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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">mPhQ36xQMhkc9SssmJHrbTp</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019001201084</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2019005018101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190181</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Risk of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Echocardiographic Parameters</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Adson Renato</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6435-5992</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martinez</surname>
            <given-names>Diana Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4508-256X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia-Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Luiza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Macedo</surname>
            <given-names>Erica de Abreu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0034-4981</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lagoeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2284-8251</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Wolney de Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vasques-Netto</surname>
            <given-names>Delvo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>C&#225;rita Cunha dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Niter&#243;i</city>
            <state>RJ</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense - Medicina Clinica, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Diana Maria Martinez Ceron,</bold> Universidade Federal Fluminense - Rua Marques do Paran&#225;, 303. Postal Code 24033-900, Centro, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>mcdianamaria@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Leite AR, Garcia-Rosa ML, Lagoeiro AJ; Acquisition of data: Leite AR, Macedo EA, Vasques Netto D, Santos CC, Martinez DM; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Garcia-Rosa ML, Lagoeiro AJ; Statistical analysis: Garcia-Rosa ML; Writing of the manuscript: Leite AR, Garcia-Rosa ML, Macedo EA, Lagoeiro AJ, Martins WA, Vasques Netto D, Santos CC, Martinez DM; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Garcia-Rosa ML, Lagoeiro AJ, Martins WA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1084</fpage>
      <lpage>1089</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a chronic progressive disorder with high mortality and morbidity rate, associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVD), especially heart failure (HF). The pathophysiological changes related to OSA can directly affect the diastolic function of the left ventricle.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To assess the association of the risk of OSA, evaluated by the Berlin Questionnaire (BQ), and echocardiographic (ECHO) parameters related to diastolic dysfunction in individuals without HF assisted in primary care.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A cross-sectional study that included 354 individuals (51% women) aged 45 years or older. All individuals selected were submitted to an evaluation that included the following procedures: consultation, filling out the BQ, clinical examination, laboratory examination and transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TDE). Continuous data are presented as medians and interquartile intervals, and categoric variables in absolute and relative frequencies. The variables associated with risk of OSA and at the 0.05 level integrated the gamma regression models with a log link function. A value of p &lt; 0.05 was considered an indicator of statistical significance. Exclusion criteria were presence of HF, to fill out the BQ and patients with hypertension and obesity not classified as high risk for OSA by other criteria. All individuals were evaluated on a single day with the following procedures: medical appointment, BQ, laboratory tests and ECHO.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Of the 354 individuals assessed, 63% were classified as having high risk for OSA. The patients with high risk for OSA present significantly abnormal diastolic function parameters. High risk for OSA confirmed positive and statistically significant association, after adjustments, with indicators of diastolic function, such as indexed left atrium volume LAV-i (p = 0.02); E&#8217;/A&#8217; (p &lt; 0.01), A (p = 0.02), E/A (p &lt; 0.01).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Our data show that patients at high risk for OSA present worsened diastolic function parameters measured by TDE.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Sleep Apnea, Obstruction</kwd>
        <kwd>Indicators, Morbimortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiography/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Polysonography/methods</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a chronic progressive disorder with high mortality and morbidity rate and is associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVD), including heart failure (HF).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> The physiopathological interaction between OSA and cardiovascular disease is complex and involves sympathetic activation, oxidative stress and inflammation, endothelial disfunction and disfunction of the Circadian clock gene.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Besides polysomnography, considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of OSA, there are different scales which do not diagnose the disease, but indicate the people at risk, among which is the Berlin Questionnaire (BQ).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> A meta-analysis published in 2017 estimated that the sensitivity of the Questionnaire to detect OSA was 76%, 77% and 84% and its specificity was 59%, 44% and 38% for patients with mild, moderate and severe OSA, respectively. It is necessary to point out the adequate sensitivity which enables the BQ as a tracking too, making early diagnosis of OSA possible.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The prevalence of diastolic disfunction in patients with OSA ranges from 23% to 56% and there is a dose-response relation between the severity of diastolic disfunction and the severity of strong physiopathological basis demonstrated for a continuum of diastolic disfunction and heart failure in their two phenotypes, which means a greater risk for these patients to develop HF. The association of OSA with diastolic disfunction was observed even in its initial stages.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>We have not yet found studies of the association of characteristic echocardiographic parameters of diastolic disfunction and the presence of the risk of OSA in patients with no signs or symptoms of heart failure.</p>
      <p>The purpose of this study was to assess the association of the risk of OSA and echocardiographic parameters related to diastolic disfunction in patients without HF assisted by &#8220;<italic>Programa M&#233;dico de Fam&#237;lia</italic>&#8221; (PMF - Family Doctor Program) in the city of Niter&#243;i.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>A cross-sectional study that integrates the DIGITALIS STUDY and included 633 individuals (51% females) between 45 to 99 years of age enrolled in the PMF, Niter&#243;i, RJ. The data were obtained from July 2011 to December 2012. The methodology applied was previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>All individuals selected for the study were evaluated on a single day. The evaluation included the following procedures: filling out the questionnaire, consultation and clinical examination, laboratory tests and transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TDE).</p>
