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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">yB9VPgs6cxVRVsR3n4qMh5b</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019001201121</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2019005001205</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190125</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Nrf2, NF-&#954;B and PPAR&#946;/&#948; mRNA Expression Profile in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Jaqueline Ermida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stockler-Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Milena Barcza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3169-9315</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cruz</surname>
            <given-names>Beatriz Oliveira da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1527-1407</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Carla Tavares da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Anjos</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Saraiva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1466-9413</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mafra</surname>
            <given-names>Denise</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8507-2369</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cardozo</surname>
            <given-names>Ludmila F. M. F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Niter&#243;i</city>
            <state>RJ</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense - Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1">Mailing Address: Ludmila F. M. F. Cardozo, Universidade Federal Fluminense - Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro - Rua Marques do Paran&#225;, 303, 4&#186; andar - pr&#233;dio da emerg&#234;ncia. Postal Code 24033-900, Niter&#243;i RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>ludmila.cardozo@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Barbosa JE, Stockler-Pinto MB, Cruz BO, Silva ACT, Anjos JS, Mesquita CT, Mafra D, Cardozo LFMF; Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript: Barbosa JE, Stockler-Pinto MB, Cruz BO, Silva ACT, Anjos JS, Cardozo LFMF; Statistical analysis and Obtaining financing: Stockler-Pinto MB, Mafra D, Cardozo LFMF; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Barbosa JE, Stockler-Pinto MB, Mesquita CT, Mafra D, Cardozo LFMF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1121</fpage>
      <lpage>1127</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Oxidative stress and inflammation are present in coronary artery disease (CAD) and are linked to the activation of the transcription nuclear factor kappa B (NF-&#954;B). To attenuate these complications, transcription factors like nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-&#946;/&#948; (PPAR&#946;/&#948;) can be activated to inhibit NF-&#954;B. However, the available data on expression of NF-&#954;B, Nrf2 and PPAR&#946;/&#948; in CAD patients are limited.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the expression of the transcription factors NF-&#954;B and Nrf2 and PPAR&#120573;/&#120575; in CAD patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Thirty-five patients (17 men, mean age 62.4 ? 7.55 years) with CAD and twelve patients (5 men, mean age 63.50 ? 11.46 years) without CAD were enrolled. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated and processed for mRNA expression of Nrf2, NF-&#954;B, NADPH: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and PPAR&#946;/&#948; mRNAs using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). p &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>There was no difference in the mRNA expressions of Nrf2 (1.35 ? 0.57), NF-&#954;B (1.08 ? 0.50) or in the antioxidant enzyme NQO1 (1.05 ? 0.88) in the CAD group compared to the group without CAD (1.16 ? 0.76, 0.95 ? 0.33, 0.81 ? 0.55, respectively). However, PPAR&#946;/&#948; was highest expressed in the CAD group (1.17 ? 0.86 vs. 0.56 ? 0.34, p = 0.008).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The main finding of this study was the PPAR&#946;/&#948; being more expressed in the PBMC of patients with CAD compared to the control group, whereas no differences were observed in Nrf2 or NF-&#954;B mRNA expressions.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Oxidative Stress</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflammation</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Dyslipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors/prevalence</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CAPES</funding-source>
          <award-id>001</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPERJ</funding-source>
          <award-id>E-26/203.269/2017</award-id>
          <award-id>E_05/2016E_05/2016</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This study was supported by Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES) - Finance Code 001, Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) (Process E-26/203.269/2017) and (Process E_05/2016E_05/2016), and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq)</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Of all cardiovascular diseases (CVD), coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death and high expenditure on medical assistance in the world, and is typically a chronic disease with progression over years or decades.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> CAD, also known as coronary arteriosclerotic heart disease or coronary heart disease, is characterized by narrowing of the arteries in the heart that supply blood, oxygen, and nutrients to the cardiac tissue.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Although there has been a steady decline in the incidence of CVD in recent years, the prevalence of CVD risk factors (hypertension, high cholesterol and obesity) has been increasing. Smoking, obesity, high blood pressure (BP), high total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein, low high-density lipoprotein, diabetes and advanced age are the main risk factors for CVD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> and are directly related to endothelial dysfunction with low bioavailability of nitric oxide, causing vasoconstriction, oxidative stress and inflammation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Oxidative stress is present in both etiology and progression of myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, atherosclerosis and hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Oxidative stress arises when there is an imbalance between the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the capacity of the antioxidant defense systems of the body,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> while inflammation is a biological response to oxidative stress where the cell starts producing proteins, enzymes and other compounds to restore homeostasis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Oxidative stress is responsible for inflammation by several mechanisms, one of which is the direct activation of the nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NF-&#954;B) by the ROS. NF-&#954;B regulates the transcription of several genes encoding proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules of leukocytes.</p>
