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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">dhFc9dZ7q65P7GPpfCvzDhh</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019001201119</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190730</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Coronary Artery Dilation in Children with Febrile Exanthematous Illness without Criteria for Kawasaki Disease -An Enigmatic Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3144-8062</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Guerra</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor Coimbra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">The Hospital For Sick Children</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Toronto</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CA">Canada</country>
        <institution content-type="original">The Hospital For Sick Children, Sickkids, Toronto - Canada</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Toronto</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Toronto</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CA">Canada</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of Toronto, Toronto - Canada</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Vitor Coimbra Guerra,</bold> 555 University Avenue, M5G 1X8, Toronto, Ontario - Canada E-mail: <email>vcguerra@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>2</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1119</fpage>
      <lpage>1120</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares/ diagnosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery</kwd>
        <kwd>Kawasaki Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Fever</kwd>
        <kwd>Exantemous</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography/ diagnostic imaging</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>More than half a century has elapsed since Prof. Tomisaku Kawasaki&#8217;s did the first description of a unique disease. He saw the first 4-year-old patient with fever and rash in 1961&#8230;. At that time, he described the diagnosis &#8220;unknown&#8221;. The published paper title was <italic>Infantile acute febrile mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome with specific desquamation of the fingers and toes. Clinical observation of 50 cases.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> From This &#8220;unknown diagnosis&#8221;, which now we call Kawasaki disease (KD) until the current era, this vasculitis of unknown cause became the leading cause of acquired heart disease among children in United States.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Historically, the presence of coronary abnormalities was not noticed until patients died suddenly of cardiac complications. An angiographic study of 1100 patients showed coronary artery lesions in 24%, with aneurysms in 8% and a number of patients with stenoses and occlusions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> As soon as the Coronary arteries became the key structure for risk stratification, treatment and outcome, extensive research and worldwide effort has been done targeting the correct diagnostic. Unfortunately, to make things more challenging, there are forms of &#8220;uncomplete KD&#8221; which overlaps with other forms of febrile Exanthematous illness in children.</p>
    <p>In this original paper, Dr. Reyna et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> highlight the coronary arteries dilatation in the context of febrile Exanthematous illnesses, but not classified as KD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Interestingly, Kawasaki&#8217;s presentations and publication were initially met with skepticism as to whether his cases were a newly recognized disease entity or a variant of scarlet fever, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, or erythema multiforme. So, the most important and key steP is a clear definition and criteria of KD and coronary artery lesions. In recognition of the challenges posed in the diagnosis of &#8220;incomplete&#8221; KD, The Japanese Ministry of Health Research Committee and the Japanese Circulation Society (JCS), and the American Heart Association (AHA) and American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP ), in 2004, established their criteria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> The definitions and criteria for Kawasaki disease diagnosis slightly differ between the AHA/AAP and Japanese guidelines. The diagnostic criteria for classical</p>
    <p>Kawasaki disease in AHA/AAP guidelines include fever persisting at least 5 days and at least four of five other criteria. The criteria in the Japanese guidelines include fever as a sixth, equally important criterion, and patients must meet five of six criteria for diagnosis, including fever that subsides within 5 days in response to therapy. It is difficult to compare coronary lesions between these two countries because the definitions of are completely different in the respective guidelines. The Japanese JCS guidelines for Coronary artery lesions use the diameter of each segment of coronary arteries. However, in the AHA/APP guidelines aneurysms are classified using z-scores. In this paper, the author uses echocardiogram to assess the coronary artery luminal dimensions, converted to z - scores adjusted for body surface area (BSA).</p>
