<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">RYppykX8JZHfW5xcmd8sLvw</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000100009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190809</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Infective Endocarditis: Still a Deadly Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5561-999X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lamas</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiane da Cruz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Ensino e Pesquisa</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Ensino e Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro Hospitalar</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Grande Rio</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Cristiane da Cruz Lamas:</bold> Rua das Laranjeiras, 374, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>cristianelamas@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>9</fpage>
      <lpage>11</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Endocarditis/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Endocarditis/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospital Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Comorbidity</kwd>
        <kwd>Septic shock</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography/methods</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</funding-source>
          <award-id>E26/202.782/2015</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ; grant Jovem Cientista do Nosso Estado, # E26/202.782/2015).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>The important issue of in-hospital mortality in infective endocarditis (IE) is discussed by Marques et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> In-hospital mortality in the International Collaboration in Endocarditis (ICE) cohort (2000-2005) was 18%,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> similar to the 17% in the large European cohort recently published,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> both unacceptably high, considering that most patients included were from developed countries and voluntary registries.</p>
    <p>In the present article, in-hospital mortality was 42/134 (31.3%), higher than expected. The identified risk factors for in-hospital mortality were <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> etiology, negative blood-cultures, evidence of valve obstruction in echocardiography, heart failure secondary to IE and septic shock. Cardiac surgery was protective for mortality. To me, the most important message is &#8220;surgery was protective for mortality&#8221;. This has been shown in several studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Surgical treatment is required in approximately half of the patients with IE because of severe complications, of which heart failure (acute or acute on chronic) is the most frequent, occurring in 40-60%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> It represents the most common indication for surgery in left- sided native valve IE. Surgery may need to be performed on an emergency (within 24 h) or urgent (within a few days, 7 days) basis, irrespective of the duration of antibiotic treatment, or maybe delayed 1 or 2 weeks of antibiotic treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Although it is not clear which is the best timing,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> surely before the onset of acute heart failure seems a good time.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
		</p>
    <p>A systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated papers where early versus late surgical intervention or medical management for IE were done.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> The definition used for early valve surgery in this publication was performance of surgery at 20 days or less of diagnosis of IE or during initial hospitalization. All-cause mortality was mentioned in 21 studies, and in the group that had early surgery, it was significantly lower than in the group without early surgical intervention (OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.74, p &lt; 0.001). Heterogeneity was high among the included studies. However, regarding in-hospital mortality, a total of 11 studies reported on it and there was no significant difference between the early surgery and conventional therapy groups.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Wang et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> addressed the issue of timing of surgery in patients with definite, left-sided IE according to the modified Duke criteria who underwent cardiac surgery during the index hospitalization.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> This was a prospective cohort from the ICE -PLUS study and involved 485 patients who were operated during the same admission. Notably, cases of device-related IE were excluded from the analysis, as were hemorrhagic stroke before surgery, nosocomial IE, and surgery performance more than 60 days from admission. A multivariable logistic regression model was fit to calculate a propensity score (probability) for early surgical treatment. The median time to surgery was 7 days ([IQR] 2-15). Patients who underwent earlier surgery had a lower percentage of preexisting heart failure (before IE diagnosis) but a higher rate of acute heart failure; no difference in 6-month survival across the quartiles (Quartile 1, surgery day 0 or 1; Q2, day 2 to 6; Q3 day 7 to 15; Q4 more than 15 days) of surgical timing was found. The risk of 6-month mortality was highest for patients who underwent surgery within the initial 2 days after admission or transfer. The authors concluded that the routine use of very early surgery for any indication is not supported by current data.