      <p>In this direction, it is important to evaluate factors that attenuate both inflammation and oxidative stress. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related to factor 2 (Nrf2) has been associated with cytoprotective effects and its accumulation leads to an increase in the transcription of antioxidant response elements (ARE)-regulated genes encoding antioxidant and phase 2 detoxifying enzymes and can be considered a protective factor against both oxidative stress and inflammation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Under basal conditions, Nrf2 is inactive in the cytoplasm and is inhibited by its cytosolic repressor protein, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), which through the action of certain substances, including the ROS, which alters the conformation, decouples Nrf2 and thereby facilitates accumulation and nuclear translocation of Nrf2. In the nucleus, Nrf2 binds to regulatory sequences called AREs acting on genes that encode antioxidant and phase II detoxifying enzymes, including NADPH: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> The role of Nrf2 in reducing inflammation is related to the ability to antagonize NF-&#954;B indirectly by removing ROS. In addition, antioxidant enzymes appear to act directly on the reduction of inflammatory mediators.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Besides Nrf2, another target that has attracted interest and attention from research is the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-&#946;/&#948; (PPAR&#946;/&#948;). However, the biological functions of PPAR&#946;/&#948; and its effectiveness as a therapeutic target in the treatment of hypertension and CVD have not been elucidated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> PPAR&#946;/&#948; is the predominant subtype in the heart and several lines of evidence suggest a cardioprotective function of PPAR&#946;/&#948;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Preclinical studies suggest that PPAR&#946;/&#948; activation promotes antihypertensive effects in established animal models<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> and the pharmacological activation of PPAR&#946;/&#948; prevents endothelial dysfunction and downregulates inflammatory responses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Furthermore, PPAR&#946;/&#948; suppresses the activities of several transcription factors, including the NF-&#954;B.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Based on the fact that there are no studies about gene expression of Nrf2, NF-&#954;B and PPAR&#946;/&#948; and its profile in CAD patients, the objective of this study was to evaluate the transcription factors NF-&#954;B and Nrf2 and PPAR&#946;/&#948; mRNA expression in patients with CAD.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Subjects</title>
        <p>Forty-seven patients were enrolled in this study through a convenience sample where patients composed each group according to the presence or absence of CAD. Thirty-five patients (17 men and 18 women, mean age 62.4 &#177; 7.5 years, BMI 28.9 &#177; 4.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) with CAD and/or abnormal findings of myocardial perfusion scintigraphy comprised the CAD group and twelve patients (5 men and 7 women, mean age 63.5 &#177; 11.5 years, 26.5 &#177; 6.2 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) without CAD comprised the group without CAD. Eligible patients were older than 18 and attended the Nuclear Medicine Section at Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro (Niter&#243;i, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) to undergo myocardial scintigraphy. Patients with infection, cancer, chronic kidney disease (estimated glomerular filtration rate &lt;60 mL/min), acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and autoimmune disease were excluded. The control group consisted of hypertensive, dyslipidemic and/or diabetic patients not diagnosed with CAD, from the same hospital.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Anthropometric Measures</title>
        <p>Anthropometric measurements were made by a trained staff member using standard techniques. Body mass index was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in square meters.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Blood pressure assessment</title>
        <p>BP was measured by the indirect method using auscultatory technique with sphygmomanometer and appropriate cuff in accordance with the dimensions of the patient's arm. Aneroid arterial pressure device - AD-2 was used on caster (pedestal), brand UNITEC Hospitalar (INMETRO ML 095 2007/ANVISA 10432300016). To assess BP, the procedure was initially explained to the patient who was resting for more than five minutes. The patient was sitting, feet resting on the floor, back resting on the chair, arm at heart level (mid-point of the sternum), supported, free of clothing, with the palm of the hand facing upwards and the elbow slightly flexed. HA was defined when systolic BP (SBP) values were greater or equal to 140 mmHg.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Analytic procedures and sample processing</title>
        <p>Blood was collected from each participant in the morning, after 12-hour overnight fasting, using a tube containing EDTA anticoagulant (1.0 mg/mL). Plasma was centrifugated and separated (15 min, 3000&#215;<italic>g</italic>, 4&#176;C) and stored at &#8722;80&#176;C until analysis.</p>
        <p>Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected, blood samples with EDTA were diluted in PBS and cells were separated in 5 mL Histopaque (Sigma-Aldrich) by centrifugation at 1800 g for 30 min. PBMCs were collected and washed twice with cold PBS and re-suspended and stored (&#8722;80&#176;C) with 1 mL of Recovery<sup>TM</sup> cell culture freezing medium (Thermo Fisher Scientific) for RNA isolation.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Biochemical and inflammation parameters</title>
        <p>Total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose and ultra-sensitive C-reactive protein levels were determined using Bioclin&#174; automatic biochemical analyzer kits (Bioclin BS-120 Chemistry Analyzer). LDL-c was calculated using the Friedewald et al. equation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Real-time quantitative PCR analysis</title>
        <p>Nrf2, NF-&#954;B, NQO1 and PPAR&#946;/&#948; mRNA expressions were evaluated using real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) from PBMCs according to Cardozo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> TaqMan<sup>&#174;</sup> Gene Expression Assays (Applied Biosystems) were used to detect Nrf2 (Hs00975961_g1), NF-&#954;B (Hs00765730_m1), NQO1 (Hs00168547_m1), PPAR&#946;/&#948; (Hs00975961_g1) mRNA and the control gene GAPDH (Hs02758991_g1).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Shapiro-Wilk test was applied to test sample distribution. Results were expressed as mean &#177; SD (age, BMI, SBP, lipidic profile, glucose, Nrf2, NF-B, NQO1, PPAR&#946;/&#948;), median (interquartile range) (CRP) or percentage (hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes), as applicable. Unpaired Student&#8217;s <italic>t</italic>-test was used to compare the variables and groups with normal distribution and the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test was used for nonparametric data. Correlations between variables were assessed by Pearson&#8217;s or Spearman coefficient correlation according to the distribution of the sample. A significance level of 5% was accepted. Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS 19.0 software package (Chicago, IL, USA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>In the CAD group, 82.8% presented abnormalities on myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (65.5% myocardial ischemia, 27.6% myocardial fibrosis, and 6.9% fibrosis and myocardial ischemia). Regarding the duration of disease, 71.4% were diagnosed with CAD from 1 to 5 years, 17.1% from 6 to 10 years and 11.5% from 10 to 15 years. According to the clinical history of patients with CAD, 54.2% performed some type of procedure before the study: 8.7% cardiac catheterization, 34.3% percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, 5.7% percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and cardiac catheterization and 5.7% percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and coronary artery bypass grafting. Moreover, 62.8% of the CAD patients and 30.8% of the control group were smokers. Considering the use of medication, in the CAD group, 68.5% used &#946;-adrenergic blockers, 17.4% angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, 77.1% statins, 28.5% calcium channel blockers, 51.4% diuretic, 37.2% nitrate, 54.3% acetyl salicylic acid, 62.8% losartan potassium, 34.8% oral hypoglycemic agents and 11.43% insulin. In the control group, 53.8% used &#946;-adrenergic blocker, 15.4% angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, 46.2% statins, 30.8% calcium channel blocker, 53.8% diuretic, 7.7% nitrate, 61.5% acetyl salicylic acid, 69.2% losartan potassium, 38.5% oral hypoglycemic agents and 7.7% insulin. No statistical differences were found between groups related to the use of medication or smoking.</p>
