; importante o diagn&#243;stico precoce e manejo inicial correto. No Brasil, rec&#233;m-formados do curso de medicina s&#227;o respons&#225;veis por grande parte dos atendimentos iniciais a estes pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a compet&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica no reconhecimento e manejo inicial do IAMCSST por m&#233;dico rec&#233;m-formado candidato &#224; resid&#234;ncia m&#233;dica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Realizada an&#225;lise do desempenho de 771 candidatos do concurso de acesso direto para resid&#234;ncia m&#233;dica do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMRP-USP em esta&#231;&#227;o pr&#225;tica de simula&#231;&#227;o de atendimento de paciente com IAMCSST com atores profissionais e avaliadores m&#233;dicos com uma lista de checagem padronizada de acordo com recomenda&#231;&#245;es da diretriz brasileira para manejo desta patologia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>O escore de desempenho geral apresentou mediana de 7 e intervalo interquartil de 5,5-8,0. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos itens avaliados: 83% solicitou monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica, 57% solicitou inser&#231;&#227;o de um acesso venoso perif&#233;rico, 95% administrou &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico, 80% administrou segundo antiagregante (inibidor do P2Y<sub>12</sub>), 66% administrou nitrato, 71% administrou morfina, 69% reconheceu o diagn&#243;stico de IAMCSST, 71% avaliou o tempo de dura&#231;&#227;o da dor, 63% reconheceu a necessidade de transfer&#234;ncia imediata, 34% apresentou habilidade de comunica&#231;&#227;o adequada e somente 25% insistiu na transfer&#234;ncia mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de vaga.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>O reconhecimento e gerenciamento inicial do IAMCSST precisa ser aprimorado na gradua&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica e inserido dentro da realidade da estrutura de rede hierarquizada do sistema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blico brasileiro.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesn&#237;vel do Segmento ST</kwd>
        <kwd>Corpo Cl&#237;nico Hospitalar</kwd>
        <kwd>Educa&#231;&#227;o M&#233;dica</kwd>
        <kwd>Compet&#234;ncia Cl&#237;nica</kwd>
        <kwd>Resid&#234;ncia M&#233;dica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas houve grande desenvolvimento no tratamento do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST (IAMCSST) com importante redu&#231;&#227;o de sua morbimortalidade, principalmente com o surgimento dos fibrinol&#237;ticos e dos procedimentos de angioplastia prim&#225;ria que permitem a recanaliza&#231;&#227;o imediata da art&#233;ria coronariana comprometida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Contudo, para obten&#231;&#227;o deste benef&#237;cio faz-se necess&#225;rio o reconhecimento precoce do IAMCSST, atrav&#233;s do eletrocardiograma de repouso e a organiza&#231;&#227;o para o direcionamento destes pacientes para centros terci&#225;rios com capacidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o destas terapias de reperfus&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Dentro do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS) brasileiro que &#233; hierarquizado em n&#237;veis de aten&#231;&#227;o, este paciente geralmente &#233; atendido em unidades de pronto-atendimento (UPAS). Devido a inexist&#234;ncia de profissionais m&#233;dicos dedicados exclusivamente ao atendimento das emerg&#234;ncias, grande parte deste atendimento &#233; realizado por m&#233;dicos rec&#233;m-formados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> A menor experi&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica destes profissionais pode comprometer o diagn&#243;stico e o manejo inicial destes pacientes neste per&#237;odo cr&#237;tico, onde a agilidade faz toda diferen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O objetivo desta investiga&#231;&#227;o foi avaliar a compet&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica para o diagn&#243;stico e manejo inicial do IAMCSST por m&#233;dico rec&#233;m-formado candidato &#224; resid&#234;ncia m&#233;dica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Estudo transversal, unic&#234;ntrico, que utilizou como m&#233;todo de avalia&#231;&#227;o a simula&#231;&#227;o com atores profissionais organizada dentro da sistem&#225;tica do exame cl&#237;nico objetivo estruturado, mais conhecido atrav&#233;s da sigla em ingl&#234;s OSCE (<italic>Objetive Structured Clinical Examination</italic>) para verifica&#231;&#227;o das compet&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas de m&#233;dicos rec&#233;m-formados no manejo do IAMCSST.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Foi constru&#237;do um cen&#225;rio de um paciente em atendimento inicial em uma UPA. Este cen&#225;rio foi desenvolvido simultaneamente para a coleta de dados da pesquisa, assim como, para ser uma das esta&#231;&#245;es da prova pr&#225;tica do concurso p&#250;blico para admiss&#227;o de m&#233;dicos residentes de primeiro ano nas diferentes especialidades de acesso direto do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HC-FMRP-USP) no ano de 2016. A prova pr&#225;tica a que se refere esta investiga&#231;&#227;o foi realizada somente pelos candidatos aprovados na primeira fase em prova te&#243;rica com quest&#245;es de m&#250;ltipla escolha na propor&#231;&#227;o de 4 candidatos por vaga (exceto para as &#225;reas de infectologia e neurocirurgia a propor&#231;&#227;o foi 5 candidatos por vaga). A primeira fase apresentou 1.841 candidatos inscritos, destes 1.622 realizaram a prova te&#243;rica (primeira fase), 863 candidatos foram aprovados para a prova pr&#225;tica (segunda fase) e 771 candidatos realizaram de fato a esta&#231;&#227;o pr&#225;tica de atendimento do IAMCSST (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fluxograma do n&#250;mero de candidatos participantes nas diferentes etapas do processo seletivo para resid&#234;ncia m&#233;dica.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-01-0035-80309-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Organiza&#231;&#227;o do cen&#225;rio</title>