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The EURO-ENDO study involved a prospective cohort of 3116 adult patients (2470 from Europe), years 2016 to 2018 with a diagnosis of probable or definite IE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Cardiac surgery was indicated in 2160 (69.3%) patients but finally performed in only 1596 (73.9%) of them. In-hospital death occurred in 532 (17.1%) patients and was more frequent in prosthetic valve IE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Independent predictors of mortality were Charlson index, creatinine &gt; 2 mg/dL, congestive heart failure, vegetation length &gt; 10 mm, cerebral complications, abscess, and failure to undertake surgery when indicated. Indications for surgery were hemodynamic in 46.3% of cases, embolic in 32.1%, and infectious in 64.2% (the latter a very percentage, which is different from other large series of IE). Surgery was performed emergently in 6.7%, urgently in 24.8%, beyond the 1st week in 32% and electively in 36.5%. Having an indication for surgery and not performing surgery was the group with the highest mortality in the study and figured as the take home message. Importantly, the main reason for not performing surgery was death before surgery (53%) of patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
		</p>
    <p>It seems clear that referring early for surgical evaluation by a team experienced in treating endocarditis and performing surgery in a timely manner is important. The timeframe between surgical indication and operation was 2 weeks in the article by Marques et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> only a third of the patients were operated on, and 2/3 of patients did not have surgery indicated due to significant comorbidities.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
		</p>
    <p>In a prospective observational study on IE from multiple sites, surgical treatment for IE was performed in 733 patients, which represented 57% of all patients and 76% of patients with a surgical indication.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> The median age was 57 years for patients who underwent surgery, statistically different compared with 68 years for those who did not undergo surgery. Patients who underwent surgery were more likely to have new moderate or severe mitral or aortic regurgitation, valve perforation or abscess and embolization. In contrast, patients who did not undergo surgical treatment for IE were more likely to have medical comorbidities such as coronary artery disease, previous heart failure, diabetes mellitus and moderate/severe renal disease (findings on comorbidities are similar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>) and to have infection caused by <italic>S. aureus</italic>. In-hospital mortality was 26% vs 14.8% and 6-month mortality 31.4% versus 17.5% among patients who did not undergo surgery compared with those who did, respectively. The reasons for lack of surgery for those who had surgical indications were having a poor prognosis regardless of treatment (33.7%), hemodynamic instability (19.8%), death before surgery (23.3%), stroke (22.7%), and sepsis (21.0%). Sepsis was the single factor associated with nonsurgical management of <italic>S. aureus</italic> IE compared with other microbiological causes and median STS-IE score for <italic>S. aureus</italic> patients was higher (32) compared with 24 in non-<italic>S aureus</italic> patients, with statistical significance.</p>
    <p>In the study by Marques et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> as expected, septic shock was associated with mortality, with an OR of 20. Sepsis remains a challenge, with very high mortality rates worldwide, especially when associated with shock.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Main therapeutic measures are dealt with in the Surviving Sepsis Campaigns, of which the most recent version reinforces speediness in starting intravenous fluids, collecting blood cultures, starting appropriate antibiotics soon after this, measuring lactate, and importantly, starting vasoactive drugs readily (within 1 hour) if intravenous fluids fail to improve blood pressure and normalize lactate levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Despite the benefits in the survival of surgery, many deaths occur after surgery, and prognostic scores for valvular surgery in IE have been debated in recent years. Mortality rates in the EUROENDO study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> shows that in hospital post-cardiac surgery mortality was 170/532 (32%) overall, 74/187 (39.6%) if it was prosthetic IE and 79/286 (27.6%) if native valve IE. A recent small study from our team included 154 patients operated for IE from 2006-2016; they were mostly male (66.9%), and mean age was 42.7&#177;15 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Rheumatic valvulopathy was present in 31.2%; the most frequently isolated microorganisms were <italic>viridans</italic> group streptococci (29.9%), followed by negative cultures in 26.6% of the patients. The main surgical indication was heart failure (65.6%), and in-hospital mortality was 17.5%. On multivariate analysis, variables found to be statistically significant for death were atrioventricular block, cardiogenic shock, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, non-HACEK Gram-negatives as the etiology of IE and inotropic use. The calculated sensitivity for this was 88.9% and specificity was 91.8%; AUC was 0.97. This was dubbed INC-Rio score, and an app for Android was created (endocarditeinc.org).</p>
