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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Sf85LbMgKHPRG93V3rSnG8r</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019001201092</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2019005019103</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190201</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Myocardial Perfusion by Coronary Computed Tomography in the Evaluation of Myocardial Ischemia: Simultaneous Stress Protocol with SPECT</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5367-7897</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ker</surname>
            <given-names>Wilter dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Neves</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel Gama das</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7232-4552</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Alair Augusto Sarmet M. D. dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1466-9413</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2791-8375</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nacif</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Souto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Antonio Pedro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Niter&#243;i</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Antonio Pedro, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Niter&#243;i</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Complexo Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Curitiba</city>
          <state>PR</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Complexo Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; (CHC-UFPR), Curitiba, PR - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Wilter dos Santos Ker,</bold> Rua Aroazes, 180, apto. 903. Postal Code 22775-060, Jacarepagu&#225;, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>wiltersker@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Ker WS, Mesquita CT, Nacif MS; Acquisition of data: Ker WS, Neves DG, Mesquita CT, Nacif MS; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Ker WS, Magalh&#227;es TA, Santos AASMD, Mesquita CT, Nacif MS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1092</fpage>
      <lpage>1101</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Functional assessment to rule out myocardial ischemia using coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) is extremely important and data on the Brazilian population are still limited.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To assess the diagnostic performance of myocardial perfusion by CCTA in the detection of severe obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) compared with single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT). To analyze the importance of anatomical knowledge to understand the presence of myocardial perfusion defects on SPECT imaging that is not identified on computed tomography (CT) scan.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Method:</title>
          <p>A total of 35 patients were evaluated by a simultaneous pharmacologic stress protocol. Fisher&#8217;s exact test was used to compare proportions. The patients were grouped according to the presence or absence of significant CAD. The area under the ROC curve was used to identify the diagnostic performance of CCTA and SPECT in perfusion assessment. P &lt; 0.05 values were considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>For detection of obstructive CAD, CT myocardial perfusion analysis yielded an area under the ROC curve of 0.84 [a 95% confidence interval (CI95%): 0.67-0.94, p &lt; 0.001]. SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging, on the other hand, showed an AUC of 0.58 (95% CI 0.40 - 0.74, p &lt; 0.001). In this study, false-positive results with SPECT are described.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Myocardial perfusion analysis by CTA displays satisfactory results compared to SPECT in the detection of obstructive CAD. CCTA can rule out false-positive results of SPECT.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Ischemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Perfusion Imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Cineangiography/methods</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>In order to adequately assess coronary artery disease (CAD), both anatomical and functional analysis using myocardial perfusion methods should be considered, since both have prognostic and diagnostic value. Multimodal assessment and the combination of these techniques provide safe information on the anatomical and functional diagnosis of obstructive CAD, enabling better clinical and therapeutic planning.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the last years, we have observed several coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) studies of patients with moderate stenosis. The patients were referred to perform complementary functional tests, such as pharmacologic stress cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) to verify the presence of perfusion defects. This approach allows for, with high sensitivity and specificity, the characterization of ischemia in patients with obstructive CAD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Myocardial perfusion by CCTA is still little explored. Stress computed tomography (CT) myocardial perfusion imaging is a technique which has shown consistent results in the diagnosis of obstructive CAD. In its turn, myocardial perfusion scintigraphy is a well-established method for detection of CAD. The possibility of integrating anatomy and function in a single exam can enhance stratification of obstructive CAD and ensure better patient management.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The clinical benefits of CCTA are changing the perspectives of contemporary cardiology,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> not only for grading stenosis, but also for characterizing the atherosclerotic load and the types of plaques. Recent data in the literature, on the evaluation of significant obstructive CAD (&gt; 50%) by CCTA, have revealed good accuracy, with high sensitivity (82-99%) and specificity (94-98%), when compared to invasive cinecoronariography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Multicentric studies, published in the last years, have demonstrated the high negative predictive value of CCTA (95-100%), emphasizing its excellent performance in excluding CAD. This fact should be increasingly exploited in clinical practice, avoiding invasive exams.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>SPECT assessment of myocardial perfusion can allow for better stratification of patients with intermediate stenosis and definition of therapeutic strategies, aiming at better prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> On the other hand, the use of hybrid technology, which combines the anatomical information from CCTA and rubidium-82 (Rb-82) myocardial positron emission tomography (PET) perfusion imaging, presents high accuracy in CAD detection;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> however, this approach is still expensive and difficult to implement clinically.</p>
      <p>Thus, we observe that CCTA can aggregate perfusion imaging and, therefore, be increasingly used as the initial test for CAD, which remains one of the leading causes of mortality in Brazil and worldwide. Nevertheless, although several studies have demonstrated the diagnostic and prognostic value of myocardial perfusion by CCTA in patients with suspected CAD, these data are still limited in the Brazilian population. Besides, it is uncertain whether the use of CCTA analysis can replace other myocardial perfusion methods, such as SPECT, especially in places where this method may not be available. The implementation of myocardial perfusion assessment by CCTA is simple and less expensive compared to other methods.</p>
      <p>Our purposes were: to evaluate the diagnostic performance of myocardial perfusion assessment by CCTA for significant obstructive CAD detection compared with SPECT; to analyze the importance of anatomical knowledge to understand the presence of myocardial perfusion defects by SPECT that cannot be identified by CCTA; and to describe SPECT false positives.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Method</title>
      <p>This is an observational study that assessed patients clinically indicated to undergo myocardial scintigraphy for CAD stratification. All patients accepted and signed the informed consent form to participate in this research on myocardial perfusion assessment by CCTA. The study and the Free and Informed Term of Consent were approved by the Research Ethics Committee of An&#225;lise de Projetos de Pesquisa (CAPPessq), do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro (HUAP)/Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF) number n&#250;mero 392.966.</p>
      <p>Patient selection for this observational study included 38 patients from our institution [Antonio Pedro University Hospital - Federal Fluminense University (HUAP-UFF)], recruited in the Nuclear Medicine service (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>The selection of patients for this observational study included 38 patients from our institution [Antonio Pedro University Hospital &#8211; Federal Fluminense University (HUAP-UFF)], recruited in the Nuclear Medicine Service. CTA: computed angiotomography; CAD: coronary artery disease; SPECT: Single-photon emission computed tomography; ICF: Informed consent form.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-06-1092-90201-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The CCTA results (anatomy and perfusion) were considered as research data and were not reported to the patient's clinical physician, except in case of identification of significant lesions in the trunk of the left coronary artery or in the LAD coronary artery detected by CCTA. The inclusion criteria were patients with medical request for stress/rest myocardial perfusion scintigraphy to assess CAD.</p>
