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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">JjL63JkbjsPRBcdxS4H6VjG</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000100025</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2019005016104</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190174</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Synergistic Effect of Disease Severity, Anxiety Symptoms and Elderly Age on the Quality of Life of Outpatients with Heart Failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5632-3066</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Figueiredo</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Henrique Cunha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0737-6188</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Bas&#237;lio Bragan&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Figueiredo</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Elisa Bastos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Em&#237;lia Matos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2591-7742</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Iorio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Xavier</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio Salles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universit&#225;rio Estadual da Zona Oeste</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Universit&#225;rio Estadual da Zona Oeste, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira &#8226;</bold> Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - R. Prof. Rodolpho P. Rocco, 255 - 8&#186;. Andar - Sala 6, UFRJ. Postal Code 21941-913, Cidade Universit&#225;ria, RJ - Brazil E-mail: <email>glauciam@cardiol.br</email>, <email>glauciamoraesoliveira@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Figueiredo JHC, Oliveira GMM, Xavier SS; Acquisition of data: Figueiredo JHC, Oliveira GMM, Garcia MI; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript: Figueiredo JHC, Oliveira GMM, Pereira BB, Figueiredo AEB, Nascimento EM, Garcia MI, Xavier SS; Statistical analysis: Pereira BB, Figueiredo AEB, Nascimento EM; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Oliveira GMM, Pereira BB, Figueiredo AEB, Nascimento EM, Garcia MI, Xavier SS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>25</fpage>
      <lpage>32</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Heart failure (HF) is a multifactorial syndrome with repercussions on quality of life (QoL).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To investigate the main interacting factors responsible to worsen quality of life of outpatients with HF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Cross-sectional observational study with 99 patients of both genders, attending a HF outpatient clinic at a university hospital, all with a reduced ejection fraction (&lt;40%) by echocardiography. They were evaluated using sociodemographic and clinical questionnaires, the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure (MLwHF), and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HADS). QoL was the outcome variable. Two multivariate models were used: the parametric beta regression analysis, and the non-parametric regression tree, considering p &lt; 0.05 and 0.05 &lt; p &lt; 0.10 for statistical and clinical significance, respectively.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Beta regression showed that depression and anxiety symptoms worsened the QoL of HF patients, as well as male sex, age younger than 60 years old, lower education level, lower monthly family income, recurrent hospitalizations and comorbidities such as ischemic heart diseases and arterial hypertension. The regression tree confirmed that NYHA functional class III and IV worsen all dimensions of MLwHF by interacting with anxiety symptoms, which influenced directly or indirectly the presence of poorer total score and emotional dimension of MLwHF. Previous hospitalization in the emotional dimension and age younger than 60 years in general dimension were associated with anxiety and NYHA functional class, also worsening the QoL of HF patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>HF with reduced ejection fraction was associated with poorer MLwHF. Anxiety symptoms, previous hospitalization and younger age were also associated with worsened MLwHF. Knowledge of these risk factors can therefore guide assessment and treatment of HF patients.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Anxiety/diagnosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitalization</kwd>
        <kwd>Quality of Life</kwd>
        <kwd>Age</kwd>
        <kwd>Systolic Volume</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Heart failure (HF) is the leading cause of heart disease morbidity and mortality and is more common among people aged 60 or older.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> HF deeply affects the health of an individual, and has physical, psychological and social consequences. HF is a syndrome that severely impairs quality of life (QoL), predisposing patients to recurrent hospitalizations,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> and high morbidity and mortality rates, as observed in the Framingham&#8217;s study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In a study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> of 204 HF outpatients, the authors found that 46% of the outpatients had depressive and anxiety symptoms at baseline. After a five-year follow-up, even after controlling for disease severity and other risk factors, depressive symptoms were still associated with outcomes such as hospitalization and death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> When analyzing patients who had difficulty in taking medication, the authors pointed out that these patients had more severe HF symptoms and worse quality of life, which can be partially explained by the coexistence of depression and psychological distress such as dysphoria and anxiety.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The association between depression, physical symptoms and QoL in HF patients was observed by Bekelman et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> in a cross-sectional study with 60 outpatients. It was more common to see patients with depression and anxiety after they suffered dyspnea (OR 5.28, p &lt; 0.05), and those who exhibited more symptoms of depression presented more HF symptoms (p &lt; 0.0001) and poorer quality of life. Another study with patients who had been diagnosed with HF concluded that depression was associated with a worse health status at the baseline, and was a strong predictor of hospitalization, and worse HF symptoms, functional status and QoL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Physical symptoms are affected by depression and anxiety, as reported in a study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> that showed that psychological variables could affect QoL as much as physical symptoms of HF. In a multiple regression analysis, physical symptoms, age, employment status and anxiety at baseline were the best QoL predictors after a three-month follow-up. Depression, perceived control of HF, employment status and younger age were predictors of physical symptom status after three months. The great unanswered question is how these variables interact to worsen patients' QoL, and how much they compromise the therapeutic approach in the various degrees of impairment of ventricular function.</p>
      <p>Thus, we collected sociodemographic, clinical variables, anxiety and depression symptoms, medications in use, previous hospitalization and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) to investigate which factors are associated and interact to get worse quality of life of outpatients with heart failure.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho under the protocol number 104/2010. The patients signed a consent form to participate in this study, which included an observational, cross-sectional and descriptive series of consecutive cases. Patients allowed to participate had HF with reduced LVEF &lt; 40<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> and New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class I to IV and they were aged &#8805; 20 years. Patients with HF caused by valvular dysfunction or reversible causes, and patients who were unable to be interviewed due to psychiatric syndromes, cognitive impairment assessed clinically, and hearing loss were excluded. All participants were recruited at the HF outpatient clinic of the Cardiology Department of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro from March 2011 to September 2012. One hundred and twenty patients were interviewed individually and a sample of 99 patients of both sexes met the criteria for inclusion.</p>
      <p>All participants sociodemographic and clinical questionnaires, the Brazilian version of the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLwHF),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The sociodemographic questionnaire considered age, sex, monthly family income (dollar), education (years) categorized in illiterate, education 1 (&lt;5 yrs), education 2 (6-12 yrs), education 3 (&gt;12 yrs), marital status (married) and family support. The clinical questionnaire considered NYHA functional class, comorbidities such as atrial fibrillation, chronic renal failure, diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension; current use of drugs such as betablockers, spironolactone, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor (ACE), angiotensin AT1 receptor blocker (ARB), nitrate, hydralazine; previous hospitalization and LVEF.</p>
      <p>The MLwHF is a structured QoL questionnaire for patients with HF and it has been translated and validated for the Brazilian population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> The questions are related to how the patient felt during the 30 days before completing the questionnaire. The MLwHF is made up of 21 questions that address the perception of the <italic>physical</italic> (strongly correlated with dyspnea and fatigue), <italic>emotional</italic> (correlated with emotional and social aspects) and <italic>general well-being</italic> (correlated with financial issues, the side effects of medication and lifestyle), and their scores vary from 0 to 40, 0 to 25 and 0 to 40, respectively. A higher score reflected a worse QoL.</p>
      <p>The HADS was developed specifically for use in medically ill populations. It is based on mood, depression and anhedonia and excludes physical symptoms such as sleep disturbance, fatigue and body pain, which can be confused with symptoms of other diseases. The HADS is made up of 14 questions, each with four possible answers, and consists in two subscales - anxiety and depression - of seven items each. The responses refer to how the patients felt in the last seven days, and the sum of each subscale varies from 0 to 21. It has been translated and validated in a Brazilian version, using a cutoff of &#8805; 8 in samples of medically ill patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> For the analysis, this cutoff was used as an indication of depression and anxiety, which are referred to in this study as &#8220;depression and anxiety symptom&#8221;. This variable was dichotomized into &#8220;possible anxiety&#8221; (8 to 11) and &#8220;probable anxiety&#8221; (12 to 21), and the same for &#8220;possible depression&#8221; and &#8220;probable depression&#8221;.</p>
      <p>The outcome variables were the MLwHF dimensions, namely, total score, physical, emotional and general welfare. The independent variables were the sociodemographic variables, clinical variables, anxiety symptoms, depression symptoms, current drugs, previous hospitalization and LVEF.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The continuous variables were presented as mean &#177; standard deviation (variables normally distributed); or median, first quartile and third quartile (non-normal variables). Data normality was tested using the Shapiro-Wilk normality test. The comparison between the NYHA I/II and NYHA III/IV groups was made using unpaired t-Student test, for normal continuous variables, Wilcoxon rank sum test, for non-normal continuous variables, and Exact Binomial Test, for categorical variables.</p>