    <p>In the present study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> IE with negative blood cultures was associated with mortality; a publication from our group showed that, although there was no difference in mortality for blood culture positive IE and blood culture-negative IE, the latter was associated with more heart failure, which is the main factor associated with death in IE and the main reason to indicate cardiac surgery in most series.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
		</p>
    <p>In conclusion, the manuscript by Marques et al, despite limited in its inferences due to the retrospective, single-center nature of the study, is important as it brings to the cardiologists&#8217; attention the issue of the very high mortality associated with IE, especially in a center with no cardiac surgery. The important message is conveyed: left-sided IE is very often a surgical disease, and an endocarditis team is more expedite in recognizing and better treating this condition, especially with respect to indicating surgery, hopefully at its most appropriate moment.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Risk Factors for In-Hospital Mortality in Infective Endocarditis</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ; grant Jovem Cientista do Nosso Estado, # E26/202.782/2015).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgments</title>
      <p>I thank Dr. Carlos Rochitte, editor- in- chief of <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, for the opportunity of debating infective endocarditis in this prestigious journal, and my colleagues at Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia for their partnership in the &#8220;endocarditis team&#8221; and in the Mestrado Profissional em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares.</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Marques A, Cruz I, Caldeira D, Alegria S, Gomes AC, Broa AL et al. Risk Factors for In-Hospital Mortality in Infective Endocarditis. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 114(1):1-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Marques</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cruz</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Caldeira</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alegria</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gomes</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Broa</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Risk Factors for In-Hospital Mortality in Infective Endocarditis</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>114</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Murdoch DR, Corey GR, Hoen B, Mir&#243; JM, Fowler VG Jr, Bayer AS, et al. Clinical presentation, etiology, and outcome of infective endocarditis in the 21st century: The International Collaboration on Endocarditis-Prospective Cohort Study. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(5):463-73.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Murdoch</surname>
              <given-names>DR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Corey</surname>
              <given-names>GR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hoen</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mir&#243;</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fowler</surname>
              <given-names>VG</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bayer</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Clinical presentation, etiology, and outcome of infective endocarditis in the 21st century: The International Collaboration on Endocarditis-Prospective Cohort Study</article-title>
          <source>Arch Intern Med</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>169</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>463</fpage>
          <lpage>473</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Habib G, Erba PA, Iung B, Donal E, Cosyns B, Laroche C et al. Clinical presentation, aetiology and outcome of infective endocarditis. Results of the ESC-EORP EURO-ENDO (European infective endocarditis) registry: a prospective cohort study. Eur Heart J.2019;40(39):3222-32.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Habib</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Erba</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Iung</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Donal</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cosyns</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Laroche</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Clinical presentation, aetiology and outcome of infective endocarditis. Results of the ESC-EORP EURO-ENDO (European infective endocarditis) registry: a prospective cohort study</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <issue>39</issue>
          <fpage>3222</fpage>
          <lpage>3232</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Thuny F, Grisoli D, Collart F, Habib G, Raoult D. Management of infective endocarditis: challenges and perspectives. Lancet. 2012; 379(9819):965-75.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Thuny</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grisoli</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Collart</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Habib</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Raoult</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Management of infective endocarditis: challenges and perspectives</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>379</volume>
          <issue>9819</issue>
          <fpage>965</fpage>
          <lpage>975</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 Anantha Narayanan M, Mahfood Haddad T, Kalil AC, Kanmanthareddy A, Suri RM, Mansour G, et al. Early versus late surgical intervention or medical management for infective endocarditis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart. 2016;102(12):950-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Anantha Narayanan</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mahfood Haddad</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kalil</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kanmanthareddy</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Suri</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mansour</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Early versus late surgical intervention or medical management for infective endocarditis: a systematic review and meta-analysis</article-title>
