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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">98JNnGTVFL6cZKVqmXGzXHn</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019001201102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190671</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Myocardial Computed Tomography Perfusion: One More Piece on The Board</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6485-4900</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Grossman</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Blacher</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Moinhos de Vento</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Medicina Nuclear</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto Alegre</city>
          <state>RS</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Medicina Nuclear do Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cl&#237;nica Cardionuclear</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto Alegre</city>
          <state>RS</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica Cardionuclear - Instituto de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Gabriel Blacher Grossman,</bold> Rua Gal. Oscar Miranda, 160 Apt. 1001. Postal Code 90440-160, Bela Vista, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil E-mail: <email>ggrossman@cardiol.br</email>, <email>ggrossman@terra.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>2</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1102</fpage>
      <lpage>1103</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Ischemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomography, Emission Computed/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Cineangiography/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Perfusion, Imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Card&#237;ac Catheterization</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>The most appropriate way to evaluate patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD) and the subsequent definition of the therapeutic approach has been the subject of debate in recent years. For several years the anatomical evaluation was considered sufficient to indicate myocardial revascularization. The emergence of several methods of non-invasive functional evaluation in clinical practice as well as data from observational studies demonstrating that there is a level of ischemia above which a revascularization strategy might result in benefit regarding cardiovascular events raised doubts whether an strategy based in coronary anatomic findings was the best option.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> This questioning changed the paradigm of CAD evaluation. Although randomized clinical trials have failed to demonstrate that the extent of ischemia can determine which patients would benefit from a revascularization strategy,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> the fact that the presence of moderate to severe ischemia is undeniably a marker of cardiovascular risk has lead functional evaluation to become a fundamental part in the management of patients with stable CAD.</p>
    <p>In this context, Ker et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> in this edition of the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> evaluated 35 patients undergoing a simultaneous pharmacologic stress protocol of myocardial perfusion evaluation by computed tomography angiography (angio-CT) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and compared the sensitivity of the methods using the presence of obstructive lesion evidenced by angio-CT greater than 50% as the gold standard for the presence of significant CAD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
		</p>
    <p>For the detection of obstructive CAD, the evaluation of myocardial perfusion by angio-CT had an area under the curve of 0.84 [confidence interval of 95% (95%CI): 0.67 to 0.94, P &lt; 0.001]. SPECT had an area under the curve of 0.58 (95%CI: 0.40 to 0.74, P &lt; 0.001). The sensitivity of SPECT to detect stenosis greater than 50% determined by angio-CT was 66%, with specificity of 50%. The sensitivity of perfusion angio-CT for detection of obstructive CAD was 93%, with specificity of 75% for the detection of absence of obstructive CAD by coronary angiography. In this study, false positives were considered when ischemia was present in a SPECT study with absence of obstructive CAD demonstrated by angio-CT. The authors concluded that the evaluation of myocardial perfusion by angio-CT presents satisfactory results in comparison with SPECT and that angio-CT can exclude false-positives of SPECT studies.</p>
    <p>Although it is noteworthy the importance of developing new techniques to improve the evaluation of patients with CAD, it is fundamental to analyze which gold standard is used to test the accuracy of new diagnostic modalities. It is recognized that one of the limitations of the CT angiography is a specificity and positive predictive values suboptimal and a tendency to overestimate coronary lesions, being its sensitivity and negative predictive value excellent, providing necessary reassurance to exclude significant CAD,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> This limitation hinders a more adequate analysis of the diagnostic accuracy of the methods in this study, because the method used as a reference has its main limitation in predicting the presence of ischemia. In addition, anatomy evaluated by CT served as the gold standard for assessing the sensitivity and specificity of CT perfusion, that is, the tested method served as its own gold standard. In the CORE 320 study, cardiac catheterization was used as a reference for the diagnosis of CAD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> In the CORE 320 study, the sensitivity of the angio-CT was 88% and the specificity was 55%, and SPECT presented sensitivity and specificity of 62% and 67%, respectively. Recently, catheterization associated with the measurement of fractional flow reserve (FFR) has been considered the method of choice for testing the diagnostic accuracy of other functional methods.</p>
    <p>On the other hand, the presence of perfusion abnormalities in a functional test in the absence of obstructive CAD cannot always be categorized as "false-positive" results. It is increasingly recognized the role of coronary microcirculation dysfunction as a cause of ischemia and symptoms, generating the term microvascular angina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> In this sense, methods that quantify the absolute coronary flow, such as positron emission tomography (PET), allow the quantification of myocardial flow and coronary flow reserve and can detect microvascular dysfunction. Unfortunately, cardiac PET is not a reality in Brazil.</p>