          <p>Antes de iniciar o atendimento o candidato era informado que iria atender um paciente adulto em uma UPA. O cen&#225;rio foi organizado como um consult&#243;rio padronizado de atendimento onde se encontrava um ator devidamente treinado (Anexo B)<xref ref-type="app" rid="app2">*</xref> deitado em uma maca e uma mesa onde encontra-se sentado um avaliador conectado a um computador que exibia a lista de checagem das compet&#234;ncias e atitudes predeterminadas. Dentro da sala, havia uma orienta&#231;&#227;o impressa na parede (Anexo A)<xref ref-type="app" rid="app2">*</xref> referindo que o paciente em quest&#227;o havia sido admitido com queixa de dor tor&#225;cica, sendo que a enfermeira priorizou o seu atendimento e tra&#231;ou um eletrocardiograma (ECG) de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es. O ECG com um tra&#231;ado t&#237;pico de IAMCSST de parede anterior era fornecido ao candidato (Anexo F)<xref ref-type="app" rid="app2">*</xref>. Alguns dados da hist&#243;ria e exame f&#237;sico eram previamente fornecidos (dor retroesternal em opress&#227;o de in&#237;cio s&#250;bito de forte intensidade 8/10 associado a n&#225;useas, nega irradia&#231;&#227;o e outros sintomas associados, sem outros problemas de sa&#250;de, nega uso de qualquer medicamento nas &#250;ltimas 24 horas, exame f&#237;sico com satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio de 98% em ar ambiente, press&#227;o arterial de 130 x 80 mmHg e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 88 bpm e que n&#227;o era necess&#225;rio realizar o exame f&#237;sico considerando o restante como normal). Neste impresso estava definida duas tarefas a serem executadas pelo candidato: primeiro, definir o diagn&#243;stico principal para o avaliador, segundo, realizar o manejo cl&#237;nico mais adequado do paciente. O candidato tinha um prazo de cinco minutos para execu&#231;&#227;o destas tarefas. O tempo era cronometrado por sistema automatizado. O ator era treinado a fazer duas quest&#245;es ativas sequenciais ao candidato somente quando fosse aventado pelo mesmo a necessidade de transfer&#234;ncia para um hospital ou centro de cardiologia: &#8220;Doutor, por que eu preciso ir para o hospital? E ap&#243;s 10 segundos: &#8220;Doutor e se n&#227;o tiver vaga?</p>
          <p>No consult&#243;rio de atendimento havia uma lista com todos os medicamentos e procedimentos dispon&#237;veis naquela UPA (Anexo E)<xref ref-type="app" rid="app2">*</xref>, e n&#227;o se dispunha de fibrinol&#237;ticos e de angioplastia coronariana no local. Foram organizados 11 consult&#243;rios simulados que funcionaram simultaneamente durante a avalia&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Treinamento dos avaliadores para preenchimento da lista de checagem (<italic>checklist</italic>)</title>
          <p>Dezesseis avaliadores, todos m&#233;dicos experientes, foram treinados para o preenchimento eletr&#244;nico da lista de checagem (<italic>ckecklist</italic>) atrav&#233;s de computador existente dentro do cen&#225;rio simultaneamente a execu&#231;&#227;o da esta&#231;&#227;o pelo candidato. Foi orientado que o avaliador n&#227;o poderia se comunicar com o candidato, o qual deveria somente seguir as instru&#231;&#245;es impressas. As orienta&#231;&#245;es utilizadas para o treinamento dos avaliadores est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis no Anexo C<xref ref-type="app" rid="app2">*</xref> do ap&#234;ndice suplementar. Cada candidato foi avaliado somente por um examinador. Para diminuir a heterogeneidade entre os examinadores foi realizado um treinamento imediatamente antes do in&#237;cio da esta&#231;&#227;o pr&#225;tica onde cada item da lista de checagem foi repassado quanto as possibilidades de respostas. Havia um avaliador externo que ficava posicionado no corredor de acesso a todos os consult&#243;rios simulados e centralizava qualquer d&#250;vida de interpreta&#231;&#227;o das respostas dos candidatos. A opini&#227;o deste avaliador externo era sempre acatada naqueles casos com interpreta&#231;&#227;o duvidosa pelos avaliadores.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desenvolvimento da lista de checagem (<italic>checklist</italic>)</title>
          <p>A lista de checagem foi desenvolvida por um cardiologista experiente no atendimento de pacientes com IAMCSST seguindo a V Diretriz da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia sobre o Tratamento do Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesn&#237;vel do Segmento ST e revisada por outros cinco m&#233;dicos experientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> A lista de checagem abrangeu 12 itens diferentes, sendo seis deles diretamente relacionados ao tratamento (com peso individual de 0,5 pontos e total de 3 pontos): solicita&#231;&#227;o da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica, inser&#231;&#227;o do acesso venoso perif&#233;rico, administra&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico, administra&#231;&#227;o de um segundo antiagregante (inibidor P2Y<sub>12</sub>), administra&#231;&#227;o de nitrato sublingual e administra&#231;&#227;o de morfina (a dose correta destas medica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o era necess&#225;ria, somente a cita&#231;&#227;o de sua realiza&#231;&#227;o). E os seis demais itens foram diretamente relacionados ao diagn&#243;stico e gerenciamento da transfer&#234;ncia: reconhecimento do diagn&#243;stico de IAMCSST (peso 2), avalia&#231;&#227;o do tempo de dura&#231;&#227;o da dor, que &#233; um aspecto importante na determina&#231;&#227;o de condutas terap&#234;uticas neste caso (peso 1), reconhecimento da necessidade imediata da transfer&#234;ncia do paciente (peso 2) para realiza&#231;&#227;o da terapia