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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">RV5NkdhqYZNXFg8pmMBhGDM</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019001201114</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2019005018104</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190191</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Coronary Artery Dilation in Children with Febrile Exanthematous Illness without Criteria for Kawasaki Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8090-0399</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Reyna</surname>
            <given-names>Jesus</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Reyes</surname>
            <given-names>Luz Marina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Reyes</surname>
            <given-names>Lorenzo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Freya Helena</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meza</surname>
            <given-names>Patricia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lagunas</surname>
            <given-names>Alfredo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">6</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Contreras</surname>
            <given-names>Carla</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">6</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lim&#243;n</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Elena</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Central Sur de Alta Especialidad</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Ciudad de M&#233;xico</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="MX">M&#233;xico</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Central Sur de Alta Especialidad - Pediatria, Ciudad de M&#233;xico - M&#233;xico</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Central Sur Pemex</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Ciudad de M&#233;xico</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="MX">M&#233;xico</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Central Sur Pemex - Pediatria, Ciudad de M&#233;xico - M&#233;xico</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Central Sur Pemex</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Ciudad de M&#233;xico</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="MX">M&#233;xico</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Central Sur Pemex - Cardiolog&#237;a, Ciudad de M&#233;xico - M&#233;xico</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Central Sur Pemex</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Ciudad de M&#233;xico</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="MX">M&#233;xico</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Central Sur Pemex - Alergolog&#237;a, Ciudad de M&#233;xico - M&#233;xico</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">HCSAE Pemex</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Ciudad de M&#233;xico</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="MX">M&#233;xico</country>
        <institution content-type="original">HCSAE Pemex, Ciudad de M&#233;xico - M&#233;xico</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">INSP M&#233;xico</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Ciudad de M&#233;xico</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="MX">M&#233;xico</country>
        <institution content-type="original">INSP M&#233;xico, Ciudad de M&#233;xico - M&#233;xico</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Jesus Reyna,</bold> Hospital Central Sur de Alta Especialidad - Pediatria - Periferico Sur Delgaci&#243;n Tlapan Mexico D. F. 14140 - M&#233;xico. E-mail: <email>jesusreynaf@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Reyna J, Lim&#243;n AE; Acquisition of data: Reyna J, Reyes LM, Reyes L, Campos FH, Meza P, Lagunas A, Contreras C; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Reyna J, Reyes L, Meza P, Contreras C, Lim&#243;n AE; Statistical analysis: Reyna J; Writing of the manuscript: Reyna J, Reyes LM, Campos FH, Meza P, Lagunas A, Contreras C, Lim&#243;n AE; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Reyna J, Reyes LM, Reyes L, Campos FH, Lagunas A, Lim&#243;n AE.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1114</fpage>
      <lpage>1118</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Coronary dilatation is the most important complication of Kawasaki disease (KD) and, in addition to some clinical characteristics, is common to KD and febrile exanthematous illnesses (FEIs).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To assess whether children with FEI, who do not meet the criteria for KD, have changes in coronary arteries dimensions.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Echocardiography was performed within the first two weeks of the disease in patients &lt; 10 years with fever and exanthema without other KD criteria. To make a comparison with KD patients, we reviewed the echocardiograms and medical records of patients with a diagnosis of KD of the last five years. Coronary ectasia was assessed using Z scores of coronary arteries. The means of the dimensions of the coronary arteries were compared with a z test and a level of significance of 0.05 was adopted.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>A total of 34 patients were included, 22 (64.7%) with FEI, and 12(35.2%) with a diagnosis of KD. Using the Z scores of coronary artery, a dilation of any of the coronary artery branches was observed in six (27.2%) patients with FEI.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>An important percentage of patients with FEI has coronary artery dilation.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Child</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Evanthema</kwd>
        <kwd>Fever</kwd>
        <kwd>Kawasali Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography/methods</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Up to some years ago, exanthema and fever in children were diagnosed as one of the diseases of the complex known as febrile exanthematous illnesses (FEI), including measles, rubella and scarlet fever. Thus, it was considered that, in most cases, symptoms would disappear by symptomatic treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> As vaccination schedule became universal, the epidemiology of FEIs has changed in a way that Kawasaki disease (KD), which was once an exception among these diseases, has become the primary illness to be considered in face of clinical signs including persistent fever and exanthema. Coronary abnormalities are the most serious complications of KD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Besides fever and exanthema, FEIs and KD share other clinical characteristics, such as conjunctival injection, swollen lymph nodes, and, in some cases, desquamation and swelling of the limbs, which supports the suspicion of KD in any of its forms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> It is paradoxical that, when the clinical presentation of incomplete KD is confused with self-limited diseases such as FEIs, the occurrence of a serious cardiovascular disease as a complication may be neglected.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Studies have established that FEIs and KD have in common pathophysiologic mechanisms and clinical signs,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> and therefore, some infectious agents have been proposed as responsible for causing KD. This implies that patients that have been diagnosed with FEIs without meeting the criteria for KD could develop coronary abnormalities.