      <p>Of the 633 participants examined by the DIGITALIS STUDY, 64 were excluded for having been diagnosed with HF or for not having answered the BQ completely, and 214 for having hypertension or being obese and not having been classified as having risk of OSA by other criteria. For the present analysis, 354 individuals were included (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Flowchart of sample selection. BQ: Berlin Questionnaire; HF: heart failure; HBP: high blood pressure or arterial hypertension; OSA.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-06-1084-90181-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The TDE scans were performed by two echocardiographers who had no previous knowledge of the results of the other tests, using two pieces of equipment (Cypress 20 Acuson/Siemens EUA/AU-3 Partner, Esaote - Italy). The tests were performed according to the recommendations for quantification of chambers of the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) and the European Association of Echocardiography (EAE). Systolic function was evaluated by measuring the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) by the Simpson&#8217;s method.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The participants were categorized into positive or negative for the risk of OSA based on their answers to the individual items of the QB and their total score in the categories of symptoms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>This was performed with the SPSS v 21.0 (Chicago, Illinois, USA). Continuous data are presented as medians and interquartile ranges and categorical variables as relative and absolute frequencies. The differences between groups with and without risk of OSA were tested by the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test and the categorical variables by the qui-square test with correction of continuity and Fisher&#8217;s exact test, when necessary. The variables that presented an association with the risk of OSA at a 0.05 level integrated the gamma regression models with a log link function. As echocardiographic parameters are very correlated among each other, it was chosen to adjust a model for each parameter (outcome) associated with the presence or absence of risk of OSA in the preliminary analysis at a level of 0.05. Exposed and non-exposed coefficient exponentials are interpreted as the result of the arithmetic means of the outcome. A value of p &lt; 0.05 was considered an indicator of statistical significance.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethical considerations</title>
        <p>This study was conducted according to the principles established in the Declaration of Helsinki, revised in 2000 (Scotland, 2000). The protocol for the study was approved by the Institution&#8217;s Research Ethics Committee under code number CAAE:0077.0.258.000-10.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Of the 354 individuals analyzed, 63% were classified as having a risk of OSA. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> presents the clinical characteristics according to the presence of the risk of OSA. Individuals with risk were mostly women, older, with higher BMI, glucose, uric acid and triglyceride levels, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio and blood pressure. The patients with risk of OSA, compared to the ones with no risk, presented greater abnormalities of the diastolic function parameters: LAV-i (+), DT (+), E(-), E&#8217;/A&#8217; (+), E/E&#8217; (-), A(+), E/A (+), PPEI (+) and VIS (+), which may indicate a less effective diastolic function. Such differences were statistically significant (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Median with interquartile<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref> range or absolute and relative frequency <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">**</xref> of clinical characteristics according to the presence of high risk for OSA modified<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">***</xref>
					</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">High risk of OSA modified<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">Value</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Yes n = 223</th>
              <th align="center">No n = 131</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Gender</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.01</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male</td>
              <td align="center">79 (35.4)</td>
              <td align="center">66 (50.4)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female</td>
              <td align="center">114 (64.6)</td>
              <td align="center">65 (49.6)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (in years)</td>
              <td align="center">57.0 (51.0-63)</td>
              <td align="center">54.0 (49.0-61.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">29.4 (26.1-33.0)</td>
              <td align="center">24.6 (22.4-27.3)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Glucose (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">102.5 (92.0-117.2)</td>
              <td align="center">97.0 (88.0-108.0)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.02</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Urea (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">31.0 (26.0-37.0)</td>
              <td align="center">31.0 (25.2-36.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.69</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">0.82 (0.71-0.99)</td>
              <td align="center">0.85 (0.74-0.96)</td>
              <td align="center">0.56</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Uric acid (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">5.6 (4.4-6.6)</td>
              <td align="center">4.7 (3.9-5.6)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">219.0 (193.0-250.0)</td>
              <td align="center">213.0 (187.0-239.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.17</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL-cholesterol(mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">135.8 (117.7-163.5)</td>
              <td align="center">134.1 (107.3-159.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.19</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">41.0 (51.5 (63.0)</td>
              <td align="center">55.0 (44.0-63.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.23</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Triglycerides (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">126.5 (96.0 (183.7)</td>
              <td align="center">106.0 (73.0-153.0)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio</td>
              <td align="center">9.9 (5.7-22.3)</td>
              <td align="center">7.7 (4.7-13.6)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mean heart rate (bpm)</td>
              <td align="center">71.0 (63.0-80.0)</td>
              <td align="center">69.0 (62.5-76.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.19</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Systolic arterial pressure l (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">137.33 (122.5-152.0)</td>
              <td align="center">122.0 (113.3-129.5)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diastolic arterial pressure (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">84.0 (76.3-92.67)</td>
              <td align="center">75.5 (70.3-80.7)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Myocardial infarction</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">9 (4.0)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (3.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.86</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">214 (96.4)</td>
              <td align="center">127 (96.9)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Stroke</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">11 (4.9)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (0.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.07</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">212 (95.1)</td>
              <td align="center">130 (99.2)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>OSA: obstructive sleep apnea; BMI: body mass index; bpm: beats per minute.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Differences tested by the Mann-Whitney test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>**</label>
            <p>Differences tested by Pearson's qui-square test with continuity correction or Fisher's exact test when necessary;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>***</label>
            <p>Individuals who were classified as at risk only in category 3 were excluded (Adapted from Netzer et al., 1999).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