de reperfus&#227;o (trombol&#237;tico ou angioplastia prim&#225;ria), um item relacionado a habilidades de comunica&#231;&#227;o com o paciente explicando a doen&#231;a e o tratamento com linguagem simples e objetiva (peso 1) e um item relacionado ao refor&#231;o da necessidade de transfer&#234;ncia do paciente para um servi&#231;o terci&#225;rio mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de vagas hospitalares (peso 1), definido como o conceito de vaga zero de acordo com a resolu&#231;&#227;o do Conselho Federal de Medicina n<bold>&#176;</bold> 2077/14 para as urg&#234;ncias e emerg&#234;ncias. Finalmente, um item de avalia&#231;&#227;o negativa que consistia em ficar aguardando marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica para a determina&#231;&#227;o da conduta (redu&#231;&#227;o de 2 pontos da nota). Mais detalhes da lista de checagem podem ser verificados no Anexo C<xref ref-type="app" rid="app2">*</xref> do ap&#234;ndice suplementar. A nota variou entre 0-10 pontos, sendo diretamente proporcional a compet&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica observada na abordagem do cen&#225;rio simulado. Na organiza&#231;&#227;o da lista de checagem considerou-se como itens priorit&#225;rios o reconhecimento do diagn&#243;stico do IAMCSST (peso 2) e a transfer&#234;ncia imediata para terapia de reperfus&#227;o (peso 2). Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao diagn&#243;stico correto considerou-se necess&#225;rio especificar o supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST, pois os crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos para este diagn&#243;stico est&#227;o muito bem definidos. Considerou-se como parcial a resposta de infarto sem especificar a presen&#231;a do supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST, visto que, mesmo neste caso, o candidato poderia desencadear as condutas terap&#234;uticas preconizadas. Para as demais terapias medicamentosas foram todas inclu&#237;das como tratamento adjuvante e considerado o mesmo peso (0,5 pontos) j&#225; que todas elas aparecem como classe I de recomenda&#231;&#227;o no atendimento inicial do IAMCSST na &#250;ltima diretriz brasileira.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Dados demogr&#225;ficos e de forma&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Estes dados foram adquiridos a partir da ficha de inscri&#231;&#227;o preenchida pelo candidato: idade, sexo, ano de formatura, estado de origem, faculdade de medicina de origem. Os dados do desempenho na avalia&#231;&#227;o atrav&#233;s da lista de checagem eletr&#244;nica foram exportados para planilha do Excel a partir do sistema desenvolvido exclusivamente para execu&#231;&#227;o desta avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#225;tica. Este projeto foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa de nossa institui&#231;&#227;o sob o parecer n&#250;mero 838/2017.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>O tamanho amostral correspondeu a todos os candidatos que realizaram a esta&#231;&#227;o na prova pr&#225;tica do concurso do programa de resid&#234;ncia m&#233;dica do HC-FMRP-USP no ano de 2016. Para avalia&#231;&#227;o da normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis foi utilizado o teste de Shapiro Wilk. As vari&#225;veis quantitativas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram expressas em m&#233;dia&#177;desvio padr&#227;o e as demais vari&#225;veis quantitativas em mediana e intervalo interquartil. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em porcentagem. Para compara&#231;&#227;o entre duas vari&#225;veis quantitativas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal utilizou-se o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student n&#227;o pareado e para compara&#231;&#227;o entre duas vari&#225;veis quantitativas com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-normal utilizou-se o teste de Mann-Whitney. Para compara&#231;&#227;o entre duas vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas utilizou-se o teste do qui-quadrado. Considerou-se como significativo um p-valor bicaudal &lt; 0,05. O software STATA 13.1 (College Station, TX, USA) foi utilizado para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e constru&#231;&#227;o dos gr&#225;ficos.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas dos 771 candidatos que realizaram esta esta&#231;&#227;o simulada s&#227;o mostradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>. A mediana de idade foi 25 anos (24-27 anos), sendo que a maioria dos candidatos era do sexo masculino (58%). A maior parte era constitu&#237;da de m&#233;dicos rec&#233;m-formados (90%), sendo que 71% tinha menos de um ano de formado e 19% tinham entre 1 e 2 anos de formado. A maioria dos concorrentes era oriunda de faculdade p&#250;blica (66%) da regi&#227;o sudeste (65%).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas dos m&#233;dicos rec&#233;m-formados participantes da avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#225;tica referente ao atendimento do IAMCSST</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">n = 771 indiv&#237;duos</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos); mediana (19)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">25 (24-27)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">G&#234;nero masculino; n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">444 (58)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Anos de formado; n(%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 1 ano</td>
                <td align="center">549 (71)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 1-2anos</td>
                <td align="center">145 (19)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 2-3 anos</td>
                <td align="center">44 (06)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 3-4 anos</td>
                <td align="center">12 (01)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 4 anos</td>