      <p>Patients with creatinine above 1.5 mg/dl, obstructive pulmonary chronic disease, asthmatic patients, patients who were allergic to iodinated contrast material or for whom dipyridamole or metoprolol was contraindicated and any other aspect that the researcher deemed limiting to the method were excluded.</p>
      <p>The exams were performed with the following flow: first the patitent was selected at the Nuclear Medicine Service and, after signing the free and informed term of consent, the patient was referred to the service of radiology to undergo CCTA (perfusion at rest) followed by myocardial perfusion under pharmacological stress with dipyridamole. Before the infusion of iodinated contrast material, during stress-induced hyperemia, 2-methoxy-isobutyl-isonitrile-99mTc (sestamibi-<sup>99m</sup>Tc) was infused at the computed tomography room.</p>
      <p>The CCTA protocol included two imaging acquisitions: one for coronary anatomy assessment by CTA, which is also used to assess myocardial perfusion at rest; and a second myocardial perfusion under pharmacological stress performed shortly after the first acquisition. The mean acquisition time was 30 &#177; 5 minutes.</p>
      <p>The first acquisition was volumetric and static, having been performed retrospectively using the following parameters: 120 KV, 240-400 mA and 512 &#215; 512 matrix, 70 ml iodinated contrast media at a concentration of 350 mg/mL, infused at 5 ml/s. The second acquisition was performed following the same parameters and soon after 5 to 6 minutes from the beginning of dipyridamole infusion (Persantin<sup>&#174;</sup>, Boehringer Ingelheim Espa&#241;a S.A., Espa&#241;a) (0.56 mg/kg/4 minutes). We chose to infuse it by hand, after images of the ascending aorta were blurred using iodinated contrast media, because it facilitates the correct selection of the beginning of acquisition, especially in the stress phase, which must occur a little earlier than usual for other coronary studies. During dipyridamole infusion, the patients&#8217; heart rate, blood pressure and symptoms were monitored every minute. Immediately after the conclusion of stress perfusion evaluation, 240 mg of aminophylline were administered (Minoton<sup>&#174;</sup>, Teuto Brasileiro S.A., Brazil) to reverse the vasodilatation effect of the stress agent. This CT protocol was idealized in a 64-detector tomographic angiography (Brilliance CT 64-slice, Philips, Netherlands) and the mean dose of radiation was 12.1 &#177; 5.2 mSv.</p>
      <p>Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (SPECT) was performed with intravenous infusion of Tc-<sup>99m</sup> sestamibi, using a single-day protocol (rest-stress). The patient was referred to the Radiology Sector, and the injection of the radiotracer was performed at the tomography room, in the Radiology Sector. Soon after CT was finished, the patient was referred to stress imaging acquisition (first-passage perfusion) with a maximum interval of 30 minutes. After this stage and an interval between 60 and 120 minutes, the rest phase was performed with a new injection of Tc-99m sestamibi. The mean dose administered in each stage was 925 MBq. The images were acquired 30 to 90 minutes after intravenous administration of the agent. A total of 64 projection images of the chest were acquired from an arc of 180 degrees, from the 45-degree right anterior oblique view to the 45-degree left posterior oblique view. In the rest phase, the acquisition time was 30 seconds per projection; in the stress phase, the acquisition time was 30 seconds per projection as well. In both the stress and rest phases, ECG-synchronized image acquisition was performed.</p>
      <p>To analyze the correlation between the myocardial perfusion techniques, the following criterion was used to characterize myocardial ischemia: there should be perfusion defects on stress images with no correspondent perfusion defect on rest images of both CCTA and SPECT.</p>
      <p>Myocardial perfusion and CCTA were assessed visually and semi-quantitatively by two blinded and independent observers, without any knowledge of clinical data or other exams. Disagreements were resolved by means of consensus. The degree of coronary stenosis was graded, according with visual and semi-quantitative assessment by CCTA, as non-significant (&lt; 50% reduction in luminal diameter) and significant (&gt; 50% reduction in luminal diameter).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>All continuous variables were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation and the categorical variables as number and percentage. Fisher&#8217;s exact test was used to compare between proportions. Based on CCTA fidings, the patients were grouped according with the presence or not of significant CAD. The criterion used to define significant CAD was existence of obstruction &gt; 50% of the lumen of coronary arteries. Sensitivity and specificity were estimated and displayed as number and percentage. The analysis of the area under the ROC curve was used to identify the efficacy of CCTA (CT perfusion) and scintigraphy (SPECT) in the diagnosis of perfusion data in this study. The research was conducted on two groups: one with stenosis &gt; 50% on anatomical assessment by CCTA, as the "true positive" surrogate marker in this population, compared with the group with stenosis &lt; 50% in the same method as the &#8220;true negative&#8221; (AUC &#8805; 0.5 to &lt; 0.7 = poor fit; AUC &#8805; 0.7 to &lt; 0.9 = good fit; AUC &#8805; 0.9 to 1.0 = excellent fit). Intra- and interobserver agreement was obtained by using intraclass correlation coefficient reliability analysis (CCI &lt; 0.40: poor agreement; CCI = 0.40 to 0.59: fair agreement; CCI = 0.60 to 0.74: good agreement; CCI = 0.75 to 1.00: excellent agreement). About 43% of perfusions performed using CCTA techniques (15/35) were reassessed by the same observer; the analysis was performed by a second independent observer to characterize the variability between the analyses. A total of 1,440 segments were assessed using the 16-segment model of the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and the American Heart Association (AHA), with 240 LV segments being analyzed by observer 1 at rest and, subsequently, under pharmacological stress, totaling 480 segments. Observer 1 repeated this analysis after a 3-month period, blinded to the previous analysis. Observer 2 performed the independent analysis, blind and with no previous agreement with the first observer. Both observers have more than 10 years experience in performing CCTA.</p>
        <p>Statistical analysis was performed using MedCalc<sup>&#174;</sup> statistical software (Version 18.5 - 64-bit; MedCalc Software bvba, Ostend, Belgium). Two-tailed p values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical and demographic characteristics of the sample</title>
        <p>A total of 38 patients were selected; out of these, 35 were included in the study. Three patients were excluded: one patient due to long wait times to undergo the stress phase as a result of problems with schedule and other two due to technical problems in the Radiology Sector.</p>
        <p>Out of the 35 patients studied, with a mean age of 52.5 &#177; 9 years, 18 were women (51%). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows the main clinical and demographic characteristics of the population analysed.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Clinical characteristics of the participants</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="80%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th align="center">Group</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">52.5 &#177; 9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male sex, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (49)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SAH, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">31 ( 88)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes Mellitus, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (40)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Smoking, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (14)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dyslipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (45)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Previous AMI, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (26)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Typical chest pain, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (28)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Atypical chest pain, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (22)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dyspnea, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (31)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Altered stress test, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Revascularization, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (20)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CAD family history, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (28)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>SAH: Systemic arterial hypertension, AMI: Acute myocardial infarction; CAD: Coronary artery disease.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Obstructive CAD assessment by CCTA</title>
        <p>In this study, obstructive CAD (stenosis &gt; 50%) was present in 43% (n = 15) of the patients; non-obstructive lesions were identified in 57% (n = 20) of the patients.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Perfusion defects on scintigraphy and CT</title>