    <p>As already mentioned before, another important topic related to this publication is the concept of atypical KD, which is very challenging diagnosis and management. The Japanese guidelines state that a KD diagnosis is possible even when five or more of the principal symptoms are absent, if other conditions can be excluded and KD is suspected, a condition known as incomplete KD. Indeed, approximately 15-20% of KD patients have incomplete KD in Japan.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> However, even if a patient has four or fewer principal symptoms, the illness should not be regarded as less severe, because cardiovascular abnormalities are not rare in patients with incomplete KD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> The AHA/AAP guidelines include an algorithm for evaluation and treatment of suspected patients with incomplete or atypical KD. The algorithm indicates that incomplete KD should be diagnosed in a patient with a fever persisting at least 5 days, two or three additional clinical diagnostic criteria, and abnormal laboratory values typical of KD. The incidence rate of incomplete KD in the United States is reported to be approximately 20-27%. The AHA/AAP specifies that the term &#8220;atypical&#8221; should be used to describe patients who have a sign or symptom not typically seen in KD, such as renal impairment.</p>
    <p>Previously, in a pilot study Muniz et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> described that coronary arteries dimensions with non-KD febrile illness are larger than those in normative afebrile subjects but smaller than dimensions in patients with KD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Some gaps still need to be filled, especially related to the pathology in those febrile illness: in the KD vasculopathy primarily involves muscular arteries and is characterized by 3 linked processes: 1 - necrotizing arteritis; 2 - subacute/chronic vasculitis and 3 - luminal myofibroblastic proliferation. Maybe, a better understanding of this process, which clarifies why the coronary arteries became dilated and don&#8217;t progress to aneurysms.</p>
    <p>So, the vasculopathy in KD and other febrile exanthemathous illness remains an enigmatic disease. Five decades of new findings and all research have not been enough. We still need more research to give us more answers&#8230;.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short editorial related to the article: Coronary Artery Dilation in Children with Febrile Exanthematous Illness without Criteria for Kawasaki Disease</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Dilata&#231;&#227;o da Art&#233;ria Coron&#225;ria em Crian&#231;as com Doen&#231;a Exantem&#225;tica Febril sem Crit&#233;rios para a Doen&#231;a de Kawasaki - Uma Doen&#231;a Enigm&#225;tica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3144-8062</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Guerra</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor Coimbra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">The Hospital For Sick Children, Sickkids, Toronto - Canad&#225;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">University of Toronto, Toronto - Canad&#225;</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Vitor Coimbra Guerra,</bold> 555 University Avenue, M5G 1X8, Toronto, Ontario - Canad&#225; E-mail: vcguerra@hotmail.com</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases/ diagn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Art&#233;ria Coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Kawasaki</kwd>
        <kwd>Febre</kwd>
        <kwd>Exantema</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia/ diagn&#243;stico por imagem</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Mais de meio s&#233;culo se passou desde que o Prof. Tomisaku Kawasaki fez a primeira descri&#231;&#227;o de uma doen&#231;a singular. Ele viu o primeiro paciente de 4 anos com febre e erup&#231;&#227;o cut&#226;nea em 1961. Naquela &#233;poca, ele descreveu o diagn&#243;stico como &#8220;desconhecido&#8221;. O t&#237;tulo do artigo publicado foi &#8220;S&#237;ndrome do linfonodo mucocut&#226;neo febril agudo infantil com descama&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica dos dedos das m&#227;os e dos p&#233;s. Observa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de 50 casos<italic>.&#8221;</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A partir desse &#8220;diagn&#243;stico desconhecido&#8221;, que agora chamamos de doen&#231;a de Kawasaki (DK) at&#233; a era atual, essa vasculite de causa desconhecida tornou-se a principal causa de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca adquirida em crian&#231;as nos Estados Unidos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Historicamente, a presen&#231;a de anormalidades coron&#225;rias n&#227;o era percebida at&#233; que os pacientes morressem repentinamente por complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas. Um estudo angiogr&#225;fico de 1.100 pacientes mostrou les&#245;es na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria em 24%, com aneurismas em 8% e v&#225;rios pacientes com estenoses e oclus&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Assim que as art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias se tornaram a estrutura chave para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, tratamento e desfecho, uma extensa pesquisa e um esfor&#231;o mundial foram realizados visando o diagn&#243;stico correto. Infelizmente, para tornar as coisas mais desafiadoras, existem formas de "DK incompleta", que se sobrep&#245;em a outras formas de doen&#231;as exantem&#225;ticas febris em crian&#231;as.</p>