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> These are considered an uncommon cause of cardiac disease among pediatric patients. However, the ensuing mortality, in some cases, makes them relevant in clinical practice.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Given all of this, we intend to assess whether children with febrile illness who do not meet the criteria for KD have changes in coronary arteries dimensions.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>In a cross-sectional study, we included patients under 10 years of age with a diagnosis of FEI in the pediatric outpatient settings of two hospitals belonging to the Health Services of Petr&#243;leos Mexicanos in Mexico. The parents signed an informed consent to participate in the study. The American Heart Association (AHA) criteria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> were applied to all cases to confirm that the KD diagnostic criteria were not met, including cases that could be considered atypical or incomplete. All the patients underwent an echocardiogram within the first two weeks of the disease using a Vivid 7 General Electric&#174; device.</p>
      <p>Patients who had a fever &#8805; 38&#176;C, which had lasted for at least one day, and exanthema were considered. Subjects with previous known diseases, such as arterial hypertension, family history of cardiopathy, congenital cardiopathy, children with weight above the 95th percentile or below the 5th percentile according to their age, or who had been using steroids during at least one month before the disease were not included.</p>
      <p>To establish a comparison with KD patients, we reviewed the echocardiograms and the medical electronic records of patients with a diagnosis of KD detected by the Pediatric Cardiology Service during the last five years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Those who met the AHA criteria for KD were included in the analysis, and the children were then selected by convenience sampling.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Assessment of the coronary arteries</title>
        <p>Echocardiography was performed according to that described by Muniz et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Coronary ectasia (CE) was defined as a dilation of the coronary artery &gt; 1.5-fold in diameter, evidenced by an echocardiogram, when compared to the adjacent normal segments of the same arteries according to coronary artery Z scores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> The mean Z score for each coronary artery segment was 0, with a SD of 1.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Comparison of the means of the dimensions of the coronary arteries was performed with a z test, using a one-tailed analysis with a 95% confidence interval. Demographic and clinical characteristics were analyzed using an unpaired Student&#8217;s t-test or a Fisher&#8217;s exact test, depending on the type of variable, with a difference of p &lt; 0.05. No adjustments were performed in the analysis, since the intention of the study is exploratory. The analysis of the results was done through the Stata program version 13.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethics</title>
        <p>The study was approved by the Research and Ethics Committees at both hospitals. Informed consent signed was signed by the parents of the children included in the study.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>We included a total of 34 patients: 22 (64.7%) had a diagnosis of non-KD FEI; 11 of them (50%) were diagnosed as viral exanthema, the most common were hand-foot-and-mouth disease (n = 5; 22.7%) and exanthema subitem (n = 4; 18.1%); there was also one case of scarlet fever and one of Gianotti-Crosti syndrome. The remaining 12 patients were diagnosed with KD.</p>
      <p>Distribution by sex was as follows: in the FEI group, 13 (59%) patients were male and nine (40.9%) were female; in the KD group, nine (75%) patients were male and three (25%) were female. In terms of age, in the FEI group, the mean age was 41.3 months (range: 7 to 120 months), and in the KD group, the mean age was 18.1 months (range: 6 to 36 months). Other demographic and clinical variables are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with febrile exanthematous illness (FEI) and patients with Kawasaki disease (KD)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variable</th>
              <th align="center">FEI (n = 22)</th>
              <th align="center">KD (n = 12)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male (%)</td>
              <td align="center">59</td>
              <td align="center">75</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age, in months (mean)</td>
              <td align="center">41.3</td>
              <td align="center">18.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Fever duration, in days (mean)</td>
              <td align="center">3.6</td>
              <td align="center">6.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.06</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Maximum body temperature (&#176;C)</td>
              <td align="center">38.3</td>
              <td align="center">38.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Exanthema</td>
              <td align="center">22(100)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (100)</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Conjuntivitis</td>
              <td align="center">2(6.2)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (100)</td>
              <td align="center">0.03</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Swollen lymph glands in the neck</td>
              <td align="center">0(0)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (100)</td>
              <td align="center">--------</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Swelling and redness in hands and bottoms of feet, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">0(0)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (100)</td>
              <td align="center">--------</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Peeling skin n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">0(0)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (100)</td>
              <td align="center">-----------</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Swollen tongue n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">0(0)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (100)</td>
              <td align="center">-----------</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Time between diagnosis and echocardiography, in days (mean)</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">25.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Coronary dilatation n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (27.2)</td>
              <td align="center">4(33.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.4</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>Kawasaki disease criteria</title>
        <p>Regarding the diagnostic criteria for KD in our sample, we found that the average duration of fever was 3.6 &#177; 2 days, only six subjects (27.2%) met the fever duration criterion of &#8805; 5 days. The average of body temperature peak was 38.3&#176;C.</p>