        <p>Total score, physical, and the emotional and general dimensions of the MLwHF were the outcome variables. The association of the variables described above with the outcomes and dimensions of QoL were evaluated using a parametric beta regression model and a non-parametric regression tree.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Beta regression is a new model recently developed by the Brazilian authors Silvia Ferrari and Francisco Cribari, used when the outcome is a continuous variable that varies in the interval (0,1). The regression tree, apart from its predictive power and its easy visual interpretation, is also extremely useful to find possible interactions between predictive variables, including in situations of unexpected interactions, as in our case. Its final nodes result in the boxplot<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> of the outcome variables. The Betareg package<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> of the R software<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> was used. Values of p &lt; 0.05 and 0.05 &lt; p &lt; 0.10 were considered statistically significant and clinical significance, respectively.</p>
        <p>Data of 99 patients were analyzed; two did not have the LVEF data, and three did not have data of monthly family income. The missing data were imputed considering the MCAR (missing completely at random) as the missing mechanism of these data.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> To facilitate the reading of the figures, the MLwHF scales were adjusted to vary from 0 to 100 (0, 1) and the scores were inverted so the highest scores would be equivalent to better QoL.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> describes the characteristics of the sample dichotomized according to the NYHA functional class. Lower LVEF and lower MLwHF, in all dimensions, were significantly more common in NYHA III and IV. On the other hand, family support, absence of comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus, atrial fibrillation, chronic renal failure and the non-use of spironolactone, nitrate or furosemide were significantly more frequent in NYHA I and II.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Characteristics of the sample dichotomized by NYHA functional class</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="24%"/>
            <col width="5%"/>
            <col width="19%"/>
            <col width="19%"/>
            <col width="19%"/>
            <col width="19%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Total</th>
              <th align="center">NYHA = I /II</th>
              <th align="center">NYHA = III/IV</th>
              <th align="center">p <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Number of patients</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">99 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">59 (59.60%)</td>
              <td align="center">40 (40.40%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0699</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Age</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Average &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">61.05 &#177; 10.88</td>
              <td align="center">59.85 &#177; 10.65</td>
              <td align="center">62.83 &#177; 11.11</td>
              <td align="center">0.1829</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Monthly family income</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Median (1st Qu.; 3rd Qu.)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">914.28 (594.61; 1294.61)</td>
              <td align="center">892.3 (594.61; 1564.10)</td>
              <td align="center">923.07 (602.56; 1102.56)</td>
              <td align="center">0.3978</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Ejection Fraction</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Average &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">35.58 &#177; 9.18</td>
              <td align="center">37.27 &#177; 8.7</td>
              <td align="center">33.1 &#177; 9.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.0258<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>MLwHF Total score</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Median (1st Qu.; 3rd Qu.)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">27 (10.5; 47.0)</td>
              <td align="center">17 (5; 32.5)</td>
              <td align="center">45 (31.5; 55.0)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">***</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>MLwHF Physical</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Median (1st Qu.; 3rd Qu.)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">14 (3; 21)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (2; 17.5)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (15; 25)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">***</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>MLwHF Emotional</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Median (1st Qu.; 3rd Qu.)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">6 (2; 13)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (0.5; 10.5)</td>
              <td align="center">10.5 (5.75; 15.25)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">***</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>MLwHF General</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Median (1st Qu.; 3rd Qu.)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">7 (3.0; 14.5)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (1; 8)</td>
              <td align="center">11 (8; 19)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">***</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">61(100%)</td>
              <td align="center">38 (62.30%)</td>
              <td align="center">23 (37.70%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0722</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Schooling</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Illiterate</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">6 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (50.00%)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (50.00%)</td>
              <td align="center">1.0000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Education (&lt; 5 years)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">37 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">24 (64.86%)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (35.14%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0989</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Education (6-12 years)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">52 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">31 (59.62%)</td>
              <td align="center">21 (40.38%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.2116</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Education (&gt; 12 years)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">4 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (25.00%)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (75.00%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.6250</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Married</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">64 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">39 (60.94%)</td>
              <td align="center">25 (39.06%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.1034</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Family support</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">82(100%)</td>
              <td align="center">51 (62.20%)</td>
              <td align="center">31 (37.80%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0352<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Employed</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">19 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (63.16%)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (36.84%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.3593</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Ischemic Etiology</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">39(100%)</td>
              <td align="center">21 (53.85%)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (46.15%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.7493</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Absence of atrial fibrillation</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">82(100%)</td>
              <td align="center">51 (62.20%)</td>
              <td align="center">31 (37.80%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0352<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Absence of chronic renal failure</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">84(100%)</td>
              <td align="center">52 (61.90%)</td>
              <td align="center">32 (38.10%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0375<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Absence of diabetes mellitus</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">57(100%)</td>
              <td align="center">38 (66.67%)</td>
              <td align="center">19 (33.33%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0163<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Arterial hypertension</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">69(100%)</td>
              <td align="center">39 (56.52%)</td>
              <td align="center">30 (43.48%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.3356</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Absence of previous hospitalization</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">63(100%)</td>
              <td align="center">44 (69.84%)</td>
              <td align="center">19 (30.16%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0022</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Probable anxiety</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">15(100%)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (66.67%)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (33.33%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.3018</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Possible anxiety</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">35(100%)</td>
              <td align="center">19 (54.29%)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (45.71%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.7359</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Probable depression</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">11(100%)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (63.64%)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (36.36%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.5488</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Possible depression</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">27(100%)</td>
              <td align="center">15 (55.56%)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (44.44%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.7011</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Current use of betablockers</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">96 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">57 (59.38%)</td>
              <td align="center">39 (40.62%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0822</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Absence of spironolactone</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">38(100%)</td>
              <td align="center">28 (73.68%)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (26.32%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0051<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">**</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Current use of ACE inhibitor/ARB</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">94(100%)</td>
              <td align="center">57 (60.64%)</td>
              <td align="center">37 (39.36%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0495<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Absence Nitrate/Hydralazine</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">63(100%)</td>