        <p>The distribution of perfusion defects on both methods are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>. Based on the data from <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>, it was possible to observe a difference between the distribution of perfusion defects on scintigraphy and CT. A total of 57.1% (n = 20) of the patients presented perfusion defects at myocardial scintigraphy, with only half of them (28.5%; n = 10) also presenting defects at CT. On the other hand, when perfusion defects were not detected on scintigraphy (n = 15), in the majority of the cases (60.0%; n = 9), CT showed no perfusion defects. These data showed that CT perfusion imaging sensitivity was 70%, and SPECT sensitivity was 66% for detection of perfusion defects (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Perfusion defects on scintigraphy (SPECT) and myocardial perfusion CT (n = 35)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Perfusion defects</th>
                <th align="center">Positive myocardial perfusion scintigraphy</th>
                <th align="center">Negative myocardial perfusion scintigraphy</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Positive CT myocardial perfusion</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Negative CT myocardial perfusion</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>P = 0.73 (two-sided Fisher's exact test). SPECT: Single-photon emission computed tomography; CT: computed tomography.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Comparison between myocardial perfusion images with stress perfusion defects on computed tomography (CT) and on single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Concordant example of a same patient with significant obstructive anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery disease.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-06-1092-90201-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Perfusion defects on scintigraphy in relation to obstructive CAD</title>
        <p>Based on the data in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>, it was possible to demonstrate a significant association between normal scintigraphy and absence of obstructive coronary lesions.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Perfusion defects on scintigraphy (SPECT) and myocardial perfusion CT in relation to obstructive CAD (n = 35)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Perfusion defects</th>
                <th align="center">Positive SPECT *</th>
                <th align="center">Negative SPECT *</th>
                <th align="center">Positive CT **</th>
                <th align="center">Negative CT **</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Obstructive CAD</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Non-obstructive CAD</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>Two-sided Fisher's exact test for SPECT (*p = 0.49) and for CT (**p = 0.0001). CAD: coronary artery disease; SPECT: Single-photon emission computed tomography; CT: computed tomography.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Twenty patients had abnormal myocardial scintigraphy, and half of them (n = 10) also presented obstructive CAD at CCTA. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref> shows false-positive scintigraphy findings. In contrast, when scintigraphy was normal (n = 15), in most of the cases (66%), there was no presence of obstructive lesions on tomography; this association did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.49). According to these data, the sensitivity of scintigraphy for anatomical assessment by CTA was 66%, with a specificity of 50% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>False-positives on myocardial scintigraphy</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Cause of false-positive</th>
                <th align="center">Positive SPECT</th>
                <th align="center">Negative SPECT</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Deep myocardial bridge</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Anatomical variation (short anterior descending artery)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Low levels (tracer leakage)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Patient with a 40% LAD stenosis</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Patient with coronary-cavitary microfistulas</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Others (microcirculation disease?)</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>SPECT: Single-photon emission computed tomography; CT: computed tomography.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Comparison between myocardial perfusion methods sensitivity and specificity for detecting obstructive coronary artery disease. SPECT: Single-photon emission computed tomography; CT: computed tomography.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-06-1092-90201-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Perfusion defects on myocardial perfusion CT in relation to obstructive CAD</title>
        <p>Based on the data in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>, it is possible to show a significant association between abnormal CT and presence of obstructive coronary lesions. Out of all the patients, 54.2% (n = 19) presented abnormal CT, and most of them (73.6%; n = 14) also presented coronary obstructive lesions on CT. In contrast, when perfusion tomography was normal, which occurred in 45.7% (n = 16) of the patients, in almost all the cases (93.7%, n = 15), the tomography showed no obstructive lesions (p = 0.0001). According to these data, CT perfusion imaging sensitivity for the diagnosis of obstructive CAD was 93%, and specificity for detecting the absence of obstructive CAD on CCTA was 75% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Analysis of the area under the curve for obstructive CAD detection</title>
        <p>Myocardial perfusion with CT showed an AUC of 0.84 for the detection of obstructive CAD, with a confidence interval (CI) range of 0.67 - 0.94 (p &lt; 0.001). On the other hand, SPECT myocardial perfusion had an AUC of 0.58, with a CI range of 0.40 - 0.74 (p &lt; 0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Analysis of the area under the ROC curve showing diagnostic perfusion performance of CT [0.84 (CI 95%: 0.67-0.94, p &lt; 0.001)] and of scintigraphy (SPECT) [0.58 (CI 95%: 0.40-0.74, p &lt; 0.001)], in this study.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-06-1092-90201-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Assessment of correlation between observers of computed tomography for perfusion imaging</title>
        <p>Excellent intra- and inter observer correlation was reported in the assessment of stress perfusion, with an ICC of 0.90 (0.87-0.92) and 0.94 (0.93-0.96), respectively. The intraobserver correlation of perfusion at rest was also excellent, with an ICC of 0.96 (0.95-0.97). For interobserver correlation of perfusion at rest the result was good, with an ICC of 0.71 (0.63- 0.78).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In this study, it was possible to assess the diagnostic performance of myocardial perfusion by CCTA for the detection of significant obstructive CAD in relation to SPECT. The perfusion findings of scintigraphy with <sup>99m</sup>Tc-sestamibi were compared with the findings of myocardial perfusion by 64-detector row computed tomography. As a strength of this study, we highlight the simultaneous use of the same pharmacological stress agent for CT perfusion image acquisition, and the administration of the radiotracer, which enables performance of CT and subsequent scintigraphy image acquisition, because it lacks significant redistribution. Another important data was the possibility for anatomical localization and correlation with the presence of myocardial perfusion defects by SPECT. In this study, it was also possible to understand why the defect was not detected by CCTA and to describe SPECT false positives.</p>
      <p>If we assess myocardial perfusion alone, an intermediate correlation between CT and scintigraphy images will be found, especially because the sensitivity of CT perfusion sensitivity for perfusion defects detection on SPECT was 70%, with a specificity of 66%, considering that scintigraphy is the standard method used to assess perfusion. Tanami <italic>et al</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> clearly state that CCTA has better accuracy than SPECT for detecting significant obstructive CAD. Hence, it is necessary to explore this finding and understand that many patients with false-negative SPECT results are unnecessarily submitted to cardiac catheterization, due to lack of anatomical assessment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
			</p>