        <p>Exanthema was present in all subjects, since it was one of the inclusion criteria in the study. One of them had conjunctival hyperemia; none of them had edema, desquamation of foot, hand or tongue, or swollen ganglia. The comparison with the KD patients is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>, which shows a higher frequency of some clinical problems in children with KD, swollen lymph glands in the neck, swelling and redness in hands and bottoms of feet, peeling skin and swollen tongue. No difference was found in these percentages compared with those of patients with coronary dilation.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Assessment of coronary arteries in subjects with FEI</title>
        <p>Measurements of the left main coronary artery (LMCA), proximal right coronary artery (PRCA), medial right coronary artery (MRCA), distal right coronary artery (DRCA), circumflex, left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) were available in 22 patients with FEI. The PRCA showed the largest dilation (mean Z score = 0.45 &#177; 0.63, p &lt; 0.005), followed by the LMCA (mean Z score = 0.14 &#177; 1.0, p &lt; 0.05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). According to the coronary artery Z-scores, six (27.2 %) patients diagnosed with FEI showed dilation in at least one of the coronary branches. Comparison between the groups are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Z scores of coronary arteries of subjects with febrile exanthematous illness and dilatation of at least one of the coronary branches</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="6%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Gender</th>
                <th align="center">Age (Months)</th>
                <th align="center">PRCA</th>
                <th align="center">Z</th>
                <th align="center">MRCA</th>
                <th align="center">Z</th>
                <th align="center">DRCA</th>
                <th align="center">Z</th>
                <th align="center">LMCA</th>
                <th align="center">Z</th>
                <th align="center">Circumflex</th>
                <th align="center">Z</th>
                <th align="center">LAD</th>
                <th align="center">Z</th>
                <th align="center">Diagnosis</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">F</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>1.7</td>
                <td align="center">1.9</td>
                <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>2.1</td>
                <td align="center">1.6</td>
                <td align="center">1.57</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>4.1</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>2.5</td>
                <td align="center">2.8</td>
                <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>4.9</td>
                <td align="center">SE</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">F</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
                <td align="center">2.4</td>
                <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>1.67</td>
                <td align="center">1.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.51</td>
                <td align="center">1.4</td>
                <td align="center">-0.1</td>
                <td align="center">2.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.49</td>
                <td align="center">1.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.29</td>
                <td align="center">1.5</td>
                <td align="center">-0.16</td>
                <td align="center">HFM disease</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M</td>
                <td align="center">84</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>2.21</td>
                <td align="center">1.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.27</td>
                <td align="center">1.5</td>
                <td align="center">-0.53</td>
                <td align="center">3.3</td>
                <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>2.3</td>
                <td align="center">1.7</td>
                <td align="center">-0.16</td>
                <td align="center">1.6</td>
                <td align="center">-0.6</td>
                <td align="center">Scarlet fever</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M</td>
                <td align="center">120</td>
                <td align="center">3.4</td>
                <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>1.85</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>1.7</td>
                <td align="center">2.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.47</td>
                <td align="center">3.5</td>
                <td align="center">1.48</td>
                <td align="center">2.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.94</td>
                <td align="center">2.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.74</td>
                <td align="center">Viral exanthem</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">F</td>
                <td align="center">36</td>
                <td align="center">2.3</td>
                <td align="center">1.16</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">1.09</td>
                <td align="center">1.8</td>
                <td align="center">0.82</td>
                <td align="center">3.1</td>
                <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>2.6</td>
                <td align="center">2.1</td>
                <td align="center">1.4</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">1.07</td>
                <td align="center">HFM disease</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M</td>
                <td align="center">36</td>
                <td align="center">1.6</td>
                <td align="center">-0.57</td>
                <td align="center">1.2</td>
                <td align="center">-0.92</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-1.34</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">-0.2</td>
                <td align="center">1.1</td>
                <td align="center">-1.16</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>1.7</td>
                <td align="center">HFM disease</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mean</td>
                <td align="center">51.6</td>
                <td align="center">2.45</td>
                <td align="center">0.93</td>
                <td align="center">1.95</td>
                <td align="center">0.24</td>
                <td align="center">1.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.15</td>
                <td align="center">2.85</td>
                <td align="center">0.59</td>
                <td align="center">1.85</td>
                <td align="center">0.26</td>
                <td align="center">1.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.26</td>
                <td align="center">xx</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Increased Z scores; F: Female; M: Male; PRCA: Proximal Right Coronary Artery; MRCA: Medial Right Coronary Artery; DRCA: Distal Right coronary artery; LMCA: Left main coronary artery; LAD: left anterior descending coronary artery; Z: Z values; SE: Sudden exanthema; HFM: Hand Food Mouth</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of Z scores of coronary arteries between subjects with febrile exanthematous illness and subjects with Kawasaki disease</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">FEI (mean(IC 95%)</th>
