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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">mWKfnsGJrSy6j9ygdsjTbqw</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2020000100001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2019005022107</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20180194</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Risk Factors for In-Hospital Mortality in Infective Endocarditis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8341-6412</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Marques</surname>
            <given-names>Ana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cruz</surname>
            <given-names>In&#234;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2520-5673</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Caldeira</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8745-3541</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alegria</surname>
            <given-names>Sofia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7485-1244</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Catarina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Broa</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Lu&#237;sa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jo&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Isabel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>H&#233;lder</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Garcia de Orta EPE</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Almada</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Garcia de Orta EPE Almada - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Lisboa</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Laborat&#243;rio de Farmacologia Cl&#237;nica e Terap&#234;utica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Lisbon</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Farmacologia Cl&#237;nica e Terap&#234;utica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Lisboa</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto de Medicina Molecular</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Lisbon</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Lisboa</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro Cardiovascular</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Lisbon</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Cardiovascular da Universidade de Lisboa - CCUL, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Ana Marques,</bold> Hospital Garcia de Orta EPE - Av Torrado da Silva 2805-267 - Portugal. E-mail: <email>ana.smc.25@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Cruz I, Broa AL; Acquisition of data: Marques A, Cruz I, Alegria S, Gomes AC, Broa AL; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Marques A, Cruz I, Gomes AC, Broa AL; Statistical analysis:Marques A, Caldeira D, Broa AL; Writing of the manuscript: Marques A, Caldeira D, Alegria S; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Caldeira D, Jo&#227;o I, Pereira H.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>114</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>1</fpage>
      <lpage>8</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Infective endocarditis (IE) is associated with severe complications and high mortality. The assessment of mortality rates and predictors for fatal events is important to identify modifiable factors related to the pattern of treatment, in order to improve outcomes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>We sought to evaluate clinical outcomes of patients with IE and to determine predictors of in-hospital mortality.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Retrospective single-center study including patients with IE admitted during a 10-year period (2006-2015). Data on comorbidities, clinical presentation, microbiology and clinical outcomes during hospitalization were evaluated. Risk factors of in-hospital death were analyzed. A p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>A total of 134 cases were included (73% males, mean age of 61 &#177; 16 years-old). Half of them had previous valvular heart disease. Healthcare-associated IE and negative blood-cultures occurred in 22% and prosthetic IE in 25%. The aortic valve was the one most often affected by infection. Staphylococcus aureus was the most commonly isolated microorganism. Forty-four (32.8%) patients underwent cardiac surgery. The in-hospital mortality rate was 31.3% (42 patients). The identified risk factors for in-hospital mortality were Staphylococcus aureus etiology (OR 6.47; 95% CI: 1.07-39.01; p = 0.042), negative blood-cultures (OR 9.14; 95% CI: 1.42-58.77; p = 0.02), evidence of valve obstruction in echocardiography (OR 8.57; 95% CI: 1.11-66.25; p = 0.039), clinical evolution with heart failure (OR 4.98; 95%CI: 1.31-18.92; p = 0.018) or septic shock (OR 20.26; 95% CI: 4.04-101.74; p &lt; 0.001). Cardiac surgery was a protective factor of mortality (OR 0.14; 95% CI 0.03-0.65; p = 0.012).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The risk factors for in-hospital mortality were clinical (heart failure, septic shock), evidence of valve obstruction in echocardiography, Staphylococcus aureus etiology or negative blood cultures. Invasive treatment by surgery significantly decreased the mortality risk.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Endocarditis, Bacterial/mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitalization</kwd>
        <kwd>Comorbidity</kwd>
        <kwd>Shock Septic</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Surgery</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Infective endocarditis (IE) is associated with severe complications and high mortality, despite the improvements in its medical and surgical management.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The diverse nature and evolving epidemiological profile of IE ensure that it remains a diagnostic challenge.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> The presentation and evolution of IE is highly variable, depending on host factors (such as existence of previous cardiac disease, prosthetic valves or implanted cardiac device, as well as factors that modulate the immune response), the microorganism involved and the adequacy of the provided treatment (antibiotics, heart failure medical treatment, surgery).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The interplay of these factors results in an in-hospital mortality rate of patients with IE ranging from 15% to 30%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The assessment of mortality rates and predictors for fatal events is important to identify modifiable factors and the pattern of treatment in order to further improve the outcomes. This approach identifies the patients at highest risk of death for whom the level of care should be stepped-up.</p>
      <p>Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the clinical outcomes of patients with IE and to determine predictors of in-hospital mortality.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>A retrospective single-center study was performed, including all consecutive adult patients during a 10-year period (January.2006 to December.2015), in a Portuguese public tertiary general hospital, without on-site cardiac surgery department. The protocol was approved by the institutional review board and local ethics committee.</p>
      <p>The population of interest was all cases of definite or possible IE according to the modified Duke criteria,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> including those corresponding to patients that had more than one IE episode. For diagnosis purposes, cultural criteria consider as positive cultures during an extended incubation time for blood cultures of up to 21 days, according to the local protocol for IE suspicion. The cases were all identified by hospital discharge codes. The patients were followed until discharge or death (including hospitalization at the surgical center).</p>
      <p>Demographic and clinical characteristics, type of endocarditis (native valve, prosthetic valve or device-associated), echocardiographic and microbiological findings, as well as surgical procedure and hospitalization outcomes were retrieved. The sample was characterized using basic descriptive statistic measures.</p>
      <p>Patients that died during hospital stay were compared with those that survived regarding their demographic and clinical features, microbiological and echocardiographic findings and hospitalization outcomes.</p>
      <p>The primary outcome was all-cause in-hospital mortality. The other adverse outcomes of interest were heart failure (defined as the presence of typical symptoms and signs caused by a structural and/or functional cardiac abnormality, resulting in a reduced cardiac output and/or elevated intracardiac pressures), septic shock (characterized by the presence of Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome to an infectious process, with sepsis-induced organ dysfunction or tissue hypoperfusion and persistently arterial hypotension, despite the administration of intravenous fluids), evidence of locally uncontrolled infection or periannular complication (valve destruction or perforation, increasing vegetation size, abscess formation, pseudoaneurysm, valve aneurysm and intracardiac fistula) and embolic events (ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, mycotic aneurism, myelitis/meningitis, peripheral ischemia and splenic, pulmonary or hepatic infarction or abscesses, diagnosed through computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging, performed according to the clinical suspicion of embolism).</p>
      <p>Healthcare-associated IE was defined as IE manifesting more than 48 hours after hospital admission or IE acquired in association with an invasive procedure performed in the 6 months before diagnosis during hospital stay and/or manipulation in a hospital setting.</p>
      <p>Valve regurgitation detected at echocardiography included both significant valve regurgitation in native valve IE cases and significant intra and paraprosthetic leaks in prosthetic IE cases.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Categorical variables were presented as frequencies and percentages and were compared using the chi-square test. Continuous variables were expressed as means and standard deviations (SD) and were compared using the independent-samples t-test, after normal distribution was checked using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test or skewness and kurtosis. Continuous variables with skewed distributions were presented as medians and interquartile ranges (IQR) and a non-parametric method (Mann Whitney U test) was employed.</p>
        <p>In order to identify predictors of in-hospital mortality, variables with a p value &lt; 0.1 in the univariate analysis were included in a logistic regression using an enter stepwise method. Two models were performed; one model included all Streptococcal Species and the other included the microorganism <italic>Streptococcus gallolyticus</italic>, since they are variables that are not independent of each other and both had a p value &lt; 0.1 in the univariate analysis. The model predictive performance was tested by assessing its discrimination and its calibration. Discrimination was measured with the area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) and calibration was measured by using pseudo-R<sup>2</sup> (Nagelkerke R<sup>2</sup>). The final model defined was that with the highest predictive performance according to the AUROC and pseudo-R<sup>2</sup>.</p>
        <p>All reported p values were two-tailed, with a p value &lt; 0.05 indicating statistical significance. The statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics software, version 22.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Population characteristics</title>
        <p>Between January 2006 and December 2015, 134 cases of infective endocarditis were hospitalized in our center: 101 cases had definite IE and the remaining corresponded to possible IE cases, according to the modified Duke criteria. About 73% of these patients were males, the mean age was 61 &#177; 16 years. The main clinical characteristics, namely the comorbidities, clinical presentation, microbiology and clinical outcomes of IE cases are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Population characteristics of infective endocarditis cases (n = 134) and p value of univariate analysis of predictors of in-hospital mortality</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variable</th>
                <th align="center">IE Survivors<break/>(n = 92)</th>
                <th align="center">IE Non-Survivors (n = 42)</th>
                <th align="center">Total IE cases<break/>(n = 134)</th>
                <th align="center">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male gender - n&#186;. (%)</td>
                <td align="center">70 (76.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (66.7)</td>
                <td align="center">98 (73.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.254</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Age - yrs.</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">mean &#177;SD</td>
                <td align="center">60 &#177; 17</td>
                <td align="center">64 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">61 &#177; 16</td>
                <td align="center">0.177</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Min - max</td>
                <td align="center">22 - 89</td>
                <td align="center">31 - 88</td>