      <p>An interesting finding, in line with previous studies, is the comparison between the sensitivity and specificity of the two perfusion techniques in detecting obstructive coronary lesions, considering that coronary CT is the gold standard for the diagnosis of anatomic CAD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> In this study, we observed better ischemic catheterization by CT myocardial perfusion when compared with SPECT. It is important to highlight that catheterization was not used as the gold standard and, thus, these results may vary if other methods of reference are used, such as flow fractional reserve (FFR).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> Rochitte et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> showed that combined CCTA and stress perfusion imaging accurately identifies patients with &gt; 50% lesion in the catheterization and who presented perfusion defects at SPECT. Moreover, the rational use of these techniques and multimodality assessment are important in modern cardiology, since they are always associated with increased exposure to radiation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the study carried out by Arbab-Zadeh et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> greater accuracy was observed for CT perfusion imaging when compared with SPECT (92%<italic>versus</italic> 62%, p &lt; 0.001), but the authors used another methodology with a higher slice CT system (320 detectors), as well as a slightly different protocol, which is not a problem, according with recommendations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> In contrast, other studies compared CCTA with SPECT and PET perfusion imaging with invasive catheterization with FFR, as a gold standard. Interestingly, perfusion PET was the exam that better correlated with the gold reference, whereas CCTA and SPECT performed similarly, showing that anatomic measures are not substitutes for functional assessment and that, even when the best method for anatomy assessment is used, functional assessment of coronary lesions is required.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Another finding of the study that needs discussion is the presence of 10 patients (28%) with abnormal SPECT who did not present significant obstructive CAD on CCTA. Considering that CCTA is the anatomical method of reference in this study, we observed a high number of &#8220;false-positive&#8221; myocardial perfusion scintigraphy findings. We believe that a large part of these findings may be related with microcirculation disease (40%), since it was not possible to identify another cause that could explain them. The other findings (60%) were explained by anatomy assessment by CCTA. The best example is the case of a patient with myocardial bridge in which CT provided the anatomical substrate for the diagnosis of underlying myocardial ischemia detected by both SPECT and CT, already previously published by our research group.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> With regard to scintigraphy, we observed that one of the studies presented low levels of the tracer, due to tracer leakage, that was not detected during the study and, therefore, was not excluded from the analysis. We believe that further studies need to be conducted in order to better clarify these findings, because they will affect clinical decision-making.</p>
      <p>There are several factors that can be potentially responsible for disagreements between the tests. Some of them are obvious, such as differences in spatial resolution between the techniques (CT has submillimeter resolution, whereas SPECT has a resolution of 6 mm) and the distinct contrast properties used: the <sup>99m</sup>Tc-sestamibi exhibits a roll-off phenomenon, in which there is a limitation of its regional distribution when the flow is increased above certain threshold, while the same does not occur with iodinated contrast.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the Brazilian context, in spite of the absence of nuclear medicine services, combined CCTA and myocardial perfusion imaging is available, thus we consider this method as a simple and enforceable strategy. Some aspects should be considered, such as the use of beta-blockers to reduce heart rate for CCTA imaging, which can have a relative influence on the ischemic area detectable by SPECT, especially in cases of microcirculation disease. Another aspect is obesity, because in these patients the quality of the images is worsened, which can cause disagreement between the techniques. Another point is that, in order to perform CT perfusion, the patient needs to be inside the equipment in the stress phase, which makes the use of pharmacological stress mandatory. If physical stress could be used, perhaps the results would have been different from what we found.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>
			</p>
      <p>For CCTA, undoubtedly, the greatest limitation is exposure to radiation and iodinated contrast media, which are agents with potential adverse events. This protocol optimization, with new equipment, may be capable of reducing the levels of exposure; however, even so, the protocol shall only be adopted in selected patients, where information can be complemented. Studies using 320 detectors have shown that the combination of CT perfusion and CCTA can promote lower radiation exposure compared to the conventional protocol for myocardial perfusion imaging (9 mSv and 13 mSv, respectively).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Standardization of CT analysis is still a limitation, and the use of automatic analysis software is one of the priorities for technology development, since there are no polar maps yet, as in nuclear medicine, to display ischemic and normal patients for quantification of the level of ischemia, with validated and widely available software.</p>
      <p>Among other limitations of our study, as we detailed throughout the discussion, is the small number of individuals recruited. We believe that this is a partial limitation and should encourage further studies in different populations. We also took into account the false-positive scintigraphy results that might have influenced its performance, because we believe that the majority of cases can be explained by anatomy. Last but not least, one could imagine that the use of CCTA as an anatomical test would be limiting. In this case, numerous studies have compared CTA and catheterization with excellent results, which validates this approach.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Myocardial perfusion assessment by CCTA, after dipyridamole stress, is feasible and simple, with satisfactory results, when compared with SPECT, for obstructive CAD detection. Combined assessment of anatomy and stress perfusion by CCTA shows good capacity for detecting significant obstructive CAD, while ruling out SPECT false-positive findings.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Wilter dos Santos Ker, from Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares under the protocol number 392,966. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Perfus&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica por Angiotomografia de Coron&#225;rias na Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica: Protocolo de Estresse Simult&#226;neo com SPECT</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5367-7897</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ker</surname>
            <given-names>Wilter dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Neves</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel Gama das</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7232-4552</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Alair Augusto Sarmet M. D.dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1466-9413</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2791-8375</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nacif</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Souto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Antonio Pedro, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Complexo Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; (CHC-UFPR), Curitiba, PR - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Wilter dos Santos Ker,</bold> Rua Aroazes, 180, apto. 903. CEP 22775-060, Jacarepagu&#225;, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>wiltersker@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Ker WS, Mesquita CT, Nacif MS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Ker WS, Neves DG, Mesquita CT, Nacif MS; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Ker WS, Magalh&#227;es TA, Santos AASMD, Mesquita CT, Nacif MS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional para descartar a isquemia mioc&#225;rdica utilizando a angiotomografia computadorizada (angio-TC) de coron&#225;rias &#233; de extrema import&#226;ncia e dados na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira ainda s&#227;o escassos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar o desempenho diagn&#243;stico da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pela angio-TC de coron&#225;rias na detec&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) obstrutiva significativa em compara&#231;&#227;o com a tomografia computadorizada por emiss&#227;o de f&#243;ton &#250;nico (SPECT; do ingl&#234;s, <italic>single photon emission computerized tomography</italic>). Analisar a import&#226;ncia do conhecimento anat&#244;mico para entender a presen&#231;a de defeito de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pela SPECT que n&#227;o &#233; identificado pela tomografia computadorizada (TC).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo:</title>
          <p>Trinta e cinco pacientes foram avaliados por um protocolo de estresse farmacol&#243;gico simult&#226;neo. O teste exato de Fisher foi utilizado para compara&#231;&#227;o entre as propor&#231;&#245;es. Os pacientes foram agrupados de acordo com a presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de DAC significativa. A &#225;rea sob a curva foi utilizada para identificar o desempenho diagn&#243;stico da avalia&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o pela angio-TC de coron&#225;rias e pela SPECT. Os valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Para detec&#231;&#227;o de DAC obstrutiva a avalia&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pela TC teve uma &#225;rea sob a curva de 0,84 [intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC95%): 0,67 a 0,94, p &lt; 0,001]. J&#225; o estudo da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pela SPECT foi de 0,58 (IC95%: 0,40 a 0,74, p &lt; 0,001). Neste estudo, foram descritos falso-positivos pela SPECT.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>
            <bold>Conclus&#227;o:</bold>