                <th align="center">KD</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PRCA</td>
                <td align="center">0.45 (-0.01-0.9)</td>
                <td align="center">0.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MDCA</td>
                <td align="center">-0.004 (-0.3-0.3)</td>
                <td align="center">4.8</td>
                <td align="center">0.05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DRCA</td>
                <td align="center">-0.2(-0.8-0.3)</td>
                <td align="center">2.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LMCA</td>
                <td align="center">0.13 (-0.2-0.5)</td>
                <td align="center">0.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Circumflex</td>
                <td align="center">-0.01(-0.4-0.4)</td>
                <td align="center">0.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LAD</td>
                <td align="center">-0.36 (-0.01-0.5)</td>
                <td align="center">0.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.05</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>PRCA: Proximal Right Coronary Artery; MRCA: Medial Right Coronary Artery; DRCA: Distal Right coronary artery; LMCA: Left main coronary artery; LAD: left anterior descending coronary artery.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Previous publications have reported cases of increase in the dimensions of the coronary arteries among subjects with diseases such as polyarteritis nodosa, periodontal disease, Mediterranean spotted fever caused by <italic>Rickettsia</italic>, murine typhus, and even rheumatic fever. Furthermore, it has been shown that the dimensions of the coronary arteries of children with prolonged fever, who do not meet the criteria for KD, are larger than those of healthy subjects, but smaller than those of children suffering from KD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> These findings are in accordance with our study. We found a high percentage of subjects with FEI and coronary dilation, but the dimensions of their coronary arteries was smaller than those of subjects diagnosed with KD.</p>
      <p>It is known that coronary abnormalities are present in 20% of the cases diagnosed with KD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> In our study, the percentage of coronary dilation among subjects with non-Kawasaki FEI was 26% using the Z score. This implies that coronary changes are more common in FEIs than in KD. It also suggests that it is likely that many of the cases diagnosed as atypical or incomplete KD (based on the presence of coronary alteration) could be, in fact, another FEI.</p>
      <p>Pathogenesis of the dilation of coronary arteries in FEIs is not clear. However, it could be related with a greater myocardial demand for oxygen caused by fever and tachycardia. The consequent increase of coronary blood flow is produced through the compensatory dilation of the coronary arteries. Another potential dilation mechanism would involve pathogenic proteins that bind to the endothelial cells, activating immune response pathways that produce cytokines and promote additional cellular damage.</p>
      <p>These findings make it clear that the etiology of coronary changes is not unique. There is a common pathophysiological mechanism that can cause temporary or permanent damage. Therefore, coronary changes should be carefully considered for the diagnosis of KD. An echocardiography should be performed in children diagnosed with FEI, and a timely prophylactic treatment should be considered.</p>
      <p>Moreover, these findings have implications that should be defined and discussed. Even though the number of subjects is low, the results are important and give rise to some questions:</p>
      <p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>Should an echocardiography be performed to all patients diagnosed with FEIs?</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>If coronary changes are detected, should gamma globulin be administered?</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Do coronary changes in non-KD FEIs persist or are they reversible?</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </p>
      <p>Any affirmative answer would have an impact on public health and health economics. Maybe, many of the FEI cases primarily considered incompatible with KD should be reconsidered, and the number of the cases of atypical or incomplete KD would increase merely by the fact that the presence of coronary changes is determinant for the diagnosis of non-KD FEI. There is already a similar example in literature: patients without FEI criteria that were diagnosed with KD because of the coronary changes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>The main limitation of the study is its small sample size, but despite that, important differences were found. Moreover, it is noteworthy that in our country we do not have nomograms of the coronary arteries of Mexican children, which would allow a direct comparison and avoid the bias inherent to the use of nomograms from other regions. This study can encourage future studies to develop these nomograms with Mexican population. Also, the next step would be to perform a longitudinal study with follow-up of these subjects and assessment of the course of the diseases.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>In this study, we found an important percentage of patients diagnosed with FEI with an alteration in the dimension of the coronary arteries. This makes us conclude that coronary changes acquired in childhood are not exclusive to KD and should be carefully considered when establishing a diagnosis. Although the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying coronary changes in FEIs are not clear, it has been observed that they can cause temporary or permanent coronary damage.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Luz Marina Reyes, from National University from Mexico.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital Central Sur de Alta Especialidad under the protocol number 39/17. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Dilata&#231;&#227;o das Art&#233;rias Coron&#225;rias em Crian&#231;as com Doen&#231;a Exantem&#225;tica Febril sem Crit&#233;rios para a Doen&#231;a de Kawasaki</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8090-0399</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Reyna</surname>
            <given-names>Jesus</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Reyes</surname>
            <given-names>Luz Marina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Reyes</surname>
            <given-names>Lorenzo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Freya Helena</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meza</surname>
            <given-names>Patricia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lagunas</surname>
            <given-names>Alfredo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">6</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Contreras</surname>