                <td align="center">22 - 89</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&gt; 75 yrs. - no. (%)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (27.2)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (21.4)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (25.4)</td>
                <td align="center">0.478</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Comorbidities - n&#186;. (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Arterial Hypertension</td>
                <td align="center">47 (51.1)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (50)</td>
                <td align="center">68 (50.7)</td>
                <td align="center">0.907</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Valvular heart disease</td>
                <td align="center">42 (45.7)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (57.1)</td>
                <td align="center">66 (49.3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.217</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Heart Failure</td>
                <td align="center">18 (19.6)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (38.1)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (25.4)</td>
                <td align="center">0.022<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hepatic Disease</td>
                <td align="center">24 (26.1)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (19)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (23.9)</td>
                <td align="center">0.413</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">14 (15.2)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (19)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (15.8)</td>
                <td align="center">0.579</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pulmonary Disease</td>
                <td align="center">15 (16.3)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (14.3)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (15.7)</td>
                <td align="center">0.766</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Coronary Artery Disease</td>
                <td align="center">12 (13)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (16.7)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (14.2)</td>
                <td align="center">0.577</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Intravenous drug users</td>
                <td align="center">13 (14.1)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (11.9)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (13.4)</td>
                <td align="center">0.763</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HIV</td>
                <td align="center">12 (13)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (14.3)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (13.4)</td>
                <td align="center">0.804</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Chronic Renal Disease</td>
                <td align="center">9 (9.8)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (16.7)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (11.9)</td>
                <td align="center">0.254</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Intracardiac device</td>
                <td align="center">7 (7.6)</td>
                <td align="center">3(7.1)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (7.5)</td>
                <td align="center">1.000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Clinical Presentation - no. (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fever</td>
                <td align="center">71 (77.2)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (57.1)</td>
                <td align="center">95 (70.9)</td>
                <td align="center">0.018<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Systemic symptoms (weight loss, anorexia, tiredness)</td>
                <td align="center">52 (56.5)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (66.7)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (59.7)</td>
                <td align="center">0.165</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Heart murmur</td>
                <td align="center">57 (62)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (54.8)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (59.7)</td>
                <td align="center">0.431</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Anemia</td>
                <td align="center">35 (38)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (40.5)</td>
                <td align="center">52 (38.8)</td>
                <td align="center">0.789</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Embolization symptoms</td>
                <td align="center">17 (18.5)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (28.6)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (21.6)</td>
                <td align="center">0.188</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Number of episodes of IE- n&#186;. (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1</td>
                <td align="center">84 (91.3)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (90.5)</td>
                <td align="center">122 (91)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">0.816</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">2</td>
                <td align="center">6 (6.5)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2.4)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (5.2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">3</td>
                <td align="center">2 (2.2)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (7.1)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (3.7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Type of IE- n&#186;. (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Native valve</td>
                <td align="center">67 (72.8)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (69)</td>
                <td align="center">96 (71.6)</td>
                <td align="center">0.653</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Prosthetic valve</td>
                <td align="center">21 (22.8)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (31)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (25.4)</td>
                <td align="center">0.316</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt;1yr after cardiac surgery</td>
                <td align="center">8 (8.7)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (4.8)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (7.5)</td>
                <td align="center">0.251</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Device-Related Infective Endocarditis</td>
                <td align="center">4 (4.3)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.309</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Valves affected - n&#186;. (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.378</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1 valve</td>
                <td align="center">70 (76.1)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (76.2)</td>
                <td align="center">111 (82,8)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">2 valves</td>
                <td align="center">12 (13)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (14.3)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (13.4)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">3 valves</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0.7)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aortic valve</td>
                <td align="center">53 (57.6)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (57.1)</td>
                <td align="center">77 (57.5)</td>
                <td align="center">0.960</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mitral valve</td>
                <td align="center">30 (32.6)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (40.5)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (35.1)</td>
                <td align="center">0.376</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Right-sided valves</td>
                <td align="center">16 (17.4)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (7.1)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (14.2)</td>
                <td align="center">0.115</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Type of infection - n&#186;. (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Community-acquired endocarditis</td>
                <td align="center">72 (78.2)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (76.2)</td>
                <td align="center">104 (77.6)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.790</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Healthcare-associated IE</td>
                <td align="center">20 (21.7)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (23.8)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (22.4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Continuation</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Microbiology - n&#186;. (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Blood culture-negative infective endocarditis</td>
                <td align="center">16 (17.4)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (31)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (21.6)</td>
                <td align="center">0.077</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"><italic>Staphylococcal</italic> species</td>
                <td align="center">25 (27.2)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (40.5)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (31.3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.124</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">15 (16.3)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (35.4)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (22.4)</td>
                <td align="center">0.012<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">5 (5.4)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2.4)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (4.5)</td>
                <td align="center">0.665</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Other coagulase-negative <italic>Staphylococci</italic></td>
                <td align="center">4 (4.3)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2.4)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (3.7)</td>
                <td align="center">1.000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"><italic>Streptococcal</italic> Species</td>
                <td align="center">34 (37)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (16.7)</td>
                <td align="center">41 (30,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0.018<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Viridans Group <italic>Streptococci</italic></td>
                <td align="center">14 (15.2)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (7.1)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (12.7)</td>
                <td align="center">0.193</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <italic>Streptococcus gallolyticus</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">12 (13)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2.4)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (9.7)</td>
                <td align="center">0.063</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <italic>Streptococcus milleri</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">2 (2.2)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2.4)</td>
                <td align="center">3(2.2)</td>
                <td align="center">1.000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"><italic>Enterococcal</italic> species</td>
                <td align="center">12 (13)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (9.5)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (11.9)</td>
                <td align="center">0.560</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Gram-negative bacteria</td>
                <td align="center">2 (2.2)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (7.1)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (3.7)</td>
                <td align="center">0.177</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fungi</td>
                <td align="center">2 (2.2)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2.4)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (2.2)</td>
                <td align="center">1.000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HACEK group</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0.7)</td>
                <td align="center">1.000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Echocardiographic Findings - n&#186;. (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vegetation</td>
                <td align="center">74 (80.4)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (76.2)</td>
                <td align="center">106 (79.1)</td>
                <td align="center">0.776</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Valve regurgitation</td>
                <td align="center">50 (54.3)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (45.2)</td>
                <td align="center">69 (51.5)</td>
                <td align="center">0.539</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Valve destruction</td>
                <td align="center">19 (20.7)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (16.7)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (19.4)</td>
                <td align="center">0.722</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Valve obstruction</td>