						</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Median with interquartile<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref> range or absolute and relative frequency <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">**</xref> of echocardiographic parameters according to the presence of high risk of OSA modified</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">High risk of OSA modified</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p value</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Yes</th>
              <th align="center">No</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ILAD (cm/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">1.9 (1.7-2.1)</td>
              <td align="center">1.9 (1.7-2.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.37</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ILAV-i (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">21.1 (17.7-24.9)</td>
              <td align="center">19.9 (16.8-22.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DT (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">228.0 (186.0-261.0)</td>
              <td align="center">200.0 (174.0-228.0)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">E' (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">10.0 (8.0-12.0)</td>
              <td align="center">11.5 (9.0-13.0)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">E'/A'</td>
              <td align="center">0.83 (0.64-1.20</td>
              <td align="center">1.14 (0.80-1.37)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">E/E'</td>
              <td align="center">6.4 (5.4-7.8)</td>
              <td align="center">6.0 (5.0-7.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">E (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">63.0 (53.0-76.0)</td>
              <td align="center">66.1 (54.0-75.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.31</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">A (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">68.0 (56.0-81.9)</td>
              <td align="center">58.0 (48.0-68.0)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">E/A</td>
              <td align="center">0.93 (0.7-1.2)</td>
              <td align="center">1.18 (0.9-1.4)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ILVM (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">89.4 (77.3-103.6)</td>
              <td align="center">88.7 (74.4-102.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.49</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IFDV (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">62.08 (53.5-68.7)</td>
              <td align="center">63.8 (54.0-72.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.15</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RWT (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">0.3 (0.3-0.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.3 (0.3-0.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.28</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IPWT (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">8.0 (7.0-9.0)</td>
              <td align="center">8.0 (7.0-8.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.03</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ILVDD (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">49.0 (46.0-51.0)</td>
              <td align="center">48.0 (45.0-51.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.53</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IVS (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">8.0 (7.0-9.0)</td>
              <td align="center">8.0 (7.0-9.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <p>ILAD: indexed left atrial diameter; LAV-i: indexed left atrial volume; WT:E' wave deceleration time; E: early diastolic mitral annular velocity; E'/A': early diastolic mitral flow velocity; A:atrial contraction; ILVM: indexed left ventricular mass; IFDV: indexed final diastolic volume; RWT: relative wall thickness; IPWT: indexed posterior wall thickness; ILVDD: indexed diastolic left ventricular diameter; IVS: intraventricular septum.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Differences tested by the Mann-Whitney test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN7">
            <label>**</label>
            <p>Differences tested by Pearson's qui-square test with correction by Fisher's exact test when necessary.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN8">
            <label>******</label>
            <p>Individuals who were classified as at risk only in category 3 were excluded (Adapted from Netzer et al., 1999).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
						</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The exponentials of the coefficients for each gamma regression model are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">table 3</xref>. In all cases, the exponentials of the coefficients were adjusted for gender, age, BMI, fasting glucose, triglycerides, uric acid, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio and systolic and diastolic blood pressure in their continuous forms. Association of the high risk of OSA with less effective diastolic function was confirmed for: LAV-i (+), E/A (+), E&#8217;/A&#8217;(+), A (+) association with DT (+) E&#8217; (+), which reached a significance of 0.10 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Exponentials of gamma regression<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">**</xref> adjusted coefficients<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref> of the presence of high risk of OSA (yes/no)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">***</xref>
					</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Exponential of the adjusted coefficient</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LAV-i (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">1.10 (1.02-1.18)</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TD (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">1.05 (0.99-1.11)</td>
              <td align="center">0.10</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">E'</td>
              <td align="center">1.05 (0.99-1.11)</td>
              <td align="center">0.10</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">E'/A'</td>
              <td align="center">0.87 (0.72-0.96)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">E/E'</td>
              <td align="center">1.01 (0.94-1.09)</td>
              <td align="center">0.81</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">A</td>
              <td align="center">1.10 (1.02-1.18)</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">E/A</td>
              <td align="center">0.86 (0.79-0.94)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IEPP (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">1.02 (0.98-1.06)</td>
              <td align="center">0.24</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SIV (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">1.02 (0.98-1.06)</td>
              <td align="center">0.42</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN9">
            <p>LAV-i: indexed left atrial volume; WT: E' wave deceleration time; E: early diastolic mitral annular velocity; E'/A': early diastolic mitral flow velocity; A: atrial contraction; IPWT: indexed posterior wall thickness; IVS: intraventricular septum.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN10">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>For each regression model whose outcome was an echocardiographic parameter, exponentials of the coefficients were adjusted for gender, age, BMI, fasting glucose, triglycerides, serum uric acid, urine albumin/creatinine ratio and systolic and diastolic arterial pressure in their continuous forms (mmHg),</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN11">
            <label>**</label>
            <p>Gamma regression with log link function;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN12">
            <label>***</label>
