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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">SQXZ8WjkYfzXP9sm6RjLQbf</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019001201090</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190695</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Correlation between Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Left Ventricular Diastolic Function Assessed by Echocardiography</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2806-743X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udio L. Pereira da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Curitiba</city>
            <state>PR</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1">Mailing Address: Cl&#225;udio L. Pereira da Cunha, Rua Olavo Bilac, 181. Postal Code 80440-040, Curitiba, PR - Brazil E-mail: <email>cpcunha@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>2</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1090</fpage>
      <lpage>1091</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Sleep Apnea,Obstructive</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertrophy,Left Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Indicators of Mortality and Morbidity</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Polysomngraphy/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Obstructive sleeP apnea (OSA) is a disease characterized by recurrent upper airway obstruction during sleeP , resulting from the repetitive collapse of these pathways, resulting in hypoxia and sleeP fragmentation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> It is a very common disorder, being more common in men, but it can also affect women and children.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Its prevalence has been estimated at approximately 14% among men and 5% among women and OSA has been defined in these studies as the presence of an apnea-hypopnea index &gt; 5 events per hour of sleeP , associated with 4% of oxygen desaturation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
		</p>
    <p>OSA is associated with a significant increase in sympathetic activity during sleeP , influencing heart rate and blood pressure. The increase in the sympathetic activity is induced by a number of mechanisms, including chemoreflex stimulation by hypoxia and hypercapnia, baroreflex, endothelial dysfunction, and venous return and cardiac output alterations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The abnormal pattern of breathing during sleeP , associated with repeated awakenings, results in hemodynamic, autonomic, inflammatory, and metabolic effects that may contribute to the pathogenesis of several cardiovascular diseases: systemic arterial hypertension, coronary disease, cardiac arrhythmias (atrial fibrillation, or sudden death due to arrhythmia), heart failure, left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, cerebrovascular accident, and pulmonary hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
		</p>
    <p>OSA should be suspected whenever a patient presents with excessive daytime drowsiness, snoring and asphyxiation during sleeP , particularly in the presence of risk factors such as obesity, male gender and older age. However, OSA is not a clinical diagnosis and objective tests should be performed for the diagnosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
		</p>
    <p>In this issue of the Brazilian Archives of Cardiology, Leite et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> show the correlation between the risk of OSA and echocardiographic parameters related to LV diastolic dysfunction. A total of 354 individuals included in the study answered the Berlin Questionnaire (BQ), a tool used to estimate the risk of OSA, with 63% of them being classified as having a high risk for this disorder.</p>
    <p>Most sleeP disorder researchers do not recommend the routine use of assessment tools such as questionnaires or algorithms to select patients at higher risk for OSA, as these tools have not shown to be superior to the clinical history and physical examination in the clinical assessment of these patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The American Academy of SleeP Medicine clinical guideline published in 2017 strongly recommends that questionnaires and clinical prediction algorithms should not be used to diagnose OSA in the absence of polysomnography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> These tools are considered to be of low diagnostic accuracy. Regarding the QB, used in the aforementioned study in this issue,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> the literature discloses a large number of false negative results, thus limiting its usefulness as a tool for OSA diagnosis. A review of 19 studies that analyzed the performance of the BQ compared to polysomnography data showed an overall sensitivity of 0.76 (95% CI: 0.72 to 0.80), whereas the overall specificity was 0.45 (95% CI: 0.34 to 0.56). This result discloses a very high number of false negative results (209 of 1,000 patients), with compromised diagnostic accuracy.</p>
    <p>Therefore, this is a limitation of the study under analysis, since we do not study a population of OSA patients, but individuals at high risk of OSA, using a diagnostic tool considered to be of low diagnostic accuracy.</p>
    <p>It is understood that, in an environment without sleeP disorder specialists, the assessment tools, such as questionnaires and clinical prediction algorithms, may be useful because they promote the uniformity of sleeP assessment, and, when necessary, expand their use counting on other health team professionals to apply them. However, one should bear in mind that the application of these tests does not replace a good clinical evaluation, with anamnesis and physical examination, much less the polysomnography, which remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of OSA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The study by Leite et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> aimed to evaluate the behavior of echocardiographic parameters in OSA. Restrictions are made to the characterization of the studied population (patients at risk of OSA according to the BQ), but the results obtained were consistent with the literature findings. Increased left atrial volume and the behavior of mitral flow indices characterize LV diastolic dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Left atrial enlargement in OSA was characterized in a recent study by Cetin et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> who analyzed 55 patients diagnosed with OSA through polysomnography. Left atrial volume and left atrial deformation parameters were assessed through speckle-tracking echocardiography (strain and strain rate). Exercise capacity was also assessed through exercise testing. It was concluded that LV diastolic dysfunction is more prevalent in patients with severe OSA and is associated with reduced exercise performance. Left atrial remodeling contributed to exercise capacity prediction in this subgrouP of patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