                <td align="center">3 (3.3)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (11.9)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (6)</td>
                <td align="center">0.05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Abscess</td>
                <td align="center">8 (8.7)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (23.8)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (13.4)</td>
                <td align="center">0.009<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pseudoaneurysm</td>
                <td align="center">5 (5.4)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (3.7)</td>
                <td align="center">0.320</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Valve Aneurysm</td>
                <td align="center">3 (3.3)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (2.2)</td>
                <td align="center">0.554</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Intracardiac Fistula</td>
                <td align="center">4 (4.3)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (4.8)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (4.5)</td>
                <td align="center">1.000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Treatment - n&#186;. (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Only medical treatment</td>
                <td align="center">52 (56.5)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (90.5)</td>
                <td align="center">90 (67.2)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cardiac Surgery</td>
                <td align="center">40 (43.5)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (9.5)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (32.8)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Statistically significant variable. IE: infective endocarditis; SD: standard deviation.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>About half of the patients had previous arterial hypertension and valvular heart disease and 13.4% were intravenous drug users. Regarding the 13.4% of patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection, only 44% of these patients were on antiretroviral therapy at the time of the IE diagnosis; CD4 cells counts were obtained in 13 patients, with a median level of 130 &#177; 391 CD4 cells. About 12% of the IE cases corresponded to patients with chronic renal disease, and 31% of these were on hemodialysis.</p>
        <p>The majority of the cases were related to native valves (71.6%), while the remaining were associated with prosthetic heart valves (25.4%) and device-related IE (3%).</p>
        <p>Healthcare-associated infective endocarditis cases occurred in 22.4% of the patients.</p>
        <p>About 22% of the cases had negative blood cultures. Antibiotic administration previous to blood culture collection was described in 72% of these cases. In 1 case, the IE diagnosis was made at the autopsy and blood samples were not obtained.</p>
        <p>The most commonly isolated microorganisms were <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> (22.4%) and Viridans Group Streptococci (12.7%).</p>
        <p>A transthoracic echocardiography was performed in all patients, while a transesophageal study was carried out in 118 (88%) patients, with a mean time between admission and test performance of 10 &#177; 9.5 days (range 0-54 days). The main echocardiographic finding observed was the presence of vegetations (79.1%).</p>
        <p>Valve regurgitation was observed in 69 cases, with 4 patients having reduced left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF). Only 11 cases reported the LVEF and the median LVEF was 61% (IQR 18%). Systolic pulmonary artery pressure (SPAP) was reported in 15 cases, with a mean SPAP value of 41 mmHg (SD 27 mmHg).</p>
        <p>Valve obstruction was diagnosed in 8 cases (5 cases of prosthetic IE and 3 cases in native valves) and was related to degenerated prosthesis in 4 patients, to large vegetations causing valve obstruction in 3 patients and in 1 case due to severe valvular aortic stenosis.</p>
        <p>18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computer tomography (<sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET/CT) was performed in 1 patient, detecting signs of abnormal activity around the site of the prosthetic valve implantation (surgery performed more than 1 year before). None of the diagnosis was made by radiolabeled WBC single-photon emission computed tomography/Computed Tomography (SPECT/CT).</p>
        <p>The median length of hospital stay was 41 &#177; 23 days (range 1-112 days). Forty-four (32.8%) patients underwent cardiac surgery. The main indication for surgery was heart failure (n = 33; 75%), followed by uncontrolled infection (n = 11; 27.3%) and prevention of embolism (n = 6; 13.6%). One patient was referred to surgery for pacemaker lead extraction. The mean time between the first day of hospitalization and surgical procedure was 26 &#177; 18 days, the mean time between IE diagnosis and the surgical procedure was 21 &#177; 16 days and the mean time between the indication for surgery and surgical procedure was 14 &#177; 12 days.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Adverse outcomes during hospitalization</title>
        <p>The in-hospital mortality rate was 31.3% (42 patients). Septic shock was the cause of death for one third of the patients (n = 14), 10 (23.8%) patients died due to heart failure, 9 (21.4%) due to embolic complications and 1 (2.4%) patient died due to cardiac tamponade. The cause of death was uncertain in 8 patients (19%).</p>
        <p>Most of these patients (73.8%, 31 patients) were not candidates for cardiac surgery. The reasons for these patients not being candidates for cardiac surgery are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">table 2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Reasons for patients not being candidates for cardiac surgery (31 patients)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="80%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Cause</th>
                <th align="center">Patients (n)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Significant comorbidities:</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dementia and cognitive impairment with dependence in activities of daily living</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ischemic stroke with significant post-stroke sequelae in patients with advanced age or multiple comorbidities</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Advanced age with substantial associated comorbidities</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Noncompliant HIV patients with poor general clinical conditions</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Active intravenous drug user with poor general clinical conditions</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Malignant tumor with poor prognosis</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Severe alcoholism with significant organ damage</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemorrhagic stroke (1<sup>st</sup> month after the event)</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Active bacteremia in association with an active extracardiac infectious focus</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Death nearly after the diagnosis (the physicians did not have the chance for surgical referral)</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Post-autopsy diagnosis</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Eleven patients (26.2%) were candidates for surgery but 4 died before the intervention (2 patients due to embolic events occurrence, 1 due to septic shock and 1 patient due to heart failure); 3 patients were refused for surgery by the surgical team (2 patients due to the presence of an ischemic stroke with hemorrhagic transformation and one was an HIV patient with three IE episodes that was previously submitted to 2 cardiac surgeries due to IE and with significant associated comorbidities); 4 patients died after the intervention (2 patients due to septic shock, 1 due to cardiac tamponade and in 1 the cause of death was uncertain), resulting in a surgery-related mortality rate of 9%.</p>
        <p>The other adverse outcomes during hospitalization are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Adverse Outcomes during hospitalization and P value of univariate analysis of predictors of in-hospital mortality</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="40%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variable</th>
                <th align="center">IE Survivors<break/>(n = 92)</th>
                <th align="center">IE Non-Survivors (n = 42)</th>
                <th align="center">Total IE cases<break/>(n = 134)</th>
                <th align="center">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>In-hospital death - no. (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>42 (31.3)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Adverse Outcomes during Hospitalization - no. (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Heart failure</td>
                <td align="center">38 (41.3)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (64.3)</td>
                <td align="center">65 (48.5)</td>
                <td align="center">0.014<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Locally uncontrolled infection/ periannular complication</td>
                <td align="center">39(42.4)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (38.1)</td>
                <td align="center">55 (41)</td>
                <td align="center">0.639</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Embolic events</td>
                <td align="center">30 (32.6)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (50)</td>
                <td align="center">51 (38.1)</td>
                <td align="center">0.054</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Septic shock</td>
                <td align="center">8 (8.7)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (45.2)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (20.1)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Statistically significant variable. IE: infective endocarditis.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Of the 65 patients that evolved with heart failure, left ventricle systolic dysfunction was observed in 5 patients in the transthoracic echocardiography performed during hospital stay. None of the patients had previously known left ventricular systolic dysfunction.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Predictors of in-hospital mortality</title>
        <p>In the univariate analysis, previous heart failure, apyrexia, <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> etiology, non-isolation of Streptococcal Species, evidence of paravalvular abscess or valve obstruction in echocardiography, incident heart failure or septic shock and absence of cardiac surgery were significantly and positively associated with in-hospital mortality (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">3</xref>).</p>
        <p>In the multivariate analysis, the significant risk factors of in-hospital mortality identified in the final model were <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> etiology, blood-culture negative endocarditis, evidence of valve obstruction in echocardiography and clinical evolution with heart failure or septic shock. Cardiac surgery was a protective factor of in-hospital mortality (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Multivariable logistic-regression model of predictors of in-hospital mortality - Final Model (including all Streptococcal Species)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="40%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variable</th>
                <th align="center">Odds ratio (OR)</th>
                <th align="center">95% CI</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
                <th align="center">Nagelkerke R<sup>2</sup></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Previous Heart Failure</td>
                <td align="center">3,88</td>
                <td align="center">0.90-16.70</td>
                <td align="center">0.069</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="12">0.622</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fever</td>
                <td align="center">0.41</td>
                <td align="center">0.17-1.45</td>
                <td align="center">0.167</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">6.47</td>
                <td align="center">1.07-39.09</td>
                <td align="center">0.042<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <italic>Streptococcal Species</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">2.96</td>
                <td align="center">0.40-21.72</td>
                <td align="center">0.286</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Negative blood cultures</td>
                <td align="center">9.14</td>
                <td align="center">1.42-58.77</td>
                <td align="center">0.02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Valve obstruction in echocardiography</td>
                <td align="center">8.57</td>
                <td align="center">1.11-66.25</td>
                <td align="center">0.039<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Abscess in echocardiography</td>
                <td align="center">4.14</td>
                <td align="center">0.89-19.21</td>
                <td align="center">0.07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Heart failure</td>
                <td align="center">4.98</td>