            <given-names>Carla</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">6</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lim&#243;n</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Elena</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">5</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Central Sur de Alta Especialidad - Pediatria, Ciudad de M&#233;xico - M&#233;xico</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Central Sur Pemex - Pediatria, Ciudad de M&#233;xico - M&#233;xico</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Central Sur Pemex - Cardiolog&#237;a, Ciudad de M&#233;xico - M&#233;xico</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Central Sur Pemex - Alergolog&#237;a, Ciudad de M&#233;xico - M&#233;xico</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="original">HCSAE Pemex, Ciudad de M&#233;xico - M&#233;xico</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="original">INSP M&#233;xico, Ciudad de M&#233;xico - M&#233;xico</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correpond&#234;ncia: Jesus Reyna,</bold> Hospital Central Sur de Alta Especialidad - Pediatria - Periferico Sur Delgaci&#243;n Tlapan Mexico D. F. 14140 - M&#233;xico. E-mail: <email>jesusreynaf@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Reyna J, Lim&#243;n AE; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Reyna J, Reyes LM, Reyes L, Campos FH, Meza P, Lagunas A, Contreras C; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Reyna J, Reyes L, Meza P, Contreras C, Lim&#243;n AE; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Reyna J; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Reyna J, Reyes LM, Campos FH, Meza P, Lagunas A, Contreras C, Lim&#243;n AE; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Reyna J, Reyes LM, Reyes L, Campos FH, Lagunas A, Lim&#243;n AE.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A dilata&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias &#233; a principal complica&#231;&#227;o da Doen&#231;a de Kawasaki (DK) e, al&#233;m de algumas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, &#233; comum &#224; DK e a doen&#231;as exantem&#225;ticas febris (DEFs).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar se crian&#231;as com DEF e que n&#227;o t&#234;m crit&#233;rio para DK apresentam altera&#231;&#245;es nas dimens&#245;es das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foi realizada ecocardiografia nas primeiras duas semanas da doen&#231;a em crian&#231;as com idade inferior a 10 anos, que apresentaram febre e exantema e nenhum outro crit&#233;rio de DK. Para comparar com pacientes com DK, fizemos a revis&#227;o de ecocardiogramas e prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos de pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de DK dos &#250;ltimos cinco anos. Ectasia coron&#225;ria foi avaliada usando escore Z das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias. As m&#233;dias das dimens&#245;es das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias foram comparadas pelo teste z, e um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 0,05 foi adotado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo 34 pacientes, 22 (64,7%) com diagn&#243;stico de DEF e 12 (35,2%) com diagn&#243;stico de DK. Usando o escore Z das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, observou-se dilata&#231;&#227;o em algum dos ramos da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria em seis (27,2%) pacientes com DEF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Uma porcentagem importante dos pacientes com DEFs apresenta dilata&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Crian&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a das Coron&#225;rias</kwd>
        <kwd>Exantema</kwd>
        <kwd>Febre</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Kawasaki</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome de Linfonodos Mucocut&#226;neos</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>At&#233; alguns anos atr&#225;s, a presen&#231;a de exantema e febre em crian&#231;as era diagnosticada como uma das doen&#231;as exantem&#225;ticas febris (DEFs), complexo que inclui sarampo, rub&#233;ola e escarlatina. Assim, considerava-se que, na maioria dos casos, os sintomas se desapareceriam com tratamento sintom&#225;tico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Uma vez que o calend&#225;rio de vacina&#231;&#227;o tornou-se universal, a epidemiologia das DEFs mudou, de modo que a doen&#231;a de Kawasaki (DK), antes vista como exce&#231;&#227;o entre essas doen&#231;as, tornou-se a primeira doen&#231;a a ser considerada diante de sinais cl&#237;nicos como febre persistente e exantema. As anormalidades nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias s&#227;o as complica&#231;&#245;es mais graves da DK.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m de febre e exantema, as DEFs e a DK apresentam outras caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas em comum, tais como hiperemia conjuntival, adenomegalias e, em alguns casos, descama&#231;&#227;o da pele e edema de extremidades, o que apoia a suspeita de DK, em qualquer de suas formas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> &#201; um paradoxo o fato de que, quando a apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de DK incompleta &#233; confundida com doen&#231;as autolimitadas como as DEFs, a ocorr&#234;ncia de uma complica&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular grave pode ser negligenciada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Estudos t&#234;m demonstrado mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos e sinais cl&#237;nicos em comum entre as DEFs e a DK<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> e, por isso, alguns agentes infecciosos foram propostos como causadores da DK. Isso implica que pacientes que receberam o diagn&#243;stico de DEFs, e que n&#227;o fecharam os crit&#233;rios para DK, poderiam desenvolver anormalidades coron&#225;rias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Embora sejam consideradas causas incomuns para doen&#231;a card&#237;aca em pacientes pedi&#225;tricos, a mortalidade em alguns casos tornam tais anormalidades relevantes na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>)()</sup></p>
        <p>Diante do exposto, neste estudo, nosso objetivo foi avaliar se as dimens&#245;es das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias de crian&#231;as com doen&#231;a febril e sem crit&#233;rio diagn&#243;stico para DK est&#227;o alteradas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Em um estudo transversal, inclu&#237;mos pacientes com idade inferior a 10 anos, com diagn&#243;stico de DEF atendidos no ambulat&#243;rio pedi&#225;trico de dois hospitais pertencentes aos Servi&#231;os de Sa&#250;de da empresa Petr&#243;leos Mexicanos no M&#233;xico. Os pais das crian&#231;as assinaram o termo de consentimento para participar do estudo. Para descartar o diagn&#243;stico de DK, usamos os crit&#233;rios estabelecidos pelo <italic>American Heart Association</italic> (AHA),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> incluindo os casos que poderiam ser considerados como DK at&#237;pica ou incompleta. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a uma ecocardiografia nas primeiras duas semanas da doen&#231;a, usando o aparelho Vivid 7 General Electric&#174;. Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes com exantema e febre &#8805; 38&#186;C com dura&#231;&#227;o de pelo menos um dia. Crian&#231;as com doen&#231;as pr&#233;vias, tais como hipertens&#227;o arterial, hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;as card&#237;acas, cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, crian&#231;as com peso corporal acima do percentil 95 ou abaixo do percentil 5 para idade, e crian&#231;as em uso de esteroides por pelo menos um m&#234;s antes da doen&#231;a n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;das.</p>