    <p>Several publications in the literature do not demonstrate similar sensitivity and specificity of SPECT in comparison of what was determined by Ker et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> In a meta-analysis comparing SPECT, magnetic resonance and PET, using coronary catheterization without FFR as a gold standard, Jaarsma et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> reported a sensitivity of 84% and specificity of 61% for SPECT.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> In a recent meta-analysis that used coronary catheterization with FFR as a gold standard, the sensitivity and specificity of SPECT was 74% and 79%, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
		</p>
    <p>SPECT is an excellent non-invasive method for evaluating stable CAD, predominantly in patients with intermediate risk, or even in high-risk patients to helP in the planning of the therapeutic approach. In addition, it is possible to use exercise as the stress protocol in patients who have the adequate functional capacity and good clinical condition. It is well known that an exercise stress protocol is the method of choice to evaluate patients with suspected or established CAD.</p>
    <p>In conclusion, to assess the accuracy of a diagnostic method, it is critical to choose the right gold standard. The use of anatomic criteria based on the angio-CT findings does not invalidate the study of Ker et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> which opens a perspective for a new non-invasive technique that can assist in the proper management of patients with stable CAD, as well as creates the perspective of new research in this area. In the future, myocardial perfusion by angio-TC may be aggregated to the existing diagnostic armamentarium for the evaluation of patients with stable CAD, always taking into account the characteristic of the patient, and especially the functional capacity and possibility of exercise. In this context, non-invasive diagnostic methods that allow to perform exercise stress protocols should be the first choice.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Myocardial Perfusion by Coronary Computed Tomography in the Evaluation of Myocardial Ischemia Simultaneous Stress Protocol with SPECT</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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        <mixed-citation>11. Takx RA, Blomberg BA, El Aidi H, Habets J, de Jong PA, Nagel E, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of stress myocardial perfusion imaging compared to invasive coronary angiography with fractional flow reserve meta-analysis. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015 Jan;8(1):pii:e002666.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Takx</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blomberg</surname>
              <given-names>BA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>El Aidi</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Habets</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Jong</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nagel</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <chapter-title>Diagnostic accuracy of stress myocardial perfusion imaging compared to invasive coronary angiography with fractional flow reserve meta-analysis</chapter-title>
          <source>Circ Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="pii">e002666</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Perfus&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica por Tomografia Computadorizada: Mais Uma Pe&#231;a no Tabuleiro</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6485-4900</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Grossman</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Blacher</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Medicina Nuclear do Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica Cardionuclear - Instituto de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Gabriel Blacher Grossman,</bold> Rua Gal. Oscar Miranda, 160 Apt. 1001. CEP 90440-160, Bela Vista, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil E-mail: <email>ggrossman@cardiol.br</email>, <email>ggrossman@terra.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomografia Computadorizada de Emiss&#227;o de F&#243;ton &#218;nico/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Cineangiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Perfus&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Cateterismo Card&#237;aco</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A maneira mais apropriada de avaliar pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) est&#225;vel e a subsequente defini&#231;&#227;o da abordagem terap&#234;utica t&#234;m sido objeto de debate nos &#250;ltimos anos. Por v&#225;rios anos, a avalia&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica foi considerada suficiente para indicar a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. O surgimento de v&#225;rios m&#233;todos de avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional n&#227;o-invasiva na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, bem como dados de estudos observacionais demonstrando que existe um n&#237;vel de isquemia acima do qual a estrat&#233;gia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o pode resultar em benef&#237;cio em rela&#231;&#227;o a eventos cardiovasculares levantou d&#250;vidas sobre se uma estrat&#233;gia baseada em achados anat&#244;micos coronarianos era a melhor op&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Esse questionamento mudou o paradigma da avalia&#231;&#227;o da DAC. Embora os ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados tenham falhado em demonstrar que a extens&#227;o da isquemia pode determinar quais pacientes se beneficiariam de uma estrat&#233;gia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> o fato de que a presen&#231;a de isquemia moderada a grave &#233; inegavelmente um marcador de risco cardiovascular levou a avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional a tornar-se parte fundamental no manejo de pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel.</p>