              <td align="center">43 (68.25%)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (31.75%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0052<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">**</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Absence Furosemide</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">25(100%)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (72.00%)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (28.00%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0433<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Optimized treatment</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">87(100%)</td>
              <td align="center">50 (57.47%)</td>
              <td align="center">37 (42.53%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.1980</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>***</label>
            <p>
              <italic>p &lt; 0.001;</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>**</label>
            <p>
              <italic>p &lt; 0.01;</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>
              <italic>p &lt; 0.05.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>
              <italic>P-values were calculated using unpaired t-Student test (for normal continuous variables); Wilcoxon rank sum test (for non-normal continuous variables); and Exact Binomial Test (for categorical variables).</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <p>
              <italic>MLwHF: Minnesota Living with Heart Failure; NYHA: New York Heart Association; ACE: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: Angiotensine1 receptor blocker; SD: Standard deviation.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Results of the beta regression analysis are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>. It is noteworthy that the predictor variable NYHA functional class has a statistically significant association with all outcome variables, showing that patient&#8217;s QoL is affected in all its dimensions by physical symptoms of HF. Anxiety symptoms were also associated with all outcomes except the general well-being dimension. Depression symptoms were associated with the emotional well-being dimension, showing that psychological symptoms affected patients&#8217; QoL in this sample. Previous hospitalization worsened the QoL of outpatients with HF regarding emotional and physical aspects. The current use of medications as betablockers, ACE and furosemide were associated with poor MLwHF in different dimensions. The general well-being dimension of MLwHF decreased with lower monthly family income of the patients. It is worth mentioning that all beta regression models showed a coefficient of determination R2 of about 50% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>: A-50, B-48, C-56, D-44), which means that the prognostic variables explain 50% of the variation of the outcome or dependent variables.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Beta regression analysis MLwHF and predictor variables</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="cols">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <th align="left">MLwHF QoL Dimensions</th>
              <th align="center">Predictor Variables</th>
              <th align="center">Estimate (CI 95%)</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="12" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Total score</td>
              <td align="center">Education (&lt; 5 years)</td>
              <td align="center">0.734 (0.101; 1.366)</td>
              <td align="center">0.023 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Education (6-12 years)</td>
              <td align="center">0.589 (-0.033; 1.211)</td>
              <td align="center">0.063</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Education (&gt; 12 years)</td>
              <td align="center">0.755 (-0.210; 1.720)</td>
              <td align="center">0.125</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Monthly family income</td>
              <td align="center">0.000 (0.000; 0.001)</td>
              <td align="center">0.019 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">NYHA II</td>
              <td align="center">-0.695 (-1.162; -0.229)</td>
              <td align="center">0.003 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">**</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">NYHA III</td>
              <td align="center">-1.416 (-1.904; -0.928)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">***</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">NYHA IV</td>
              <td align="center">-1.404 (-2.066; -0.742)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">***</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Arterial Hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">0.585 (0.239; 0.931)</td>
              <td align="center">0.001 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">***</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Previous hospitalization</td>
              <td align="center">-0.553 (-0.898; -0.207)</td>
              <td align="center">0.002 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">**</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Anxiety symptoms</td>
              <td align="center">-0.593 (-0.997; -0.190)</td>
              <td align="center">0.004 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">**</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Depression symptoms</td>
              <td align="center">-0.402 (-0.828; 0.025)</td>
              <td align="center">0.065</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">Current Use of Betablocker</td>
              <td align="center">0.908 (0.064; 1.752)</td>
              <td align="center">0.035 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="11" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Physical</td>
              <td align="center">Education (&lt; 5 years)</td>
              <td align="center">1.078 (0.223; 1.934)</td>
              <td align="center">0.013 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Education (6-12 years)</td>
              <td align="center">1.077 (0.233; 1.921)</td>
              <td align="center">0.012 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Education (&gt; 12 years)</td>
              <td align="center">1.369 (0.124; 2.614)</td>
              <td align="center">0.031 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">NYHA II</td>
              <td align="center">-1.087 (-1.658; -0.516)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">***</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">NYHA III</td>
              <td align="center">-1.789 (-2.411; -1.167)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">***</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">NYHA IV</td>
              <td align="center">-2.439 (-3.326; -1.552)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">***</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Arterial Hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">0.755 (0.307; 1.203)</td>
              <td align="center">0.001 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">***</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Previous hospitalization</td>
              <td align="center">-0.867 (-1.345; -0.389)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">***</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Anxiety symptoms</td>
              <td align="center">-0.967 (-1.404; -0.529)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">***</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Current Use of Betablocker</td>
              <td align="center">2.018 (0.847; 3.190)</td>
              <td align="center">0.001 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">***</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">Current Use of Furosemide</td>
              <td align="center">0.520(0.031; 1.010)</td>
              <td align="center">0.037 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="12" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Emotional</td>
              <td align="center">Male</td>
              <td align="center">0.538 (0.145; 0.932)</td>
              <td align="center">0.007 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">**</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Education (&lt; 5 years)</td>
              <td align="center">0.725 (-0.088; 1.539)</td>
              <td align="center">0.080</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Education (6-12 years)</td>
              <td align="center">0.747 (-0.042; 1.535)</td>
              <td align="center">0.063</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Education (&gt; 12 years)</td>
              <td align="center">1.135 (-0.099; 2.369)</td>
              <td align="center">0.071</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Ischemic etiology</td>
              <td align="center">0.561 (0.132; 0.990)</td>
              <td align="center">0.010 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">**</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">NYHA II</td>
              <td align="center">-0.229 (-0.78; 0.322)</td>
              <td align="center">0.416</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">NYHA III</td>
              <td align="center">-1.234 (-1.818; -0.65)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">***</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">NYHA IV</td>
              <td align="center">-0.727 (-1.537; 0.083)</td>
              <td align="center">0.079</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Previous hospitalization</td>
              <td align="center">-0.606 (-1.059; -0.152)</td>
              <td align="center">0.009 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">**</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Anxiety symptoms</td>
              <td align="center">-1.104 (-1.614; -0.595)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">***</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Depression symptoms</td>
              <td align="center">-0.879 (-1.420; -0.338)</td>
              <td align="center">0.001 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">***</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">Current Use of ACE</td>
              <td align="center">-1.424 (-2.312; -0.536)</td>
              <td align="center">0.002 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">**</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="7">General</td>
              <td align="center">Male</td>
              <td align="center">-0.342 (-0.708; 0.025)</td>
              <td align="center">0.068</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Age</td>
              <td align="center">0.030(0.013; 0.047)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">***</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Monthly family income</td>
              <td align="center">0.001 (0.000; 0.001)</td>
              <td align="center">0.001 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">***</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">NYHA II</td>
              <td align="center">-0.717 (-1.249; -0.184)</td>
              <td align="center">0.008 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">**</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">NYHA III</td>
              <td align="center">-1.717 (-2.259; -1.176)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">***</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">NYHA IV</td>
              <td align="center">-1.895 (-2.627; -1.162)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">***</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Current Use of Betablocker</td>
              <td align="center">1.280(0.323; 2.237)</td>
              <td align="center">0.009 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">**</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <label>***</label>
            <p>
              <italic>p &lt; 0.001;</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN7">