      <p>Clinical profile and biochemical parameters are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. Also, the CAD group presented lower total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol compared to the group without CAD (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Clinical profile and biochemical of the patients of the study</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Parameters</th>
              <th align="center">Group without CAD (n = 12)</th>
              <th align="center">CAD Group (n = 35)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Men/women (n)</td>
              <td align="center">5/7</td>
              <td align="center">17/18</td>
              <td align="center">0.99</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">63.5 &#177; 11.5</td>
              <td align="center">62.4 &#177; 7.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.70</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension (%)</td>
              <td align="center">91.7</td>
              <td align="center">97.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.81</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemia (%)</td>
              <td align="center">75</td>
              <td align="center">74.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.67</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes (%)</td>
              <td align="center">16.7</td>
              <td align="center">37.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.84</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">26.5 &#177; 6.2</td>
              <td align="center">28.9 &#177; 4.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.17</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP (mmhg)</td>
              <td align="center">137.5 &#177; 23.0</td>
              <td align="center">138.0 &#177; 18.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.69</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DBP (mmhg)</td>
              <td align="center">82.5 &#177; 9.6</td>
              <td align="center">82.8 &#177; 8.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.90</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">200 &#177; 59.4</td>
              <td align="center">163.3 &#177; 46.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.03</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">109.3 &#177; 53.3</td>
              <td align="center">79.9 &#177; 33.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.03</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">65.1 &#177; 21.3</td>
              <td align="center">45.3 &#177; 9.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.002</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Triglyceride (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">128.2 &#177; 57.3</td>
              <td align="center">130.6 &#177; 71.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.79</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Glucose (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">115.2 &#177; 44.6</td>
              <td align="center">103.7 &#177; 36.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.13</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CRP (mg/L)</td>
              <td align="center">0.6 (0.4-4.0)</td>
              <td align="center">2.0 (0.12-8.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.25</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>CAD: coronary artery disease; BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure CRP: C-reactive protein. Parametric data expressed as mean&#177;SD and nonparametric data expressed with median, 15<sup>th</sup> and 75<sup>th</sup> quartiles.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>No differences were found in the transcription factors Nrf2 and NF-&#954;B or in the NQO1 mRNA expression comparing the CAD group with the group without CAD. In contrast, the PPAR&#946;/&#948; was more expressed in the CAD group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). We considered that the inclusion of diabetic patients did not interfere with the results. No correlations were found.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>mRNA expression levels in the group without CAD and the CAD Group</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Parameters</th>
              <th align="center">Group without CAD</th>
              <th align="center">CAD Group</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Nrf2</td>
              <td align="center">1.16 &#177; 0.76</td>
              <td align="center">1.35 &#177; 0.57</td>
              <td align="center">0.35</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">NF-B</td>
              <td align="center">0.95 &#177; 0.33</td>
              <td align="center">1.08 &#177; 0.50</td>
              <td align="center">0.58</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">NQO1</td>
              <td align="center">0.81 &#177; 0.55</td>
              <td align="center">1.05 &#177; 0.88</td>
              <td align="center">0.37</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PPAR&#946;/&#948;</td>
              <td align="center">0.56 &#177; 0.34</td>
              <td align="center">1.17 &#177; 0.86</td>
              <td align="center">0.008</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>Nrf2, NF-kB, NOQ1 and PPAR &#946;/&#948; mRNA expression was performed in PBMC by real-time quantitative PCR. Data were expressed as mean &#177; SD. CAD: coronary artery disease.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Studies have evaluated systemic inflammation through PBMC gene expression.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> The importance of studying PBMCs as a strategy to evaluate targets of inflammation-related metabolic pathways to explore CVD for a better understanding of the architecture of these diseases was emphasized. The hypothesis would be that the PBMCs could reflect inflammatory mechanisms in a more specific way compared to serum/plasma.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Thus, the present study investigates the transcription factors NF-&#954;B and Nrf2 and PPAR&#946;/&#948; mRNA expression in PBMCs of CAD patients. CVD patients are usually exposed to inflammation and oxidative stress. Nrf2 protects the body against these conditions because it is related to the synthesis of antioxidant enzymes and is capable of antagonizing NF-&#954;B involved in inflammatory induction.</p>
      <p>Several studies have shown that NF-&#954;B plays an important role in the development of CVD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> It was demonstrated that ischemia rapidly induced NF-&#954;B activation in the myocardium of rats.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Wilson et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> showed that NF-&#954;B was increased in the coronary atheromatous plaque in humans and its expression was predominantly associated with macrophages, foam cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. In addition, its expression was increased in acute coronary syndromes and associated with the intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> NF-&#954;B inhibition in endothelial cells resulted in reduced development of atherosclerosis and was correlated with reduced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules in the aortas of mice fed with cholesterol-rich diet.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Some studies demonstrate that, as a protection mechanism, in an early stage of diseases, Nrf2 has its activity increased in order to avoid damage induced by ROS. In the final stage, due to the chronicity and/or severity of the disease, this protection mechanism may become saturated by the excess of EROs leading to the reduction of Nrf2<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> or the Nrf2 appears to be insufficiently capable of antagonizing NF-&#954;B and it remains high.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Despite this, the effects of CAD on the Nrf2-Keap1 system are not well established. However, patients with CAD had lower gene expression of Nrf2/ARE and glutathione (GSH).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