                <td align="center">21 (03)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Institui&#231;&#227;o de gradua&#231;&#227;o; n(%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">P&#250;blica</td>
                <td align="center">509 (66)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Privada</td>
                <td align="center">254 (33)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Estrangeira</td>
                <td align="center">8 (01)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Regi&#227;o de origem; n(%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Sudeste</td>
                <td align="center">499 (65)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Nordeste</td>
                <td align="center">173 (22)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Sul</td>
                <td align="center">48 (06)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Centro-oeste</td>
                <td align="center">33 (04)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Norte</td>
                <td align="center">10 (01)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Fora do pa&#237;s</td>
                <td align="center">08 (01)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao desempenho geral dos candidatos foi observada uma mediana de 7 com intervalo interquartil entre 5,5 e 8,0 e uma m&#233;dia de 6,74 com desvio-padr&#227;o de 1,93 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Histograma de frequ&#234;ncia mostrando a distribui&#231;&#227;o do escore geral obtido pelos m&#233;dicos rec&#233;m-formados durante a avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#225;tica de esta&#231;&#227;o simulada de atendimento ao IAMCSST.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-01-0035-80309-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>No tocante a cada item da lista de checagem relacionado diretamente ao tratamento foi observado o seguinte resultado: 83% dos candidatos solicitou a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica, 57% orientou a inser&#231;&#227;o de um acesso venoso perif&#233;rico, 95% administrou &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico, 80% ofereceu um segundo antiagregante (inibidor do P2Y<sub>12</sub>), 66% administrou nitrato sublingual e 71% administrou morfina intravenosa para al&#237;vio da dor (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Gr&#225;fico de barras mostrando o desempenho dos m&#233;dicos rec&#233;m-formados em cada um dos seis itens da lista de checagem relacionados diretamente ao tratamento durante avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#225;tica de esta&#231;&#227;o simulada de atendimento ao IAMCSST.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-01-0035-80309-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Foi observada a seguinte propor&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o aos itens da lista de checagem referentes ao diagn&#243;stico e gerenciamento da transfer&#234;ncia: 69% dos candidatos reconheceu o diagn&#243;stico de IAMCSST e 28% reconheceu o diagn&#243;stico de infarto, por&#233;m n&#227;o fez refer&#234;ncia ao supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST. O tempo de dura&#231;&#227;o da dor foi verificado por 71% dos candidatos. A maior parte dos candidatos reconheceu a necessidade de transfer&#234;ncia para realiza&#231;&#227;o da terapia de reperfus&#227;o (63%) e 19% reconheceu esta necessidade, contudo n&#227;o fez refer&#234;ncia ao motivo desta transfer&#234;ncia (terapia de reperfus&#227;o), 18% n&#227;o aventou a necessidade de transfer&#234;ncia. A habilidade de comunica&#231;&#227;o foi considerada adequada em 34% dos candidatos (explicou adequadamente sobre a patologia e o tratamento), 32% explicou somente um destes itens (sobre a patologia ou sobre o tratamento) e 34% n&#227;o abordou nenhum destes dois itens com o paciente. Somente 25% dos candidatos insistiu na transfer&#234;ncia para centro terci&#225;rio mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de vagas hospitalares ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o do ator. Ficar esperando a dosagem do marcador de necrose mioc&#225;rdica para defini&#231;&#227;o de conduta terap&#234;utica foi observado em 4% dos candidatos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Gr&#225;fico de barras mostrando o desempenho dos m&#233;dicos rec&#233;m-formados em cada um dos seis itens da lista de checagem relacionados diretamente ao diagn&#243;stico e gerenciamento da transfer&#234;ncia do paciente durante avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#225;tica de esta&#231;&#227;o simulada de atendimento ao IAMCSST.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-01-0035-80309-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Comparando-se os candidatos com desempenho superior (escore geral &gt; 7) com aqueles com desempenho inferior (escore geral &#8804;7) n&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o a idade, tempo de formado e regi&#227;o geogr&#225;fica de origem. Contudo observou-se maior preval&#234;ncia do sexo masculino no grupo de menor desempenho (63% vs. 52%; p = 0,003) e maior preval&#234;ncia de origem de faculdade p&#250;blica no grupo de melhor desempenho (71% vs. 61%; p = 0,0016). Comparando-se o desempenho em cada um dos 12 itens da lista de checagem, observou-se uma atua&#231;&#227;o superior em todos os itens no primeiro grupo, contudo, as diferen&#231;as de maior amplitude entre os grupos foram em rela&#231;&#227;o a aspectos do diagn&#243;stico, gerenciamento da transfer&#234;ncia e habilidades de comunica&#231;&#227;o. A preval&#234;ncia do reconhecimento da necessidade de transfer&#234;ncia imediata foi 100% vs. 31%; p &lt; 0,0001, a porcentagem de habilidade de comunica&#231;&#227;o adequada foi 55% vs. 15%; p &lt; 0,0001, o reconhecimento do diagn&#243;stico de IAMCSST foi 89% vs. 51%; p &lt; 0,0001 e a insist&#234;ncia para a transfer&#234;ncia mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de vaga hospitalar foi 45% vs. 8%; p &lt; 0,0001 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos de desempenho superior (escore geral &gt; 7) e desempenho inferior (escore geral &#8804; 7) na avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#225;tica simulada referente ao atendimento do IAMCSST</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Escore geral</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Diferen&#231;a Relativa</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">&gt; 7 n = 363</th>