            <p>Berlin Questionnaire.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The present study evaluated the presence of abnormalities on TDE, associated with diastolic disfunction, in individuals without signs or symptoms of HF, according to the presence of risk of OSA. The BQ was used as a tool and the individuals with obesity and high blood pressure who did not present other criteria for OSA were excluded. In primary care, selective methods for OSA are more easily applied than standard polysomnography, being useful in the stratification of risk, as they have lower costs and are easily accessible.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Using the BQ in the population assisted in primary care programs, such as the &#8220;<italic>M&#233;dico de Fam&#237;lia</italic>&#8221; program, would help to select patients at risk for OSA, who should then be referred for TDE and polysomnography investigation.</p>
      <p>OSA is related to different physiopathological mechanisms triggered by hypoxia and sleep fragmentation, involving sympathetic hyperactivity, inflammation, endothelial disfunction and oxidative stress, among other factors leading to arterial hypertension, atrial fibrillation, stroke and HF outcomes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Various studies have demonstrated alterations of different markers of diastolic function of the LV in patients with OSA as an indexed increase in left atrial size (LAV-i),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> altered E/A ratio,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> early diastolic mitral annular velocity (E&#8217;)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> and increase in E/E ratio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Our data show alterations in some of these markers: LAV-i, E&#8217;/A&#8217; ratio, A wave, E&#8217; and E/A ratio in patients at risk for OSA.</p>
      <p>We observed that LAV-i, a marker of diastolic disfunction, presents a strong association with the presence of high risk of OSA, identified by the BQ, regardless of the presence of hypertension or obesity, when not associated with an indicator of the risk of OSA. Wachter et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> investigated if OSA affects diastolic function in a primary care cohort and observed that diastolic function is independently associated with OSA in patients with cardiovascular risk factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Gottlieb et al. observed that in patients without HF and coronary arterial disease, the presence of OSA was an independent HF predictor in men and not in women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> In another study, Usui et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> demonstrated that the severity of OSA may contribute directly to LV diastolic disfunction regardless of LV geometry, arterial stiffness, obesity and is associated with cardiovascular risk factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In patients with controlled arterial hypertension, Lisi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> observed that mild to moderate OSA, diagnosed by polysomnography, is associated with diastolic disfunction, regardless of age, gender and mean arterial blood pressure levels and in the absence of concentric left ventricular hypertrophy or increased left atrium. The authors suggest that nocturnal hypoxemia could be the key factor for the development of diastolic disfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Hypertension is the main cause of diastolic disfunction and is also one of the biggest consequences of OSA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Two studies excluded obese individuals from the analysis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> and at least one excluded obese and hypertensive individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> The two articles studied solely individuals with OSA and compared the moderate OSA group with the one with severe OSA. In both studies, the E/A association was statistically significant. In the study of Imai et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> LAV-i and E/E&#8217; ratio were significantly bigger in the severe OSA group. The data from these two studies show that the association of the OSA with abnormal diastolic function may occur in non-obese and non-hypertensive individuals. Due to the high prevalence of these two conditions, in the present study, it was not possible to exclude them from the analysis to confirm the independent association and the risk of OSA and the indicators of diastolic disfunction.</p>
      <p>The present study evaluated the contribution of several echocardiographic parameters, which represent, with bigger reliability, the structural or cardiac function abnormalities that may be associated with the diagnosis of OSA. LAV-i. TD, E/A ratio, E&#8217;/A&#8217; ratio and A wave abnormalities in individuals with OSA indicated a less effective diastolic function in patients with sleep disorders, compatible to findings that defined OSA through polysomnography.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>The BQ does not confirm the OSA and only points out those patients at risk for the syndrome, with reduced sensitivity and specificity, questionable reproductivity, because the perception and documentation of what is informed may not be precisely estimated, since it involves limitations resulting from the level of literacy or pre-existing cerebral vascular conditions of the informant, making it difficult to understand the BQ, especially by the elderly. Due to the limitation of resources and because it is a tracking study, each patient was examined by only one echocardiographer, preventing inter or intra-observer concordance examination. Despite these limitations, the results according to the TDE parameters among the risk groups were in line with those of the literature.</p>
        <p>Because it is a cross-sectional study, it was not possible to establish a causal link. Despite having excluded from the analysis hypertensive and obese individuals that who did not meet any other criterion for the risk of OSA according to the BQ, those at risk presented higher mean BMI, systolic and diastolic arterial pressure, which notwithstanding the control (inclusion in multiple models) still may have caused residual confounding.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>Evaluation of the association of OSA and the presence of structural and functional cardiac abnormalities obtained by the TDE can contribute to a discussion about the adoption of the BQ in the community, to select individuals with cardiovascular risk that should undergo TDE, despite its limitations.</p>
      <p>This strategy of fast execution may be easily incorporated into the routine of assessment of patients with risk factors for the development of HF, but it still needs a detailed analysis and long-term follow-up for its definitive prescription.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Adson Renato Leite, from Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro under the protocol number 0077.0258.000-10. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0034-4981</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lagoeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2284-8251</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Wolney de Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vasques-Netto</surname>