      <p>Neste artigo original, o Dr. Reyna et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> enfatizam a dilata&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias no contexto de doen&#231;as exantem&#225;ticas febris, mas n&#227;o classificadas como DK.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Curiosamente, as apresenta&#231;&#245;es e publica&#231;&#227;o de Kawasaki foram inicialmente recebidas com ceticismo pelo fato de seus casos constitu&#237;rem uma doen&#231;a recentemente reconhecida ou uma variante da escarlatina, s&#237;ndrome de Stevens-Johnson ou eritema multiforme. Assim, o passo mais importante e fundamental &#233; a defini&#231;&#227;o e crit&#233;rios claros da DK e das les&#245;es da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria. Em reconhecimento aos desafios enfrentados no diagn&#243;stico de DK &#8220;incompleta&#8221;, o Comit&#234; de Pesquisa do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de do Jap&#227;o e a <italic>Japanese Circulation Society</italic> (JCS) e a <italic>American Heart Association (</italic>AHA) e a <italic>American Academy of Pediatrics</italic> (AAP ), em 2004, estabeleceram seus crit&#233;rios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> As defini&#231;&#245;es e crit&#233;rios para o diagn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a de Kawasaki diferem ligeiramente entre as diretrizes da AHA/AAP e as diretrizes japonesas. Os crit&#233;rios de diagn&#243;stico para a doen&#231;a cl&#225;ssica de Kawasaki de acordo com as diretrizes da AHA /AAP incluem febre persistente por pelo menos 5 dias e pelo menos quatro dos outros cinco crit&#233;rios. Os crit&#233;rios das diretrizes japonesas incluem a febre como sexto crit&#233;rio igualmente importante, e os pacientes devem atender a cinco dos seis crit&#233;rios para o diagn&#243;stico, incluindo a febre, que desaparece dentro de cinco dias em resposta &#224; terapia. &#201; dif&#237;cil comparar as les&#245;es coron&#225;rias entre esses dois pa&#237;ses, porque as defini&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o completamente diferentes nas respectivas diretrizes. As diretrizes japonesas da JCS para les&#245;es nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias utilizam o di&#226;metro de cada segmento das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias. Entretanto, nas diretrizes da AHA/AAP , os aneurismas s&#227;o classificados utilizando escores z. Neste artigo, o autor utiliza o ecocardiograma para avaliar as dimens&#245;es luminais da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, convertidas em escores z ajustados para a &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal (ASC).</p>
      <p>Como mencionado anteriormente, outro t&#243;pico importante relacionado a esta publica&#231;&#227;o &#233; o conceito de DK at&#237;pica, que constitui um diagn&#243;stico e tratamento muito desafiadores. As diretrizes japonesas afirmam que um diagn&#243;stico de DK &#233; poss&#237;vel mesmo quando cinco ou mais dos principais sintomas est&#227;o ausentes, se outras condi&#231;&#245;es puderem ser exclu&#237;das e se houver suspeita de DK, uma condi&#231;&#227;o conhecida como DK incompleta. De fato, aproximadamente 15 a 20% dos pacientes com DK apresentam DK incompleta no Jap&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> No entanto, mesmo que um paciente tenha quatro ou menos sintomas principais, a doen&#231;a n&#227;o deve ser considerada menos grave, porque anormalidades cardiovasculares n&#227;o s&#227;o raras em pacientes com DK incompleta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> As diretrizes da AHA/AAP incluem um algoritmo para avalia&#231;&#227;o e tratamento de pacientes com suspeita de DK incompleta ou at&#237;pica. O algoritmo indica que a DK incompleta deve ser diagnosticada em um paciente com febre persistindo por pelo menos 5 dias, dois ou tr&#234;s crit&#233;rios adicionais de diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico e valores laboratoriais anormais t&#237;picos da DK. A taxa de incid&#234;ncia de DK incompleta nos Estados Unidos &#233; relatada como sendo aproximadamente 20 a 27%. A AHA/AAP especifica que o termo &#8220;at&#237;pico&#8221; deve ser utilizado para descrever pacientes que t&#234;m um sinal ou sintoma que normalmente n&#227;o &#233; observado na DK, como insufici&#234;ncia renal.</p>
      <p>Anteriormente, em um estudo piloto, Muniz et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> descreveram que as dimens&#245;es das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias com doen&#231;a febril n&#227;o-DK s&#227;o maiores do que aquelas em indiv&#237;duos afebris normativos, mas menores que as dimens&#245;es nos pacientes com DK.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Algumas lacunas ainda precisam ser preenchidas, principalmente relacionadas &#224; patologia da doen&#231;a febril: a vasculopatia por DK envolve principalmente art&#233;rias musculares e &#233; caracterizada por tr&#234;s processos interligados: 1 - arterite necrosante; 2 -vasculite subaguda/cr&#244;nica e 3 -prolifera&#231;&#227;o miofibrobl&#225;stica luminal. Talvez uma melhor compreens&#227;o desse processo possa esclarecer por que as art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias se dilataram e n&#227;o progrediram para aneurismas.</p>
      <p>Portanto, a vasculopatia na DK e outras doen&#231;as exantem&#225;ticas febris permanece uma doen&#231;a enigm&#225;tica. Cinco d&#233;cadas de novas descobertas e todas as pesquisas n&#227;o foram suficientes. Ainda precisamos de mais pesquisas para nos dar mais respostas ...</p>
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          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Dilata&#231;&#227;o das Art&#233;rias Coron&#225;rias em Crian&#231;as com Doen&#231;a Exantem&#225;tica Febril sem Crit&#233;rios para a Doen&#231;a de Kawasaki</p>
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