            <label>**</label>
            <p>
              <italic>p &lt; 0.01;</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN8">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>
              <italic>p &lt; 0.05.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN9">
            <p>
              <italic>MLwHF: Minnesota Living with Heart Failure; NYHA: New York Heart Association; ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Regression tree (A- Total Score, B- Physical Dimension, C- Emotional Dimension, D-General Dimension) illustrating that advanced NYHA (New York Heart Association) functional class worsened all dimensions of MLwHF (Minnesota Living with Heart Failure). Anxiety symptoms influenced directly or indirectly the presence of poorer total score and emotional well-being dimension of MLwHF. The same was observed for previous hospitalization in the emotional well-being dimension, demonstrating an interaction with functional class NYHA I and II. In the general well-being dimension, the NYHA functional classes I and II were associated with poorer MLwHF in patients younger than 60 years old.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-01-0025-90174-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The regression tree, the nonparametric model, also evaluated the association of the set of predictor variables with each outcome variable (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). The results of this model are consonant with the beta model seen in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> and give further information about interactions between the independent variables. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> illustrates the negative effects of a worse NYHA functional class in all MLwHF dimensions. Anxiety symptoms contributed directly or indirectly to lower total score and poorer emotional well-being in MLwHF. The same was observed for previous hospitalization variable in the emotional well-being dimension, indicating an interaction with NYHA functional classes I and II. In the general well-being dimension, the NYHA classes I and II were associated with poorer MLwHF if patients were younger than 60 years old. Due to inversion of the score system, the interpretation of the regression trees considers that higher values, for each outcome variable, correspond to a better QoL. In other words, we could exemplify that the best quality of life was observed in: NYHA functional class I patients without anxiety symptoms (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1A</xref>: total score, 14 patients, 14.1%), NYHA functional class I patients (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1B</xref>: physical well-being dimension, 19 patients, 19.2%), NYHA I or II patients with no anxiety symptoms or previous hospitalization (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1C</xref>: emotional well-being dimension, 27, 27.3%), and NYHA I or II patients older than 59 years old (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1D</xref>: general well-being dimension, 32 patients, 32.3%). We have created a pseudo-coefficient of determination R2 for the regression tree resulting in coefficients around 30% and 40% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> A 42% , B 29%, C 44%, D 29%).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The originality of the study consists of the research methods applied to the research question. The regression tree is a nonparametric regression, useful for prediction, and to obtain data not only from the relevant variables, but also from the relevant interactions between these variables. In the usual regression, we can obtain the relevant variables, but we must define what interactions we consider relevant. In the tree of regression, the Data Mining (Machine Learning) algorithm verifies, from the existing data, which variables and which interactions are the most important, providing a better understanding of the complex relationships observed in clinical practice.</p>
      <p>This study found an association of ventricular function (represented by NYHA functional class), anxiety symptoms, male sex, age younger than 60 years old, lower education level, lower monthly family income, recurrent hospitalization and comorbidities (such as arterial hypertension and ischemic heart diseases), current use of medications (such as betablockers, ACE and furosemide) with poorer QoL of HF outpatients.</p>
      <p>One study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> explored the perceptions of QoL in HF patients to assess limitations in their daily lives caused by symptoms, happiness, and relationships, and pointed out that QoL was affected not only by negative physical, psychological, social, and economic status, but also by positive physical, psychological and social status, and behavior, although it was not modified by education combined with self-management intervention. The present study revealed the association of the predictor variable NYHA functional class III-IV with all outcome variables, and of anxiety and depression symptoms with two of the three outcome variables in the beta model. Also, our study shows that even a lower NYHA functional class (I-II), associated with anxiety symptoms and previous hospitalization, may worsen the QoL in the total score and emotional well-being dimension.</p>
      <p>HF may be the most devastating chronic disease, as it affects people&#8217;s QoL in several dimensions. In fact, other authors have provided evidences that improvements in self-management skills may enhance outcomes of HF patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The awareness of one&#8217;s own diagnosis has a profound impact on the patients. Mulligan et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> showed that, addressing patients&#8217; mood and beliefs about their illness and its treatment, improved physical and emotional dimensions of MLwHF and promoted an improvement by 55% and 43% in anxiety and depression symptoms, respectively, assessed by HADS, in the early period after the diagnosis of HF. Reduced anxiety symptoms were associated with reduced perception of the severity of HF and of control due to the treatment of the disease. Reduced depression symptoms was attributed to the improvement of NYHA functional class, reduction in symptoms and perceived severity of HF, and increased confidence in the treatment. The present study confirms these findings that depression and anxiety symptoms contribute to a worsening of QoL related to physical symptoms of HF. It also confirms the fact that when HF patients are less symptomatic and have no anxiety symptoms and recurrent hospitalizations, patient&#8217;s QoL is better.</p>
      <p>In another study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> less social support and greater depressive symptoms independently predicted poorer QoL. Also, patient&#8217;s perspective on family functioning and autonomy support, along with family knowledge about HF, influenced psychological outcomes of depressive symptoms and emotional QoL of patients with HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> These studies corroborate our results, since married people with family support had positive perception of HF control, and anxiety and depression symptoms directly and negatively affected HF-related physical symptoms, which, in turn, interfered with QoL of these patients.</p>
      <p>A meta-analysis concluded that somatic/affective depression symptoms were more strongly and consistently associated with mortality and cardiovascular events in patients with heart disease compared with cognitive/affective symptoms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Another study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> with 55 congestive HF patients also showed that somatic/affective depressive symptoms, but not cognitive depression symptoms and anxiety symptoms, were associated with poor health-related QoL and behavioral functional capacity, independent of age, clinical functional status and comorbidities.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Our study disagreed with these results because NYHA functional class III and IV worsened all dimensions of MLwHF, and anxiety symptoms, combined with age under 60 years, influenced directly or indirectly the presence of poorer score.</p>
      <p>A willing attitude toward following a low sodium diet, and an increased social support were significantly associated with higher levels of perceived control and better QoL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> A recent study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> pointed out that depressive symptoms exerted a negative effect on medication adherence related to the complexity of medication regimen commonly prescribed to HF patients. In the present study, we also observed that the current use of medications as betablockers, ACE and furosemide were associated with poor MLwHF in different dimensions, suggesting that it could be a barrier to reach medication adherence by HF patients.</p>
      <p>How and by what mechanisms such associations are given are not clear. Probably physiological and behavioral factors including endothelial dysfunction, platelet abnormalities, inflammation, autonomic nervous system dysfunction, and reduced engagement in health-promoting activities, may link depression and anxiety with adverse cardiac outcomes and poorer QoL in HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
			</p>
      <p>This study has some limitations. This was a single-center study, although it can encourage future studies in other specialized centers. Also, its cross-sectional design made it difficult to assess possible changes in patients&#8217; QoL and what factors contributed to such changes and to make speculations that would only be possible with a longitudinal design. Thus, generalizations must be made with caution.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Based on these findings, it is possible to conclude that a reduced LVEF is associated with many factors that compromise the QoL of HF outpatients, even in clinically less severe cases, like in NYHA functional class I or II . These findings may aid in the full approach of patients with HF, suggesting the diagnosis and treatment of anxiety symptoms, especially those with multiple hospitalizations and younger than 60 years.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Jos&#233; Henrique Cunha Figueiredo, from Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho under the protocol number 104/2010. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira &#8226;</bold> Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - R. Prof. Rodolpho P. Rocco, 255 - 8&#186;. Andar - Sala 6, UFRJ. CEP 21941-913, Cidade Universit&#225;ria, RJ - Brasil E-mail: <email>glauciam@cardiol.br</email>, <email>glauciamoraesoliveira@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Figueiredo JHC, Oliveira GMM, Xavier SS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Figueiredo JHC, Oliveira GMM, Garcia MI; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Figueiredo JHC, Oliveira GMM, Pereira BB, Figueiredo AEB, Nascimento EM, Garcia MI, Xavier SS; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Pereira BB, Figueiredo AEB, Nascimento EM; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Oliveira GMM, Pereira BB, Figueiredo AEB, Nascimento EM, Garcia MI, Xavier SS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; uma s&#237;ndrome multifatorial com repercuss&#245;es sobre a qualidade de vida (QV).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Investigar os principais fatores que interagem e pioram a qualidade de vida de pacientes ambulatoriais com IC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo transversal observacional com 99 pacientes, de ambos os sexos, atendidos no ambulat&#243;rio de IC de um hospital universit&#225;rio, todos com uma fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (&lt;40%) pela ecocardiografia. Os participantes foram avaliados usando-se um question&#225;rio sociodemogr&#225;fico, um question&#225;rio cl&#237;nico, o Minnesota Living with Heart Failure (MLwHF), e Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HADS). QV foi a vari&#225;vel de desfecho. Foram usados dois modelos de an&#225;lise multivariada, a regress&#227;o beta (param&#233;trica) e a &#225;rvore de regress&#227;o (n&#227;o param&#233;trica), considerando um p &lt; 0,05 e 0,05 &lt; p &lt; 0,10 para signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica e cl&#237;nica, respectivamente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise por regress&#227;o beta mostrou que os sintomas de depress&#227;o e ansiedade pioraram a QV de pacientes com IC, bem como o sexo masculino, idade inferior a 60 anos, n&#237;vel educacional mais baixo, renda familiar mensal menor, interna&#231;&#245;es recorrentes e comorbidades tais como doen&#231;as card&#237;acas isqu&#234;micas e hipertens&#227;o arterial. A &#225;rvore de regress&#227;o confirmou que as classes funcionais da NYHA III e IV pioraram todas as dimens&#245;es do MLwHF, interagindo com sintomas de ansiedade, e influenciando direta ou indiretamente, a presen&#231;a de pior escore total e dimens&#227;o emocional do MLwHF. Interna&#231;&#245;es anteriores, na dimens&#227;o emocional, e idade inferior a 60 anos, na dimens&#227;o geral, associaram-se com ansiedade e classe funcional NYHA, piorando tamb&#233;m a QV dos pacientes com IC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida associou-se com pior resultado do MLwHF. Sintomas de ansiedade, interna&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via e idade mais jovem tamb&#233;m associaram-se com pior MLwHF. O conhecimento desses fatores de risco pode, portanto, orientar a avalia&#231;&#227;o e o tratamento dos pacientes com IC.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Ansiedade/diagn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Qualidade de Vida</kwd>