                <td align="center">1.31-18.92</td>
                <td align="center">0.018<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Septic shock</td>
                <td align="center">20.26</td>
                <td align="center">4.04-102.74</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Embolic events</td>
                <td align="center">1.98</td>
                <td align="center">0.53-7.36</td>
                <td align="center">0.309</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cardiac surgery</td>
                <td align="center">0.14</td>
                <td align="center">0.03-0.65</td>
                <td align="center">0.012<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AUROC</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">0.88-0.97</td>
                <td align="center">0.926</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Statistically significant variable. CI: confidence interval.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The model 2 that included <italic>Streptococcus gallolyticus</italic> organism had a numerically lower predictive performance and is described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">table 5</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Multivariable logistic-regression model of predictors of in-hospital mortality - Model 2 (including <italic>Streptococcus gallolyticus</italic> organism)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="40%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variable</th>
                <th align="center">OR</th>
                <th align="center">95% CI</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
                <th align="center">Nagelkerke R<sup>2</sup></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Previous heart failure</td>
                <td align="center">3.48</td>
                <td align="center">0.80-15.13</td>
                <td align="center">0.097</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="12">0.614</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fever</td>
                <td align="center">0.46</td>
                <td align="center">0.13-1.56</td>
                <td align="center">0.211</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">4.05</td>
                <td align="center">0.87-19.00</td>
                <td align="center">0.076</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <italic>Streptococcus gallolyticus</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0.94</td>
                <td align="center">0.05-17.76</td>
                <td align="center">0.965</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Negative blood cultures</td>
                <td align="center">5.32</td>
                <td align="center">1.14-24.92</td>
                <td align="center">0.034<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Valve obstruction in echocardiography</td>
                <td align="center">11.97</td>
                <td align="center">1.27-112.91</td>
                <td align="center">0.030<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Abscess in echocardiography</td>
                <td align="center">3.73</td>
                <td align="center">0.84-16.62</td>
                <td align="center">0.085</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Heart failure</td>
                <td align="center">4.80</td>
                <td align="center">1.27-18.23</td>
                <td align="center">0.021<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Septic shock</td>
                <td align="center">16.03</td>
                <td align="center">3.59-71.53</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Embolic events</td>
                <td align="center">1.90</td>
                <td align="center">0.51-7.05</td>
                <td align="center">0.340</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cardiac surgery</td>
                <td align="center">0.17</td>
                <td align="center">0.04-0.72</td>
                <td align="center">0.017<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AUROC</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">0.88-0.97</td>
                <td align="center">0.923</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Statistically significant variable. CI: confidence interval.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The factors associated to increased risk of in-hospital mortality in our cohort were: development of heart failure or septic shock, valve obstruction in echocardiography, <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> etiology, blood-culture negative endocarditis and absence of surgical treatment.</p>
      <p>The in-hospital mortality rate observed was 31.2%, which is slightly higher that the reported in the literature (15-30%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>It is recognized that one of the main protective factors of mortality is cardiac surgery and it was significant in our cohort.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Differently from other studies in which 40-50% of patients undergo cardiac surgery,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> in our center only 32.8% underwent cardiac surgery. This can be partially justified by the absence of Cardiac Surgery Department in our center, which can difficult and delay the appropriate discussion with cardiac surgeons, and subsequently it may negatively influence the in-hospital mortality rates.</p>
      <p>The association of mortality with other factors, such as septic shock and heart failure found in our cohort is well known and expected.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The microbiological factors that increased the risk of in-hospital mortality were the expectedly <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>-related endocarditis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> and blood-culture negative endocarditis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> (possibly due to the difficulty in the diagnosis and administration of timely and directed therapy in the latter group of patients).</p>
      <p>Valve obstruction was associated with higher mortality and in half of the patients was related to prosthesis degeneration, followed by the presence of large vegetations. In both etiologies, valve obstruction could contribute to clinical patient worsening, namely with heart failure, with congestive symptoms or low cardiac output, that could lead to multiple organ dysfunction and death.</p>
      <p>The aortic valve was the most affected (57.5%), differently to other series in which the mitral valve was the most affected.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Right-sided IE was observed in 14.2%, a value higher than the 5-10% reported.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> This could be due to the higher incidence of drug users (13.4%), compared to other series,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> which could be justified by the cultural and social characteristics of our population, and could also contribute to the higher mortality rate observed.</p>
      <p>Prosthetic valve endocarditis occurred in 25%, in the range described in literature (10-30%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Healthcare-associated IE represents up to 30% of IE cases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> and in this study occurred in 22.4%. Agents from Staphylococcal and Streptococcal species were the most isolated microorganisms (around 30%), like expected.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Negative-blood culture IE occurred in 21.6%, a proportion that overlaps the data found in the literature (2.1-35%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) was performed in 88%. The remaining patients did not have clinical conditions to undergo a TEE or died before TEE performance. The two main echocardiographic findings were vegetations (79.1%) and valve regurgitation (51.5%).</p>
      <p>Due to lack of <sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET/CT scan and radiolabeled WBC SPECT/CT availability in our center, only 1 patient performed PET <sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET/CT scan (in other center) and none performed radiolabeled leukocytes SPECT/CT.</p>
      <p>Expectedly, heart failure was the main adverse event observed during hospitalization (48.5%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Complications, length of hospital stay, and mortality remain high in IE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> and our data highlight these facts.</p>
      <p>This study identified the high-risk features on endocarditis patients in our cohort. The early identification of these patients might be helpful in outcome improvement by managing more closely and delivering early cardiac surgery when indicated.</p>
      <p>These results are important not only for clinicians, once they highlighted the risk factors of death, but also to cardiac surgeons, given that they showed the good impact in prognosis of cardiac surgery.</p>
      <p>It is important to continue with further investigations to identify other factors that could minimize the mortality levels of IE on top of the best-known management.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>This study had a retrospective design and the information was limited to medical records. The absence of systematically collected data (such as echocardiographic measures) derived from the study design, prevented the possibility of further estimating the impact of IE in other important healthcare variables.</p>
        <p>This study was also performed in a single center without on-site cardiac surgery and the regional variation in the diagnosis, treatment, local microbiology of IE could have influenced results and preclude the robustness of the conclusions. The sample size is unlikely to be adequately powered to assess the in-hospital mortality and risk factors. The referral bias, particularly in patients not accepted for cardiac surgery needs to be acknowledged as a limitation.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>According to our data, the risk factors for in-hospital mortality were the development of heart failure or septic shock, evidence of valve obstruction in echocardiography, <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> etiology or blood-culture negative endocarditis. Invasive treatment by surgery significantly decreased the mortality risk. These results are important for all participants and emphasize the importance of having a multidisciplinary Endocarditis Team (with specialists in Internal Medicine, Cardiology, Microbiology, Infectious diseases, Cardiac Surgery) in order to address all the features associated to increased mortality.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital Garcia Orta under the protocol number 31/2017. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fatores de Risco para Mortalidade Hospitalar na Endocardite Infecciosa</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8341-6412</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Marques</surname>
            <given-names>Ana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cruz</surname>
            <given-names>In&#234;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2520-5673</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Caldeira</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8745-3541</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alegria</surname>
            <given-names>Sofia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7485-1244</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Catarina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Broa</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Lu&#237;sa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jo&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Isabel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>H&#233;lder</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Garcia de Orta EPE, Almada - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Farmacologia Cl&#237;nica e Terap&#234;utica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Cardiovascular da Universidade de Lisboa - CCUL, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Ana Marques,</bold> Hospital Garcia de Orta EPE - Av Torrado da Silva 2805-267 - Portugal. E-mail: <email>ana.smc.25@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Cruz I, Broa AL; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Marques A, Cruz I, Alegria S, Gomes AC, Broa AL; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Marques A, Cruz I, Gomes AC, Broa AL; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Marques A, Caldeira D, Broa AL; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Marques A, Caldeira D, Alegria S; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Caldeira D, Jo&#227;o I, Pereira H.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A endocardite infecciosa (EI) est&#225; associada a complica&#231;&#245;es graves e alta mortalidade. A avalia&#231;&#227;o das taxas de mortalidade e preditores de eventos fatais &#233; importante para identificar fatores modific&#225;veis relacionados ao padr&#227;o de tratamento, com o objetivo de melhorar os desfechos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Avaliar os desfechos cl&#237;nicos de pacientes com EI e determinar preditores de mortalidade hospitalar.