          </title>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pela angio-TC apresenta resultados satisfat&#243;rios em compara&#231;&#227;o com os da SPECT na detec&#231;&#227;o de DAC obstrutiva. A angio-TC de coron&#225;rias tem capacidade de afastar falso-positivos da SPECT.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-Chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomografia Computadorizada de Emiss&#227;o de F&#243;ton &#218;nico/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Imagem de Perfus&#227;o do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Cineangiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Para a adequada avalia&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), tanto a an&#225;lise anat&#244;mica quanto a funcional pelas t&#233;cnicas de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica devem ser consideradas, pois ambas apresentam valor diagn&#243;stico e progn&#243;stico. A avalia&#231;&#227;o multimodal e a combina&#231;&#227;o destas t&#233;cnicas fornece informa&#231;&#245;es seguras quanto ao diagn&#243;stico anat&#244;mico e funcional de DAC obstrutiva, auxiliando o planejamento cl&#237;nico e terap&#234;utico de forma mais eficiente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos observamos in&#250;meros exames de angiotomografia computadorizada (angio-TC) coronariana de pacientes com estenose moderada. Os pacientes foram encaminhados para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de testes funcionais complementares, como a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca sob estresse farmacol&#243;gico e a tomografia computadorizada por emiss&#227;o de f&#243;ton &#250;nico (SPECT) para verificar a presen&#231;a de defeitos perfusionais. Essa abordagem possibilita, com elevadas sensibilidade e especificidade, a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o de isquemia em pacientes com DAC obstrutiva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pela angio-TC de coron&#225;rias ainda &#233; pouco explorada. A an&#225;lise da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pela TC sob estresse farmacol&#243;gico &#233; uma t&#233;cnica que vem apresentando resultados consistentes no diagn&#243;stico da DAC obstrutiva. J&#225; o uso da cintilografia de perfus&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio &#233; consagrado na avalia&#231;&#227;o da DAC. A possibilidade de jun&#231;&#227;o das informa&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas e funcionais em um &#250;nico exame pode melhorar o papel de estratifica&#231;&#227;o da DAC obstrutiva e garantir um melhor manejo do paciente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O benef&#237;cio clinico que a angio-TC de coron&#225;rias promove est&#225; mudando os horizontes da cardiologia contempor&#226;nea,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> n&#227;o s&#243; por caracterizar o grau de estenose, mas tamb&#233;m por caracterizar a carga ateroscler&#243;tica e os tipos de placas. Dados recentes da literatura, na avalia&#231;&#227;o de DAC obstrutiva significativa (&gt; 50%) pela angio-TC de coron&#225;rias, revelam boa acur&#225;cia, com altas sensibilidade (82 a 99%) e especificidade (94 a 98%), quando comparada &#224; cinecoronariografia invasiva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Estudos multic&#234;ntricos, publicados nos &#250;ltimos anos, demonstram o alto valor preditivo negativo da angio-TC de coron&#225;rias (95 a 100%), enfatizando seu excelente desempenho na exclus&#227;o de DAC. Tal fato deve ser explorado cada vez mais como aplicabilidade cl&#237;nica, evitando exames invasivos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pela SPECT pode permitir uma estratifica&#231;&#227;o mais adequada dos pacientes com estenose intermedi&#225;ria e definir a estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica, visando ao melhor progn&#243;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> J&#225; a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de um m&#233;todo h&#237;brido, que combina a informa&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica da angio-TC de coron&#225;rias com a an&#225;lise da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica da tomografia por emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitron (PET), com o uso do rub&#237;dio-82, apresenta elevada acur&#225;cia na detec&#231;&#227;o da DAC;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> por&#233;m, esta abordagem ainda &#233; de elevado custo e dif&#237;cil implementa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica.</p>
        <p>Desta forma, observamos que a angio-TC de coron&#225;rias pode agregar o estudo perfusional e, com isto, ocupar cada vez mais o espa&#231;o como m&#233;todo inicial na avalia&#231;&#227;o da DAC, que continua sendo uma das principais causas de morte no Brasil e no mundo. No entanto, apesar de v&#225;rios estudos demonstrarem o valor diagn&#243;stico e progn&#243;stico da avalia&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pela angio-TC de coron&#225;rias na avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com suspeita de DAC, esses dados ainda s&#227;o escassos na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. Al&#233;m disso, &#233; incerto se o uso da avalia&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o pela angio-TC de coron&#225;rias pode substituir o estudo da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica por outros m&#233;todos como, por exemplo, pela SPECT, principalmente em locais onde tal m&#233;todo possa n&#227;o estar dispon&#237;vel. A implementa&#231;&#227;o da avalia&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pela angio-TC de coron&#225;rias &#233; simples e de menor custo quando comparada aos outros m&#233;todos.</p>
        <p>Os nossos objetivos foram: avaliar o desempenho diagn&#243;stico da avalia&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pela angio-TC de coron&#225;rias na detec&#231;&#227;o de DAC obstrutiva significativa em compara&#231;&#227;o com a SPECT; analisar a import&#226;ncia do conhecimento anat&#244;mico para entender a presen&#231;a de defeito de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pela SPECT que n&#227;o s&#227;o identificados pela angio-TC de coron&#225;rias; e descrever os falso-positivos da SPECT.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todo</title>
        <p>Estudo observacional que avaliou pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica para realiza&#231;&#227;o de cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de DAC. Todos os pacientes aceitaram assinar o termo de consentimento para participar desta pesquisa de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pela angio-TC de coron&#225;rias. O estudo e o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido foram aprovados pela Comiss&#227;o de An&#225;lise de Projetos de Pesquisa (CAPPessq), do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro (HUAP) / Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF) em 06 de setembro de 2013, sob o n&#250;mero 392.966.</p>
        <p>A sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes para este estudo observacional incluiu 38 pacientes da nossa institui&#231;&#227;o [Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro - Universidade Federal Fluminense (HUAP-UFF)], recrutados no Servi&#231;o de Medicina Nuclear (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes para este estudo observacional incluiu 38 pacientes da nossa institui&#231;&#227;o [Hospital Universit&#225;rio Antonio Pedro &#8211; Universidade Federal Fluminense (HUAP-UFF)], recrutados no Servi&#231;o de Medicina Nuclear. Angio-TC: angiotomografia computadorizada; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; SPECT: tomografia computadorizada por emiss&#227;o de f&#243;ton &#250;nico; TCLE: termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-06-1092-90201-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Os resultados da angio-TC de coron&#225;rias (anatomia e perfus&#227;o) foram considerados dados de pesquisa e n&#227;o foram divulgados ao cl&#237;nico do paciente, exceto em caso de identifica&#231;&#227;o de les&#227;o cr&#237;tica de tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda ou descendente anterior pela angio-TC de coron&#225;rias. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram pacientes com pedido m&#233;dico solicitando cintilografia de perfus&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio de estresse e repouso para avalia&#231;&#227;o de DAC.</p>
        <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo pacientes com creatinina acima de 1,5 mg/dl, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, asm&#225;ticos, pacientes sabidamente al&#233;rgicos a contraste iodado ou com contraindica&#231;&#227;o ao uso do dipiridamol ou metoprolol e qualquer outro aspecto que o pesquisador tenha julgado limitante ao m&#233;todo.</p>
        <p>Os exames foram realizados com o seguinte fluxo: primeiro o paciente era selecionado no Servi&#231;o de Medicina Nuclear e, depois de assinado o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido, era encaminhado para o servi&#231;o de radiologia para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da angio-TC de coron&#225;rias (perfus&#227;o em repouso) seguida pela avalia&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica sob estresse farmacol&#243;gico com o dipiridamol. Antes da infus&#227;o do contraste iodado, na fase de hiperemia pelo agente estressor, era infundido o 2-metoxil-isobutil-isonitrila-<sup>99m</sup>Tc (sestamibi-<sup>99m</sup>Tc) na sala da tomografia computadorizada.</p>
        <p>O protocolo da angio-TC de coron&#225;rias incluiu duas aquisi&#231;&#245;es de imagem: uma para avalia&#231;&#227;o da anatomia coron&#225;ria pela angio-TC que tamb&#233;m &#233; usada para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de repouso; e uma segunda perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica sob estresse farmacol&#243;gico realizada logo ap&#243;s a primeira aquisi&#231;&#227;o. O tempo de aquisi&#231;&#227;o do estudo demorou em m&#233;dia 30 &#177; 5 minutos</p>