        <kwd>Idade</kwd>
        <kwd>Volume Sist&#243;lico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; a principal causa de morbidade e mortalidade por doen&#231;a card&#237;aca, e &#233; mais comum em indiv&#237;duos com idade de 60 anos ou mais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A IC compromete a sa&#250;de do indiv&#237;duo, com consequ&#234;ncias f&#237;sicas, psicol&#243;gicas e sociais. A IC &#233; uma s&#237;ndrome que afeta profundamente a qualidade de vida (QV) dos pacientes, predispondo-os a interna&#231;&#245;es recorrentes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> e a altas taxas de morbidade e mortalidade, como observado no estudo de Framingham.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em um estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> com 204 pacientes com IC, os autores observaram que 46% dos pacientes atendidos no ambulat&#243;rio apresentavam sintomas de depress&#227;o e de ansiedade no momento basal. Ap&#243;s cinco anos de acompanhamento dos pacientes, mesmo com o controle da gravidade da doen&#231;a e de outros fatores de risco, os sintomas depressivos ainda estavam associados com desfechos como hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e morte.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Ao analisar os pacientes com dificuldade de tomar medicamentos, os autores observaram que esses pacientes apresentaram sintomas mais graves de IC e pior QV, o que pode ser explicado, em parte, pela coexist&#234;ncia de depress&#227;o e estados psicol&#243;gicos como disforia e ansiedade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre depress&#227;o, sintomas f&#237;sicos e QV de pacientes com IC foi observada por Bekelman et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> em um estudo transversal com 60 pacientes ambulatoriais. Foi mais comum observar pacientes com depress&#227;o e ansiedade ap&#243;s apresentarem dispneia (OR 5,28, p &lt; 0,05), e aqueles que apresentaram mais sintomas de depress&#227;o tamb&#233;m apresentaram mais sintomas de IC (p &lt; 0,0001) e pior QV. Outro estudo com pacientes que foram diagnosticados com IC concluiu que a depress&#227;o estava associada com um pior estado de sa&#250;de, e foi um forte preditor de interna&#231;&#227;o e pior sintomas de IC, estado funcional e QV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os sintomas f&#237;sicos s&#227;o afetados por depress&#227;o e ansiedade, conforme relatado em um estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> que mostrou que vari&#225;veis psicol&#243;gicas afetaram a QV e os sintomas de IC de maneira compar&#225;vel. Em uma an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla, sintomas f&#237;sicos, idade, status de emprego, e ansiedade foram os melhores preditores de QV ap&#243;s tr&#234;s meses de acompanhamento. Depress&#227;o, controle percebido da IC, status de emprego e idade mais jovem foram preditores do comprometimento f&#237;sico ap&#243;s tr&#234;s meses. A grande pergunta, ainda sem resposta, &#233; como essas vari&#225;veis interagem e pioram a QV dos pacientes, e quanto elas comprometem a abordagem terap&#234;utica de diferentes graus de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
        <p>Assim, foram coletados dados sociodemogr&#225;ficos, de sintomas de ansiedade e de depress&#227;o, de uso de medicamentos, de interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares anteriores, e de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) para investigar quais fatores est&#227;o associados e interagem para piorar a QV dos pacientes com IC.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 104/2010. Os pacientes assinaram o termo de consentimento para participar do estudo, o qual incluiu uma s&#233;rie observacional e transversal de casos consecutivos. Os pacientes inclu&#237;dos apresentavam IC com FEVE &lt; 40<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> e classe funcional da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA) I a IV, e tinham idade &#8805; 20 anos. Pacientes com IC causada por disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar e causas revers&#237;veis, e pacientes que n&#227;o puderam ser entrevistados devido a s&#237;ndromes psiqui&#225;tricas, disfun&#231;&#227;o cognitiva avaliada clinicamente, ou perda auditiva foram exclu&#237;dos. Todos os participantes foram recrutados no ambulat&#243;rio de IC do Departamento de Cardiologia da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro entre mar&#231;o de 2011 e setembro de 2012. Cento e vinte pacientes foram entrevistados individualmente e uma amostra de 99 pacientes de ambos os sexos preencheram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Todos os participantes preencheram um question&#225;rio sociodemogr&#225;fico, um question&#225;rio cl&#237;nico, a vers&#227;o brasileira do <italic>Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire</italic> (MLwHF),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> e <italic>Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale</italic> (HADS).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O question&#225;rio sociodemogr&#225;fico avaliou idade, sexo, renda familiar mensal (em d&#243;lar), educa&#231;&#227;o (anos de estudo) classificada em &#8220;analfabeto&#8221;, educa&#231;&#227;o 1 (&lt;5 anos), educa&#231;&#227;o 2 (6-12 anos) e educa&#231;&#227;o 3 (&gt;12 anos), estado civil (casado) e suporte familiar. O question&#225;rio cl&#237;nico considerou a classe funcional da NYHA, comorbidades tais como fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica, diabetes mellitus e hipertens&#227;o arterial; uso de medicamentos como betabloqueadores, espironolactona, inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina (IECA), bloqueadores dos receptores AT1 da angiotensina, nitrato, hidralazina; interna&#231;&#245;es anteriores e FEVE.</p>
        <p>O MLwHF &#233; um question&#225;rio estruturado de QV para pacientes com IC, que foi traduzido e validado para a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> As perguntas s&#227;o relacionadas a como o paciente se sentiu nos &#250;ltimos 30 dias anteriores ao preenchimento do question&#225;rio. O MLwHF &#233; composto por 21 perguntas que abordam a percep&#231;&#227;o do bem estar f&#237;sico (fortemente correlacionado com dispneia e fadiga), emocional (correlacionado com aspectos emocionais e sociais), e geral (correlacionado com quest&#245;es financeiras, efeitos colaterais da medica&#231;&#227;o e estilo de vida), e seus escores variam de 0 a 40, de 0 a 25 e de 0 a 40, respectivamente. Escores mais altos indicam uma pior QV.</p>
        <p>A HADS foi desenvolvido especificamente para popula&#231;&#245;es clinicamente doentes e se baseia no humor, depress&#227;o e anedonia, e exclui sintomas f&#237;sicos, tais como dist&#250;rbio do sono, fadiga, e dor no corpo, os quais podem ser confundidos com sintomas de outras doen&#231;as. O question&#225;rio &#233; composto de 14 quest&#245;es, cada pergunta com quatro respostas poss&#237;veis. Consiste em duas subescalas - ansiedade e depress&#227;o - cada um com sete itens. As respostas referem-se a como os pacientes se sentiam nos &#250;ltimos sete dias, e a soma de cada subescala varia de 0 a 21. A HADS foi traduzido e validado em uma vers&#227;o brasileira, utilizando-se um ponto de corte &#8805;8, em amostras de pacientes clinicamente doentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Para as an&#225;lises, esse ponto de corte foi considerado indicador de depress&#227;o e ansiedade, as quais foram referidas neste estudo como &#8220;sintoma de depress&#227;o e ansiedade&#8221;. Essa vari&#225;vel foi dicotomizada em &#8220;poss&#237;vel ansiedade&#8221; (8 a 11) e &#8220;prov&#225;vel ansiedade&#8221; (12 a 21), e o mesmo para &#8220;poss&#237;vel depress&#227;o&#8221; e &#8220;prov&#225;vel depress&#227;o&#8221;.</p>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis de desfecho foram as dimens&#245;es do MLwHF - Escore total, F&#237;sica, Emocional e bem estar geral - e as vari&#225;veis independentes foram as vari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas, as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, os sintomas de ansiedade e de depress&#227;o, medicamentos em uso, interna&#231;&#245;es anteriores, e FEVE.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram apresentadas em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal), ou mediana e primeiro e terceiro quartis (vari&#225;veis sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal). A normalidade dos dados foi testada pelo teste de normalidade de <italic>Shapiro-Wilk</italic>. A compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos NYHA = I/II e NYHA = III/IV foi feita pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de Student n&#227;o pareado para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, <italic>Wilcoxon rank sum test</italic> para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, e o teste binomial para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas.</p>
          <p>O escore total, e as dimens&#245;es f&#237;sica, emocional e geral do MLwHF foram as vari&#225;veis de desfecho. A associa&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis descritas acima com os desfechos e dimens&#245;es de QV foi avaliada usando um modelo param&#233;trico de regress&#227;o beta e uma &#225;rvore de regress&#227;o n&#227;o param&#233;trica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> A regress&#227;o beta &#233; um modelo novo, desenvolvido pelos autores brasileiros Silvia Ferrari e Francisco Cribari, utilizada quando o desfecho for uma vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua que varia no intervalo (0,1). A &#225;rvore de regress&#227;o, al&#233;m de seu poder preditivo e de f&#225;cil interpreta&#231;&#227;o visual, &#233; tamb&#233;m muito &#250;til para identificar poss&#237;veis intera&#231;&#245;es entre vari&#225;veis preditivas, inclusive em situa&#231;&#245;es de intera&#231;&#245;es inesperadas, como no nosso caso. Os n&#243;s finais resultam no <italic>boxplot</italic> das vari&#225;veis de desfecho.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Foi utilizado o pacote Betareg<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> do programa R.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> nas an&#225;lises. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 e 0,05 &lt; p &lt; 0,10 foram considerados de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica e relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica, respectivamente.</p>