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo retrospectivo de centro &#250;nico, incluindo pacientes com EI admitidos durante um per&#237;odo de 10 anos (2006-2015). Foram avaliados dados de comorbidades, apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, microbiologia e desfechos cl&#237;nicos durante a interna&#231;&#227;o. Foram analisados os fatores de risco de morte hospitalar. Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 134 casos (73% do sexo masculino, m&#233;dia de idade de 61 &#177; 16 anos). Metade dos casos apresentava cardiopatia valvar pr&#233;via. A EI associada a cuidados de sa&#250;de e hemoculturas negativas ocorreram em 22%, e a EI associada a pr&#243;tese em 25%. A v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica foi a mais frequentemente afetada por infec&#231;&#227;o. <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> foi o microrganismo mais comumente isolado. Quarenta e quatro (32,8%) pacientes foram submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca. A taxa de mortalidade hospitalar foi de 31,3% (42 pacientes). Os fatores de risco identificados para mortalidade hospitalar foram etiologia do <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> (OR 6,47; IC 95%: 1,07-39,01; p = 0,042), hemoculturas negativas (OR 9,14; IC 95%: 1,42-58,77; p = 0,02), evid&#234;ncia de obstru&#231;&#227;o valvar na ecocardiografia (OR 8,57; IC 95%: 1,11-66,25; p = 0,039), evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (OR 4,98; IC 95%: 1,31-18,92; p = 0,018) ou choque s&#233;ptico (OR 20,26; IC 95%: 4,04-101,74; p &lt; 0,001). A cirurgia card&#237;aca foi um fator protetor de mortalidade (OR 0,14; IC95%: 0,03-0,65; p = 0,012).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Os fatores de risco para mortalidade hospitalar foram cl&#237;nicos (insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, choque s&#233;ptico), evid&#234;ncia de obstru&#231;&#227;o valvar no ecocardiograma, etiologia do <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> ou hemoculturas negativas. O tratamento invasivo por cirurgia diminuiu significativamente o risco de mortalidade.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Endocardite Infecciosa/mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Comorbidades</kwd>
        <kwd>Choque S&#233;ptico</kwd>
        <kwd>Insuficiencia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Cirurgia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A endocardite infecciosa (EI) est&#225; associada a complica&#231;&#245;es graves e alta mortalidade, apesar da melhora em seu tratamento m&#233;dico e cir&#250;rgico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A natureza diversificada e o perfil epidemiol&#243;gico evolutivo da EI a mant&#233;m como um desafio diagn&#243;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> A apresenta&#231;&#227;o e evolu&#231;&#227;o da EI s&#227;o altamente vari&#225;veis, dependendo dos fatores do hospedeiro (como exist&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca pr&#233;via, v&#225;lvulas prost&#233;ticas ou dispositivo card&#237;aco implantado, bem como fatores que modulam a resposta imune), o microrganismo envolvido e a adequa&#231;&#227;o do tratamento fornecido (antibi&#243;ticos, tratamento m&#233;dico para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, cirurgia).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A intera&#231;&#227;o desses fatores resulta em uma taxa de mortalidade hospitalar de pacientes com EI que varia de 15% a 30%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o das taxas de mortalidade e de preditores de eventos fatais &#233; importante para identificar fatores modific&#225;veis e o padr&#227;o de tratamento, a fim de melhorar ainda mais os desfechos. Essa abordagem identifica os pacientes com maior risco de morte para os quais o n&#237;vel de cuidados deve ser intensificado.</p>
        <p>Portanto, objetivamos avaliar os resultados cl&#237;nicos de pacientes com EI e determinar os preditores de mortalidade hospitalar.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo de centro &#250;nico, incluindo todos os pacientes adultos consecutivos durante um per&#237;odo de 10 anos (janeiro de 2006 a dezembro de 2015), em um hospital geral p&#250;blico portugu&#234;s, terci&#225;rio, sem departamento de cirurgia card&#237;aca no local. O protocolo foi aprovado pelo conselho de &#233;tica institucional e pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica local.</p>
        <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o de interesse foi constitu&#237;da por todos os casos de EI com diagn&#243;stico definitivo ou poss&#237;vel, de acordo com os crit&#233;rios de Duke modificados,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> incluindo aqueles de pacientes que apresentaram mais de um epis&#243;dio de EI. Para fins de diagn&#243;stico, os crit&#233;rios consideraram as culturas positivas durante um per&#237;odo estendido de incuba&#231;&#227;o de hemoculturas por at&#233; 21 dias, de acordo com o protocolo local de suspeita de EI. Todos os casos foram identificados por c&#243;digos de alta hospitalar. Os pacientes foram acompanhados at&#233; a alta ou morte (incluindo hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o no centro cir&#250;rgico).</p>
        <p>Dados sobre caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas, tipo de endocardite (v&#225;lvula nativa, pr&#243;tese ou associada a dispositivo), achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e microbiol&#243;gicos, assim como procedimento cir&#250;rgico e resultados de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o foram obtidos. A amostra foi caracterizada atrav&#233;s de medidas estat&#237;sticas descritivas b&#225;sicas.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes que faleceram durante a interna&#231;&#227;o foram comparados com os que sobreviveram em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s suas caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas, achados microbiol&#243;gicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e desfechos de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi mortalidade hospitalar por todas as causas. Os outros desfechos adversos de interesse foram insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (definida como a presen&#231;a de sintomas e sinais t&#237;picos causados por uma anormalidade card&#237;aca estrutural e/ou funcional, resultando em d&#233;bito card&#237;aco reduzido e/ou press&#245;es intracard&#237;acas elevadas), choque s&#233;ptico (caracterizado pelo presen&#231;a de uma s&#237;ndrome de resposta inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica a um processo infeccioso, com disfun&#231;&#227;o org&#226;nica induzida por sepse ou hipoperfus&#227;o tecidual e hipotens&#227;o arterial persistente, apesar da administra&#231;&#227;o de fluidos intravenosos), evid&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#227;o local n&#227;o controlada ou complica&#231;&#227;o perianular (destrui&#231;&#227;o ou perfura&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula, aumento do tamanho da vegeta&#231;&#227;o, forma&#231;&#227;o de abscesso, pseudoaneurisma, aneurisma valvar e f&#237;stula intracard&#237;aca) e eventos emb&#243;licos (acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico, acidente vascular cerebral hemorr&#225;gico, aneurisma mic&#243;tico, mielite/meningite, isquemia perif&#233;rica e infarto ou abcesso espl&#234;nico, pulmonar ou hep&#225;tico, diagnosticados por tomografia computadorizada e/ou resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica, realizadas conforme suspeita cl&#237;nica de embolia).</p>
        <p>A EI associada aos cuidados de sa&#250;de foi definida como EI manifestando-se mais de 48 horas ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o no hospital ou a EI adquirida em associa&#231;&#227;o com um procedimento invasivo realizado nos 6 meses antes do diagn&#243;stico, durante uma interna&#231;&#227;o e/ou manipula&#231;&#227;o em ambiente hospitalar.</p>
        <p>A insufici&#234;ncia valvar detectada no ecocardiograma incluiu tanto a regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar significativa em casos de EI valvar nativo quanto vazamentos intra e paraprot&#233;ticos significativos em casos de EI prot&#233;tico.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas como frequ&#234;ncias e porcentagens e comparadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o (DP) e comparadas pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de amostras independentes, ap&#243;s verifica&#231;&#227;o da distribui&#231;&#227;o normal com o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov ou valores de assimetria e curtose. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#245;es assim&#233;tricas foram apresentadas como medianas e intervalos interquartis (IQR), utilizando-se um m&#233;todo n&#227;o param&#233;trico (teste U de Mann-Whitney).</p>
          <p>Para identificar preditores de mortalidade hospitalar, vari&#225;veis com valor de p &lt; 0,1 na an&#225;lise univariada foram inclu&#237;das em uma regress&#227;o log&#237;stica utilizando o m&#233;todo <italic>Enter Stepwise</italic>. Dois modelos foram executados; um modelo incluiu todas as esp&#233;cies de estreptococos e o outro o organismo <italic>Streptococcus gallolyticus</italic>, por serem vari&#225;veis que n&#227;o s&#227;o independentes uma da outra e que apresentaram valor de p &lt; 0,1 na an&#225;lise univariada. O desempenho preditivo do modelo foi testado avaliando sua discrimina&#231;&#227;o e calibra&#231;&#227;o. A discrimina&#231;&#227;o foi medida com a &#225;rea sob a curva da Caracter&#237;stica de Opera&#231;&#227;o do Receptor (AUROC) e a calibra&#231;&#227;o foi medida utilizando-se o pseudo R<sup>2</sup> (Nagelkerke R<sup>2</sup>). O modelo final definido foi aquele de maior desempenho preditivo de acordo com a AUROC e o pseudo R2.</p>
          <p>Todos os valores de p reportados foram bicaudais, com um valor de p &lt; 0,05 indicando signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas no software IBM SPSS Statistics, vers&#227;o 22.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Entre janeiro de 2006 e dezembro de 2015, 134 casos de endocardite infecciosa foram hospitalizados em nosso centro: 101 casos apresentavam EI definido e o restante era constitu&#237;do por poss&#237;veis casos de EI, de acordo com os crit&#233;rios de Duke modificados. Cerca de 73% desses pacientes eram do sexo masculino, com m&#233;dia de idade de 61 &#177; 16 anos. As principais caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, isto &#233;, comorbidades, apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, microbiologia e desfechos cl&#237;nicos dos casos de EI, est&#227;o resumidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o dos casos de endocardite infecciosa (n = 134) e valor de p da an&#225;lise univariada dos preditores de mortalidade hospitalar</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="40%"/>
                <col width="15%"/>
                <col width="15%"/>
                <col width="15%"/>
                <col width="15%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th align="center">Sobreviventes da EI (n = 92)</th>
                  <th align="center">N&#227;o sobreviventes da EI (n = 42)</th>
                  <th align="center">Total de casos de EI (n = 134)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo masculino - n&#186; (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">70 (76,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (66,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">98 (73,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,254</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Idade - anos</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center">60 &#177; 17</td>
                  <td align="center">64 &#177; 14</td>
                  <td align="center">61 &#177; 16</td>
                  <td align="center">0,177</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">m&#237;n - m&#225;x</td>
                  <td align="center">22 - 89</td>
                  <td align="center">31 - 88</td>
                  <td align="center">22 - 89</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&gt; 75 anos - n&#186; (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (27,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (21,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (25,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,478</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Comorbidades - n&#186; (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o arterial</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (51,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (50)</td>