        <p>A primeira aquisi&#231;&#227;o era volum&#233;trica e est&#225;tica, tendo sido realizada de maneira retrospectiva com os seguintes par&#226;metros: 120 KV, 240 a 400 mA e matriz de 512 &#215; 512, 70 ml de contraste iodado na concentra&#231;&#227;o de 350 mg/ml, infundidos a 5 ml/s. A segunda aquisi&#231;&#227;o foi realizada com os mesmos par&#226;metros e logo ap&#243;s 5 a 6 minutos do in&#237;cio da infus&#227;o do dipiridamol (Persantin<sup>&#174;</sup>, Boehringer Ingelheim Espanha S.A., Espanha) (0,56 mg/kg/4 minutos). Optamos pelo disparo manual, ap&#243;s borramento da aorta ascendente pelo meio de contraste iodado, pois facilita a sele&#231;&#227;o correta do in&#237;cio da aquisi&#231;&#227;o, principalmente na fase de estresse, que deve ser um pouco mais precoce que o habitual para os estudos de coron&#225;ria. Durante a infus&#227;o do dipiridamol eram monitorados, a cada minuto, a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, a press&#227;o arterial e os sintomas dos pacientes. Imediatamente ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino da avalia&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o sob estresse farmacol&#243;gico, foram administrados 240 mg de aminofilina (Minoton<sup>&#174;</sup>, Teuto Brasileiro S.A., Brasil) para reverter o efeito de vasodilata&#231;&#227;o do agente estressor. Este protocolo de tomografia computadorizada (TC) foi idealizado em um tom&#243;grafo de 64 detectores (Brilliance CT 64-slice, Philips, Holanda) e a dose m&#233;dia de radia&#231;&#227;o foi de 12,1 &#177; 5,2 mSv.</p>
        <p>A cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (SPECT) foi realizada com a infus&#227;o intravenosa de sestamibi-<sup>99m</sup>Tc, utilizando-se protocolo de um dia (repouso-estresse). O paciente era encaminhado para o Setor de Radiologia, e a infus&#227;o do radiotra&#231;ador era feita na sala de tomografia, no Setor de Radiologia. Logo ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino da TC o paciente era conduzido para adquirir as imagens cintilogr&#225;ficas sob estresse farmacol&#243;gico (perfus&#227;o de primeira passagem) com intervalo de no m&#225;ximo 30 minutos. Ap&#243;s esta etapa e um intervalo de no m&#237;nimo 60 e no m&#225;ximo 120 minutos, era realizada a etapa de repouso com nova inje&#231;&#227;o do sestamibi-<sup>99m</sup>Tc. A m&#233;dia da dose administrada em cada etapa foi de 925 MBq. As imagens foram adquiridas 30 a 90 minutos ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o intravenosa do radiof&#225;rmaco. Foram adquiridas 64 imagens das proje&#231;&#245;es do t&#243;rax ao longo de um arco de 180&#176;, desde a proje&#231;&#227;o obl&#237;qua anterior direita de 45&#176; at&#233; a proje&#231;&#227;o obl&#237;qua posterior esquerda de 45&#176;. Na etapa de repouso, o tempo de aquisi&#231;&#227;o foi de 30 segundos por proje&#231;&#227;o; na etapa de estresse, o tempo de aquisi&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m foi de 30 segundos por proje&#231;&#227;o. Tanto na etapa de estresse quanto na etapa de repouso a aquisi&#231;&#227;o foi feita com sincroniza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica. Para analisar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre as t&#233;cnicas de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica utilizamos o seguinte crit&#233;rio para caracterizar isquemia mioc&#225;rdica: deveriam existir defeitos perfusionais na t&#233;cnica de estresse sem correspondente na t&#233;cnica em repouso na angio-TC de coron&#225;rias e na SPECT.</p>
        <p>Dois observadores cegos e independentes, sem o conhecimento dos dados cl&#237;nicos ou demais exames, realizaram a avalia&#231;&#227;o visual e semiquantitativa da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e da angio-TC de coron&#225;rias. Qualquer discord&#226;ncia foi resolvida por meio de consenso. O grau de estenose coronariana foi graduado, mediante an&#225;lise visual e semiquantitativa da angio-TC de coron&#225;rias, em n&#227;o significativa (&lt; 50% de redu&#231;&#227;o luminal) e significativa (&gt; 50% de redu&#231;&#227;o luminal).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Todas as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o e as categ&#243;ricas como n&#250;mero e percentual. Foi utilizado o teste exato de Fisher para compara&#231;&#227;o entre as propor&#231;&#245;es. Com base nos achados da angio-TC de coron&#225;rias, os pacientes foram agrupados de acordo com a presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de DAC significativa. O crit&#233;rio utilizado para definir DAC significativa foi a exist&#234;ncia de obstru&#231;&#227;o &gt; 50% do l&#250;men das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias. A sensibilidade e a especificidade foram calculadas e demonstradas em n&#250;mero e percentual. An&#225;lise da &#225;rea sob a curva (AUC; do ingl&#234;s, <italic>area under the curve</italic>) caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor (ROC; do ingl&#234;s, <italic>receiver operating characteristic</italic>) foi utilizada para identificar o desempenho diagn&#243;stico da perfus&#227;o pela angio-TC de coron&#225;rias (perfus&#227;o-TC) e pela cintilografia (SPECT) neste estudo. Isto foi realizado com uso de dois grupos: um com estenose &gt; 50% na avalia&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica pela angio-TC de coron&#225;rias como marcadores substitutos de &#8220;verdadeiro-positivo&#8221; nesta popula&#231;&#227;o, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo com estenose &lt; 50% no mesmo m&#233;todo como o &#8220;verdadeiro-negativo&#8221; (AUC &#8805; 0,5 a &lt; 0,7: ajuste pobre; AUC &#8805; 0,7 a &lt; 0,9: bom ajuste; AUC &#8805; 0,9 a 1,0: excelente ajuste). A concord&#226;ncia intra e interobservador foi obtida usando-se a an&#225;lise da confiabilidade das m&#233;dias do coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse (CCI &lt; 0,40: fraca concord&#226;ncia; CCI = 0,40 a 0,59: moderada concord&#226;ncia; CCI = 0,60 a 0,74: boa concord&#226;ncia; CCI = 0,75 a 1,00: excelente concord&#226;ncia). Aproximadamente 43% das perfus&#245;es realizadas pela t&#233;cnica de angio-TC de coron&#225;rias (15/35) foram reavaliados pelo mesmo observador; as an&#225;lises foram realizadas por um segundo observador independente para caracterizar a variabilidade entre as an&#225;lises. Um total de 1.440 segmentos foram analisados pelo modelo de 16 segmentos do American College of Cardiology (ACC) e da American Heart Association (AHA), sendo que 240 segmentos do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foram avaliados pelo observador 1 em repouso e, posteriormente, sob estresse farmacol&#243;gico, totalizando 480 segmentos. O observador 1 repetiu esta an&#225;lise ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de 3 meses de forma totalmente cega com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; primeira an&#225;lise. O observador 2 realizou an&#225;lise independente, totalmente cega e sem consenso pr&#233;vio com o primeiro observador. Ambos os observadores possuem mais de 10 anos de experi&#234;ncia com o uso da angio-TC de coron&#225;rias.</p>
          <p>Foi utilizado o MedCalc<sup>&#174;</sup>, version 18.5 - 64-bit (MedCalc Software bvba, Ostend, B&#233;lgica) para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica. Os valores de p &lt; 0,05, bicaudais, foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas da amostra</title>
          <p>Foram selecionados 38 pacientes; destes, 35 foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. A exclus&#227;o de tr&#234;s pacientes deveu-se a: um por espera prolongada para realiza&#231;&#227;o da fase de estresse em decorr&#234;ncia de dificuldades de agendamento e outros dois por problemas t&#233;cnicos no Setor de Radiologia.</p>
          <p>Do total de 35 pacientes, com m&#233;dia et&#225;ria de 52,5 &#177; 9 anos, 18 eram mulheres (51%). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref> demonstra as principais caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas da popula&#231;&#227;o analisada.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos participantes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="80%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="center">Grupo</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">52,5 &#177; 9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo masculino, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (49)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">HAS, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 ( 88)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (40)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tabagismo, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (14)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dislipidemia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (45)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IAM pr&#233;vio, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (26)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dor tor&#225;cica t&#237;pica, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (28)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dor tor&#225;cica at&#237;pica, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (22)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dispneia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (31)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Teste ergom&#233;trico alterado, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (20)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (28)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de DAC obstrutiva pela angio-TC de coron&#225;rias</title>
          <p>Neste estudo, DAC obstrutiva (estenose &gt; 50%) estava presente em 43% (n = 15) dos pacientes; j&#225; as les&#245;es n&#227;o obstrutivas foram identificadas em 57% (n = 20) dos pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Defeitos perfusionais pela cintilografia e pela TC</title>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref> demonstra a distribui&#231;&#227;o de defeitos perfusionais por ambos os m&#233;todos.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Defeitos perfusionais na cintilografia (SPECT) e na TC de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (n = 35)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Defeitos perfusionais</th>