          <p>Dados de 99 pacientes foram analisados; dois pacientes n&#227;o apresentavam dados de FEVE, e tr&#234;s n&#227;o apresentavam dados de renda familiar mensal. Os dados faltantes foram repostos considerando o MCAR (<italic>missing completely at random</italic>) como mecanismo de perda desses dados, ou seja, totalmente ao acaso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Para facilitar a leitura das figuras, as escalas do MLwHF foram ajustadas para variarem de 0 a 100 (0, 1) e os escores foram invertidos, de modo que os escores mais altos corresponderiam a uma melhor QV.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref> descreve as caracter&#237;sticas da amostra dividida de acordo com a classe funcional NYHA. Valores mais baixos de FEVE e de todas as dimens&#245;es do MLwHF foram significativamente mais comuns nos pacientes com classe funcional NYHA III e IV. Por outro lado, apoio familiar, aus&#234;ncia de comorbidades tais como diabetes mellitus, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica e a n&#227;o utiliza&#231;&#227;o de espironolactona, nitrato ou furosemida foram significativamente mais frequentes nos pacientes com classe funcional NYHA I e II.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes divididos pela classe funcional NYHA</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="24%"/>
              <col width="5%"/>
              <col width="19%"/>
              <col width="19%"/>
              <col width="19%"/>
              <col width="19%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Total</th>
                <th align="center">NYHA = I /II</th>
                <th align="center">NYHA = III/IV</th>
                <th align="center">p <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#250;mero de pacientes</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">99 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">59 (59,60%)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (40,40%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0699</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Idade</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">61,05 &#177; 10,88</td>
                <td align="center">59,85 &#177; 10,65</td>
                <td align="center">62,83 &#177; 11,11</td>
                <td align="center">0,1829</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Renda familiar mensal</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mediana (1&#186;; 3&#186; quartil)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">914,28 (594,61; 1294,61)</td>
                <td align="center">892,3 (594,61; 1564,10)</td>
                <td align="center">923,07 (602,56; 1102,56)</td>
                <td align="center">0,3978</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">35,58 &#177; 9,18</td>
                <td align="center">37,27 &#177; 8,7</td>
                <td align="center">33,1 &#177; 9,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,0258<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Escore total do MLwHF</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mediana (1&#186;; 3&#186; quartil)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">27 (10,5; 47,0)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (5; 32,5)</td>
                <td align="center">45 (31,5; 55,0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">***</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Bem-estar f&#237;sico do MLwHF</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mediana (1&#186;; 3&#186; quartil)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">14 (3; 21)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (2; 17,5)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (15; 25)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">***</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Bem-estar emocional do MLwHF</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mediana (1&#186;; 3&#186; quartil)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">6 (2; 13)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (0,5; 10,5)</td>
                <td align="center">10,5 (5,75; 15,25)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">***</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Bem-estar geral do MLwHF</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mediana (1&#186;; 3&#186; quartil)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">7 (3,0; 14,5)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (1; 8)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (8; 19)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">***</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Homens</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">61(100%)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (62,30%)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (37,70%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0722</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Escolaridade</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Analfabetos</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">6 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (50,00%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (50,00%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt;5 anos</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">37 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (64,86%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (35,14%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0989</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">6-12 anos</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">52 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (59,62%)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (40,38%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,2116</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&gt; 12 anos</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">4 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (25,00%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (75,00%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,6250</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Casado</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">64 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (60,94%)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (39,06%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,1034</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Suporte familiar</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">82(100%)</td>
                <td align="center">51 (62,20%)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (37,80%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0352<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Empregado</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">19 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (63,16%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (36,84%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,3593</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Etiologia isqu&#234;mica</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">39(100%)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (53,85%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (46,15%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,7493</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Aus&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">82(100%)</td>
                <td align="center">51 (62,20%)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (37,80%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0352<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Aus&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">84(100%)</td>
                <td align="center">52 (61,90%)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (38,10%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0375<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Aus&#234;ncia de diabetes mellitus</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">57(100%)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (66,67%)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (33,33%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0163<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Hipertens&#227;o arterial</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">69(100%)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (56,52%)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (43,48%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,3356</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Aus&#234;ncia de interna&#231;&#245;es anteriores</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">63(100%)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (69,84%)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (30,16%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0022</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Prov&#225;vel ansiedade</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">15(100%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (66,67%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (33,33%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,3018</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Poss&#237;vel ansiedade</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">35(100%)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (54,29%)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (45,71%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,7359</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Prov&#225;vel depress&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">11(100%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (63,64%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (36,36%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,5488</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Poss&#237;vel depress&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">27(100%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (55,56%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (44,44%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,7011</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Uso de betabloqueadores</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">96 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">57 (59,38%)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (40,62%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0822</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Sem uso de espironolactona</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">38(100%)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (73,68%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (26,32%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0051<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">**</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Uso de IECA/BRA</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">94(100%)</td>
                <td align="center">57 (60,64%)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (39,36%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0495<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Sem o uso de nitrato/hidralazina</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">63(100%)</td>
                <td align="center">43 (68,25%)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (31,75%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0052<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">**</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Sem uso de furosemida</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">25(100%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (72,00%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (28,00%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0433*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Tratamento otimizado</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">87(100%)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (57,47%)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (42,53%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,1980</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <label>***</label>