      <p>Nesse contexto, Ker et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, avaliaram 35 pacientes submetidos a um protocolo simult&#226;neo de estresse farmacol&#243;gico para avalia&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica por angiotomografia (angio-TC) e tomografia por emiss&#227;o de f&#243;ton &#250;nico (SPECT) e compararam a sensibilidade dos m&#233;todos utilizando a presen&#231;a de les&#227;o obstrutiva evidenciada por angio-TC &gt; 50% como padr&#227;o-ouro para a presen&#231;a de DAC significativa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Para a detec&#231;&#227;o de DAC obstrutiva, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica por angio-TC apresentou &#225;rea sob a curva de 0,84 [intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC95%): 0,67 a 0,94, P &lt; 0,001]. O SPECT apresentou uma &#225;rea sob a curva de 0,58 (IC95%: 0,40 a 0,74, P &lt; 0,001). A sensibilidade do SPECT para detectar estenose superior a 50% determinada pela angio-TC foi de 66%, com especificidade de 50%. A sensibilidade da perfus&#227;o por angio-TC para detec&#231;&#227;o de DAC obstrutiva foi de 93%, com especificidade de 75% para a detec&#231;&#227;o de aus&#234;ncia de DAC obstrutiva pela angiografia coronariana. Neste estudo, foram considerados resultados falsos positivos quando a isquemia estava presente em um estudo por SPECT com aus&#234;ncia de DAC obstrutiva demonstrada pela angio-TC. Os autores conclu&#237;ram que a avalia&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pela angio-TC apresenta resultados satisfat&#243;rios em compara&#231;&#227;o com o SPECT, e que a angio-TC pode excluir resultados falsospositivos dos estudos com SPECT.</p>
      <p>Embora caiba ressaltar a import&#226;ncia do desenvolvimento de novas t&#233;cnicas para melhorar a avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com DAC, &#233; fundamental analisar qual padr&#227;o-ouro &#233; utilizado para testar a acur&#225;cia de novas modalidades diagn&#243;sticas. Reconhece-se que uma das limita&#231;&#245;es da angiotomografia &#233; uma especificidade e valores preditivos positivos abaixo do ideal e uma tend&#234;ncia a superestimar les&#245;es nas coron&#225;rias, sendo sua sensibilidade e valor preditivo negativo excelentes, tendo na capacidade de excluir DAC a sua principal caracter&#237;stica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Essa limita&#231;&#227;o dificulta uma an&#225;lise mais adequada da acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica dos m&#233;todos deste estudo, pois o m&#233;todo utilizado como refer&#234;ncia tem sua principal limita&#231;&#227;o em predizer a presen&#231;a de isquemia. Al&#233;m disso, a anatomia avaliada pela TC serviu como padr&#227;o-ouro para avaliar a sensibilidade e a especificidade da perfus&#227;o por TC, ou seja, o m&#233;todo testado serviu como seu pr&#243;prio padr&#227;o-ouro. No estudo CORE 320, o cateterismo card&#237;aco foi utilizado como refer&#234;ncia para o diagn&#243;stico de DAC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> No estudo CORE 320, a sensibilidade da angio-TC foi de 88% e a especificidade de 55%, e o SPECT apresentou sensibilidade e especificidade de 62% e 67%, respectivamente. Recentemente, o cateterismo associado &#224; medida da reserva fracionada de fluxo (RFF) tem sido considerado o m&#233;todo de escolha para testar a acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica de outros m&#233;todos funcionais.</p>
      <p>Por outro lado, a presen&#231;a de anormalidades de perfus&#227;o em um teste funcional na aus&#234;ncia de DAC obstrutiva nem sempre pode ser categorizada como resultado &#8220;falso-positivo&#8221;. &#201; cada vez mais reconhecido o papel da disfun&#231;&#227;o da microcircula&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria como causa de isquemia e sintomas, gerando o termo angina microvascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Nesse sentido, m&#233;todos que quantificam o fluxo coronariano absoluto, como a tomografia por emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitrons (PET), permitem a quantifica&#231;&#227;o do fluxo mioc&#225;rdico e a reserva de fluxo coron&#225;rio e podem detectar disfun&#231;&#245;es microvasculares. Infelizmente, o PET card&#237;aco n&#227;o &#233; uma realidade no Brasil.</p>
      <p>Diversas publica&#231;&#245;es na literatura n&#227;o demonstram sensibilidade e especificidade da cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica nos valores determinados por Ker et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Em uma meta-an&#225;lise comparando SPECT, resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica e PET, utilizando cateterismo coron&#225;rio sem RFF como padr&#227;o-ouro, Jaarsma et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> relataram sensibilidade de 84% e especificidade de 61% para SPECT.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Em uma meta-an&#225;lise recente que utilizou cateterismo com RFF como padr&#227;o-ouro, a sensibilidade e a especificidade do SPECT foram de 74% e 79%, respectivamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>O SPECT &#233; um excelente m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo para avaliar a DAC est&#225;vel, principalmente em pacientes com risco intermedi&#225;rio, ou at&#233; mesmo em pacientes de alto risco, para auxiliar no planejamento da abordagem terap&#234;utica. Al&#233;m disso, &#233; poss&#237;vel utilizar o exerc&#237;cio como protocolo de estresse em pacientes com capacidade funcional adequada e boas condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. Sabe-se que um protocolo de esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico &#233; o m&#233;todo de escolha para avaliar pacientes com DAC suspeita ou estabelecida.</p>
      <p>Em conclus&#227;o, para avaliar a acur&#225;cia de um m&#233;todo diagn&#243;stico, &#233; fundamental escolher o padr&#227;o-ouro adequado. O uso de crit&#233;rios anat&#244;micos baseados nos achados da angio-TC n&#227;o invalida o estudo de Ker et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> que abre a perspectiva para uma nova t&#233;cnica n&#227;o-invasiva que pode auxiliar no manejo adequado de pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel, bem como cria a perspectiva de novas pesquisas nessa &#225;rea. No futuro, a perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica por angio-TC pode ser agregada ao arsenal diagn&#243;stico existente para avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel, sempre levando em considera&#231;&#227;o as caracter&#237;sticas do paciente, principalmente a capacidade funcional e a possibilidade de realizar exerc&#237;cio. Nesse contexto, m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos n&#227;o-invasivos que permitam realizar protocolos de estresse com esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico devem ser a primeira escolha.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Perfus&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica por Angiotomografia de Coron&#225;rias na Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica: Protocolo de Estresse Simult&#226;neo com SPECT</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