          <source>Heart</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>102</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>950</fpage>
          <lpage>957</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 Chu VH, Park LP, Athan E, Delahaye F, Freiberger T, Lamas C, et al. Association between surgical indications, operative risk, and clinical outcome in infective endocarditis: a prospective study from the International Collaboration on Endocarditis. Circulation. 2015 Jan 13;131(2):131-40.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chu</surname>
              <given-names>VH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Park</surname>
              <given-names>LP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Athan</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Delahaye</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Freiberger</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lamas</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Association between surgical indications, operative risk, and clinical outcome in infective endocarditis: a prospective study from the International Collaboration on Endocarditis</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <day>13</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>131</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>131</fpage>
          <lpage>140</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 Habib G, Lancellotti P, Antunes Manuel J, Bongiorni MG, Casalta JP, Del Zotti F, et al. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of infective endocarditis (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2015. 36(44):3075-123.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Habib</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lancellotti</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Antunes Manuel</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bongiorni</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Casalta</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Del Zotti</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of infective endocarditis (ESC)</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <issue>44</issue>
          <fpage>3075</fpage>
          <lpage>3123</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 Wang A,Chu V, Athan E, Delahaye F, Freiberger T, Lamas C, et al. Association between the timing of surgery for complicated, left-sided infective endocarditis and survival. Am Heart J. 2019 Apr;210:108-16</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chu</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Athan</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Delahaye</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Freiberger</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lamas</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Association between the timing of surgery for complicated, left-sided infective endocarditis and survival</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>210</volume>
          <fpage>108</fpage>
          <lpage>116</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9 Prendergast BD, Tornos P. Surgery for Infective Endocarditis: who and when? Circulation. 2010;121(9):1141-52.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Prendergast</surname>
              <given-names>BD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tornos</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Surgery for Infective Endocarditis: who and when?</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>121</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>1141</fpage>
          <lpage>1152</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10 Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, Shankar-Hari M, Annane D, Bauer M et al. The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016;215(8):801-10.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Singer</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deutschman</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Seymour</surname>
              <given-names>CW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shankar-Hari</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Annane</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bauer</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3)</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>215</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>801</fpage>
          <lpage>810</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11 Levy MM, Evans LE, Rhodes A. The Surviving Sepsis Campaign Bundle: 2018 update. Intensive Care Med. 2018;44(6):925-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Levy</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Evans</surname>
              <given-names>LE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rhodes</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Surviving Sepsis Campaign Bundle: 2018 update</article-title>
          <source>Intensive Care Med</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>44</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>925</fpage>