                  <td align="center">68 (50,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,907</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Doen&#231;a cardiovascular</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (45,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (57,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">66 (49,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,217</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (19,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (38,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (25,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,022<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (26,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (19)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (23,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,413</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (15,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (19)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (15,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,579</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Doen&#231;a pulmonar</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (16,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (14,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (15,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,766</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (13)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (16,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (14,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,577</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Usu&#225;rios de drogas intravenosas</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (14,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (11,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (13,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,763</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">HIV</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (13)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (14,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (13,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,804</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Doen&#231;a Renal Cr&#244;nica</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (9,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (16,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (11,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,254</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dispositivo intracard&#237;aco</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (7,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">3(7,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (7,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica - n&#186; (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Febre</td>
                  <td align="center">71 (77,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (57,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">95 (70,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,018<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sintomas sist&#234;micos (perda de peso, anorexia, cansa&#231;o)</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (56,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (66,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (59,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,165</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sopro card&#237;aco</td>
                  <td align="center">57 (62)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (54,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (59,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,431</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Anemia</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (38)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (40,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (38,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,789</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sintomas de emboliza&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (18,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (28,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (21,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,188</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>N&#250;mero de epis&#243;dios de EI - n&#186; (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">1</td>
                  <td align="center">84 (91,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (90,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">122 (91)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">0,816</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">2</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (6,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (5,2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">3</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (2,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (7,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (3,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Tipo de EI - n&#186; (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">V&#225;lvula nativa</td>
                  <td align="center">67 (72,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (69)</td>
                  <td align="center">96 (71,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,653</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">V&#225;lvula prost&#233;tica</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (22,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (31)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (25,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,316</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&lt;1 ano ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (8,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (4,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (7,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,251</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Endocardite infecciosa relacionada ao dispositivo</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (4,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,309</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>V&#225;lvulas afetadas - n&#186; (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,378</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">1 v&#225;lvula</td>
                  <td align="center">70 (76,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (76,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">111 (82,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">2 v&#225;lvulas</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (13)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (14,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (13,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">3 v&#225;lvulas</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">V&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica</td>
                  <td align="center">53 (57,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (57,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">77 (57,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,960</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">V&#225;lvula mitral</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (32,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (40,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (35,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,376</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">V&#225;lvulas do lado direito</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (17,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (7,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (14,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,115</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Tipo de infec&#231;&#227;o - n&#186; (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Endocardite adquirida na comunidade</td>
                  <td align="center">72 (78,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (76,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">104 (77,6)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,790</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">EI associada cuidados de sa&#250;de</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (21,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (23,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (22,4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Continua&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Microbiologia - n&#186; (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Endocardite infecciosa com hemocultura negativa</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (17,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (31)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (21,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,077</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Esp&#233;cie estafiloc&#243;cica</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (27,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (40,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (31,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,124</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">15 (16,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (35,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (22,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,012<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">5 (5,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (4,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,665</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Outros estafilococos coagulase-negativos</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (4,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (3,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Esp&#233;cie Estreptoc&#243;cica</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (37)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (16,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (30,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,018<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Estreptococos do grupo Viridans</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (15,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (7,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (12,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,193</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <italic>Streptococcus gallolyticus</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">12 (13)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (9,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,063</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <italic>Streptococcus milleri</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">2 (2,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">3(2,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Esp&#233;cies Enteroc&#243;cicas</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (13)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (9,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (11,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,560</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Bact&#233;rias Gram-negativas</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (2,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (7,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (3,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,177</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fungos</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (2,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (2,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Grupo HACEK</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos - n&#186; (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Vegeta&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">74 (80,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (76,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">106 (79,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,776</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Regurgita&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (54,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (45,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">69 (51,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,539</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Destrui&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (20,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (16,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (19,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,722</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Obstru&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (3,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (11,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Abscesso</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (8,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (23,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (13,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,009<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pseudoaneurisma</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (5,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (3,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,320</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Aneurisma da v&#225;lvula</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (3,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (2,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,554</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">F&#237;stula Intracard&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (4,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (4,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (4,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Tratamento - n&#186;, (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Apenas tratamento m&#233;dico</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (56,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (90,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">90 (67,2)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Cirurgia card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (43,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (9,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (32,8)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Vari&#225;vel estatisticamente significante. EI: endocardite infecciosa; DP: desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Cerca de metade dos pacientes apresentava hipertens&#227;o arterial pr&#233;via e cardiopatia valvar, e 13,4% eram usu&#225;rios de drogas intravenosas. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos 13,4% dos pacientes com infec&#231;&#227;o pelo v&#237;rus da imunodefici&#234;ncia humana (HIV), apenas 44% estavam em terapia antirretroviral no momento do diagn&#243;stico de EI; a contagem de c&#233;lulas CD4 foi obtida em 13 pacientes, com n&#237;veis medianos de 130 &#177; 391 de c&#233;lulas CD4. Cerca de 12% dos casos de EI eram de pacientes com doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica e 31% deles estavam em tratamento de hemodi&#225;lise.</p>