            <given-names>Delvo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>C&#225;rita Cunha dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense - Medicina Clinica, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Diana Maria Martinez Ceron,</bold> Universidade Federal Fluminense - Rua Marques do Paran&#225;, 303. CEP 24033-900, Centro, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>mcdianamaria@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Leite AR, Garcia-Rosa ML, Lagoeiro AJ; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Leite AR, Macedo EA, Vasques Netto D, Santos CC, Martinez DM; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Garcia-Rosa ML, Lagoeiro AJ; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Garcia-Rosa ML; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Leite AR, Garcia-Rosa ML, Macedo EA, Lagoeiro AJ, Martins WA, Vasques Netto D, Santos CC, Martinez DM; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Garcia-Rosa ML, Lagoeiro AJ, Martins WA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS) &#233; um transtorno cr&#244;nico, progressivo, com alta morbimortalidade e associado &#224;s doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV), entre elas a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC). As altera&#231;&#245;es fisiopatol&#243;gicas relacionadas com a AOS podem impactar diretamente a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Estimar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre risco de AOS, avaliada pelo Question&#225;rio de Berlim (QB), e par&#226;metros do ecocardiograma, relacionados com a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, em indiv&#237;duos sem IC na aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo transversal que incluiu 354 indiv&#237;duos (51% mulheres) com idade igual ou superior a 45 anos. Todos os indiv&#237;duos selecionados foram submetidos a uma avalia&#231;&#227;o que constou dos seguintes procedimentos: consulta, preenchimento do QB e exame cl&#237;nico, realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames laboratoriais e ecocardiograma Doppler transtor&#225;cico (EDT). Os dados cont&#237;nuos s&#227;o apresentados em medianas e intervalos interquart&#237;licos e os categ&#243;ricos em frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas. As vari&#225;veis que apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o ao risco de AOS em n&#237;vel de 0,05 integraram os modelos de regress&#227;o gama com fun&#231;&#227;o de liga&#231;&#227;o log link. An&#225;lise bruta: Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado como indicador de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Dos 354 indiv&#237;duos analisados, 63% foram classificados como tendo alto risco para AOS. Os pacientes com alto risco para AOS apresentam altera&#231;&#245;es significativas dos par&#226;metros que avaliam a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. Alto risco para AOS confirmou sua associa&#231;&#227;o positiva e estatisticamente significativa, ap&#243;s ajuste, a indicadores de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica - VAE-i (p = 0,02); E&#8217;/A&#8217; (p &lt; 0,01); A (p = 0,02); E/A (p &lt; 0,01).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Nossos dados mostram que pacientes com alto risco de AOS apresentam piora dos par&#226;metros de fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica medidos pelo EDT.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono</kwd>
        <kwd>Indicadores de Morbimortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Polissonografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS) &#233; um transtorno cr&#244;nico, progressivo, com alta mortalidade e morbidade e est&#225; associado &#224;s doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV), entre elas a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A intera&#231;&#227;o fisiopatol&#243;gica de AOS com doen&#231;a cardiovascular &#233; complexa e compreende ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica, inflama&#231;&#227;o, estresse oxidativo, disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e disfun&#231;&#227;o do gene do rel&#243;gio circadiano.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m da polissonografia, considerada como padr&#227;o-ouro para diagn&#243;stico de AOS, existem diferentes escalas que n&#227;o diagnosticam o transtorno, mas indicam pessoas em risco, entre as quais encontra-se o Question&#225;rio de Berlim (QB).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Metan&#225;lise publicada em 2017 estimou que a sensibilidade do question&#225;rio para detectar AOS foi de 76%, 77% e 84% e a especificidade foi de 59%, 44% e 38% para pacientes com AOS leve, moderada e grave, respectivamente. Ressalta-se a adequada sensibilidade que habilita o QB como ferramenta de rastreio, possibilitando o diagn&#243;stico precoce da AOS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica em pacientes com AOS varia de 23% a 56%, havendo uma rela&#231;&#227;o dose-resposta entre a gravidade da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e a gravidade da AOS, tendo sido demonstrada uma base fisiopatol&#243;gica forte para um cont&#237;nuo de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em seus dois fen&#243;tipos, que significa maior risco de esses pacientes evolu&#237;rem para IC. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre AOS e disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica foi observada mesmo em est&#225;gios iniciais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>N&#227;o encontramos estudos da associa&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos caracter&#237;sticos de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e a presen&#231;a de risco de AOS em pacientes sem sinais ou sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
        <p>Este trabalho teve como objetivo estimar a associa&#231;&#227;o de risco de AOS e par&#226;metros do ecocardiograma, relacionados com disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, em indiv&#237;duos sem IC assistidos pelo Programa M&#233;dico de Fam&#237;lia de Niter&#243;i (PMF).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todo</title>
        <p>Estudo transversal integrante do Estudo Digitalis, que incluiu 633 indiv&#237;duos (51% mulheres) com idades de 45 a 99 anos, cadastrados no PMF na cidade de Niter&#243;i (RJ). Os dados foram colhidos no per&#237;odo de julho de 2011 a dezembro de 2012. A metodologia aplicada foi descrita previamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Todos os indiv&#237;duos selecionados para o estudo foram submetidos a uma avalia&#231;&#227;o realizada em um &#250;nico dia e que constou dos seguintes procedimentos: aplica&#231;&#227;o de question&#225;rio, consulta e exame cl&#237;nico, realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames laboratoriais e ecocardiograma Doppler transtor&#225;cico (EDT).</p>
        <p>Dos 633 participantes examinados pelo Estudo Digitalis, 64 foram exclu&#237;dos por terem sido diagnosticados como portadores de IC, um por n&#227;o ter respondido ao QB na &#237;ntegra e 214 por serem hipertensos ou obesos e n&#227;o terem sido classificados como de risco para AOS por outro crit&#233;rio. Para a presente an&#225;lise foram, ent&#227;o, inclu&#237;dos 354 indiv&#237;duos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fluxograma da sele&#231;&#227;o da amostra. QB: Question&#225;rio de Berlim; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial; AOS: apneia obstrutiva do sono.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-06-1084-90181-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Os exames de EDT foram realizados por dois ecocardiografistas sem o conhecimento pr&#233;vio dos resultados dos demais exames, utilizando dois equipamentos (Acuson Cypress&#8482; 20, Siemens, EUA e AU3 Partner, Esaote, It&#225;lia). Os exames foram realizados segundo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es para quantifica&#231;&#227;o de c&#226;maras da American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) e da European Association of Echocardiography (EAE). A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica foi avaliada pela medida da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE), segundo o m&#233;todo de Simpson.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os participantes foram categorizados em positivo ou negativo para risco de AOS com base em suas respostas aos itens individuais do QB e suas pontua&#231;&#245;es totais nas categorias de sintomas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada utilizando-se o SPSS<sup>&#174;</sup> Statistics v. 21.0 (IBM, EUA). Os dados cont&#237;nuos s&#227;o apresentados em medianas e intervalos interquart&#237;licos e os categ&#243;ricos, em frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas. As diferen&#231;as entre os grupos com e sem risco para AOS foram avaliadas com o teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Mann-Whitney e os categ&#243;ricos, com o teste do qui quadrado com corre&#231;&#227;o de continuidade e teste exato de Fisher, quando necess&#225;rio. As vari&#225;veis que apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o ao risco de AOS em n&#237;vel de 0,05 integraram os modelos de regress&#227;o gama com fun&#231;&#227;o de liga&#231;&#227;o log link. Como os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos s&#227;o muito correlacionados entre si, optou-se por ajustar um modelo para cada par&#226;metro (desfecho) associado &#224; presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de risco de AOS na an&#225;lise bruta, em n&#237;vel de 0,05. S&#227;o apresentados os exponenciais dos coeficientes interpretados como a raz&#227;o das m&#233;dias aritm&#233;ticas do desfecho, entre expostos e n&#227;o expostos. Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado como indicador de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es &#233;ticas</title>