                <th align="center">&#8804; 7 n = 408</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Demogr&#225;ficas</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade, m&#233;dia &#177; SD</td>
                <td align="center">26 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center">26 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,99</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade, anos; mediana(19)</td>
                <td align="center">25(24-27)</td>
                <td align="center">25(24-27)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">G&#234;nero masculino, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">189(52)</td>
                <td align="center">255(63)</td>
                <td align="center">-11%</td>
                <td align="center">0,0034</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Gradua&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tempo finaliza&#231;&#227;o, anos; mediana(19)</td>
                <td align="center">0(0-1)</td>
                <td align="center">0(0-1)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Institui&#231;&#227;o privada, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">99(27)</td>
                <td align="center">155(38)</td>
                <td align="center">-11%</td>
                <td align="center">0,0016</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Institui&#231;&#227;o p&#250;blica, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">259(71)</td>
                <td align="center">250(61)</td>
                <td align="center">+10%</td>
                <td align="center">0,0032</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Regi&#227;o origem, n(%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,792</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sudeste</td>
                <td align="center">245(67)</td>
                <td align="center">254(62)</td>
                <td align="center">+5%</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nordeste</td>
                <td align="center">72(20)</td>
                <td align="center">101(25)</td>
                <td align="center">-5%</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sul</td>
                <td align="center">24(07)</td>
                <td align="center">24(06)</td>
                <td align="center">+1%</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Centro-oeste</td>
                <td align="center">16(04)</td>
                <td align="center">9(02)</td>
                <td align="center">+2%</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Norte</td>
                <td align="center">3(01)</td>
                <td align="center">7(02)</td>
                <td align="center">-1%</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Itens da lista checagem, sim; n(%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Reconhece necessidade de transfer&#234;ncia</td>
                <td align="center">363(100)</td>
                <td align="center">125(31)</td>
                <td align="center">+69%</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Explica adequadamente ao paciente</td>
                <td align="center">201(55)</td>
                <td align="center">63(15)</td>
                <td align="center">+40%</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Reconhece IAMCSST</td>
                <td align="center">323(89)</td>
                <td align="center">207(51)</td>
                <td align="center">+38%</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insiste na transfer&#234;ncia na aus&#234;ncia de vaga</td>
                <td align="center">162(45)</td>
                <td align="center">31(08)</td>
                <td align="center">+37%</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Solicita inser&#231;&#227;o acesso venoso</td>
                <td align="center">245(67)</td>
                <td align="center">193(43)</td>
                <td align="center">+24%</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Avalia dura&#231;&#227;o da dor</td>
                <td align="center">300(83)</td>
                <td align="center">244(60)</td>
                <td align="center">+23%</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Administra nitrato SL</td>
                <td align="center">274(75)</td>
                <td align="center">232(57)</td>
                <td align="center">+18%</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Administra morfina IV</td>
                <td align="center">293(81)</td>
                <td align="center">258(63)</td>
                <td align="center">+18%</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Administra inibidor do P<sub>2</sub>Y<sub>12</sub></td>
                <td align="center">318(88)</td>
                <td align="center">298(73)</td>
                <td align="center">+15%</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Solicita monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ECG</td>
                <td align="center">318(88)</td>
                <td align="center">323(79)</td>
                <td align="center">+9%</td>
                <td align="center">0,0018</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Administra &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico</td>
                <td align="center">355(98)</td>
                <td align="center">377(92)</td>
                <td align="center">+6%</td>