			</p>
      <p>An important phase of atherosclerotic plaque formation is endothelial infiltration well established by macrophages and formation of foam cells. In rats, Nrf2 is an important component in this process, as macrophages exposed to oxidized LDL promoted increased expression of Nrf2, which indirectly protected macrophages from oxi-LDL mediated lesions through phase II antioxidant enzymes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> In addition, the absence of Nrf2 in macrophages from mice consuming a high-fat diet increased the formation of foam cells and the progression of atherosclerosis, suggesting that Nrf2 is important in resistance to atherosclerosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Increased expression of Nrf2 at this stage of development of atherosclerosis is important because the effects on heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, which produces antiatherogenic effects as a reduction in the formation of foam cells<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> and NQO1 also proved to be important in the protection against atherosclerosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the present study, there were no differences in the Nrf2 or NF-&#954;B mRNA expression between patients in the CAD group and the group without CAD possibly due to the fact that the patients in the two groups were elderly, hypertensive and/or diabetic, demonstrating that both groups did not include healthy patients. In addition, all the patients used several medications with potential antioxidant effect.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> With age, expression of several Nrf2 downstream targets declined.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> It is still important to emphasize that both hypertension and diabetes are related to increased oxidative stress, accumulation of reactive oxygen species and inflammation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the present study, the PPAR&#946;/&#948; was high compared to the patients without CAD. It seems to be protective since it has been shown that the adequate balance of PPAR&#946;/&#948; activation in the different cardiac cell types may be important for potential cardioprotective effects of PPAR&#946;/&#948;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> An<italic>in vivo</italic> study showed that cardiac specific overexpression of PPAR&#946;/&#948; led to increased myocardial glucose utilization and did not alter cardiac function but exerted a protective effect on ischemia/reperfusion-induced myocardial injury.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref> In addition, cardiac PPAR&#946;/&#948; deletion in mice resulted in cardiac dysfunction, hypertrophy and congestive heart failure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Additionally, PPAR&#946;/&#948; has been described in several biological functions, including cell survival.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref> Studies show that inflammation, ROS and oxidized LDLs induce endothelial cell apoptosis, representing the beginning of the development of atherosclerotic lesions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref> Thus, assays performed on keratinocytes have shown that increased production of proinflammatory cytokines is capable of elevating PPAR&#946;/&#948; expression, which in turn regulates the expression of apoptosis-related genes, resulting in increased resistance to cell death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Given the importance of PPAR&#946;/&#948; and the transcription factors NF-&#954;B and Nrf2 effects for the CAD patients - the Nrf2 orchestrating the production of antioxidant and phase 2 detoxifying enzymes being considered a protective factor against both oxidative stress and inflammation,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref> PPAR&#946;/&#948; promoting cardioprotection<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> and NF-&#954;B regulating inflammation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> - a better understanding of how they are expressed in CAD patients is useful so that strategies can be used in an attempt to modulate these transcription factors. Some studies proposed that nutrients containing plant-based Nrf2 inducers may help to improve the Nrf2-Keap1 system.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref>
			</p>
      <p>This study presented a range of limitations that warrant consideration. Firstly, this study should have a healthy control group for comparison. Secondly, it would be interesting to stratify the results by risk factor and scintigraphy results, but the sample was not large enough for this. Thirdly, unfortunately, we did not perform another Nrf2, NF-&#954;B and PPAR&#946;/&#948; target genes that encode antioxidant enzymes and proinflammatory cytokines to confirm the Nrf2, NF-&#954;B and PPAR&#946;/&#948; expression network. Furthermore, it was not possible to calculate non-HDL cholesterol. Further studies should be encouraged to explore this issue. Considering these limitations, this was a very well-controlled protocol, which allowed us to conclude that the results are considerably relevant.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The present study revealed increased expression of PPAR&#946;/&#948; in the PBMC of CAD patients while no differences were observed in Nrf2 or NF-&#954;B mRNA expressions. These findings may lead to possible therapies, targets and future research for treatment in these patients.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was supported by Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES) - Finance Code 001, Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) (Process E-26/203.269/2017) and (Process E_05/2016E_05/2016), and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Jaqueline Ermida Barbosa, from Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal Fluminense under the protocol number 826.041 CAAE 35035414.8.0000.5243. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Anjos</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Saraiva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1466-9413</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mafra</surname>
            <given-names>Denise</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8507-2369</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cardozo</surname>
            <given-names>Ludmila F. M. F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense - Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2">Correspond&#234;ncia: Ludmila F. M. F. Cardozo, Universidade Federal Fluminense - Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro - Rua Marques do Paran&#225;, 303, 4&#186; andar - pr&#233;dio da emerg&#234;ncia. CEP 24033-900, Niter&#243;i RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>ludmila.cardozo@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Barbosa JE, Stockler-Pinto MB, Cruz BO, Silva ACT, Anjos JS, Mesquita CT, Mafra D, Cardozo LFMF; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Barbosa JE, Stockler-Pinto MB, Cruz BO, Silva ACT, Anjos JS, Cardozo LFMF; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Stockler-Pinto MB, Mafra D, Cardozo LFMF; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Barbosa JE, Stockler-Pinto MB, Mesquita CT, Mafra D, Cardozo LFMF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>O estresse oxidativo e a inflama&#231;&#227;o est&#227;o presentes na doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) e est&#227;o ligados &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o do fator de transcri&#231;&#227;o nuclear kappa B (NF-&#954;B). Para atenuar essas complica&#231;&#245;es, fatores de transcri&#231;&#227;o como o fator nuclear eritroide 2-relacionado ao fator 2 (Nrf2) e o receptor ativado por proliferador de peroxissoma &#946;/&#948; (PPAR&#946;/&#948;) podem ser ativados para inibir o NF-&#954;B. No entanto, os dados dispon&#237;veis sobre a express&#227;o de NF-&#954;B, Nrf2 e PPAR&#946;/&#948; em pacientes com DAC s&#227;o limitados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a express&#227;o dos fatores transcricionais NF-&#954;B e Nrf2 e o PPAR&#946;/&#948; em pacientes com DAC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Trinta e cinco pacientes (17 homens, idade m&#233;dia de 62,4 &#177; 7,55 anos) com DAC e doze pacientes (5 homens, com idade m&#233;dia de 63,50 &#177; 11,46 anos) sem DAC foram inclu&#237;dos. C&#233;lulas mononucleares do sangue perif&#233;rico (PBMCs) foram isoladas e processadas para a express&#227;o de mRNA do Nrf2, NF-&#954;B, NADPH: quinona oxidoredutase 1 (NQO1) e mRNAs do PPAR&#946;/&#948; por meio de rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia da polimerase quantitativa em tempo real (qPCR). Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados como estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a nas express&#245;es de mRNA do Nrf2 (1,35 &#177; 0,57), NF-&#954;B (1,08 &#177; 0,50) ou na enzima antioxidante NQO1 (1,05 &#177; 0,88) no grupo DAC em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo sem DAC (1,16 &#177; 0,76, 0,95 &#177; 0,33, 0,81 &#177; 0,55, respectivamente). Entretanto, o PPAR&#946;/&#948; apresentou maior express&#227;o no grupo com DAC (1,17 &#177; 0,86 vs. 0,56 &#177; 0,34, p = 0,008).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O principal achado do presente estudo foi o PPAR&#946;/&#948; apresentar maior express&#227;o nas PBMCs de pacientes com DAC comparados ao grupo controle, ao passo que n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as nas express&#245;es de mRNA do Nrf2 ou NF-&#954;B.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Estresse Oxidativo</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflama&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Dislipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco/preval&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CAPES</funding-source>
          <award-id>001</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPERJ</funding-source>
          <award-id>E-26 / 203.269 / 2017</award-id>
          <award-id>E_05 / 2016E_05 / 2016</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Este estudo foi financiado pela Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES) - C&#243;digo Financeiro 001, Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) (Processo E-26 / 203.269 / 2017) e (Processo E_05 / 2016E_05 / 2016) e Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq)</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Entre as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCVs), a Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana (DAC) &#233; a principal causa de morte e altos custos com assist&#234;ncia m&#233;dica no mundo, sendo tipicamente uma doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica com progress&#227;o ao longo de anos ou d&#233;cadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> A DAC, tamb&#233;m conhecida como doen&#231;a coronariana arterioscler&#243;tica do cora&#231;&#227;o ou doen&#231;a coronariana, &#233; caracterizada pelo estreitamento das art&#233;rias do cora&#231;&#227;o que fornecem sangue, oxig&#234;nio e nutrientes ao tecido card&#237;aco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Embora tenha ocorrido um decl&#237;nio constante na incid&#234;ncia das DCVs nos &#250;ltimos anos, a preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco para DCVs (hipertens&#227;o, colesterol elevado e obesidade) tem aumentado. Tabagismo, obesidade, hipertens&#227;o arterial, n&#237;veis elevados de colesterol total e de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade, baixos n&#237;veis de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade, diabetes e idade avan&#231;ada s&#227;o os principais fatores de risco para DCV,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> estando diretamente relacionados &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial com baixa biodisponibilidade de &#243;xido n&#237;trico, causando vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o, estresse oxidativo e inflama&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> O estresse oxidativo est&#225; presente tanto na etiologia quanto na progress&#227;o do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, aterosclerose e hipertens&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O estresse oxidativo surge quando h&#225; um desequil&#237;brio entre a produ&#231;&#227;o de esp&#233;cies reativas do oxig&#234;nio (EROs) e a capacidade dos sistemas antioxidantes de defesa do corpo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> sendo que a inflama&#231;&#227;o &#233; uma resposta biol&#243;gica ao estresse oxidativo onde a c&#233;lula come&#231;a a produzir prote&#237;nas, enzimas e outros compostos para restaurar a homeostase.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> O estresse oxidativo &#233; respons&#225;vel pela inflama&#231;&#227;o por meio de diversos mecanismos, um dos quais sendo a ativa&#231;&#227;o direta do fator de transcri&#231;&#227;o nuclear kappa B (NF-&#954;B) pelas EROs. O NF-&#954;B regula a transcri&#231;&#227;o de diversos genes que codificam citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias, quimiocinas e mol&#233;culas de ades&#227;o leucocit&#225;ria.</p>
        <p>Nesse sentido, &#233; importante avaliar fatores que atenuam tanto a inflama&#231;&#227;o quanto o estresse oxidativo. O fator Nuclear eritroide 2-relacionado ao fator 2 (Nrf2) tem sido associado a efeitos citoprotetores e seu ac&#250;mulo leva a um aumento na transcri&#231;&#227;o de genes regulados por elementos de resposta antioxidante (ARE) que codificam enzimas antioxidantes e desintoxicantes de fase II, podendo ser considerado um fator protetor contra o estresse oxidativo e a inflama&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Em condi&#231;&#245;es basais, o fator Nrf2 &#233; inativo no citoplasma, sendo inibido por sua prote&#237;na repressora citos&#243;lica, prote&#237;na 1 associada a ECH semelhante a Kelch, que por meio da a&#231;&#227;o de certas subst&#226;ncias, incluindo as EROs, que alteram a conforma&#231;&#227;o, dissocia o fator Nrf2, facilitando, assim, a acumula&#231;&#227;o e a transloca&#231;&#227;o nuclear do Nrf2. No n&#250;cleo, o Nrf2 se liga a sequ&#234;ncias regulat&#243;rias chamadas AREs, que atuam em genes que codificam enzimas antioxidantes e desintoxicantes de fase II, incluindo a NADPH: quinona oxidoredutase 1 (NQO1).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> O papel do Nrf2 na redu&#231;&#227;o da inflama&#231;&#227;o est&#225; relacionado &#224; capacidade de antagonizar indiretamente o NF-&#954;B pela remo&#231;&#227;o de EROs. Al&#233;m disso, enzimas antioxidantes parecem agir diretamente na redu&#231;&#227;o de mediadores inflamat&#243;rios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Al&#233;m do Nrf2, outro alvo que atraiu o interesse e a aten&#231;&#227;o dos pesquisadores &#233; o receptor ativado por proliferador de peroxissoma&#946;/&#948; (PPAR&#946;/&#948;). No entanto, as fun&#231;&#245;es biol&#243;gicas do PPAR&#946;/&#948; e sua efic&#225;cia como alvo terap&#234;utico no tratamento da hipertens&#227;o e DCV ainda n&#227;o foram elucidadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> O PPAR&#946;/&#948; &#233; o subtipo predominante no cora&#231;&#227;o e v&#225;rias linhas de evid&#234;ncia sugerem uma fun&#231;&#227;o cardioprotetora do PPAR&#946;/&#948;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Estudos pr&#233;-cl&#237;nicos sugerem que a ativa&#231;&#227;o do PPAR&#946;/&#948; promove efeitos anti-hipertensivos em modelos animais estabelecidos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> e a ativa&#231;&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica do PPAR&#946;/&#948; previne a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e regula negativamente as respostas inflamat&#243;rias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Al&#233;m disso, o PPAR&#946;/&#948; suprime as atividades de v&#225;rios fatores de transcri&#231;&#227;o, incluindo o NF-&#954;B.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Tendo em vista que n&#227;o h&#225; estudos sobre a express&#227;o g&#234;nica de Nrf2, NF-&#954;B e PPAR&#946;/&#948; e seu perfil em pacientes com DAC, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a express&#227;o de mRNA dos fatores de transcri&#231;&#227;o NF-&#954;B e Nrf2 e do receptor PPAR&#946;/&#948; em pacientes com DAC.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Indiv&#237;duos</title>