          <p>Este estudo foi conduzido de acordo com os princ&#237;pios estabelecidos na Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki e revistos em 2000 (Esc&#243;cia, 2000). O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Institui&#231;&#227;o sob o n&#250;mero CAAE:0077.0.258.000-10.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Dos 354 indiv&#237;duos analisados, 63% foram classificados como tendo risco para AOS. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas segundo a presen&#231;a de risco para AOS. Os indiv&#237;duos com risco eram na maioria mulheres, mais idosos, com maiores n&#237;veis de &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), glicose, &#225;cido &#250;rico, triglicer&#237;deos, rela&#231;&#227;o albumina/creatinina urin&#225;ria e press&#227;o arterial.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mediana com intervalo interquart&#237;lico<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref> ou frequ&#234;ncia absoluta e relativa<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">**</xref> de caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas segundo o a presen&#231;a de alto risco para AOS modificado<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">***</xref>
						</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Alto risco para AOS modificado<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Sim n = 223</th>
                <th align="center">N&#227;o n = 131</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,01</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">79 (35,4)</td>
                <td align="center">66 (50,4)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">114 (64,6)</td>
                <td align="center">65 (49,6)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">57,0 (51,0-63)</td>
                <td align="center">54.0 (49,0-61,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">29,4 (26,1-33,0)</td>
                <td align="center">24,6 (22,4-27,3)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glicose (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">102,5 (92,0-117,2)</td>
                <td align="center">97,0 (88,0-108,0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ureia (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">31,0 (26,0-37,0)</td>
                <td align="center">31,0 (25,2-36,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,69</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">0,82 (0,71-0,99)</td>
                <td align="center">0,85 (0,74-0,96)</td>
                <td align="center">0,56</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#193;cido &#250;rico (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">5,6 (4,4-6,6)</td>
                <td align="center">4,7 (3,9-5,6)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">219,0 (193,0-250,0)</td>
                <td align="center">213,0 (187,0-239,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL-colesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">135,8 (117,7-163,5)</td>
                <td align="center">134,1 (107,3-159,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL-colesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">41,0 (51,5 (63,0)</td>
                <td align="center">55,0 (44,0-63,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglicer&#237;deos (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">126,5 (96,0 (183,7)</td>
                <td align="center">106,0 (73,0-153,0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Rela&#231;&#227;o albumina/creatinina urin&#225;ria</td>
                <td align="center">9,9 (5,7-22,3)</td>
                <td align="center">7,7 (4,7-13,6)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#233;dia (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">71,0 (63,0-80,0)</td>
                <td align="center">69,0 (62,5-76,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">137,33 (122,5-152,0)</td>
                <td align="center">122,0 (113,3-129,5)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">84,0 (76,3-92,67)</td>
                <td align="center">75,5 (70,3-80,7)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">9 (4,0)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (3,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,86</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">214 (96,4)</td>
                <td align="center">127 (96,9)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>AVE</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">11 (4,9)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">212 (95,1)</td>
                <td align="center">130 (99,2)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <p>AOS: apneia obstrutiva do sono; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; bpm: batimento por minuto; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; AVE: acidente vascular encef&#225;lico.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Diferen&#231;as avaliadas pelo teste de Mann-Whitney.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN15">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>Diferen&#231;as avaliadas pelo teste do qui quadrado de Pearson com corre&#231;&#227;o de continuidade ou teste exato de Fisher quando necess&#225;rio.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN16">
              <label>***</label>
              <p>Exclu&#237;dos os indiv&#237;duos que foram classificados como de risco somente na categoria 3. Adaptada de Netzer et al., 1999.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
							</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os pacientes com risco para AOS, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos sem risco, apresentavam maiores altera&#231;&#245;es dos par&#226;metros que avaliam a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica: volume do &#225;trio esquerdo indexado (VAE-i) (+); tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda E (TD) (+); velocidade do fluxo mitral no in&#237;cio da di&#225;stole (E) (-); rela&#231;&#227;o E&#8217;/A&#8217; (+); rela&#231;&#227;o E/E&#8217; (-); velocidade m&#225;xima do fluxo mitral na contra&#231;&#227;o atrial (A) (+); rela&#231;&#227;o E/A (+); espessura da parede anterior indexada (IEPP) (+); e septo interventricular (SIV) (+), o que pode indicar fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica menos adequada. Tais diferen&#231;as foram estatisticamente significativas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mediana com intervalo interquart&#237;lico<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">*</xref> ou frequ&#234;ncia absoluta e relativa<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">**</xref> de par&#226;metros do ecocardiograma, segundo a presen&#231;a de alto risco para AOS modificado</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Alto risco para AOS modificado<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">*</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Valor P</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Sim</th>
                <th align="center">N&#227;o</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DAEi (cm/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">1,9 (1,7-2,1)</td>
                <td align="center">1,9 (1,7-2,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,37</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VAE-i (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">21,1 (17,7-24,9)</td>
                <td align="center">19,9 (16,8-22,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TD (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">228,0 (186,0-261,0)</td>