                <td align="center">0,0006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Espera marcadores de necrose para conduta</td>
                <td align="center">00(00)</td>
                <td align="center">32(08)</td>
                <td align="center">-8%</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>SD: desvio padr&#227;o; ECG: eletrocardiograma; IAMCSST: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST ; SL: sublingual; IV: intravenoso.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Comparando os 90 candidatos oriundos de nossa institui&#231;&#227;o com todos os concorrentes das demais institui&#231;&#245;es, os seguintes resultados foram observados: solicita monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica (86% vs. 83%; p = 0,50), inser&#231;&#227;o de acesso venoso perif&#233;rico (81% vs. 54%; p &lt; 0,0001), avalia a dura&#231;&#227;o da dor (63% vs. 71%; p = 0,11), diagn&#243;stico correto de IAMCSST (76% vs. 68%; p = 0,20), administra &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico (100% vs. 94%; p = 0,01), administra segundo antiagregante (80% vs. 76%; p = 0,004), administra nitrato (72% vs. 65%; p = 0,16), administra morfina (82% vs. 70%; p = 0,01), solicita transfer&#234;ncia imediata (82% vs. 61%; p &lt; 0,0001), habilidade de comunica&#231;&#227;o adequada (49% vs. 32%; p = 0,001), insiste na transfer&#234;ncia mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de vaga (38% vs. 23%; p = 0,003).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Esta investiga&#231;&#227;o mostra a necessidade de aprimorar o treinamento durante a gradua&#231;&#227;o para o reconhecimento do IAMCSST e, principalmente, para o conhecimento dos fluxos assistenciais na linha de cuidado desta patologia.</p>
        <p>Segundo dados do relat&#243;rio da demografia m&#233;dica do Brasil, no ano de 2016 houve 18.753 novos registros nos conselhos regionais de medicina, sendo a maioria oriundo da regi&#227;o sudeste (50% dos inscritos).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Portanto, temos a cada ano, um grande n&#250;mero de jovens m&#233;dicos egressos das diversas faculdades de medicina no Brasil. Muitos iniciam a pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica por op&#231;&#227;o, ou por dificuldades de acesso &#224; programas de resid&#234;ncia m&#233;dica e at&#233; mesmo junto com estes programas para complementa&#231;&#227;o de remunera&#231;&#227;o. Devido a escassez de profissionais dedicados exclusivamente para o atendimento das emerg&#234;ncias, o m&#233;dico rec&#233;m-formado geralmente assume plant&#245;es no pronto-atendimento de emerg&#234;ncias.</p>
        <p>No Brasil, aproximadamente 50% dos pacientes com IAMCSST recebe terapia de reperfus&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> chegando a percentagem de 20% em hospitais p&#250;blicos de algumas regi&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Em registro brasileiro de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, com inclus&#227;o de 2.453 pacientes, observou-se elevada taxa de utiliza&#231;&#227;o do &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico (97,6%) e inibidor P2Y<sub>12</sub> (89,5%) nas primeiras 24 horas, semelhantes as taxas encontradas em nossa investiga&#231;&#227;o, mas entre os pacientes com IAMCSST, somente 35,9% receberam angioplastia prim&#225;ria e 25,3% receberam fibrinol&#237;ticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> V&#225;rios fatores contribuem para esta taxa reduzida de pacientes recebendo terapia de reperfus&#227;o em nosso pa&#237;s, contudo, um destes fatores &#233; a falta de reconhecimento e manejo inapropriado por m&#233;dicos rec&#233;m-formados no primeiro atendimento. Dificilmente um IAMCSST n&#227;o vai ser reconhecido por um cardiologista, mas o m&#233;dico menos experiente pode ter dificuldades, por outro lado, &#233; mais prov&#225;vel de um paciente com IAMCSST ser atendido nas UPA do SUS por um m&#233;dico rec&#233;m-formado que por um m&#233;dico especialista na &#225;rea. Portanto, para se aumentar a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com IAMCSST que recebem terapia de reperfus&#227;o no Brasil precisa-se incentivar e aprimorar o ensino desta patologia durante o curso de gradua&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica.</p>
        <p>Em outra investiga&#231;&#227;o realizada no Brasil, entrevistando 97 pacientes v&#237;timas de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, observou-se que somente 33% conseguiram interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar de imediato, enquanto 67% dos sujeitos passaram por at&#233; cinco servi&#231;os at&#233; conseguirem a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, e entre as principais raz&#245;es para a falta de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o estava o encaminhamento m&#233;dico para casa devido o n&#227;o reconhecimento deste diagn&#243;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Ghanem et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> utilizando-se de question&#225;rios padronizados aplicados a estudantes de medicina, observaram que somente 22% destes sabiam como ajudar pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Little et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> mostraram que somente 61% dos estudantes do &#250;ltimo ano de medicina reconheceram o diagn&#243;stico eletrocardiogr&#225;fico de um IAMCSST da parede inferior.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A simula&#231;&#227;o real&#237;stica foi a metodologia empregada nesta avalia&#231;&#227;o. Esta &#233; uma importante ferramenta de avalia&#231;&#227;o de profissionais de sa&#250;de, pois permite a realiza&#231;&#227;o de in&#250;meras avalia&#231;&#245;es dentro de uma mesma sistem&#225;tica, garantindo a uniformidade, o que seria impratic&#225;vel em um cen&#225;rio real e, por outro lado, tenta reproduzir diretamente o ambiente onde usualmente ocorre este atendimento, possibilitando a avalia&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento, de habilidades e de atitudes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Consideramos esta simula&#231;&#227;o como de alta fidelidade, pois foi realizada dentro de um ambiente hospitalar, com atores profissionais devidamente treinados e com o aspecto psicol&#243;gico do estresse emocional envolvido na execu&#231;&#227;o da avalia&#231;&#227;o, semelhante, aquele encontrado no cen&#225;rio real de atendimento a uma emerg&#234;ncia. Portanto, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o desta metodologia &#233; um ponto forte desta investiga&#231;&#227;o que merece ser destacado, pois apresenta uma maior validade, comparativamente, por exemplo, a aplica&#231;&#227;o de question&#225;rios padronizados.</p>