          <p>Quarenta e sete pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo atrav&#233;s de uma amostra por conveni&#234;ncia, onde os pacientes compuseram cada grupo de acordo com a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. Trinta e cinco pacientes (17 homens e 18 mulheres, idade m&#233;dia de 62,4 &#177; 7,5 anos, IMC 28,9 &#177; 4,9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) com DAC e/ou altera&#231;&#245;es na cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica compuseram o grupo DAC e doze pacientes (5 homens e 7 mulheres, idade m&#233;dia de 63,5 &#177; 11,5 anos, 26,5 &#177; 6,2 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) sem DAC compuseram o grupo sem DAC. Os pacientes eleg&#237;veis tinham mais de 18 anos e compareceram ao Setor de Medicina Nuclear do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro (Niter&#243;i, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil) para realizar a cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica. Pacientes com infec&#231;&#227;o, c&#226;ncer, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada &lt;60 mL/min), s&#237;ndrome da imunodefici&#234;ncia adquirida (AIDS) e doen&#231;a autoimune foram exclu&#237;dos. O grupo controle era composto por pacientes hipertensos, dislipid&#234;micos e/ou diab&#233;ticos n&#227;o diagnosticados com DAC, do mesmo hospital.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medidas antropom&#233;tricas</title>
          <p>As medidas antropom&#233;tricas foram feitas por um membro da equipe treinado, que utilizou as t&#233;cnicas padr&#227;o. O &#237;ndice de massa corporal foi calculado pelo peso em quilogramas dividido pela altura em metros quadrados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial</title>
          <p>A press&#227;o arterial (PA) foi medida pelo m&#233;todo indireto utilizando-se t&#233;cnica auscultat&#243;ria com esfigmoman&#244;metro e manguito apropriado de acordo com as dimens&#245;es do bra&#231;o do paciente. Utilizou-se aparelho de PA aneroide - AD-2 sobre rod&#237;zio (pedestal), marca UNITEC Hospitalar (INMETRO ML 095 2007/ANVISA 10432300016). Para avaliar a PA, o procedimento foi inicialmente explicado ao paciente, que era mantido em repouso por mais de cinco minutos, sentado, com os p&#233;s apoiados no ch&#227;o, encostado na cadeira, bra&#231;o no n&#237;vel do cora&#231;&#227;o (ponto m&#233;dio do esterno), apoiado, despido, com a palma da m&#227;o voltada para cima e o cotovelo ligeiramente fletido. Definiu-se hipertens&#227;o arterial quando os valores da PA sist&#243;lica (PAS) eram maiores ou iguais a 140 mmHg.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Procedimentos anal&#237;ticos e processamento de amostras</title>
          <p>Coletou-se sangue de cada participante pela manh&#227;, ap&#243;s 12 horas de jejum noturno, sendo acondicionado em tubo com anticoagulante EDTA (1,0 mg/mL). O plasma foi centrifugado e separado (15 min, 3000xg, 4&#176;C) e armazenado a -80&#176;C at&#233; a an&#225;lise.</p>
          <p>Foram coletadas c&#233;lulas mononucleares do sangue perif&#233;rico (PBMCs), diluindo-se as amostras de sangue com EDTA em PBS e as c&#233;lulas foram separadas em 5 mL de Histopaque (Sigma-Aldrich) por centrifuga&#231;&#227;o a 1800 g por 30 minutos. As PBMCs foram coletadas e lavadas duas vezes com PBS frio e ressuspensas e armazenadas (&#8722;80&#176;C) com 1 mL de meio de congelamento para cultivo celular Recovery<sup>TM</sup> (Thermo Fisher Scientific) para isolamento de RNA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos e inflamat&#243;rios</title>
          <p>Os n&#237;veis de colesterol total, colesterol LDL, colesterol HDL, triglicer&#237;deos, glicose e prote&#237;na C-reativa ultrassens&#237;vel foram determinados usando analisadores bioqu&#237;micos autom&#225;ticos da marca Bioclin<sup>&#174;</sup> (Bioclin BS-120 Chemistry Analyzer). Calculou-se o colesterol LDL pela equa&#231;&#227;o de Friedewald et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise da PCR quantitativa em tempo real</title>
          <p>As express&#245;es de mRNA dos fatores de transcri&#231;&#227;o NF-&#954;B, NQO1 e PPAR&#946;/&#948; foram avaliadas pela PCR quantitativa em tempo real (qPCR) de PBMCs de acordo com Cardozo et al. 2016.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Foram utilizados os ensaios de express&#227;o g&#234;nica TaqMan<sup>&#174;</sup> (Applied Biosystems) para detectar a express&#227;o de mRNA dos fatores Nrf2 (Hs00975961_g1), NF-&#954;B (Hs00765730_m1), NQO1 (Hs00168547_m1), PPAR&#946;/&#948; (Hs00975961_g1) e o gene de controle GAPDH (Hs02758991_g1).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>O teste Shapiro-Wilk foi aplicado para testar a distribui&#231;&#227;o das amostras. Os resultados foram expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; DP (idade, IMC, PAS, perfil lip&#237;dico, glicose, Nrf2, NF-&#954;B, NQO1, PPAR&#946;/&#948;), mediana (intervalo interquartil) (PCR) ou porcentagem (hipertens&#227;o, dislipidemia, diabetes), conforme aplic&#225;vel. Utilizou-se o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student n&#227;o pareado para comparar as vari&#225;veis e grupos com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e o teste de Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon para dados n&#227;o param&#233;tricos. As correla&#231;&#245;es entre as vari&#225;veis foram avaliadas pela correla&#231;&#227;o dos coeficientes de Pearson ou Spearman de acordo com a distribui&#231;&#227;o da amostra. Aceitou-se 5% como n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas com software SPSS 19.0 (Chicago, IL, EUA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>No grupo com DAC, 82,8% apresentaram altera&#231;&#245;es na cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (65,5% isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, 27,6% fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, e 6,9% de fibrose e isquemia mioc&#225;rdica). Quanto &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a, 71,4% foram diagnosticados com DAC de 1 a 5 anos, 17,1% de 6 a 10 anos e 11,5% de 10 a 15 anos. De acordo com a hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica dos pacientes com DAC, 54,2% realizaram algum tipo de procedimento antes do estudo: 8,7% realizaram cateterismo card&#237;aco, 34,3% angioplastia coronariana transluminal percut&#226;nea, 5,7% angioplastia coronariana transluminal percut&#226;nea e cateterismo card&#237;aco e 5,7% angioplastia coronariana transluminal percut&#226;nea e cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Al&#233;m disso, 62,8% dos pacientes com DAC e 30,8% do grupo controle eram fumantes. Considerando o uso de medicamentos, no grupo com DAC, 68,5% usavam bloqueadores &#946;-adren&#233;rgicos, 17,4% inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina, 77,1% estatinas, 28,5% bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio, 51,4% diur&#233;ticos, 37,2% nitratos, 54,3% &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico, 62,8% losartana pot&#225;ssica, 34,8% hipoglicemiantes orais e 11,43% insulina. No grupo controle, 53,8% usavam bloqueadores &#946;-adren&#233;rgicos, 15,4% inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina, 46,2% estatinas, 30,8% bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio, 53,8% diur&#233;ticos, 7,7% nitratos, 61,5% &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico, 69,2% losartana pot&#225;ssica, 38,5% hipoglicemiantes orais e 7,7% insulina. N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas entre os grupos com rela&#231;&#227;o ao uso de medicamentos ou tabagismo.</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta o perfil cl&#237;nico e os par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos. Al&#233;m disso, o grupo com DAC apresentou menores n&#237;veis de colesterol total, colesterol LDL e colesterol HDL quando comparado ao grupo sem DAC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Perfil cl&#237;nico e bioqu&#237;mico dos pacientes do estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Par&#226;metros</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo sem DAC (n = 12)</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo com DAC (n = 35)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Homens/mulheres (n)</td>