          <p>A maioria dos casos foi relacionada a v&#225;lvulas nativas (71,6%), enquanto os demais foram associados a pr&#243;teses valvares card&#237;acas (25,4%) e EI relacionada a dispositivos (3%).</p>
          <p>Os casos de endocardite infecciosa associada &#224; assist&#234;ncia m&#233;dica ocorreram em 22,4% dos pacientes.</p>
          <p>Cerca de 22% dos casos apresentaram hemoculturas negativas. A administra&#231;&#227;o de antibi&#243;ticos antes da coleta de hemocultura foi descrita em 72% desses casos. Em um caso, o diagn&#243;stico de EI foi realizado por aut&#243;psia, sem coleta de amostras de sangue.</p>
          <p>Os microrganismos mais comumente isolados foram <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> (22,4%) e estreptococos do grupo viridans (12,7%).</p>
          <p>Um ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico foi realizado em todos os pacientes, e um estudo transesof&#225;gico em 118 (88%) pacientes, com um tempo m&#233;dio entre a admiss&#227;o e a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame de 10 &#177; 9,5 dias (intervalo de 0 a 54 dias). O principal achado ecocardiogr&#225;fico observado foi a presen&#231;a de vegeta&#231;&#245;es (79,1%).</p>
          <p>A regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar foi observada em 69 casos, com 4 pacientes apresentando fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) reduzida. Apenas 11 casos relataram a FEVE e a mediana da FEVE foi de 61% (IQR 18%). A press&#227;o arterial pulmonar sist&#243;lica (PAPS) foi relatada em 15 casos, com um valor m&#233;dio de PAPS de 41 mmHg (DP 27 mmHg).</p>
          <p>A obstru&#231;&#227;o valvar foi diagnosticada em 8 casos (5 casos de EI prost&#233;tico e 3 casos em v&#225;lvulas nativas), e foi relacionada &#224; degenera&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese em 4 pacientes, a grandes vegeta&#231;&#245;es causando obstru&#231;&#227;o valvar em 3 pacientes, e em 1 caso devido &#224; estenose a&#243;rtica valvar grave.</p>
          <p>A tomografia por emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitrons com 18F-fluordesoxiglicose/tomografia computadorizada (PET/TC 18F-FDG) foi realizada em 1 paciente, detectando sinais de atividade anormal no local do implante de pr&#243;tese valvar (cirurgia realizada h&#225; mais de um ano). Nenhum diagn&#243;stico foi realizado por tomografia computadorizada por emiss&#227;o de f&#243;ton &#250;nico com leuc&#243;citos radiomarcados/Tomografia Computadorizada (SPECT/TC).</p>
          <p>O tempo m&#233;dio de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar foi de 41 &#177; 23 dias (varia&#231;&#227;o de 1-112 dias). Quarenta e quatro (32,8%) pacientes foram submetidos a cirurgia card&#237;aca. A principal indica&#231;&#227;o para cirurgia foi insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (n = 33; 75%), seguida de infec&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o controlada (n = 11; 27,3%) e preven&#231;&#227;o de embolia (n = 6; 13,6%). Um paciente foi encaminhado para cirurgia para extra&#231;&#227;o de eletrodo de marca-passo. O tempo m&#233;dio entre o primeiro dia de interna&#231;&#227;o e a cirurgia foi de 26 &#177; 18 dias, o tempo m&#233;dio entre o diagn&#243;stico da EI e a cirurgia foi de 21 &#177; 16 dias, e o tempo m&#233;dio entre a indica&#231;&#227;o da cirurgia e o procedimento cir&#250;rgico foi de 14 &#177; 12 dias.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desfechos adversos durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>A taxa de mortalidade hospitalar foi de 31,3% (42 pacientes). O choque s&#233;ptico foi a causa da morte para um ter&#231;o dos pacientes (n = 14), 10 (23,8%) morreram por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, 9 (21,4%) por complica&#231;&#245;es emb&#243;licas e 1 (2,4%) morreu por tamponamento card&#237;aco. A causa da morte foi incerta em 8 pacientes (19%).</p>
          <p>A maioria desses pacientes (73,8%, 31 pacientes) n&#227;o eram candidatos a cirurgia card&#237;aca. As causas para a n&#227;o indica&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia card&#237;aca est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">tabela 2</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Causas da n&#227;o indica&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia card&#237;aca (31 pacientes)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="80%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Causa</th>
                  <th align="center">Pacientes (n)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Comorbidades significativas:</td>
                  <td align="center">21</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dem&#234;ncia e comprometimento cognitivo com depend&#234;ncia nas atividades da vida di&#225;ria</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AVC isqu&#234;mico c/ sequelas p&#243;s-AVC significativas em pacientes com idade avan&#231;ada ou comorbidades m&#250;ltiplas</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade avan&#231;ada com comorbidades substanciais associadas</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pacientes com HIV n&#227;o aderentes e com m&#225;s condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas gerais</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Usu&#225;rio de drogas intravenosas ativo com m&#225;s condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas gerais</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tumor maligno com progn&#243;stico ruim</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Alcoolismo grave com danos significativos nos &#243;rg&#227;os</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AVC hemorr&#225;gico (1&#186; m&#234;s ap&#243;s o evento)</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Bacteremia ativa em associa&#231;&#227;o com foco infeccioso extracard&#237;aco ativo</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Morte quase ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico (os m&#233;dicos n&#227;o tiveram chance de encaminhamento cir&#250;rgico)</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diagn&#243;stico p&#243;s-aut&#243;psia</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>AVC: acidente vascular cerebral.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Onze pacientes (26,2%) foram indicados para cirurgia, mas quatro morreram antes da interven&#231;&#227;o (2 pacientes devido a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos emb&#243;licos, 1 por choque s&#233;ptico e 1 paciente por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca); 3 pacientes foram recusados para cirurgia pela equipe cir&#250;rgica (2 devido &#224; presen&#231;a de acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico com transforma&#231;&#227;o hemorr&#225;gica e 1 paciente com HIV com tr&#234;s epis&#243;dios de EI, previamente submetido a 2 cirurgias card&#237;acas por EI e com comorbidades associadas significativas); 4 pacientes morreram ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o (2 pacientes por choque s&#233;ptico, 1 por tamponamento card&#237;aco e em 1 com causa de morte incerta), resultando em uma mortalidade relacionada &#224; cirurgia de 9%.</p>
          <p>Os outros desfechos adversos durante a interna&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">tabela 3</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Desfechos adversos durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e valor de P da an&#225;lise univariada dos preditores de mortalidade hospitalar</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="40%"/>
                <col width="15%"/>
                <col width="15%"/>
                <col width="15%"/>
                <col width="15%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th align="center">Sobreviventes da EI (n = 92)</th>
                  <th align="center">N&#227;o sobreviventes da EI (n = 42)</th>
                  <th align="center">Total de casos de EI (n = 134)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Mortalidade hospitalar - n&#186; (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>42 (31,3)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Desfechos adversos durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o - n&#186; (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (41,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (64,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">65 (48,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,014<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Infec&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o controlada localmente/complica&#231;&#227;o perianular</td>
                  <td align="center">39(42,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (38,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (41)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,639</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Eventos emb&#243;licos</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (32,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (50)</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (38,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,054</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Choque s&#233;ptico</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (8,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (45,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (20,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Vari&#225;vel estatisticamente significante. EI: endocardite infecciosa.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Dos 65 pacientes que evolu&#237;ram com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, em 5 pacientes foi observada disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo no ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico realizado durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. Nenhum dos pacientes havia apresentado disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo anteriormente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Preditores de mortalidade hospitalar</title>
          <p>Atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise univariada, foram significativamente e positivamente associadas &#224; mortalidade hospitalar a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via, apirexia, etiologia de <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>, n&#227;o isolamento de esp&#233;cies estreptoc&#243;cicas, evid&#234;ncia de abscesso parivalvar ou obstru&#231;&#227;o valvar na ecocardiografia, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca incidente ou choque s&#233;ptico e aus&#234;ncia de cirurgia card&#237;aca (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">3</xref>).</p>
          <p>Na an&#225;lise multivariada, os fatores de risco significativos de mortalidade hospitalar identificados no modelo final foram etiologia de <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>, endocardite com hemocultura negativa, evid&#234;ncia de obstru&#231;&#227;o valvar na ecocardiografia e evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ou choque s&#233;ptico. A cirurgia card&#237;aca foi um fator protetor da mortalidade hospitalar (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Quadro 4</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t9">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Modelo multivari&#225;vel de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica de preditores de mortalidade hospitalar - Modelo final (incluindo todas as esp&#233;cies estreptoc&#243;cicas)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="40%"/>
                <col width="15%"/>
                <col width="15%"/>
                <col width="15%"/>
                <col width="15%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th align="center">Odds ratio (OR)</th>
                  <th align="center">IC95%</th>
                  <th align="center">p</th>
                  <th align="center">Nagelkerke R<sup>2</sup></th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via</td>
                  <td align="center">3,88</td>
                  <td align="center">0,90-16,70</td>
                  <td align="center">0,069</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="12">0,622</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Febre</td>
                  <td align="center">0,41</td>
                  <td align="center">0,17-1,45</td>
                  <td align="center">0,167</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">6,47</td>
                  <td align="center">1,07-39,09</td>
                  <td align="center">0,042<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Esp&#233;cie Estreptoc&#243;cica</td>
                  <td align="center">2,96</td>
                  <td align="center">0,40-21,72</td>