        <p>Para estabelecer uma compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes com DK, fizemos a revis&#227;o dos ecocardiogramas e dos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos eletr&#244;nicos de pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de DK detectado pelo Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia Pedi&#225;trica durante os &#250;ltimos cinco anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Os pacientes que atingiram os crit&#233;rios da AHA para DK foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise, e a sele&#231;&#227;o da amostra foi ent&#227;o realizada por conveni&#234;ncia.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias</title>
          <p>A ecocardiografia foi realizada conforme descrito por Muniz et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Ectasia coronariana (EC) foi definida como a presen&#231;a de dilata&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria &gt;1,5 vez no di&#226;metro, detectada no ecocardiograma, quando comparada aos segmentos adjacentes normais das mesmas art&#233;rias de acordo com o escore Z da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> O escore Z m&#233;dio para cada segmento da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria foi 0, com desvio padr&#227;o de 1.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias das dimens&#245;es das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias foi realizada pelo teste z unicaudal e intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%. Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas foram analisadas pelo teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado ou teste exato de Fisher, dependendo da vari&#225;vel, com uma diferen&#231;a de p&lt;0,05. N&#227;o foram realizados ajustes nas an&#225;lises, uma vez que o prop&#243;sito do estudo foi explorat&#243;rio. A an&#225;lise dos resultados foi realizada pelo programa Stata vers&#227;o 13.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
          <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa de ambos os hospitais. Os pais das crian&#231;as inclu&#237;das no estudo assinaram o termo de consentimento.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 34 pacientes: 22 (64,7%) com diagn&#243;stico de DEF sem crit&#233;rio para DK; 11 foram diagnosticados com exantema viral, sendo os mais comuns a s&#237;ndrome p&#233;-m&#227;o-boca (n = 5; 22,7%) e exantema s&#250;bito (n = 4; 18,1%). Havia tamb&#233;m um caso de escarlatina e um caso de s&#237;ndrome de Gianotti-Crosti. Os demais 12 pacientes foram diagnosticados com DK. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o das crian&#231;as por sexo, no grupo DEF, 13 (59%) eram do sexo masculino e 9 (40,9%) do sexo feminino; no grupo DK, 9 (75%) eram do sexo masculino e 3 (25%) eram do sexo feminino. Quanto &#224; idade, no grupo DEF, a idade m&#233;dia foi de 41,3 meses (7 a 120 meses), e no grupo DK, a idade m&#233;dia foi de 18,1 meses (6 a 36 meses). Outras vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes com doen&#231;as exantem&#225;ticas febris (DEFs) e pacientes com doen&#231;a de Kawasaki (DK)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">DEF (n = 22)</th>
                <th align="center">DK (n = 12)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Homens (%)</td>
                <td align="center">59</td>
                <td align="center">75</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade, em meses (m&#233;dia)</td>
                <td align="center">41,3</td>
                <td align="center">18,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dura&#231;&#227;o da febre, em dias (m&#233;dia)</td>
                <td align="center">3,6</td>
                <td align="center">6,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Temperatura m&#225;xima (&#176;C)</td>
                <td align="center">38,3</td>
                <td align="center">38,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Exantema</td>
                <td align="center">22(100)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Conjuntivite</td>
                <td align="center">2(6,2)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Adenomegalia cervical</td>
                <td align="center">0(0)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">--------</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Incha&#231;o e vermelhid&#227;o das m&#227;os e plantas dos p&#233;s, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0(0)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">--------</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Descama&#231;&#227;o da pele, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0(0)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">-----------</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Edema lingual, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0(0)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">-----------</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tempo entre o diagn&#243;stico e a realiza&#231;&#227;o da ecocardiografia, em dias (m&#233;dia)</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">25,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dilata&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (27,2)</td>
                <td align="center">4(33,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,4</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rios para DK</title>
          <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos para DK na nossa amostra, encontramos que a m&#233;dia de dura&#231;&#227;o da febre foi de 3,6 &#177; 2 dias; somente seis indiv&#237;duos (27,2%) apresentaram o crit&#233;rio de febre &#8805; 5 dias. A m&#233;dia do pico de temperatura corporal foi 38,3&#186;C.</p>
          <p>Todos os indiv&#237;duos apresentaram exantema, uma vez que esse foi um dos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o no estudo. Um deles apresentou hiperemia de conjuntiva, nenhum deles apresentou edema ou descama&#231;&#227;o nos p&#233;s, m&#227;os ou l&#237;ngua, ou g&#226;nglios aumentados. A compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes com DK est&#225; apresentada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>, a qual mostra que a frequ&#234;ncia de alguns problemas cl&#237;nicos &#233; maior nos pacientes com DK, incluindo adenomegalia cervical, incha&#231;o e eritema nas m&#227;os e planta dos p&#233;s, e descama&#231;&#227;o na pele e edema da l&#237;ngua. N&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a nessas porcentagens em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s observadas nos pacientes com dilata&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias em indiv&#237;duos com DEF</title>
          <p>Medidas da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda (ACE), da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita proximal (ACDP), da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita m&#233;dia (ACDM), da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita distal (ACDD), da art&#233;ria circunflexa, e da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente anterior (ACDA) estavam dispon&#237;veis em 22 pacientes com DEF. A ACDP mostrou a maior dilata&#231;&#227;o (escore Z m&#233;dio = 0,45 &#177; 0,63, p &lt; 0,005), seguida da ACE (escore Z m&#233;dio = 0,14 &#177; 1,0, p &lt; 0,05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>). De acordo com os escores Z da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, seis (27,2%) dos pacientes diagnosticados com DEF mostraram dilata&#231;&#227;o em pelo menos um dos ramos da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria. A compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos encontra-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Valores Z das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias em indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a exantem&#225;tica febril e dilata&#231;&#227;o de pelo menos um dos ramos das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="6%"/>