                <td align="center">5/7</td>
                <td align="center">17/18</td>
                <td align="center">0.99</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">63,5 &#177; 11,5</td>
                <td align="center">62,4 &#177; 7,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,70</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o (%)</td>
                <td align="center">91,7</td>
                <td align="center">97,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,81</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipidemia (%)</td>
                <td align="center">75</td>
                <td align="center">74,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,67</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes (%)</td>
                <td align="center">16,7</td>
                <td align="center">37,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,84</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">26,5 &#177; 6,2</td>
                <td align="center">28,9 &#177; 4,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">137,5 &#177; 23,0</td>
                <td align="center">138,0 &#177; 18,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,69</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">82,5 &#177; 9,6</td>
                <td align="center">82,8 &#177; 8,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,90</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol total (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">200 &#177; 59,4</td>
                <td align="center">163,3 &#177; 46,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol LDL (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">109,3 &#177; 53,3</td>
                <td align="center">79,9 &#177; 33,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol HDL (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">65,1 &#177; 21,3</td>
                <td align="center">45,3 &#177; 9,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglicer&#237;deos (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">128,2 &#177; 57,3</td>
                <td align="center">130,6 &#177; 71,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,79</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glicose (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">115,2 &#177; 44,6</td>
                <td align="center">103,7 &#177; 36,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PCR (mg/L)</td>
                <td align="center">0,6 (0,4-4,0)</td>
                <td align="center">2,0 (0,12-8,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,25</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; PCR: prote&#237;na C-reativa. Dados param&#233;tricos expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; DP e dados n&#227;o param&#233;tricos expressos em mediana, 15&#176; e 75&#176; quartis.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as nos fatores transcricionais Nrf2 e NF-&#954;B ou na express&#227;o de mRNA do gene NQO1, comparando-se o grupo DAC com o grupo sem DAC. Em contrapartida, houve maior express&#227;o do receptor PPAR&#946;/&#948; no grupo com DAC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>). Consideramos que a inclus&#227;o de pacientes diab&#233;ticos n&#227;o interferiu nos resultados. Nenhuma correla&#231;&#227;o foi encontrada.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>N&#237;veis de express&#227;o de mRNA no grupo sem DAC e no grupo com DAC</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Par&#226;metros</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo sem DAC</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo com DAC</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nrf2</td>
                <td align="center">1,16 &#177; 0,76</td>
                <td align="center">1,35 &#177; 0,57</td>
                <td align="center">0,35</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NF-&#954;B</td>
                <td align="center">0,95 &#177; 0,33</td>
                <td align="center">1,08 &#177; 0,50</td>
                <td align="center">0,58</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NQO1</td>
                <td align="center">0,81 &#177; 0,55</td>
                <td align="center">1,05 &#177; 0,88</td>
                <td align="center">0,37</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PPAR&#946;/&#948;</td>
                <td align="center">0,56 &#177; 0,34</td>
                <td align="center">1,17 &#177; 0,86</td>
                <td align="center">0,008</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>As express&#245;es de mRNA dos fatores Nrf2, NF-kB, NOQ1 e PPAR&#946;/&#948; foram realizadas em PBMCs por PCR quantitativa em tempo real. Os dados foram expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP. Os dados foram expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP. DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Alguns estudos avaliaram a inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica atrav&#233;s da express&#227;o g&#234;nica das PBMCs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Salientou-se a import&#226;ncia de estudar as PBMCs como uma estrat&#233;gia para avaliar alvos de vias metab&#243;licas relacionadas &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o para explorar as DCV para uma melhor compreens&#227;o da arquitetura dessas doen&#231;as. A hip&#243;tese contemplada seria a de que os PBMCs poderiam refletir mecanismos inflamat&#243;rios de uma maneira mais espec&#237;fica em compara&#231;&#227;o com o soro/plasma.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Assim, o presente estudo investiga a express&#227;o de mRNA dos fatores transcricionais NF-&#954;B e Nrf2 e do receptor PPAR&#946;/&#948; nas PBMCs de pacientes com DAC. Os pacientes com DCV geralmente est&#227;o expostos a inflama&#231;&#227;o e estresse oxidativo. O fator Nrf2 protege o organismo contra essas altera&#231;&#245;es, pois est&#225; relacionado &#224; s&#237;ntese de enzimas antioxidantes e &#233; capaz de antagonizar o NF-&#954;B envolvido na indu&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria.</p>