        <p>Esta metodologia &#233; mundialmente difundida e empregada na maioria das escolas m&#233;dicas nacionais. Deste modo, a maioria dos candidatos est&#225; familiarizada com este tipo de avalia&#231;&#227;o, que n&#227;o &#233; uma particularidade de nossa institui&#231;&#227;o. Apesar de um desempenho superior em alguns itens, o padr&#227;o de reposta dos candidatos formados em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o foi muito parecido com os demais concorrentes.</p>
        <p>A simula&#231;&#227;o &#233; uma metodologia ativa de aprendizagem. Neste estudo, ela foi utilizada para avalia&#231;&#227;o dos candidatos, mas tamb&#233;m pode ser utilizada para o ensino m&#233;dico. Consideramos importante o desenvolvimento de um cen&#225;rio padronizado de simula&#231;&#227;o real&#237;stica no atendimento do IAMCSST ajustado para as particularidades do SUS do Brasil, como foi realizado nesta investiga&#231;&#227;o, pois o mesmo poder&#225; ser reproduzido em outras escolas m&#233;dicas e utilizado no processo do ensino da abordagem desta importante patologia cardiol&#243;gica.</p>
        <p>Um fato importante que precisa ser enfatizado durante a forma&#231;&#227;o dos alunos de gradua&#231;&#227;o &#233; o aspecto da inser&#231;&#227;o do paciente dentro de uma rede hierarquizada do SUS, pois al&#233;m de instituir o tratamento farmacol&#243;gico adequado e dispon&#237;vel no local de atendimento, &#233; importante a integra&#231;&#227;o com a rede de urg&#234;ncia e emerg&#234;ncias para a r&#225;pida transfer&#234;ncia destes pacientes para centros de refer&#234;ncia com condi&#231;&#245;es de realizar a terapia de reperfus&#227;o. A maior parte dos alunos lembrou da administra&#231;&#227;o dos antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios, por outro lado, uma propor&#231;&#227;o significativa n&#227;o refor&#231;ou a necessidade de transfer&#234;ncia imediata do paciente de maneira adequada como se esperaria em uma situa&#231;&#227;o dessas.</p>
        <p>A inexist&#234;ncia de redes assistenciais bem organizadas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> para o direcionamento dos pacientes com IAMCSST do pronto-atendimento para os hospitais de refer&#234;ncia, faz com que o m&#233;dico do servi&#231;o prim&#225;rio tenha um papel central na gest&#227;o desta transfer&#234;ncia. Somente 25% dos candidatos insistiu na transfer&#234;ncia mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de vagas, por isso, &#233; importante a discuss&#227;o dos cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos integrados com aspectos gerenciais como da resolu&#231;&#227;o do Conselho Federal de Medicina n<bold>&#176;</bold> 2077/14 para as urg&#234;ncias e emerg&#234;ncias que disp&#245;em sobre o conceito de vaga zero. &#201; muito importante que o aluno de gradua&#231;&#227;o em medicina tenha o entendimento que o tratamento desta patologia &#233; tempo-dependente, e que se pode mudar a hist&#243;ria natural desde que o tratamento seja institu&#237;do precocemente, e por esta raz&#227;o, ele deve insistir na transfer&#234;ncia de um paciente com esta doen&#231;a para um centro capaz de fornecer a terapia de reperfus&#227;o mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de vagas hospitalares.</p>
        <p>O uso da telemedicina pode resolver a dificuldade na interpreta&#231;&#227;o do eletrocardiograma por um m&#233;dico rec&#233;m-formado, mas de nada adiantar&#225;, se o mesmo n&#227;o tiver o conhecimento necess&#225;rio para agilizar a transfer&#234;ncia deste paciente dentro dos fluxos assistenciais estabelecidos em cada regi&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A simula&#231;&#227;o j&#225; foi utilizada para avalia&#231;&#227;o do desempenho de estudantes de medicina no atendimento de cen&#225;rios de emerg&#234;ncia, como no atendimento do IAMCSST em outros pa&#237;ses, por&#233;m pelo nosso conhecimento n&#227;o encontramos nenhum estudo nacional que realizou investiga&#231;&#227;o com metodologia semelhante.</p>
        <p>Um estudo mostrou que os alunos de gradua&#231;&#227;o apresentam um pior desempenho no atendimento de um caso simulado de IAMCSST em compara&#231;&#227;o com outros cen&#225;rios com pacientes est&#225;veis. Um total de 143 alunos do quarto ano m&#233;dico, a porcentagem de a&#231;&#245;es corretas foi 47,8% na esta&#231;&#227;o do IAMCSST significativamente inferior as demais esta&#231;&#245;es (p &lt; 0,001).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Este fato &#233; observado na pr&#225;tica, pois durante a gradua&#231;&#227;o eles acabam tendo mais contato com pacientes est&#225;veis, enquanto pacientes mais graves s&#227;o manejados pelos m&#233;dicos residentes. Por isso, a simula&#231;&#227;o &#233; considerada uma alternativa interessante para o aprimoramento de compet&#234;ncias e habilidades no atendimento de emerg&#234;ncias durante a gradua&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em uma interessante investiga&#231;&#227;o comparando a simula&#231;&#227;o em pequenos grupos associada as atividades did&#225;ticas tradicionais e somente as atividades did&#225;ticas tradicionais em 291 alunos do quarto ano m&#233;dico para o manejo de um paciente com IAMCSST observou-se uma significativa melhoria do desempenho dos alunos no grupo da simula&#231;&#227;o (53,5 &#177; 8,9% vs. 47,4 &#177; 9,8%; p &lt; 0,001) principalmente nos itens relacionados ao exame f&#237;sico (48,5 &#177; 16,2% vs. 37,6 &#177; 13,1%; p &lt; 0,02) e ao diagn&#243;stico (75,7 &#177; 24,2% vs. 64,6 &#177; 25,1%; p &lt; 0,02).