              <p>
                <italic>p &lt; 0,001;</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>
                <italic>p &lt; 0,01;</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>
                <italic>p &lt; 0,05.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>
                <italic>Teste t de Student (para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal); teste de Wilcoxon (para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal); e teste Binomial (para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas); MLwHF: Minnesota Living with Heart Failure, NYHA: New York Heart Association, IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; BRA: bloqueador de receptor da angiotensina.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os resultados da an&#225;lise por regress&#227;o beta est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>. Vale destacar que a vari&#225;vel preditora classe funcional da NYHA apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa com todas as vari&#225;veis de desfechos, mostrando que a QV dos pacientes, em todas suas dimens&#245;es, foi influenciada pelos sintomas f&#237;sicos da IC. Os sintomas de ansiedade tamb&#233;m se associaram com todos os desfechos, exceto a dimens&#227;o bem-estar geral. Sintomas de depress&#227;o se associaram com a dimens&#227;o emocional, demonstrando que os sintomas psicol&#243;gicos afetaram a QV dos pacientes nesta amostra. A ocorr&#234;ncia de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar pr&#233;via piorou a QV dos pacientes ambulatoriais com IC em rela&#231;&#227;o a aspectos emocionais e f&#237;sicos. O uso de medicamentos tais como betabloqueadores, IECA e furosemida associou-se com pior MLwHF em diferentes dimens&#245;es. A dimens&#227;o bem-estar geral do MLwHF diminuiu com menor renda familiar dos pacientes. Vale mencionar que todos os modelos de regress&#227;o beta apresentaram um coeficiente de determina&#231;&#227;o R2 de aproximadamente 50% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>: A-50, B-48, C-56, D-44), o que significa que as vari&#225;veis progn&#243;sticas explicam 50% da varia&#231;&#227;o do desfecho ou das vari&#225;veis dependentes.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o beta e vari&#225;veis preditoras</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="cols">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="left">Dimens&#245;es de QV do MLwHF</th>
                <th align="center">Vari&#225;veis preditoras</th>
                <th align="center">Estimativa (IC 95%)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="12" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Escore total</td>
                <td align="center">Educa&#231;&#227;o (&lt; 5 anos)</td>
                <td align="center">0,734 (0,101; 1,366)</td>
                <td align="center">0,023 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Educa&#231;&#227;o (6-12 anos)</td>
                <td align="center">0,589 (-0,033; 1,211)</td>
                <td align="center">0,063</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Educa&#231;&#227;o (&gt; 12 anos)</td>
                <td align="center">0,755 (-0,210; 1,720)</td>
                <td align="center">0,125</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Renda familiar mensal</td>
                <td align="center">0,000 (0,000; 0,001)</td>
                <td align="center">0,019 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">NYHA II</td>
                <td align="center">-0,695 (-1,162; -0,229)</td>
                <td align="center">0,003 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">**</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">NYHA III</td>
                <td align="center">-1,416 (-1,904; -0,928)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">***</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">NYHA IV</td>
                <td align="center">-1,404 (-2,066; -0,742)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">***</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Hipertens&#227;o arterial</td>
                <td align="center">0,585 (0,239; 0,931)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">***</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Interna&#231;&#227;o anterior</td>
                <td align="center">-0,553 (-0,898; -0,207)</td>
                <td align="center">0,002 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">**</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Sintomas de ansiedade</td>
                <td align="center">-0,593 (-0,997; -0,190)</td>
                <td align="center">0,004 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">**</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Sintomas de depress&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">-0,402 (-0,828; 0,025)</td>
                <td align="center">0,065</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="center">Uso de betabloqueadores</td>
                <td align="center">0,908 (0,064; 1,752)</td>
                <td align="center">0,035 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="11" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">F&#237;sico</td>
                <td align="center">Educa&#231;&#227;o (&lt; 5 anos)</td>
                <td align="center">1,078 (0,223; 1,934)</td>
                <td align="center">0,013 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Educa&#231;&#227;o (6-12 anos)</td>
                <td align="center">1,077 (0,233; 1,921)</td>
                <td align="center">0,012 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Educa&#231;&#227;o (&gt; 12 anos)</td>
                <td align="center">1,369 (0,124; 2,614)</td>
                <td align="center">0,031 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">NYHA II</td>
                <td align="center">-1,087 (-1,658; -0,516)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">***</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">NYHA III</td>
                <td align="center">-1,789 (-2,411; -1,167)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">***</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">NYHA IV</td>
                <td align="center">-2,439 (-3,326; -1,552)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">***</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Hipertens&#227;o arterial</td>
                <td align="center">0,755 (0,307; 1,203)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">***</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Interna&#231;&#227;o anterior</td>
                <td align="center">-0,867 (-1,345; -0,389)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">***</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Sintomas de ansiedade</td>
                <td align="center">-0,967 (-1,404; -0,529)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">***</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Uso de betabloqueadores</td>
                <td align="center">2,018 (0,847; 3,190)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">***</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="center">Uso de furosemida</td>
                <td align="center">0,520(0,031; 1,010)</td>
                <td align="center">0,037 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="12" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Emocional</td>
                <td align="center">Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">0,538 (0,145; 0,932)</td>
                <td align="center">0,007 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">**</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Educa&#231;&#227;o (&lt; 5 anos)</td>
                <td align="center">0,725 (-0,088; 1,539)</td>
                <td align="center">0,080</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Educa&#231;&#227;o (6-12 anos)</td>
                <td align="center">0,747 (-0,042; 1,535)</td>
                <td align="center">0,063</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Educa&#231;&#227;o (&gt; 12 anos)</td>
                <td align="center">1,135 (-0,099; 2,369)</td>
                <td align="center">0,071</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Etiologia isqu&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">0,561 (0,132; 0,990)</td>
                <td align="center">0,010 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">**</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">NYHA II</td>
                <td align="center">-0,229 (-0,78; 0,322)</td>
                <td align="center">0,416</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">NYHA III</td>
                <td align="center">-1,234 (-1,818; -0,65)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">***</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">NYHA IV</td>
                <td align="center">-0,727 (-1,537; 0,083)</td>
                <td align="center">0,079</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Interna&#231;&#227;o anterior</td>
                <td align="center">-0,606 (-1,059; -0,152)</td>
                <td align="center">0,009 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">**</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Sintomas de ansiedade</td>
                <td align="center">-1,104 (-1,614; -0,595)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">***</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Sintomas de depress&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">-0,879 (-1,420; -0,338)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">***</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="center">Uso de IECA</td>
                <td align="center">-1,424 (-2,312; -0,536)</td>
                <td align="center">0,002 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">**</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="7">Geral</td>
                <td align="center">Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">-0,342 (-0,708; 0,025)</td>
                <td align="center">0,068</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">0,030(0,013; 0,047)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">***</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Renda familiar mensal</td>
                <td align="center">0,001 (0,000; 0,001)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">***</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">NYHAII</td>
                <td align="center">-0,717 (-1,249; -0,184)</td>
                <td align="center">0,008 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">**</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">NYHAIII</td>
                <td align="center">-1,717 (-2,259; -1,176)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">***</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">NYHA IV</td>
                <td align="center">-1,895 (-2,627; -1,162)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">***</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Uso de betabloqueadores</td>
                <td align="center">1,280(0,323; 2,237)</td>
                <td align="center">0,009 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">**</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <label>***</label>
              <p>
                <italic>p &lt; 0,001;</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN15">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>
                <italic>p &lt; 0,01;</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN16">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>
                <italic>p &lt; 0,05.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN17">
              <p>