        <p>Diversos estudos mostraram que o fator NF-&#954;B desempenha um papel importante no desenvolvimento de DCV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Demonstrou-se que a isquemia induziu rapidamente a ativa&#231;&#227;o do NF-&#954;B no mioc&#225;rdio de ratos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Wilson et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> mostraram que o NF-&#954;B encontrava-se aumentado na placa ateromatosa coronariana em humanos e sua express&#227;o estava predominantemente associada a macr&#243;fagos, c&#233;lulas espumosas e c&#233;lulas musculares lisas vasculares. Al&#233;m disso, sua express&#227;o mostrou-se aumentada nas s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas e associada &#224; mol&#233;cula de ades&#227;o intercelular 1 (ICAM-1).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> A inibi&#231;&#227;o do fator NF-&#954;B nas c&#233;lulas endoteliais resultou em redu&#231;&#227;o do desenvolvimento de aterosclerose e mostrou-se correlacionada &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o de citocinas pro-inflamat&#243;rias, quimiocinas e mol&#233;culas de ades&#227;o nas aortas de camundongos alimentados com dieta rica em colesterol.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Alguns estudos demonstram que, como mecanismo de prote&#231;&#227;o, no est&#225;gio inicial de doen&#231;as, o fator Nrf2 tem sua atividade aumentada para evitar danos induzidos por EROs. No est&#225;gio final, devido &#224; cronicidade e/ou gravidade da doen&#231;a, esse mecanismo de prote&#231;&#227;o pode se tornar saturado pelo excesso de EROs, levando &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de Nrf2<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> ou o Nrf2 parece ser insuficientemente capaz de antagonizar o NF-&#954;B, permanecendo elevado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Apesar disso, os efeitos da DAC no sistema Nrf2-Keap1 n&#227;o est&#227;o bem estabelecidos. No entanto, pacientes com DAC apresentaram menor express&#227;o g&#234;nica de Nrf2/ARE e glutationa (GSH).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Uma fase importante da forma&#231;&#227;o da placa ateroscler&#243;tica &#233; a infiltra&#231;&#227;o endotelial bem estabelecida pelos macr&#243;fagos e a forma&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas espumosas. Em ratos, o fator Nrf2 &#233; um componente importante nesse processo, uma vez que macr&#243;fagos expostos &#224; LDL oxidada promoveram aumento da express&#227;o de Nrf2, que protegeu indiretamente os macr&#243;fagos de les&#245;es mediadas por LDL oxidada atrav&#233;s de enzimas antioxidantes de fase II.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Al&#233;m disso, a aus&#234;ncia de Nrf2 em macr&#243;fagos de camundongos que consomem uma dieta rica em gordura aumentou a forma&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas espumosas e a progress&#227;o da aterosclerose, sugerindo que o fator Nrf2 &#233; importante na resist&#234;ncia &#224; aterosclerose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> O aumento da express&#227;o de Nrf2 nesse est&#225;gio do desenvolvimento da aterosclerose &#233; importante porque os efeitos sobre a express&#227;o da heme oxigenase-1 (HO-1), que produz efeitos antiaterog&#234;nicos como redu&#231;&#227;o na forma&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas espumosas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> e NQO1, tamb&#233;m se mostraram importantes na prote&#231;&#227;o contra a aterosclerose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as na express&#227;o de mRNA do fator Nrf2 ou NF-kB entre pacientes do grupo com DAC e do grupo sem DAC, possivelmente devido ao fato de os pacientes nos dois grupos serem idosos, hipertensos e/ou diab&#233;ticos, demonstrando que nenhum dos grupos era composto por pacientes saud&#225;veis. Al&#233;m disso, todos os pacientes estavam em uso de diversos medicamentos com poss&#237;vel efeito antioxidante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> Com a idade, a express&#227;o de diversos alvos <italic>downstream</italic> do fator Nrf2 diminuem.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> Ainda &#233; importante ressaltar que tanto a hipertens&#227;o quanto o diabetes est&#227;o relacionados ao aumento do estresse oxidativo, ac&#250;mulo de esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio e inflama&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, o receptor PPAR&#946;/&#948; mostrou-se elevado quando comparado aos pacientes sem DAC. Parece ser um fator protetor, uma vez que foi demonstrado que o equil&#237;brio adequado da ativa&#231;&#227;o de PPAR&#946;/&#948; nos diferentes tipos de c&#233;lulas card&#237;acas pode ser importante para os poss&#237;veis efeitos cardioprotetores do PPAR&#946;/&#948;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> Um estudo <italic>in vivo</italic> mostrou que a superexpress&#227;o card&#237;aca espec&#237;fica do PPAR&#946;/&#948; levou ao aumento da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de glicose mioc&#225;rdica e n&#227;o alterou a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, mas exerceu um efeito protetor na les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica induzida por isquemia/reperfus&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref> Al&#233;m disso, a dele&#231;&#227;o do gene PPAR&#946;/&#948; em camundongos resultou em disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, hipertrofia e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Al&#233;m disso, o PPAR&#946;/&#948; foi descrito em v&#225;rias fun&#231;&#245;es biol&#243;gicas, incluindo a sobreviv&#234;ncia celular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref> Estudos mostram que a inflama&#231;&#227;o, as EROs e as LDLs oxidadas induzem a apoptose de c&#233;lulas endoteliais, representando o in&#237;cio do desenvolvimento de les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref> Assim, ensaios realizados em queratin&#243;citos mostraram que o aumento da produ&#231;&#227;o de citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias &#233; capaz de elevar a express&#227;o de PPAR&#946;/&#948;, que por sua vez regula a express&#227;o de genes relacionados &#224; apoptose, resultando em aumento da resist&#234;ncia &#224; morte celular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Dada a import&#226;ncia do PPAR&#946;/&#948; e dos efeitos dos fatores de transcri&#231;&#227;o NF-&#954;B e Nrf2 nos pacientes com DAC - o Nrf2 orquestrando a produ&#231;&#227;o de enzimas antioxidantes e desintoxicantes de fase 2 sendo considerado um fator protetor contra o estresse oxidativo e a inflama&#231;&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref> com o PPAR&#946;/&#948; promovendo a cardioprote&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> e o NF-&#954;B regulando a inflama&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> - uma melhor compreens&#227;o de como eles s&#227;o expressos em pacientes com DAC mostra-se &#250;til para que se possa utilizar estrat&#233;gias na tentativa de modular esses fatores de transcri&#231;&#227;o. Alguns estudos propuseram que nutrientes contendo indutores de Nrf2 de de fontes naturais podem ajudar a melhorar o sistema Nrf2-Keap1.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Este estudo apresentou uma s&#233;rie de limita&#231;&#245;es que merecem ser consideradas. Primeiramente, o estudo deveria ter um grupo controle saud&#225;vel para compara&#231;&#227;o. Em segundo lugar, seria interessante estratificar os resultados por fator de risco e resultados de cintilografia, mas a amostra n&#227;o era grande o suficiente para isso. Em terceiro lugar, infelizmente, n&#227;o realizamos outros genes-alvo dos fatores Nrf2, NF-&#954;B e PPAR&#946;/&#948; que codificam enzimas antioxidantes e citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias para confirmar a rede de express&#227;o dos fatores Nrf2, NF-&#954;B e PPAR&#946;/&#948;. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel calcular o colesterol n&#227;o HDL. Novos estudos devem ser estimulados para explorar esta quest&#227;o. Considerando essas limita&#231;&#245;es, este foi um protocolo muito bem controlado, o que nos permitiu concluir que os resultados s&#227;o consideravelmente relevantes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente estudo revelou aumento da express&#227;o de PPAR&#946;/&#948; nas PBMCs de pacientes com DAC, embora n&#227;o tenham sido observadas diferen&#231;as nas express&#245;es de mRNA dos fatores Nrf2 ou NF-&#954;B. Esses achados podem levar a poss&#237;veis terapias, alvos e futuras pesquisas para o tratamento desses pacientes.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi financiado pela Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES) - C&#243;digo Financeiro 001, Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) (Processo E-26 / 203.269 / 2017) e (Processo E_05 / 2016E_05 / 2016) e Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte da disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Jaqueline Ermida Barbosa pela Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade Federal Fluminense sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 826.041 CAAE 35035414.8.0000.5243. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