          <lpage>928</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12 Martins ABB. Avalia&#231;&#227;o do desempenho de escores de progn&#243;stico de cirurgia card&#237;aca em pacientes submetidos &#224; troca valvar por endocardite infecciosa no Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, anos de 2006 a 2016. Disserta&#231;&#227;o. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia; 2016.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="thesis">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Martins</surname>
              <given-names>ABB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do desempenho de escores de progn&#243;stico de cirurgia card&#237;aca em pacientes submetidos &#224; troca valvar por endocardite infecciosa no Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, anos de 2006 a 2016</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <publisher-loc>Rio de Janeiro</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13 Lamas CC, Fournier PE, Zappa M, Brandao TJ, Januario-da-Silva CA, Correia MG et al. Diagnosis of blood culture-negative endocarditis and clinical comparison between blood culture-negative and blood culture-positive cases. Infection. 2016;44(4):459-66.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lamas</surname>
              <given-names>CC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fournier</surname>
              <given-names>PE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zappa</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brandao</surname>
              <given-names>TJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Januario-da-Silva</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Correia</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Diagnosis of blood culture-negative endocarditis and clinical comparison between blood culture-negative and blood culture-positive cases</article-title>
          <source>Infection</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>44</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>459</fpage>
          <lpage>466</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Endocardite Infecciosa: Ainda uma Doen&#231;a Mortal</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5561-999X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lamas</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiane da Cruz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Ensino e Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Cristiane da Cruz Lamas:</bold> Rua das Laranjeiras, 374, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>cristianelamas@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Endocardite/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Endocardite/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade Hospitalar</kwd>
        <kwd>Comorbidades</kwd>
        <kwd>Choque S&#233;ptico</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</funding-source>
          <award-id>E26/202.782/2015</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ; bolsa Jovem Cientista do Nosso Estado, # E26/202.782/2015).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A importante quest&#227;o da mortalidade intra-hospitalar em endocardite infecciosa (EI) &#233; discutida por Marques et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A mortalidade intra-hospitalar na coorte <italic>International Collaboration in Endocarditis</italic> (ICE) (2000-2005) foi de 18%,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> semelhante &#224; taxa de 17% na grande coorte europeia publicada recentemente,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> inaceitavelmente altas, considerando que a maioria dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos era de pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos e registros volunt&#225;rios.</p>
      <p>No presente artigo, a mortalidade hospitalar foi de 42/134 (31,3%), superior ao esperado. Os fatores de risco identificados para mortalidade intra-hospitalar foram etiologia por <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>, hemoculturas negativas, evid&#234;ncia de obstru&#231;&#227;o valvar no ecocardiograma, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca secund&#225;ria &#224; EI e choque s&#233;ptico. A cirurgia card&#237;aca foi um fator protetor para mortalidade. Para mim, a mensagem mais importante &#233; &#8220;a cirurgia card&#237;aca foi um fator protetor para mortalidade&#8221;. Isso foi demonstrado em v&#225;rios estudos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>O tratamento cir&#250;rgico &#233; necess&#225;rio em aproximadamente metade dos pacientes com EI devido a complica&#231;&#245;es graves, das quais a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (aguda ou cr&#244;nica agudizada) &#233; a mais frequente, ocorrendo em 40 a 60% dos casos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Representa a indica&#231;&#227;o mais comum de cirurgia em EI de v&#225;lvula nativa esquerda. A cirurgia pode precisar ser realizada em car&#225;ter de emerg&#234;ncia (dentro de 24 horas) ou de urg&#234;ncia (dentro de alguns dias, 7 dias), independentemente da dura&#231;&#227;o do tratamento com antibi&#243;ticos, ou ap&#243;s 1 ou 2 semanas de tratamento com antibi&#243;ticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Embora n&#227;o esteja claro qual &#233; o melhor momento,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> certamente antes do instala&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda parece ser uma boa hora.