                  <th align="center">Positivos na cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</th>
                  <th align="center">Negativos na cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Positivos na TC de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Negativos na TC de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>p = 0,73 (teste exato de Fisher, bicaudal). SPECT: tomografia computadorizada por emiss&#227;o de f&#243;ton &#250;nico; TC: tomografia computadorizada.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>De acordo com os dados da <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>, conseguimos demonstrar uma diferen&#231;a entre a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos defeitos perfusionais na cintilografia e na TC. Os pacientes que apresentaram defeitos de perfus&#227;o &#224; cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica totalizaram 57,1% (n = 20), sendo que apenas metade destes (28,5%; n = 10) tamb&#233;m apresentaram defeitos &#224; TC. Em contrapartida, quando a cintilografia era negativa (n = 15) para defeitos de perfus&#227;o, a maioria (60,0%; n = 9) dos casos demonstrou tomografia sem defeitos de perfus&#227;o. Estes dados demonstram sensibilidade da perfus&#227;o por TC de 70,0%, com especificidade de 66,6% para a detec&#231;&#227;o de defeitos perfusionais observados &#224; SPECT (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre as perfus&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas com defeitos perfusionais sob estresse farmacol&#243;gico na tomografia computadorizada (TC) e na tomografia computadorizada por emiss&#227;o de f&#243;ton &#250;nico (SPECT). Exemplo de um mesmo paciente concordante e com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana obstrutiva significativa na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente anterior.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-06-1092-90201-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Defeitos perfusionais pela cintilografia em rela&#231;&#227;o com DAC obstrutiva</title>
          <p>De acordo com os dados da <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>, conseguimos demonstrar uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre cintilografia normal e aus&#234;ncia de les&#245;es coronarianas obstrutivas.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Defeitos perfusionais na cintilografia (SPECT) e na TC de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em rela&#231;&#227;o com a DAC obstrutiva (n = 35)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Defeitos perfusionais</th>
                  <th align="center">SPECT positiva *</th>
                  <th align="center">SPECT negativa *</th>
                  <th align="center">TC positiva **</th>
                  <th align="center">TC negativa **</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DAC obstrutiva</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DAC n&#227;o obstrutiva</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <p>Teste exato de Fisher, bicaudal para SPECT (*p = 0,49) e para TC (**p=0,0001). DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; SPECT: tomografia computadorizada por emiss&#227;o de f&#243;ton &#250;nico; TC: tomografia computadorizada.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Vinte pacientes apresentaram cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica anormal, sendo que a metade destes (n = 10) tamb&#233;m apresentou DAC obstrutiva &#224; angio-TC de coron&#225;rias. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref> demonstra os falso-positivos pela cintilografia. Em contrapartida, quando a cintilografia era normal (n = 15) a maioria (66% dos casos) tamb&#233;m demonstrou tomografia sem les&#245;es obstrutivas; esta associa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o atingiu signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p = 0,49). Estes dados demonstram sensibilidade da cintilografia para avalia&#231;&#227;o da anatomia coronariana com a angio-TC de 66%, com especificidade de 50% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Falso-positivos pela cintilografia do mioc&#225;rdio</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Causa do falso-positivo</th>
                  <th align="center">SPECT positiva</th>
                  <th align="center">TC negativa</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ponte mioc&#225;rdica profunda</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Varia&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica (art&#233;ria descendente anterior curta)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Baixa contagem (extravasamento do radiotra&#231;ador)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Paciente com 40% de estenose na art&#233;ria descendende anterior</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Paciente com microf&#237;stulas coron&#225;rio-cavit&#225;rias</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Outros (doen&#231;a na microcircula&#231;&#227;o?)</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN12">
                <p>SPECT: tomografia computadorizada por emiss&#227;o de f&#243;ton &#250;nico; TC: tomografia computadorizada.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>
            <fig id="f7">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o da sensibilidade e da especificidade dos m&#233;todos de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica para detec&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana obstrutiva. SPECT: tomografia computadorizada por emiss&#227;o de f&#243;ton &#250;nico; TC: tomografia computadorizada.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-06-1092-90201-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Defeitos perfusionais pela TC de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em rela&#231;&#227;o com DAC obstrutiva</title>
          <p>De acordo com os dados da <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>, conseguimos demonstrar uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre TC anormal e presen&#231;a de les&#245;es coronarianas obstrutivas. De todos os pacientes, 54,2% (n = 19) apresentaram TC anormal, sendo que a maioria destes (73,6%; n = 14) tamb&#233;m apresentou les&#245;es obstrutivas coronarianas &#224; TC. Em contrapartida, quando a tomografia de perfus&#227;o era normal, o que ocorreu em 45,7% (n = 16) dos pacientes, a quase totalidade (93,7%, n = 15) dos casos tamb&#233;m demonstrou tomografia sem les&#245;es obstrutivas (p = 0,0001). Estes dados demonstraram sensibilidade da TC de perfus&#227;o para detec&#231;&#227;o de DAC obstrutiva de 93%, com especificidade de 75% para a detec&#231;&#227;o de aus&#234;ncia de DAC obstrutiva pela angio-TC de coron&#225;rias (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise da &#225;rea sob a curva para detec&#231;&#227;o de DAC obstrutiva</title>
          <p>Para detec&#231;&#227;o de DAC obstrutiva, a perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pela TC teve AUC de 0,84, com intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) de 0,67 a 0,94 (p &lt; 0,001). J&#225; a AUC da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pela SPECT foi de 0,58, com IC de 0,40 a 0,74 (p &lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f8">
              <label>Figura 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>An&#225;lise da &#225;rea sob a curva ROC demonstrando o desempenho diagn&#243;stico da perfus&#227;o pela TC [0,84 (IC 95%: 0,67 a 0,94, p &lt; 0,001)] e pela cintilografia (SPECT) [0,58 (IC 95%: 0,40 a 0,74, p &lt; 0,001)], neste estudo.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-06-1092-90201-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da correla&#231;&#227;o entre observadores para perfus&#227;o por tomografia computadorizada</title>
          <p>Excelente correla&#231;&#227;o intra e interobservadores foi demonstrada na avalia&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o sob estresse farmacol&#243;gico com CCI de 0,90 (0,87 a 0,92) e 0,94 (0,93 a 0,96), respectivamente. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da correla&#231;&#227;o intraobservador da perfus&#227;o em repouso tamb&#233;m foi excelente, com CCI de 0,96 (0,95 a 0,97). Na correla&#231;&#227;o interobservadores da perfus&#227;o em repouso o resultado foi bom, com CCI de 0,71 (0,63 a 0,78).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Realizamos um estudo em que foi poss&#237;vel avaliar o desempenho diagn&#243;stico da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pela angio-TC de coron&#225;rias na detec&#231;&#227;o de DAC obstrutiva significativa em compara&#231;&#227;o com a SPECT. Foram comparados os achados perfusionais da cintilografia com sestamibi-<sup>99m</sup>Tc com achados da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pela TC de 64 detectores. Como ponto forte deste estudo, destacamos a utiliza&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea do mesmo estresse farmacol&#243;gico para aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens da perfus&#227;o pela TC, bem como a administra&#231;&#227;o do radiotra&#231;ador, que, por n&#227;o ter redistribui&#231;&#227;o significativa, permite a realiza&#231;&#227;o da TC e a posterior aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens cintilogr&#225;ficas. Outro dado importante foi a possibilidade de avaliar e correlacionar a anatomia com a presen&#231;a de defeito de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pela SPECT, al&#233;m de entender o porqu&#234; de este n&#227;o ter sido identificado pela angio-TC de coron&#225;rias e descrever os falso-positivos da SPECT, neste estudo.</p>