		</p>
    <p>A meta-analysis of 17 studies on LV remodeling and dysfunction in OSA,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> concluded that this syndrome leads to left atrial dilation, and LV hypertrophy, dilation, increased mass and systolic function reduction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> The treatment of OSA may be beneficial in preserving LV structure and function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
		</p>
    <p>An interesting review carried out in Romania by Sascau et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> demonstrates that the moderate and severe forms of OSA are associated with increased atrial volumes, altered LV diastolic function and then LV systolic function. The assessment of right ventricular ejection fraction may also be compromised, being better evaluated by three-dimensional echocardiography. Moreover, the contribution of two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography has been very effective, differentiating between active and passive wall movements. Abnormal strain values, a subclinical marker of myocardial dysfunction, can be detected even in patients with normal ejection fraction and volumes. LV longitudinal strain is more affected by the presence of OSA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
		</p>
    <p>In conclusion, the work by Leite et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> highlights the contribution of echocardiography in OSA evaluation, a frequent disorder with different facets of pathophysiological interaction with cardiovascular diseases. The technological development of echocardiography, particularly with three-dimensional and speckle tracking techniques, shows a continuing contribution to the study of OSA.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Risk of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Echocardiographic Parameters</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre a Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono e a Fun&#231;&#227;o Diast&#243;lica do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo avaliada pelo Ecocardiograma</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2806-743X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udio L. Pereira da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR - Brasil Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Correla&#231;&#227;o entre Risco de Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono e Par&#226;metros do Ecocardiograma</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Cl&#225;udio L. Pereira da Cunha,</bold> Rua Olavo Bilac, 181. CEP 80440-040, Curitiba, PR - Brasil E-mail: <email>cpcunha@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>Indicadores de Morbimortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Polissonografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS) &#233; uma doen&#231;a caracterizada por obstru&#231;&#227;o recorrente das vias a&#233;reas superiores durante o sono, decorrente do colapso repetitivo destas vias, resultando em hip&#243;xia e fragmenta&#231;&#227;o do sono.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> &#201; um transtorno bastante frequente, sendo mais comum em homens, mas tamb&#233;m pode afetar mulheres e crian&#231;as.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Sua preval&#234;ncia tem sido estimada em aproximadamente 14% entre os homens e 5% entre as mulheres, definindo-se AOS nestes levantamentos como a presen&#231;a de um &#237;ndice de apneia-hipopneia maior que cinco eventos por hora de sono, associadas a 4% de desatura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>AOS &#233; associada com um aumento significativo da atividade simp&#225;tica durante o sono, influenciando a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e a press&#227;o arterial. O aumento da atividade simp&#225;tica &#233; induzido por uma s&#233;rie de mecanismos, incluindo estimula&#231;&#227;o quimiorreflexa pela hip&#243;xia e hipercapnia, barorreflexos, disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, altera&#231;&#245;es do retorno venoso e do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>O padr&#227;o anormal da respira&#231;&#227;o durante o sono, associado a repetidos despertares, resulta em efeitos hemodin&#226;micos, auton&#244;micos, inflamat&#243;rios e metab&#243;licos que podem contribuir na patog&#234;nese de uma s&#233;rie de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, doen&#231;a coronariana, arritmias card&#237;acas (fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ou morte s&#250;bita por arritmia), insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE), acidente vascular cerebral e hipertens&#227;o pulmonar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>AOS deveria ser suspeitada sempre que um paciente se apresente com sonol&#234;ncia di&#225;ria excessiva, ronco e asfixia durante o sono, particularmente na presen&#231;a de fatores de risco como a obesidade, sexo masculino e idade avan&#231;ada. Todavia, a AOS n&#227;o &#233; um diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico e testes objetivos devem ser feitos para o diagn&#243;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Leite et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> apresentam a correla&#231;&#227;o entre o risco de AOS e par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos relacionados com disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE. Foram inclu&#237;dos 354 indiv&#237;duos que responderam ao Question&#225;rio de Berlim (QB), ferramenta empregada para estimar o risco de AOS, sendo 63% classificados como tendo alto risco para este transtorno.</p>