                <td align="center">200,0 (174,0-228,0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E' (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">10,0 (8,0-12,0)</td>
                <td align="center">11,5 (9,0-13,0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E'/A'</td>
                <td align="center">0,83 (0,64-1,20</td>
                <td align="center">1,14 (0,80-1,37)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/E'</td>
                <td align="center">6,4 (5,4-7,8)</td>
                <td align="center">6,0 (5,0-7,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">63,0 (53,0-76,0)</td>
                <td align="center">66,1 (54,0-75,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">A (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">68,0 (56,0-81,9)</td>
                <td align="center">58,0 (48,0-68,0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/A</td>
                <td align="center">0,93 (0,7-1,2)</td>
                <td align="center">1,18-(0,9-1,4)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MVEi (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">89,4 (77,3-103,6)</td>
                <td align="center">88,7 (74,4-102,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,49</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VDFi (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">62,08 (53,5-68,7)</td>
                <td align="center">63,8 (54,0-72,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ERP (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">0,3 (0,3-0,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,3 (0,3-0,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,28</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IEPP (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">8,0 (7,0-9,0)</td>
                <td align="center">8,0 (7,0-8,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IVEDD (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">49,0 (46,0-51,0)</td>
                <td align="center">48,0 (45,0-51,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,53</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SIV (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">8,0 (7,0-9,0)</td>
                <td align="center">8,0 (7,0-9,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN17">
              <p>&lt;TEXMEN&gt;AOS: apneia obstrutiva do sono; DAEi: di&#226;metro de &#225;trio esquerdo indexado; VAE-i: volume de &#225;trio esquerdo indexado; TD: tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda E; E': velocidade de deslocamento do anel mitral no in&#237;cio da di&#225;stole; E: velocidade do fluxo mitral no in&#237;cio da di&#225;stole; A: velocidade m&#225;xima do fluxo mitral na contra&#231;&#227;o atrial; A': velocidade m&#225;xima do deslocamento mioc&#225;rdico no final da di&#225;stole; MVEi: massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo indexada; VDFi: volume diast&#243;lico final indexado; ERP: espessura relativa da parede; IEPP: espessura da parede posterior indexada; IVEDD: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo indexado; SIV: septo interventricular.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN18">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Diferen&#231;as avaliadas pelo teste de Mann-Whitney.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN19">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>Diferen&#231;as avaliadas pelo teste do qui quadrado de Pearson com corre&#231;&#227;o de continuidade ou teste exato de Fisher quando necess&#225;rio.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN20">
              <label>***</label>
              <p>Exclu&#237;dos os indiv&#237;duos que foram classificados como de risco somente na categoria 3. Adaptada de Netzer et al., 1999.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
							</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os exponenciais dos coeficientes para cada modelo de regress&#227;o gama s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>. Em todos os casos os exponenciais dos coeficientes foram ajustados para sexo, idade, IMC, glicose de jejum, triglicer&#237;deos, &#225;cido &#250;rico, rela&#231;&#227;o albumina/creatinina urin&#225;ria, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica em suas formas cont&#237;nuas. A associa&#231;&#227;o do alto risco para AOS a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica menos adequada foi confirmada pelos seguintes par&#226;metros: VAE-i (+); rela&#231;&#227;o E/A (+); rela&#231;&#227;o E&#8217;/A&#8217;(+); A (+); TD (+); e E&#8217; (+) alcan&#231;aram uma signific&#226;ncia de 0,10 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Exponenciais dos coeficientes ajustados<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref> da regress&#227;o gama<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">**</xref> para presen&#231;a de alto risco de AOS (sim/n&#227;o)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">***</xref>
						</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Exponencial do coeficiente ajustado (IC 95%)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor P</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VAE-i (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">1,10 (1,02-1,18)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TD (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">1,05 (0,99-1,11)</td>
                <td align="center">0,10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E'</td>
                <td align="center">1,05 (0,99-1,11)</td>
                <td align="center">0,10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E'/A'</td>
                <td align="center">0,87 (0,72-0,96)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/E'</td>
                <td align="center">1,01 (0,94-1,09)</td>
                <td align="center">0,81</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">A</td>
                <td align="center">1,10 (1,02-1,18)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/A</td>
                <td align="center">0,86 (0,79-0,94)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IEPP (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">1,02 (0,98-1,06)</td>
                <td align="center">0,24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SIV (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">1,02 (0,98-1,06)</td>
                <td align="center">0,42</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN21">
              <p>&lt;TEXMEN&gt;AOS: apneia obstrutiva do sono; IC 95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; VAE-i: volume de &#225;trio esquerdo indexado; TD: tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda E; E': velocidade de deslocamento do anel mitral no in&#237;cio da di&#225;stole; E: velocidade do fluxo mitral no in&#237;cio da di&#225;stole; A: velocidade m&#225;xima do fluxo mitral na contra&#231;&#227;o atrial; A': velocidade m&#225;xima do deslocamento mioc&#225;rdico no final da di&#225;stole; IEPP: espessura da parede posterior indexada; SIV: septo interventricular.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN22">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Para cada modelo de regress&#227;o, cujo desfecho foi um par&#226;metro do ecocardiograma, exponenciais dos coeficientes foram ajustados para sexo, idade, IMC, glicose de jejum, triglicer&#237;deos, &#225;cido &#250;rico s&#233;rico, rela&#231;&#227;o albumina/creatinina urin&#225;ria, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica em suas formas cont&#237;nuas.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN23">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>Regress&#227;o gama com fun&#231;&#227;o de liga&#231;&#227;o log link.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN24">
              <label>***</label>