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Outro aspecto importante a ser enfatizado com o aluno de gradua&#231;&#227;o &#233; o aprimoramento da habilidade na comunica&#231;&#227;o, um n&#250;mero pequeno de candidatos (34%) mostrou uma comunica&#231;&#227;o efetiva com o paciente em rela&#231;&#227;o a doen&#231;a e ao tratamento preconizado. Muitas vezes, este item &#233; negligenciado no atendimento de emerg&#234;ncia, por&#233;m &#233; uma etapa fundamental, pois o paciente tem o direito de saber o que est&#225; acontecendo e das estrat&#233;gias de tratamento propostas. Al&#233;m disso, o acesso a informa&#231;&#227;o pode diminuir o n&#237;vel de ansiedade e tens&#227;o emocional durante o quadro agudo.</p>
        <p>Destacamos algumas limita&#231;&#245;es desta investiga&#231;&#227;o. Primeiro, como somente os candidatos aprovados na primeira fase do concurso (prova te&#243;rica) foram submetidos a avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#225;tica, deve-se considerar a presen&#231;a de um vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o. Isto pode ter superestimado o desempenho dos candidatos nesta amostra selecionada e se a mesma avalia&#231;&#227;o fosse aplicada a uma amostra geral provavelmente o desempenho teria sido inferior ao observado. Contudo, como em algumas especialidades com menor concorr&#234;ncia, praticamente todos os candidatos inscritos foram aprovados para a prova pr&#225;tica, isto pode ter minimizado este efeito. Segundo, foi uma avalia&#231;&#227;o aplicada em um &#250;nico centro (unic&#234;ntrico), por&#233;m havia representantes de diferentes regi&#245;es do pa&#237;s, entretanto, com predomin&#226;ncia da regi&#227;o sudeste e nordeste, sem uma adequada distribui&#231;&#227;o amostral proporcional ao n&#250;mero de egressos das diferentes escolas m&#233;dicas de todo o pa&#237;s. Deste modo, os seus resultados n&#227;o podem ser extrapolados para todo o territ&#243;rio nacional. Terceiro, foi esclarecido que o fibrinol&#237;tico n&#227;o estava dispon&#237;vel no local de atendimento, assim como na maioria destas unidades em nosso pa&#237;s. Deste modo, a transfer&#234;ncia imediata para a terapia de reperfus&#227;o esta indicada mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de vagas hospitalares. Concordamos que algumas diferen&#231;as podem ser observadas de acordo com a organiza&#231;&#227;o da linha de cuidado do IAMCSST em cada localidade brasileira, como, por exemplo, a disponibiliza&#231;&#227;o de fibrinol&#237;ticos em algumas destas UPAs. Neste caso, sugerimos que <italic>o item Reconhece a necessidade de transfer&#234;ncia imediata para terapia de reperfus&#227;o</italic> deveria ser desmembrado em dois subitens: administra o fibrinol&#237;tico e solicita a transfer&#234;ncia imediata para um hospital, pois de qualquer maneira, este paciente dever&#225; ser transferido para um centro com possibilidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o de interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> e de fato, nenhuma UPA em nosso pa&#237;s disponibiliza este recurso. Quarto, em rela&#231;&#227;o a lista de checagem, a medica&#231;&#227;o heparina n&#227;o foi inclu&#237;da na mesma. Este fato ocorreu porque durante o atendimento inicial em uma UPA n&#227;o se sabe para qual estrat&#233;gia de reperfus&#227;o o paciente ser&#225; encaminhado (fibrinol&#237;tico ou angioplastia prim&#225;ria) e dependendo da estrat&#233;gia alocada o tipo de heparina e a dose preconizada como primeira op&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o diferentes e na maioria das vezes, esta medica&#231;&#227;o &#233; postergada para ser administrada no servi&#231;o hospitalar onde a terapia de reperfus&#227;o ser&#225; executada. Apesar de fazer parte do tratamento, os medicamentos, betabloqueador, estatina e inibidor da enzina conversora de angiotensina, n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos, pois estas medica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o precisam ser prescritas de imediato e poder&#227;o ser introduzidas ao longo das primeiras 24 horas. Quinto, devido a restri&#231;&#227;o de tempo de cada avalia&#231;&#227;o (5 minutos), alguns t&#243;picos considerados mais importantes pelos avaliadores foram selecionados como o diagn&#243;stico e conduta terap&#234;utica em detrimento de outros relacionados a hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica e exame f&#237;sico, fato at&#233; mesmo compreens&#237;vel, visto que, na maioria das vezes o exame f&#237;sico destes pacientes &#233; pouco alterado. E, por &#250;ltimo, esta ferramenta necessita de uma valida&#231;&#227;o externa em outros centros formadores.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O ensino da abordagem do IAMCSST precisa ser aprimorado durante a gradua&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica enfatizando-se aspectos pr&#225;ticos como a temporalidade para o in&#237;cio do tratamento e dos fluxos assistenciais destes pacientes dentro do sistema &#250;nico de sa&#250;de brasileiro. A simula&#231;&#227;o real&#237;stica pode ser uma ferramenta adequada para o aprimoramento destas compet&#234;ncias.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do HC-FMRP-USP sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 838/2017. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <app-group>
        <app id="app2">
          <label>*</label>
          <title>Material suplementar</title>
          <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://publicacoes.cardiol.br/portal/abc/portugues/2020/v11401/pdf/11401007-material-suplementar.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
        </app>
      </app-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