                <col width="6%"/>
                <col width="6%"/>
                <col width="6%"/>
                <col width="6%"/>
                <col width="6%"/>
                <col width="6%"/>
                <col width="6%"/>
                <col width="6%"/>
                <col width="6%"/>
                <col width="6%"/>
                <col width="6%"/>
                <col width="6%"/>
                <col width="6%"/>
                <col width="6%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Sexo</th>
                  <th align="center">Idade (meses)</th>
                  <th align="center">ACDP</th>
                  <th align="center">Z</th>
                  <th align="center">ACDM</th>
                  <th align="center">Z</th>
                  <th align="center">ACDD</th>
                  <th align="center">Z</th>
                  <th align="center">ACE</th>
                  <th align="center">Z</th>
                  <th align="center">Circunflexa</th>
                  <th align="center">Z</th>
                  <th align="center">ACDA</th>
                  <th align="center">Z</th>
                  <th align="center">Diagn&#243;stico</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">F</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>1,7</td>
                  <td align="center">1,9</td>
                  <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>2,1</td>
                  <td align="center">1,6</td>
                  <td align="center">1,57</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>4,1</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>2,5</td>
                  <td align="center">2,8</td>
                  <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>4,9</td>
                  <td align="center">Exantema s&#250;bito</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">F</td>
                  <td align="center">27</td>
                  <td align="center">2,4</td>
                  <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>1,67</td>
                  <td align="center">1,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,51</td>
                  <td align="center">1,4</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,1</td>
                  <td align="center">2,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,49</td>
                  <td align="center">1,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,29</td>
                  <td align="center">1,5</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,16</td>
                  <td align="center">S&#237;ndrome PMB</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">M</td>
                  <td align="center">84</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>2,21</td>
                  <td align="center">1,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,27</td>
                  <td align="center">1,5</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,53</td>
                  <td align="center">3,3</td>
                  <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>2,3</td>
                  <td align="center">1,7</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,16</td>
                  <td align="center">1,6</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,6</td>
                  <td align="center">Escarlatina</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">M</td>
                  <td align="center">120</td>
                  <td align="center">3,4</td>
                  <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>1,85</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>1,7</td>
                  <td align="center">2,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,47</td>
                  <td align="center">3,5</td>
                  <td align="center">1,48</td>
                  <td align="center">2,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,94</td>
                  <td align="center">2,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,74</td>
                  <td align="center">Exantema viral</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">F</td>
                  <td align="center">36</td>
                  <td align="center">2,3</td>
                  <td align="center">1,16</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">1,09</td>
                  <td align="center">1,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,82</td>
                  <td align="center">3,1</td>
                  <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>2,6</td>
                  <td align="center">2,1</td>
                  <td align="center">1,4</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">1,07</td>
                  <td align="center">S&#237;ndrome PMB</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">M</td>
                  <td align="center">36</td>
                  <td align="center">1,6</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,57</td>
                  <td align="center">1,2</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,92</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,34</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,2</td>
                  <td align="center">1,1</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,16</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>1,7</td>
                  <td align="center">S&#237;ndrome PMB</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">M&#233;dia</td>
                  <td align="center">51,6</td>
                  <td align="center">2,45</td>
                  <td align="center">0,93</td>
                  <td align="center">1,95</td>
                  <td align="center">0,24</td>
                  <td align="center">1,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,15</td>
                  <td align="center">2,85</td>
                  <td align="center">0,59</td>
                  <td align="center">1,85</td>
                  <td align="center">0,26</td>
                  <td align="center">1,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,26</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>escores Z aumentados; F: feminino; M: masculino; ACDP: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita proximal; ACDM: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita m&#233;dia; ACDD: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita distal; ACE: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda; ACDA: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente anterior; Z: escores-Z; PMB: p&#233;-m&#227;o-boca.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o de escores Z das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias entre indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a exantem&#225;tica febril (DEF) e indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a de Kawasaki (DK)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">DEF, em m&#233;dia (IC 95%)</th>