        <p>Se formos analisar apenas os dados de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, encontramos uma correla&#231;&#227;o intermedi&#225;ria entre os achados da TC e da cintilografia, especialmente por termos demonstrado uma sensibilidade da perfus&#227;o por TC de 70%, com especificidade de 66% para a detec&#231;&#227;o de defeitos perfusionais observados &#224; SPECT, levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o a cintilografia como m&#233;todo padr&#227;o para a perfus&#227;o. Tanami et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> afirmam claramente que a angio-TC de coron&#225;rias &#233; superior &#224; SPECT na detec&#231;&#227;o de DAC obstrutiva significativa. Neste sentido, &#233; necess&#225;rio fazermos uma explora&#231;&#227;o deste achado e entender que, em uma avalia&#231;&#227;o sem a considera&#231;&#227;o da anatomia, muitos pacientes com falso-positivos pela SPECT s&#227;o submetidos ao cateterismo card&#237;aco desnecess&#225;rio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Um dado interessante e consonante com estudos pr&#233;vios &#233; a compara&#231;&#227;o entre a sensibilidade e a especificidade das duas t&#233;cnicas de perfus&#227;o para detec&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es coronarianas obstrutivas, tomando a TC de coron&#225;rias como o padr&#227;o-ouro anat&#244;mico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> No nosso estudo observamos melhor caracteriza&#231;&#227;o de isquemia pela perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica da TC em compara&#231;&#227;o com a SPECT. Devemos destacar que n&#227;o utilizamos o cateterismo como padr&#227;o-ouro e sabemos que estes resultados podem ser diferentes quando empregamos outros m&#233;todos de refer&#234;ncia, como a reserva fracionada de fluxo (FFR), por exemplo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> Rochitte et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> demonstraram que a combina&#231;&#227;o da angio-TC de coron&#225;rias com a perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica sob estresse farmacol&#243;gico identifica de forma correta os pacientes com les&#227;o &gt; 50% no cateterismo e que apresentavam defeito perfusional na SPECT. Al&#233;m disso, o uso racional destas t&#233;cnicas e a avalia&#231;&#227;o da multimodalidade &#233; importante na cardiologia moderna, visto sempre estarem associadas a acr&#233;scimo na exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No estudo de Arbab-Zadeh et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> foi observada superioridade da TC de perfus&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; SPECT (92% <italic>vs.</italic> 62%, p &lt; 0,001), por&#233;m os autores utilizaram outra metodologia e um aparelho para realiza&#231;&#227;o da angio-TC de coron&#225;rias com maior n&#250;mero de cortes (320 detectores), bem como um protocolo discretamente diferente, o que n&#227;o &#233; problema, segundo recomenda&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> Em contrapartida, alguns estudos compararam a angio-TC de coron&#225;rias com a SPECT e a PET de perfus&#227;o com o cateterismo invasivo complementado com a avalia&#231;&#227;o da FFR como padr&#227;o-ouro. Interessantemente, o exame que melhor se correlacionou com o padr&#227;o-ouro foi a PET de perfus&#227;o, enquanto a angio-TC de coron&#225;rias e a SPECT tiveram desempenhos semelhantes, demonstrando que a avalia&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica n&#227;o supera a funcional, e que o melhor m&#233;todo de avaliar a anatomia nunca dispensa a avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional das les&#245;es coronarianas encontradas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Outro achado do estudo que precisa ser discutido &#233; a presen&#231;a de 10 pacientes (28%) com SPECT anormal que n&#227;o demonstraram DAC obstrutiva significativa na angio-TC de coron&#225;rias. Considerando a angio-TC de coron&#225;rias como o m&#233;todo anat&#244;mico de refer&#234;ncia neste estudo, observamos um grande n&#250;mero de falso-positivos pela cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Acreditamos que grande parte destes achados possa estar relacionada a doen&#231;a de microcircula&#231;&#227;o (40%), pois n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel caracterizar outra causa que os explicasse. Os demais (60%) foram explicados pela avalia&#231;&#227;o da anatomia por angio-TC de coron&#225;rias. O melhor exemplo &#233; o caso do paciente com ponte mioc&#225;rdica em que a TC forneceu o substrato anat&#244;mico para o diagn&#243;stico da isquemia mioc&#225;rdica subjacente detectada na SPECT e na pr&#243;pria TC, j&#225; publicado previamente pelo nosso grupo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> J&#225; em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; cintilografia observamos que um dos estudos apresentava baixa contagem do radiotra&#231;ador, por extravasamento, que n&#227;o foi detectado durante o estudo e, por isso, n&#227;o foi exclu&#237;do da an&#225;lise. Acreditamos que mais estudos precisam ser conduzidos para melhor esclarecimento destes achados, pois ir&#227;o impactar nas decis&#245;es cl&#237;nicas.</p>
        <p>Diversos s&#227;o os fatores que potencialmente podem ser respons&#225;veis pelas discord&#226;ncias entre os exames. Alguns deles s&#227;o &#243;bvios como as diferen&#231;as na resolu&#231;&#227;o espacial entre as t&#233;cnicas (a TC tem resolu&#231;&#227;o submilim&#233;trica, enquanto a resolu&#231;&#227;o da SPECT &#233; de 6 mm) e as distintas propriedades dos contrastes utilizados: o sestamibi-<sup>99m</sup>Tc sofre o fen&#244;meno de <italic>roll off</italic>, em que h&#225; limita&#231;&#227;o na sua distribui&#231;&#227;o regional quando o fluxo &#233; aumentado acima de um determinado limiar, enquanto o mesmo n&#227;o ocorre com contraste iodado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No cen&#225;rio brasileiro e na aus&#234;ncia de servi&#231;os de medicina nuclear, por&#233;m com disponibilidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o de angio-TC de coron&#225;rias com perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, consideramos este m&#233;todo uma estrat&#233;gia simples e exequ&#237;vel. Alguns pontos devem ser considerados, como o uso do betabloqueador para reduzir a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca para aquisi&#231;&#227;o da angio-TC de coron&#225;rias, que pode ter influ&#234;ncia relativa na &#225;rea de isquemia detect&#225;vel pela SPECT, principalmente em casos de doen&#231;a de microcircula&#231;&#227;o. Outro ponto &#233; a quest&#227;o da obesidade, pois nesses pacientes a qualidade das imagens &#233; pior e pode contribuir para discord&#226;ncia entre as t&#233;cnicas. Outra quest&#227;o &#233; que, para se realizar o estudo de perfus&#227;o com a TC, &#233; necess&#225;rio que o paciente esteja dentro do equipamento no momento do estresse, o que torna mandat&#243;rio o uso do estresse farmacol&#243;gico. Se pud&#233;ssemos utilizar o estresse f&#237;sico talvez os resultados fossem diferentes dos encontrados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Para a angio-TC de coron&#225;rias, sem sombra de d&#250;vidas a maior limita&#231;&#227;o &#233; a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o e ao contraste iodado, que s&#227;o agentes com potenciais efeitos adversos. A otimiza&#231;&#227;o deste protocolo com novos equipamentos pode ser capaz de reduzir os n&#237;veis de exposi&#231;&#227;o para valores menores; por&#233;m, mesmo assim o protocolo s&#243; poder&#225; ser adotado em pacientes selecionados, em que as informa&#231;&#245;es possam se complementar. Estudos com equipamentos de 320 detectores demonstram que o protocolo combinado de perfus&#227;o com TC associado &#224; angio-TC de coron&#225;rias pode ter uma exposi&#231;&#227;o inferior &#224; de um protocolo mioc&#225;rdico convencional (9 mSv &#215; 13 mSv, respectivamente).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A padroniza&#231;&#227;o da interpreta&#231;&#227;o da TC ainda &#233; uma limita&#231;&#227;o, sendo o uso de <italic>softwares</italic> para an&#225;lise autom&#225;tica uma das prioridades para desenvolvimento tecnol&#243;gico, pois ainda n&#227;o existe mapa polar como na medicina nuclear, que disp&#245;e do resultado de pacientes normais e isqu&#234;micos para quantifica&#231;&#227;o do grau da isquemia, com <italic>softwares</italic> validados e amplamente dispon&#237;veis.</p>
        <p>Dentre outras limita&#231;&#245;es existentes em nosso estudo, como j&#225; detalhamos ao longo da discuss&#227;o, devemos chamar aten&#231;&#227;o para o baixo n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos recrutados. Acreditamos que esta seja uma limita&#231;&#227;o parcial e deve estimular mais estudos em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es. Tamb&#233;m levamos em considera&#231;&#227;o os falso-positivos da cintilografia que podem ter influenciado seu desempenho, pois acreditamos que a maioria dos casos seja explicada pela anatomia. Por &#250;ltimo, por&#233;m n&#227;o menos importante, alguns poderiam achar que utilizar a angio-TC como m&#233;todo anat&#244;mico seria um limitante. Neste caso, s&#227;o in&#250;meros trabalhos que comparam a angio-TC com o cateterismo e os resultados descritos s&#227;o excelentes, validando esta abordagem.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pela angio-TC de coron&#225;rias, ap&#243;s estresse com dipiridamol, &#233; fact&#237;vel e simples, com resultados satisfat&#243;rios quando comparada &#224; SPECT na detec&#231;&#227;o de DAC obstrutiva. A avalia&#231;&#227;o combinada de anatomia e perfus&#227;o sob estresse pela angio-TC de coron&#225;rias fornece boa capacidade de detec&#231;&#227;o de DAC obstrutiva significativa, al&#233;m de possibilitar descartar os falso-positivos da SPECT.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Wilter dos Santos Ker pela Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 392.966. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