                <italic>MLwHF: Minnesota Living with Heart Failure; NYHA: New York Heart Association; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#193;rvore de regress&#227;o (A- escore total, B- Dimens&#227;o de bem-estar f&#237;sico, C- dimens&#227;o de bem-estar emocional, D- dimens&#227;o de bem-estar geral) ilustrando que classes funcionais da NYHA (New York Heart Association) mais avan&#231;adas pioraram todas as dimens&#245;es do MLwHF (Minnesota Living with Heart Failure). Os sintomas de ansiedade influenciaram direta ou indiretamente a presen&#231;a de um pior escore total e pior dimens&#227;o de bem-estar emocional do MLwHF. O mesmo foi observado para interna&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via na dimens&#227;o de bem-estar emocional, mostrando uma intera&#231;&#227;o com as classes funcionais da NYHA I e II. Na dimens&#227;o bem-estar geral, as classes funcionais NYHA I e II associaram-se com pior MLwHF em pacientes com idade inferior a 60 anos. Prev Hosp: Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-114-01-0025-90174-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A &#225;rvore de regress&#227;o, modelo n&#227;o param&#233;trico, tamb&#233;m avaliou a associa&#231;&#227;o do conjunto das vari&#225;veis preditoras com cada vari&#225;vel de desfecho (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>). Os resultados desse modelo est&#227;o de acordo com o modelo beta mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>, al&#233;m de fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es acerca de intera&#231;&#245;es entre vari&#225;veis independentes. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref> ilustra os efeitos de uma pior classe funcional da NYHA sobre todas as dimens&#245;es do MLwHF. Os sintomas de ansiedade contribu&#237;ram direta ou indiretamente para um escore total mais baixo e piora da dimens&#227;o emocional no MLwHF. O mesmo foi observado para a vari&#225;vel interna&#231;&#245;es anteriores na dimens&#227;o emocional, indicando uma intera&#231;&#227;o com as classes funcionais NYHA I e II. Na dimens&#227;o bem-estar geral, as classes funcionais NYHA I e II associaram-se com pior MLwHF se os pacientes tivessem idade inferior a 60 anos. Devido &#224; invers&#227;o do sistema de pontua&#231;&#227;o, a interpreta&#231;&#227;o das &#225;rvores de regress&#227;o considera que os valores mais altos de cada vari&#225;vel de desfecho correspondem a uma melhor QV. Em outras palavras, poder&#237;amos exemplificar que a melhor QV foi observada em pacientes com classe funcional da NYHA I, sem sintomas de ansiedade (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1A</xref>: escore total, 14 pacientes, 14,1%), pacientes com classe NYHA I (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1B</xref>: dimens&#227;o F&#237;sica, 19 pacientes, 19,2%), pacientes com classe funcional NYHA I ou II pacientes sem sintomas de ansiedade ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref> C: dimens&#227;o emocional, 27, 27.3%), e pacientes com classe funcional NYHA I ou II com idade superior a 59 anos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1D</xref>: dimens&#227;o bem-estar geral, 32 pacientes, 32,3%). N&#243;s criamos um pseudocoeficiente de determina&#231;&#227;o R2 para a &#225;rvore de regress&#227;o, resultando em coeficientes de 30% e 40% aproximadamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>: A-42, B-29, C-44, D- 29).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A originalidade deste estudo consiste nos m&#233;todos aplicados &#224; pergunta em quest&#227;o. A &#225;rvore de regress&#227;o &#233; uma regress&#227;o n&#227;o param&#233;trica, &#250;til para a predi&#231;&#227;o, e para obter dados n&#227;o s&#243; a partir das vari&#225;veis relevantes, mas tamb&#233;m das importantes intera&#231;&#245;es entre essas vari&#225;veis. Na regress&#227;o tradicional, podemos obter as vari&#225;veis relevantes, por&#233;m &#233; necess&#225;rio definirmos quais intera&#231;&#245;es n&#243;s consideramos relevantes. Na &#225;rvore de regress&#227;o, o algoritmo do <italic>Data Mining</italic> verificou, a partir dos dados existentes, quais vari&#225;veis e quais intera&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o as mais importantes, favorecendo um melhor entendimento das complexas rela&#231;&#245;es observadas na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
        <p>O estudo encontrou uma associa&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular (representada pela classe funcional da NYHA), sintomas de ansiedade, sexo masculino, idade inferior a 60 anos, n&#237;vel educacional mais baixo, renda familiar mais baixa, interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar recorrente, e comorbidades (tais como hipertens&#227;o arterial e doen&#231;as card&#237;acas isqu&#234;micas), uso de medicamentos (tais como betabloqueadores, IECA e furosemida) com pior QV de pacientes com IC.</p>
        <p>Em um estudo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> os autores exploraram as percep&#231;&#245;es da QV em pacientes com IC para avaliar limita&#231;&#245;es na vida di&#225;ria causadas por sintomas, estado de felicidade e relacionamentos, e encontraram que a QV foi influenciada n&#227;o s&#243; pelo estado f&#237;sico, psicol&#243;gico, social e condi&#231;&#227;o econ&#244;mica negativos, mas tamb&#233;m pela condi&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica, psicol&#243;gica e social positivas, bem como pelo comportamento, apesar de n&#227;o ter sido modificada por educa&#231;&#227;o combinada &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o de autocuidado. O presente estudo revelou a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a vari&#225;vel preditora classe funcional NYHA III-IV com todas as vari&#225;veis de desfecho, e de sintomas de ansiedade e de depress&#227;o com duas das tr&#234;s vari&#225;veis de desfecho no modelo beta. Ainda, nosso estudo mostrou que mesmo uma classe funcional NYHA mais baixa (I-II), associada com sintomas de ansiedade e interna&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via, pode piorar a QV, considerando tanto o escore total como a dimens&#227;o emocional.</p>
        <p>A IC possivelmente &#233; a doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica mais devastadora, uma vez que afeta a QV das pessoas em v&#225;rias dimens&#245;es. De fato, outros autores apresentaram evid&#234;ncias de que melhorias nas habilidades de autocuidado podem melhorar os desfechos de pacientes com IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Ter consci&#234;ncia do pr&#243;prio diagn&#243;stico acarreta um impacto profundo sobre os pacientes. Mulligan et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> mostraram que, ao abordar o estado de &#226;nimo e as cren&#231;as dos pacientes sobre suas doen&#231;as e tratamento, houve uma melhora nas dimens&#245;es f&#237;sicas e emocionais do MLwHF e melhora de 55% e 43% nos sintomas de ansiedade e depress&#227;o, respectivamente, avaliados pela HADS no per&#237;odo precoce ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico de IC. A redu&#231;&#227;o de sintomas de ansiedade associou-se com menor percep&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da IC e do controle pelo tratamento da doen&#231;a. A redu&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas da depress&#227;o foi atribu&#237;da &#224; melhora da classe funcional NYHA, &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de sintomas, &#224; gravidade percebida da IC, e ao aumento de confian&#231;a no tratamento. O presente estudo confirma esses achados de que os sintomas de depress&#227;o e de ansiedade contribuem para piora da QV relacionada aos sintomas f&#237;sicos da IC. O estudo tamb&#233;m confirma o fato de que quando pacientes s&#227;o menos sintom&#225;ticos e n&#227;o apresentam sintomas de ansiedade e interna&#231;&#245;es recorrentes, a QV dos pacientes &#233; melhor.</p>
        <p>Em outro estudo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> um menor suporte social e mais sintomas depressivos foram preditores independentes de uma pior QV. Ainda, a perspectiva dos pacientes em rela&#231;&#227;o ao suporte familiar e apoio para autonomia, al&#233;m do conhecimento da fam&#237;lia sobre a IC, influenciaram os desfechos psicol&#243;gicos de sintomas depressivos e QV emocional de pacientes com IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Esses estudos corroboram nossos resultados, uma vez que as pessoas casadas, com suporte familiar, tinham uma percep&#231;&#227;o positiva do controle da IC, e os sintomas de ansiedade e de depress&#227;o afetaram direta e negativamente os sintomas f&#237;sicos da IC, o que, por sua vez, interferiram com a QV desses pacientes.</p>
        <p>Uma metan&#225;lise concluiu que os sintomas som&#225;ticos/afetivos da depress&#227;o associaram-se mais fortemente e consistentemente com mortalidade e eventos cardiovasculares em compara&#231;&#227;o a sintomas cognitivos/afetivos em pacientes com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Outro estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> com 55 pacientes com IC congestiva tamb&#233;m mostrou que sintomas depressivos som&#225;ticos/afetivos, mas n&#227;o sintomas depressivos cognitivos ou de ansiedade, associaram-se com pior QV relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de e capacidade funcional comportamental, independentemente da idade, condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e funcional, e comorbidades.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Nossos resultados contrastam com esses achados, uma vez que as classes funcionais NYHA III e IV pioraram todas as dimens&#245;es do MLwHF, e os sintomas de ansiedade influenciaram direta ou indiretamente a presen&#231;a de um pior escore.</p>
        <p>Estar disposto a seguir uma dieta pobre em s&#243;dio e ter maior apoio social associaram-se significativamente com maiores n&#237;veis de controle percebido e melhor QV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Um estudo recente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> indicou que sintomas depressivos exerceram um efeito negativo sobre a ades&#227;o ao tratamento medicamentoso relacionada &#224; complexidade do regime de tratamento comumente prescrito a pacientes com IC. No presente estudo, tamb&#233;m observamos que o uso de betabloqueadores, IECA e furosemida estiveram associados com pior MLwHF em diferentes dimens&#245;es, sugerindo ser uma barreira para atingir a ades&#227;o ao tratamento medicamentoso.</p>
        <p>Por&#233;m, n&#227;o se sabe ao certo como e por quais mecanismos essas associa&#231;&#245;es ocorrem. Provavelmente, fatores fisiol&#243;gicos e comportamentais incluindo disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, disfun&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria, inflama&#231;&#227;o, disfun&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso, e menor envolvimento em atividades que promovem sa&#250;de, podem relacionar a depress&#227;o e a ansiedade com eventos card&#237;acos adversos e pior QV na IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Este estudo tem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. O estudo foi realizado em um &#250;nico centro, apesar de incentivar o desenvolvimento de estudos futuros em outros centros especializados. Al&#233;m disso, seu delineamento transversal dificultou a avalia&#231;&#227;o de poss&#237;veis mudan&#231;as na QV dos pacientes e de quais fatores contribu&#237;ram para tais mudan&#231;as, e especula&#231;&#245;es sobre o progn&#243;stico, que s&#243; seriam poss&#237;veis em um delineamento longitudinal. Assim, generaliza&#231;&#245;es devem ser feitas com cautela.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Com base nesses resultados, pode-se concluir que uma FEVE reduzida est&#225; associada a muitos fatores que comprometem a QV de pacientes ambulatoriais com IC, mesmo em casos menos graves clinicamente, como os pacientes em classe funcional NYHA I ou II. Esses achados podem ajudar na abordagem mais abrangente de pacientes com IC, sugerindo o diagn&#243;stico e tratamento de sintomas de ansiedade, especialmente naqueles com v&#225;rias interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares e com idade inferior a 60 anos.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Jos&#233; Henrique Cunha Figueiredo pela Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 104/2010. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