                  <th align="center">DK</th>
                  <th align="center">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">ACDP</td>
                  <td align="center">0,45 (-0,01-0,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">ACDM</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,004 (-0,3-0,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">ACDD</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,2(-0,8-0,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">ACE</td>
                  <td align="center">0,13 (-0,2-0,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Circunflexa</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,01(-0,4-0,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">ACDA</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,36 (-0,01-0,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>ACDP: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita proximal; ACDM: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita m&#233;dia; ACDD: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita distal; ACE: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda; ACDA: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente anterior.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Estudos pr&#233;vios relataram casos de aumento nas dimens&#245;es das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias em indiv&#237;duos com algumas doen&#231;as tais como poliarterite nodosa, doen&#231;a periodontal, febre botonosa causada pela <italic>Rickettsia</italic>, tifo murinho, e febre reum&#225;tica. Al&#233;m disso, observou-se que as dimens&#245;es das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias das crian&#231;as com febre prolongada, e que n&#227;o preenchiam os crit&#233;rios de DK, s&#227;o maiores que as de indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, mas menor que crian&#231;as com DK.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Esses resultados est&#227;o de acordo com os de nosso estudo. Encontramos uma alta de porcentagem de indiv&#237;duos com DEF e dilata&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, mas a dimens&#227;o de suas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias era menor que as de indiv&#237;duos diagnosticados com DK.</p>
        <p>Sabe-se que altera&#231;&#245;es nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias est&#227;o presentes em 20% dos casos diagnosticados com DK.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Em nosso estudo, a porcentagem de dilata&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria em indiv&#237;duos com DEF e sem crit&#233;rio para DK foi de 26% segundo o escore Z Esse resultado indica que altera&#231;&#245;es na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria s&#227;o mais comuns nas DEFs que na DK. Ainda, sugere que &#233; prov&#225;vel que muitos dos casos diagnosticados como DK at&#237;pica ou incompleta (com base na presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria) poderia ser, na verdade, outra DEF.</p>
        <p>Apesar de a patog&#234;nese da dilata&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias nas DEFs n&#227;o ter sido elucidada, ela poderia estar relacionada com uma maior demanda de oxig&#234;nio pelo mioc&#225;rdio devido &#224; febre e taquicardia. O consequente aumento de fluxo sangu&#237;neo nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias ocorre pela dilata&#231;&#227;o compensat&#243;ria dessas art&#233;rias. Outro mecanismo potencial de dilata&#231;&#227;o envolveria prote&#237;nas patog&#234;nicas que se ligariam a c&#233;lulas endoteliais, ativando vias de resposta imune que produzem citocinas e promovem mais danos celulares.</p>
        <p>Esses achados deixam claro que a etiologia das altera&#231;&#245;es nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias n&#227;o &#233; &#250;nica. Existe um mecanismo fisiopatol&#243;gico comum capaz de causar danos tempor&#225;rios e permanentes. Assim, os danos nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias devem ser avaliados com cuidado para o diagn&#243;stico de DK. Uma ecocardiografia deveria ser realizada em crian&#231;as diagnosticadas com DEF, e o in&#237;cio de um tratamento profil&#225;tico deveria ser considerado. Ainda, esses resultados t&#234;m implica&#231;&#245;es que devem ser definidos e discutidos. Apesar do pequeno n&#250;mero de participantes, esses resultados s&#227;o importantes e levantam algumas quest&#245;es:</p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>A ecocardiografia deveria ser realizada em todos os pacientes diagnosticados com DEFs?</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Se forem detectadas altera&#231;&#245;es nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, deve-se administrar gama globulina aos pacientes?</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias nas DEFs sem crit&#233;rio para DK s&#227;o persistentes ou s&#227;o revers&#237;veis?</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
        <p>Qualquer resposta afirmativa teria um impacto sobre a sa&#250;de p&#250;blica e a economia na sa&#250;de. Talvez, muitos dos casos de DEF antes considerada como incompat&#237;vel com DK deveria ser reconsiderados, e o n&#250;mero de pacientes com DK at&#237;pica ou incompleta aumentaria simplesmente pelo fato de que a presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias ser determinante para o diagn&#243;stico de DEFs sem crit&#233;rio para DK. J&#225; existe um exemplo similar na literatura: pacientes sem crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos de DEFs, que foram diagnosticados com DK devido &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>A principal limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo &#233; o tamanho da amostra, mas, apesar disso, foram encontradas importantes diferen&#231;as. Al&#233;m disso, em nosso pa&#237;s n&#227;o existe nomogramas de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias de crian&#231;as mexicanas, o que permitiria uma compara&#231;&#227;o direta e evitaria os vieses inerentes ao uso de nomogramas de outras regi&#245;es. Este estudo pode incentivar estudos futuros para o desenvolvimento desses nomogramas com a popula&#231;&#227;o mexicana. Ainda, o pr&#243;ximo passo seria a realiza&#231;&#227;o de um estudo longitudinal que acompanhasse e avaliasse a evolu&#231;&#227;o desses pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>No presente estudo, encontramos uma importante porcentagem de pacientes diagnosticados com DEF que apresentaram altera&#231;&#245;es na dimens&#227;o das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias. Isso nos permite concluir que as altera&#231;&#245;es nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias adquiridas na inf&#226;ncia n&#227;o s&#227;o exclusivas da DK e devem ser cuidadosamente consideradas para a defini&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico. Apesar de os mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos das altera&#231;&#245;es nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias n&#227;o serem claros, foi observado que eles podem causar danos tempor&#225;rios ou permanentes nessas art&#233;rias.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Luz Marina Reyes pela National University from Mexico.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital Central Sur de Alta Especialidad sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 39/17. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