              <p>Question&#225;rio de Berlim.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente estudo avaliou a presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es do EDT, associadas &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, em indiv&#237;duos sem sinais ou sintomas de IC, segundo a presen&#231;a de risco para AOS. Utilizou-se como ferramenta o QB e exclu&#237;ram-se os indiv&#237;duos com obesidade e hipertens&#227;o arterial que n&#227;o apresentavam outros crit&#233;rios para AOS. Na aten&#231;&#227;o b&#225;sica, m&#233;todos de triagem para AOS s&#227;o mais facilmente aplic&#225;veis do que a polissonografia padr&#227;o, sendo &#250;teis na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, pois t&#234;m baixo custo e s&#227;o de f&#225;cil acesso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> A aplica&#231;&#227;o do QB na popula&#231;&#227;o atendida em programas na aten&#231;&#227;o b&#225;sica como o M&#233;dico de Fam&#237;lia ajudaria a selecionar pacientes em risco para AOS. Estes poderiam, ent&#227;o, ser encaminhados para realiza&#231;&#227;o do EDT e investiga&#231;&#227;o pela polissonografia.</p>
        <p>A AOS est&#225; relacionada a diferentes mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos que s&#227;o deflagrados por hipoxia e fragmenta&#231;&#227;o do sono. Ela envolve hiperatividade simp&#225;tica, inflama&#231;&#227;o, disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e estresse oxidativo, entre outros fatores que est&#227;o no comando de desfechos como hipertens&#227;o, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico e IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>V&#225;rios estudos t&#234;m mostrado altera&#231;&#245;es de diferentes marcadores da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) em pacientes com AOS como aumento do volume do &#225;trio esquerdo indexado (VAE-i),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> rela&#231;&#227;o E/A alterada,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> velocidade do anel mitral no in&#237;cio da di&#225;stole (E&#8217;)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> e aumento da rela&#231;&#227;o E/E&#8217;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Nossos dados mostram altera&#231;&#245;es de alguns desses marcadores: VAE-i, rela&#231;&#227;o E&#8217;/A&#8217;, onda A, E&#8217; e rela&#231;&#227;o E/A em pacientes com risco de AOS.</p>
        <p>Observamos que o VAE-i, marcador de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, apresenta forte associa&#231;&#227;o com a presen&#231;a de alto risco para AOS, identificado pelo QB, independentemente da presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o ou obesidade, quando n&#227;o associada a outro indicador de risco de AOS. Wachter et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> investigaram se a AOS afeta a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica em uma coorte na aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e observaram que disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica &#233; associada de modo independente &#224; AOS em pacientes com fatores de risco cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Gottlieb et al. observaram que, em pacientes sem IC e doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, a presen&#231;a de AOS foi um preditor independente de IC em homens e n&#227;o em mulheres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Em outro estudo, Usui et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> demonstraram que a gravidade da AOS pode contribuir diretamente para a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE independentemente de geometria do VE, rigidez arterial e obesidade, e est&#225; associada a fatores de risco cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o arterial controlada, Lisi et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> observaram que a AOS leve a moderada, diagnosticada pela polissonografia, est&#225; associada a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, independentemente de idade, sexo e valores m&#233;dios da press&#227;o arterial e na aus&#234;ncia de hipertrofia do VE conc&#234;ntrica ou aumento do &#225;trio esquerdo. Os autores sugerem que a hipoxemia noturna possa ser o fator-chave para o desenvolvimento da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A hipertens&#227;o &#233; a principal causa de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, sendo tamb&#233;m uma das maiores consequ&#234;ncias de AOS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Dois estudos exclu&#237;ram indiv&#237;duos obesos da an&#225;lise<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> e pelo menos um excluiu obesos e hipertensos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Os dois artigos estudaram somente indiv&#237;duos com AOS e compararam o grupo de AOS moderada com o grupo de AOS grave. Nos dois estudos, a associa&#231;&#227;o &#224; rela&#231;&#227;o E/A foi estatisticamente significativa. No estudo de Imai et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Os dados desses dois estudos mostram que a associa&#231;&#227;o de AOS e altera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica pode ocorrer em n&#227;o obesos e n&#227;o hipertensos. Dada a alta preval&#234;ncia das duas condi&#231;&#245;es, no presente estudo, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel exclu&#237;-las da an&#225;lise para confirmar a associa&#231;&#227;o independente do risco de AOS aos indicadores de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica.</p>
        <p>O presente estudo avaliou a contribui&#231;&#227;o de diversos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, os quais representam com maior chance as anormalidades estruturais ou da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca que podem ser associadas ao diagn&#243;stico de AOS. As altera&#231;&#245;es de VAE-i, TD, rela&#231;&#227;o E/A, rela&#231;&#227;o E&#8217;/A&#8217; e onda A em indiv&#237;duos com AOS indicaram fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica menos adequada em pacientes com dist&#250;rbio do sono, compat&#237;veis com achados que definiram AOS pela polissonografia.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>O QB n&#227;o confirma a AOS, apontando somente os pacientes em risco para a s&#237;ndrome. O question&#225;rio apresenta sensibilidade e especificidade reduzidas, com reprodutividade question&#225;vel, pois a percep&#231;&#227;o e a documenta&#231;&#227;o do que &#233; informado podem n&#227;o ser estimadas precisamente, j&#225; que envolvem limita&#231;&#245;es decorrentes do n&#237;vel de alfabetiza&#231;&#227;o e doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares preexistentes, que dificultam a compreens&#227;o do QB, principalmente em idosos. Devido &#224; limita&#231;&#227;o de recursos e por se tratar de estudo sobre rastreio, cada paciente foi examinado somente por um ecocardiografista, impedindo o exame da concord&#226;ncia inter ou intraexaminador. Apesar dessas limita&#231;&#245;es, os resultados quanto &#224;s diferen&#231;as nos par&#226;metros do EDT entre os grupos de risco foram concordantes com os da literatura.</p>
          <p>Por ser um estudo transversal, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel estabelecer nexo causal. Embora tendo exclu&#237;do da an&#225;lise indiv&#237;duos hipertensos e obesos que n&#227;o satisfizeram outro crit&#233;rio para risco de AOS de acordo com o QB, entre aqueles com risco houve maiores mediana de IMC, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, que apesar do controle (inclus&#227;o nos modelos m&#250;ltiplos) ainda podem ter exercido um confundimento residual.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da associa&#231;&#227;o de AOS &#224; presen&#231;a de anormalidades estruturais e funcionais card&#237;acas obtidas pelo EDT poder&#225; contribuir para a discuss&#227;o da ado&#231;&#227;o do QB na comunidade para selecionar indiv&#237;duos com risco cardiovascular e que deveriam realizar o EDT, apesar de suas limita&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>Essa estrat&#233;gia de r&#225;pida execu&#231;&#227;o pode ser facilmente incorporada na rotina da abordagem dos pacientes com fatores de risco para desenvolvimento de IC, mas ainda necessita de acompanhamento detalhado e seguimento em longo prazo para sua definitiva recomenda&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Adson Renato Leite pela Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 0077.0258.000-10. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