                  <td align="center">0,286</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hemoculturas negativas</td>
                  <td align="center">9,14</td>
                  <td align="center">1,42-58,77</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Obstru&#231;&#227;o valvar na ecocardiografia</td>
                  <td align="center">8,57</td>
                  <td align="center">1,11-66,25</td>
                  <td align="center">0,039<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Abscesso em ecocardiografia</td>
                  <td align="center">4,14</td>
                  <td align="center">0,89-19,21</td>
                  <td align="center">0,07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center">4,98</td>
                  <td align="center">1,31-18,92</td>
                  <td align="center">0,018<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Choque s&#233;ptico</td>
                  <td align="center">20,26</td>
                  <td align="center">4,04-102,74</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Eventos emb&#243;licos</td>
                  <td align="center">1,98</td>
                  <td align="center">0,53-7,36</td>
                  <td align="center">0,309</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Cirurgia card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center">0,14</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03-0,65</td>
                  <td align="center">0,012<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AUROC</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,88-0,97</td>
                  <td align="center">0,926</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Vari&#225;vel estatisticamente significante. IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>O modelo 2, que incluiu o organismo <italic>Streptococcus gallolyticus</italic>, apresentou desempenho preditivo numericamente mais baixo, como descrito na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">tabela 5</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t10">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Modelo multivari&#225;vel de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica dos preditores de mortalidade hospitalar - Modelo 2 (incluindo o organismo <italic>Streptococcus gallolyticus</italic>)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="40%"/>
                <col width="15%"/>
                <col width="15%"/>
                <col width="15%"/>
                <col width="15%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th align="center">OR</th>
                  <th align="center">IC95%</th>
                  <th align="center">p</th>
                  <th align="center">Nagelkerke R<sup>2</sup></th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca anterior</td>
                  <td align="center">3,48</td>
                  <td align="center">0,80-15,13</td>
                  <td align="center">0,097</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="12">0,614</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Febre</td>
                  <td align="center">0,46</td>
                  <td align="center">0,13-1,56</td>
                  <td align="center">0,211</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">4,05</td>
                  <td align="center">0,87-19,00</td>
                  <td align="center">0,076</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <italic>Streptococcus gallolyticus</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,94</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05-17,76</td>
                  <td align="center">0,965</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hemoculturas negativas</td>
                  <td align="center">5,32</td>
                  <td align="center">1,14-24,92</td>
                  <td align="center">0,034<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Obstru&#231;&#227;o valvar na ecocardiografia</td>
                  <td align="center">11,97</td>
                  <td align="center">1,27-112,91</td>
                  <td align="center">0,030<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Abscesso em ecocardiografia</td>
                  <td align="center">3,73</td>
                  <td align="center">0,84-16,62</td>
                  <td align="center">0,085</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center">4,80</td>
                  <td align="center">1,27-18,23</td>
                  <td align="center">0,021<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Choque s&#233;ptico</td>
                  <td align="center">16,03</td>
                  <td align="center">3,59-71,53</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Eventos emb&#243;licos</td>
                  <td align="center">1,90</td>
                  <td align="center">0,51-7,05</td>
                  <td align="center">0,340</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Cirurgia card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center">0,17</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04-0,72</td>
                  <td align="center">0,017<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AUROC</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,88-0,97</td>
                  <td align="center">0,923</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN9">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Vari&#225;vel estatisticamente significante. IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os fatores associados ao aumento do risco de mortalidade hospitalar em nossa coorte foram: desenvolvimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ou choque s&#233;ptico, obstru&#231;&#227;o valvar no ecocardiograma, etiologia do <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>, endocardite negativa para hemocultura e aus&#234;ncia de tratamento cir&#250;rgico.</p>
        <p>A taxa de mortalidade hospitalar observada foi de 31,2%, valor ligeiramente superior ao relatado na literatura (15-30%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Reconhece-se que um dos principais fatores protetores da mortalidade &#233; a cirurgia card&#237;aca, e isso foi significativo em nossa coorte.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Diferentemente de outros estudos em que 40 a 50% dos pacientes s&#227;o submetidos a cirurgia card&#237;aca,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> em nosso centro apenas 32,8% foram submetidos &#224; cirurgia. Isso pode ser parcialmente justificado pela aus&#234;ncia de um Departamento de Cirurgia Card&#237;aca em nosso centro, o que pode dificultar e atrasar a discuss&#227;o apropriada com os cirurgi&#245;es card&#237;acos e, posteriormente, pode influenciar negativamente as taxas de mortalidade hospitalar.</p>
        <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade com outros fatores como choque s&#233;ptico e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca encontrados em nossa coorte &#233; bem conhecida e esperada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os fatores microbiol&#243;gicos que aumentaram o risco de mortalidade hospitalar foram: endocardite relacionada ao <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>, como previsto,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> e hemocultura negativa para endocardite<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> (possivelmente devido &#224; dificuldade no diagn&#243;stico e administra&#231;&#227;o de terapia oportuna e direcionada no &#250;ltimo grupo de pacientes).</p>
        <p>A obstru&#231;&#227;o valvar foi associada a maior mortalidade, e em metade dos pacientes foi relacionada &#224; degenera&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese, seguida pela presen&#231;a de grandes vegeta&#231;&#245;es. Nas duas etiologias, a obstru&#231;&#227;o valvar pode contribuir para o agravamento da condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica do paciente, isto &#233;, com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, com sintomas congestivos ou baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, os quais podem levar &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;ltiplos &#243;rg&#227;os e &#224; morte.</p>
        <p>A valva a&#243;rtica foi a mais afetada (57,5%), diferentemente de outras s&#233;ries em que a mais afetada foi a valva mitral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> A EI do lado direito foi observada em 14,2%, valor superior aos 5 a 10% relatados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Isso pode ter ocorrido devido &#224; maior incid&#234;ncia de consumidores de drogas il&#237;citas (13,4%) em compara&#231;&#227;o com outras s&#233;ries,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> o que pode ser justificado pelas caracter&#237;sticas culturais e sociais de nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, o que tamb&#233;m pode contribuir para a maior taxa de mortalidade observada.</p>
        <p>A endocardite valvar prot&#233;tica ocorreu em 25%, na faixa descrita na literatura (10 a 30%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A EI associada &#224; assist&#234;ncia m&#233;dica representa at&#233; 30% dos casos de EI,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> e neste estudo ocorreu em 22,4%. Os agentes das esp&#233;cies estafiloc&#243;cica e estreptoc&#243;cica foram os microrganismos mais isolados (cerca de 30%), conforme esperado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> A hemocultura negativa para EI ocorreu em 21,6%, propor&#231;&#227;o que se sobrep&#245;e aos dados encontrados na literatura (2,1- 35%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico (ETE) foi realizado em 88% dos pacientes. Os demais pacientes n&#227;o tinham condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas para realizar um ETE ou morreram antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame. Os dois principais achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foram vegeta&#231;&#245;es (79,1%) e regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar (51,5%).</p>
        <p>Devido &#224; falta de PET/TC 18F-FDG e disponibilidade de SPECT/TC com leuc&#243;citos radiomarcados em nosso centro, apenas 1 paciente realizou PET/TC 18F-FDG (em outro centro), e nenhum realizou SPECT/TC com leuc&#243;citos radiomarcados.</p>
        <p>Conforme esperado, a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi o principal evento adverso observado durante a interna&#231;&#227;o (48,5%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Complica&#231;&#245;es, tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o e mortalidade permanecem altas na EI,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> e nossos dados destacam esses fatos.</p>
        <p>Este estudo identificou os aspectos de alto risco em pacientes com endocardite em nossa coorte. A identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce desses pacientes pode ser &#250;til na melhora dos desfechos, atrav&#233;s do manejo mais pr&#243;ximo e com a realiza&#231;&#227;o mais r&#225;pida de cirurgia card&#237;aca, quando indicada.</p>
        <p>Esses resultados s&#227;o importantes n&#227;o apenas para os m&#233;dicos, j&#225; que destacam os fatores de risco de morte, mas tamb&#233;m para os cirurgi&#245;es card&#237;acos, pois demonstraram o bom impacto no progn&#243;stico da cirurgia card&#237;aca.</p>
        <p>&#201; importante continuar com investiga&#231;&#245;es adicionais para identificar outros fatores que possam minimizar os n&#237;veis de mortalidade da EI, al&#233;m de utilizar os tratamentos mais conhecidos.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Este estudo teve um desenho retrospectivo e as informa&#231;&#245;es foram limitadas a prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos. A aus&#234;ncia de dados sistematicamente coletados (como medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas), derivada do desenho do estudo, impossibilitou estimar com maior profundidade o impacto da EI em outras importantes vari&#225;veis da sa&#250;de.</p>
          <p>Este estudo tamb&#233;m foi realizado em um &#250;nico centro sem cirurgia card&#237;aca no local, e a varia&#231;&#227;o regional no diagn&#243;stico, tratamento e microbiologia local da EI podem ter influenciado os resultados impedindo a robustez das conclus&#245;es. &#201; improv&#225;vel que o poder do tamanho amostral tenha sido adequado para avaliar a mortalidade hospitalar e os fatores de risco. O vi&#233;s de refer&#234;ncia, particularmente em pacientes n&#227;o aceitos para cirurgia card&#237;aca, precisa ser reconhecido como uma limita&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>De acordo com nossos dados, os fatores de risco para mortalidade hospitalar foram: desenvolvimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ou choque s&#233;ptico, evid&#234;ncia de obstru&#231;&#227;o valvar no ecocardiograma, etiologia do <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> ou hemocultura negativa para endocardite. O tratamento invasivo por cirurgia diminuiu significativamente o risco de mortalidade. Esses resultados s&#227;o importantes para todos os interessados, e enfatizam a import&#226;ncia de uma equipe multidisciplinar para o tratamento da endocardite (com especialistas em Medicina Interna, Cardiologia, Microbiologia, Doen&#231;as Infecciosas, Cirurgia Card&#237;aca), a fim de abordar todos as caracter&#237;sticas associadas ao aumento da mortalidade.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital Garcia Orta sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 31/2017. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