      <p>A maioria dos estudiosos das doen&#231;as do sono n&#227;o recomenda o uso rotineiro de ferramentas de avalia&#231;&#227;o como question&#225;rios ou algoritmos para selecionar os pacientes sob maior risco de AOS, desde que estes instrumentos n&#227;o t&#234;m demonstrado serem superiores &#224; hist&#243;ria e ao exame f&#237;sico na avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica destes pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A diretriz cl&#237;nica da <italic>American Academy of SleeP Medicine</italic> publicada em 2017, tem recomenda&#231;&#227;o forte para que question&#225;rios e algoritmos de predi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica n&#227;o sejam usados para diagn&#243;stico de AOS na aus&#234;ncia de polissonografia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Estas ferramentas s&#227;o consideradas de baixa acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao QB, empregado no trabalho em an&#225;lise,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> a literatura revela um grande n&#250;mero de resultados falso-negativos, assim limitando sua utilidade como um instrumento para diagnosticar AOS. Revis&#227;o de 19 trabalhos que analisaram o desempenho do QB em compara&#231;&#227;o com os dados da polissonografia, demonstraram uma sensibilidade global de 0,76 (95% IC: 0,72 a 0,80) enquanto a especificidade global foi 0,45 (95% IC: 0,34 a 0,56). Este resultado revela um n&#250;mero muito alto de falso-negativos (209 entre 1.000 pacientes), com acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica comprometida.</p>
      <p>Assim, esta &#233; uma limita&#231;&#227;o da investiga&#231;&#227;o em an&#225;lise, visto que n&#227;o se estuda uma popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com AOS, mas indiv&#237;duos com risco elevado de virem a apresentar AOS, utilizando-se uma ferramenta diagn&#243;stica considerada de baixa acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica.</p>
      <p>Entende-se que em ambiente sem especialistas dos dist&#250;rbios do sono, os instrumentos de avalia&#231;&#227;o, como question&#225;rios e algoritmos de predi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, possam ser &#250;teis por promoverem a uniformiza&#231;&#227;o da avalia&#231;&#227;o do sono, e, quando necess&#225;rio, ampliar o seu uso contando com outros profissionais da equipe de sa&#250;de na sua aplica&#231;&#227;o. Deve-se ter na mente, todavia, que a aplica&#231;&#227;o destes testes n&#227;o substitui uma boa avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, com anamnese e exame f&#237;sico, e, muito menos, a polissonografia, que continua sendo o padr&#227;o ouro para o diagn&#243;stico da AOS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>No estudo de Leite et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> buscou-se avaliar o comportamento de par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos na AOS. Restri&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o feitas &#224; caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada (pacientes com risco de AOS atrav&#233;s do QB), mas os resultados obtidos foram compat&#237;veis com os achados da literatura. Aumento do volume atrial esquerdo e o comportamento de &#237;ndices do fluxo mitral caracterizam a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>O aumento atrial esquerdo na AOS ficou caracterizado em estudo recente de Cetin et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> que analisou 55 pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de AOS pela polissonografia. Foram estudados o volume atrial esquerdo e par&#226;metros da deforma&#231;&#227;o atrial esquerda atrav&#233;s da ecocardiografia com <italic>speckle tracking (strain e strain rate).</italic> Foi estudada tamb&#233;m a capacidade de exerc&#237;cio por teste ergom&#233;trico. Concluiu-se que a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE &#233; mais prevalente nos pacientes com AOS grave e associa-se com desempenho reduzido no esfor&#231;o. O remodelamento atrial esquerdo contribuiu na previs&#227;o da capacidade de exerc&#237;cio neste subgrupo de pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Metan&#225;lise de 17 estudos sobre o remodelamento e disfun&#231;&#227;o do VE na AOS,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> concluiu que esta s&#237;ndrome leva &#224; dilata&#231;&#227;o atrial esquerda, hipertrofia, dilata&#231;&#227;o, aumento da massa e redu&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica no VE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> O tratamento da AOS pode ser ben&#233;fico na preserva&#231;&#227;o da estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o do VE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Interessante revis&#227;o desenvolvida na Rom&#234;nia por Sascau et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> demonstra que formas moderadas e severas da AOS s&#227;o associadas com aumento dos volumes atriais, altera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE e depois a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito pode tamb&#233;m estar comprometida, sendo melhor avaliada pelo ecocardiograma tridimensional. Tamb&#233;m a contribui&#231;&#227;o da ecocardiografia bidimensional com <italic>speckle tracking</italic> tem sido bastante efetiva, distinguindo entre movimentos ativos e passivos das paredes. Os valores anormais de <italic>strain</italic>, um marcador subcl&#237;nico de disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, podem ser detectados mesmo em pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e volumes normais. O <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal do VE &#233; mais afetado pela presen&#231;a da AOS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Em conclus&#227;o, o trabalho de Leite et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> destaca a contribui&#231;&#227;o do ecocardiograma na avalia&#231;&#227;o da AOS, transtorno frequente e com diferentes facetas de intera&#231;&#227;o fisiopatol&#243;gica com as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. O desenvolvimento tecnol&#243;gico da ecocardiografia, particularmente com as t&#233;cnicas tridimensional e do <italic>speckle tracking,</italic> indicam continuada contribui&#231;&#227;o ao estudo da AOS.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Correla&#231;&#227;o entre Risco de Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono e Par&#226;metros do Ecocardiograma</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