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e uma meta-an&#225;lise avaliaram artigos em que foram realizadas interven&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas precoces <italic>versus</italic> tardias ou tratamento conservador para EI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> A defini&#231;&#227;o utilizada para cirurgia valvar precoce nesta publica&#231;&#227;o foi a realiza&#231;&#227;o de cirurgias com 20 dias ou menos de diagn&#243;stico de EI ou durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o inicial. A mortalidade por todas as causas foi mencionada em 21 estudos e, no grupo que foi submetido &#224; cirurgia precoce, foi significativamente menor do que no grupo sem interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica precoce (OR 0,61, IC 95% 0,50 a 0,74, p &lt; 0,001). A heterogeneidade foi alta entre os estudos inclu&#237;dos. No entanto, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mortalidade intra-hospitalar, um total de 11 estudos relatou-a e n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos de cirurgia precoce e terapia convencional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Wang et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> abordaram a quest&#227;o do momento da cirurgia em pacientes com diagn&#243;stico definitivo de EI do lado esquerdo, de acordo com os crit&#233;rios de Duke modificados que foram submetidos a cirurgia card&#237;aca durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o-&#237;ndice.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Essa foi uma coorte prospectiva do estudo ICE-PLUS e avaliou 485 pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia durante a mesma hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. &#201; importante observar que os casos de EI relacionados a dispositivo foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise, assim como acidente vascular cerebral hemorr&#225;gico antes da cirurgia, EI nosocomial e realiza&#231;&#227;o da cirurgia mais de 60 dias ap&#243;s a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Um modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada foi adequado para calcular um escore de propens&#227;o (probabilidade) para o tratamento cir&#250;rgico precoce. A mediana do tempo at&#233; a cirurgia foi de 7 dias ([IIQ] 2-15). Pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia mais precocemente apresentaram uma porcentagem menor de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca preexistente (antes do diagn&#243;stico de EI), mas uma taxa mais alta de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda; n&#227;o foi encontrada diferen&#231;a na sobrevida em 6 meses entre os quartis (Quartil 1, dia da cirurgia 0 ou 1; Q2, dia 2 a 6; Q3 dia 7 a 15; Q4 mais de 15 dias) do tempo cir&#250;rgico. O risco de mortalidade em 6 meses foi maior nos pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia nos primeiros 2 dias ap&#243;s a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o ou transfer&#234;ncia. Os autores conclu&#237;ram que o uso rotineiro de cirurgia muito precoces para qualquer indica&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o &#233; apoiado pelos dados atuais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>O estudo EURO-ENDO envolveu uma coorte prospectiva de 3.116 pacientes adultos (2.470 da Europa), nos anos de 2016 a 2018 com diagn&#243;stico de EI prov&#225;vel ou definitivo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> A cirurgia card&#237;aca foi indicada em 2.160 (69,3%) pacientes, mas no final, foi realizada em apenas 1.596 (73,9%), sendo que a mortalidade hospitalar ocorreu em 532 (17,1%) pacientes e foi mais frequente na EI de pr&#243;tese valvar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Os preditores independentes de mortalidade foram o &#237;ndice de Charlson, creatinina &gt;2 mg/dL, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, maior di&#226;metro da vegeta&#231;&#227;o &gt;10 mm, complica&#231;&#245;es cerebrais, abscesso e falha na realiza&#231;&#227;o da cirurgia, quando indicada. As indica&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas foram hemodin&#226;micas em 46,3% dos casos, emb&#243;licas em 32,1% e infecciosas em 64,2% (este &#250;ltimo percentual muito diferente de outras grandes s&#233;ries de EI).</p>
      <p>A cirurgia foi realizada de maneira emergencial em 6,7%, como urg&#234;ncia em 24,8%, al&#233;m da 1&#170; semana em 32% e de maneira eletiva em 36,5%. Ter uma indica&#231;&#227;o para cirurgia e n&#227;o ser submetido a ela foi o grupo com maior mortalidade no estudo e constituiu a principal mensagem do artigo. &#201; importante ressaltar que o principal motivo para a n&#227;o realiza&#231;&#227;o da cirurgia foi a morte dos pacientes antes da cirurgia (53%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Est&#225; claro que &#233; importante encaminhar precocemente para avalia&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica por uma equipe experiente no tratamento da endocardite e realizar a cirurgia em tempo h&#225;bil. O prazo entre a indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica e a cirurgia foi de 2 semanas no artigo de Marques et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Apenas um ter&#231;o dos pacientes foi operado e 2/3 dos pacientes n&#227;o tiveram indica&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia devido a comorbidades significativas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Em um estudo observacional multic&#234;ntrico sobre EI, o tratamento cir&#250;rgico para EI foi realizado em 733 pacientes, o que representou 57% de todos os pacientes e 76% dos pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> A m&#233;dia da idade foi 57 anos para pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia, estatisticamente diferente em compara&#231;&#227;o aos 68 anos para aqueles que n&#227;o foram submetidos &#224; cirurgia. Os pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia tiveram maior probabilidade de apresentar nova insufici&#234;ncia mitral ou a&#243;rtica moderada ou grave, perfura&#231;&#227;o valvar ou abscesso e emboliza&#231;&#227;o. Por outro lado, pacientes que n&#227;o foram submetidos ao tratamento cir&#250;rgico para EI tiveram maior probabilidade de apresentar comorbidades, como doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca anterior, diabetes mellitus e doen&#231;a renal moderada / grave (os achados de comorbidades s&#227;o semelhantes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>) e de ter infec&#231;&#227;o causada por <italic>S. aureus</italic>. A mortalidade intra-hospitalar foi de 26% vs. 14,8% e mortalidade em 6 meses foi de 31,4% vs. 17,5% entre os pacientes que n&#227;o foram submetidos &#224; cirurgia em compara&#231;&#227;o com os que foram submetidos, respectivamente. Os motivos da n&#227;o realiza&#231;&#227;o da cirurgia para aqueles que tinham indica&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas foram um progn&#243;stico ruim, independentemente do tratamento (33,7%), instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica (19,8%), &#243;bito antes da cirurgia (23,3%), acidente vascular cerebral (22,7%) e sepse (21,0 %). A sepse foi o fator &#250;nico associado ao manejo n&#227;o cir&#250;rgico da EI por <italic>S. aureus</italic> em compara&#231;&#227;o com outras causas microbiol&#243;gicas, e a mediana do escore STS-IE para pacientes que n&#227;o tinham EI por S.aureus foi maior (32) em compara&#231;&#227;o com 24 em pacientes n&#227;o-<italic>S. aureus</italic>, com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
      <p>No estudo de Marques et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> como esperado, o choque s&#233;ptico foi associado &#224; mortalidade, com um OR de 20. A sepse continua sendo um desafio, com taxas de mortalidade muito altas em todo o mundo, principalmente quando associada ao choque.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> As principais medidas terap&#234;uticas s&#227;o abordadas na <italic>Surviving Sepsis Campaigns</italic>, das quais a vers&#227;o mais recente refor&#231;a a rapidez no in&#237;cio de fluidos intravenosos, coleta de hemoculturas, in&#237;cio de antibi&#243;ticos apropriados logo ap&#243;s isso, medidas de lactato e, principalmente, in&#237;cio das drogas vasoativas prontamente (em 1 hora) se os fluidos intravenosos n&#227;o normalizarem a press&#227;o arterial e os n&#237;veis de lactato.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Apesar dos benef&#237;cios da cirurgia na sobreviv&#234;ncia, muitas mortes ocorrem ap&#243;s a cirurgia, e os escores progn&#243;sticos da cirurgia valvar na EI foram debatidos nos &#250;ltimos anos. As taxas de mortalidade no estudo EUROENDO<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> mostram que, a mortalidade hospitalar p&#243;s-cirurgia card&#237;aca foi de 170/532 (32%) no geral, 74/187 (39,6%) se fosse EI prot&#233;tica, e 79/286 (27,6%) se fosse EI de v&#225;lvula nativa. Um pequeno estudo recente de nossa equipe incluiu 154 pacientes submetidos a cirurgia para EI de 2006 a 2016; eram em sua maioria do sexo masculino (66,9%) e a m&#233;dia de idade era de 42,7 &#177; 15 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Valvopatia reum&#225;tica estava presente em 31,2%; os microrganismos isolados mais frequentemente foram estreptococos do grupo <italic>viridans</italic> (29,9%), seguidos por culturas negativas em 26,6% dos pacientes. A principal indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica foi insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (65,6%), e a mortalidade hospitalar foi de 17,5%. Na an&#225;lise multivariada, as vari&#225;veis consideradas estatisticamente significantes para &#243;bito foram bloqueio atrioventricular, choque cardiog&#234;nico, diabetes mellitus insulinodependente, Gram-negativos n&#227;o HACEK como etiologia da EI e uso de inotr&#243;picos. A sensibilidade calculada para isso foi de 88,9% e a especificidade, de 91,8%; a AUC foi de 0,97. Isso foi chamado de escore INC-Rio e um aplicativo para foi criado para Android (endocarditeinc.org).</p>
      <p>No presente estudo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> a EI com hemocultura negativa foi associada &#224; mortalidade; uma publica&#231;&#227;o do nosso grupo mostrou que, embora n&#227;o houvesse diferen&#231;a na mortalidade para EI com hemocultura positiva e EI com hemocultura negativa, esta &#250;ltima estava associado a mais insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, que &#233; o principal fator associado &#224; morte na EI e o principal motivo para indicar cirurgia card&#237;aca na maioria das s&#233;ries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Em conclus&#227;o, o trabalho de Marques et al, apesar de limitado em suas infer&#234;ncias devido &#224; natureza de estudo retrospectivo, de centro &#250;nico, &#233; importante, pois chama a aten&#231;&#227;o dos cardiologistas para a quest&#227;o da mortalidade muito alta associada a EI, principalmente em um centro sem cirurgia card&#237;aca. A mensagem importante &#233; dada: a EI do lado esquerdo &#233; frequentemente uma doen&#231;a cir&#250;rgica, e um &#8220;endocarditis team&#8221; &#233; mais r&#225;pido em reconhecer e tratar melhor essa condi&#231;&#227;o, especialmente no que diz respeito &#224; indica&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia, esperamos que no momento mais apropriado.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Fatores de Risco para Mortalidade Hospitalar na Endocardite Infecciosa</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ; bolsa Jovem Cientista do Nosso Estado, # E26/202.782/2015).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Agrade&#231;o ao Dr. Carlos Rochitte, Editor-chefe dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, pela oportunidade de debater endocardite infecciosa nesta prestigiada revista, e aos meus colegas do Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia por sua parceria no &#8220;endocarditis team&#8221; e no Mestrado Profissional em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
