<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">k4Jvwc8MrR4tWJnx8wW7M8S</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019001201082</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190691</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Postural Changes and their Influence on Functional Behavior of the Great Arteries</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4865-6442</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bortolotto</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Aparecido</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Hipertens&#227;o do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Luiz Aparecido Bortolotto,</bold> Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Unidade de Hipertens&#227;o Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>hipluiz@incor.usP.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>2</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1082</fpage>
      <lpage>1083</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Aorta/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertrophy,Left Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Flow</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulse Wave Analysis</kwd>
        <kwd>Stending Position</kwd>
        <kwd>Gravitation</kwd>
        <kwd>Aging</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>The large arteries, especially the aorta, are known to play a major role in the circulation of blood flow both during ventricular ejection and during diastole, thus providing the blood supply required by the organs. Additionally, the damping function exercised by the aorta plays a fundamental role in central hemodynamics, providing adequate ventricular-arterial coupling during the cardiac cycle.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>The loss of this function due to increased arterial stiffness plays a role in the development of hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy and has been associated with the development of atherosclerosis and myocardial ischemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Noninvasive methods for assessing the function of large arteries, such as pulse wave velocity (PWV) measurement, have provided a better understanding of the correlations of arterial stiffness with cardiovascular disease, and have been used as prognostic markers in different populations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>However, due to methodological limitations, all studies have been performed in the supine position, and the impact of postural changes, especially orthostasis, has not been evaluated on these vascular properties. Thus, the study by Elias Neto et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> published in this issue, as the first to evaluate the effect of orthostasis on the aortic functional properties in normotensive and hypertensive individuals not treated by the aortic PWV measurement in humans, provides important information to understand the role of these properties in the physiological adaptation of central hemodynamics in relation to the gravity effects. The authors evaluated nearly 100 individuals with no evident cardiovascular disease by measuring carotid-femoral PWV performed in the supine and standing positions after the 70&#176; tilt test and demonstrated a significant and sustained increase in PWV throughout the tilt test, in both young and older individuals. Interestingly, although there was a direct and significant association between baseline and post-orthostasis PWV values and systolic blood pressure (SBP ), SBP remained unaltered or showed a slight decrease during the tilt test and, therefore, the increase in PWV during inclination occurred by other mechanisms of circulatory adaptation, including an increase in peripheral arterial resistance (indirectly suggested by the observed increase in mean BP ) and changes in circulatory dynamics promoted by the gravitational force, which are related to the differential structural and geometric characteristics of the aorta throughout its trajectory. In a study with a smaller number of individuals and another methodology for PWV assessment, the authors also found an increase in PWV with the tilt test and attributed this increase to increased hydrostatic pressure and greater sympathetic activity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Due to gravitational effect, blood flow increases in the more distal arterial segments, which have smaller diameter and less elasticity, causing an increase in PWV and also in BP in the infradiaphragmatic territories.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> The consequence of this increase in carotid-femoral PWV would be the early return of the retrograde wave to the heart, increasing pulse pressure at the aortic root, which could contribute to maintaining a more adequate cerebral blood flow with the biped position assumed by humans. It is noteworthy that this same mechanism of early wave reflection in the aortic root is one of the main factors responsible for SBP increase in the elderly, as a consequence of the increase in arterial stiffness observed with aging.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Evaluating the results of the study by Elias Neto et al., the PWV of young individuals after orthostasis showed values similar to those found in the elderly in the dorsal position, corroborating the role of increased PWV with increased retrograde wave in the individual&#8217;s adaptation to the orthostatic position.</p>
    <p>However, it is still necessary to recognize the role of this adaptive circulatory phenomenon to the orthostatic position in the development of cardiovascular pathologies, such as arterial hypertension and atherosclerosis. One could speculate, for instance, whether an exacerbated response of this adaptive mechanism, with an exaggerated increase in PWV due to orthostasis, could participate in the mechanism of arterial hypertension in some situations, such as isolated spurious systolic hypertension of young individuals, partially explained by the increase in the pulse wave amplification phenomenon between the aorta and the brachial artery.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Recently, some studies have evaluated the influence of gravity on arterial stiffness and the role of these changes in orthostatic adaptation to the absence of gravity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> In one of these studies, the authors demonstrated that astronauts who showed more tolerance to orthostatism after a prolonged period in space showed an increase in arterial stiffness manifested by increased pulse velocity, while intolerant individuals showed increased arterial distensibility.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> These data reinforce the participation of increased PWV in the process of adaptation to gravity.</p>
    <p>As mentioned by the authors, the study has some limitations, making some hypotheses just speculative ones, such as the participation of greater sympathetic activity in this process, since it has not been directly evaluated. Another limitation not mentioned by the authors, but which may show differences in result interpretation, is the predominance of males in the studied population. It is well known that women have higher measures of arterial stiffness, especially earlier reflection waves, probably associated with smaller aortic diameter.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> These changes could interfere with the response of PWV to orthostasis in different genders, as seen in a small study with astronauts who remained 6 months without gravity, with women showing greater degrees of carotid stiffness than men after returning to the effect of gravity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Nevertheless, these findings provide important parameters for discussing the participation of large-vessel buffering properties in physiological adaptations to postural changes, which may provide new therapeutic strategies for clinical conditions where these adaptations are inadequate.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Influences on the Functional Behavior of Great Arteries during Orthostasis</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Bortolotto LA, Safar ME. [Blood pressure profile along the arterial tree and genetics of hypertension]. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2006;86(3):166-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bortolotto</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Safar</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Blood pressure profile along the arterial tree and genetics of hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>86</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>166</fpage>
          <lpage>169</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Bortolotto LA, Sousa MG, Costa-Hong V. Comprometimento de &#211;rg&#227;os-Alvo: Vasos. Hipertens&#227;o Arterial - Bases Fisiopatol&#243;gicas e Pr&#225;tica Cl&#237;nica. S&#227;o Paulo: Atheneu; 2013. P . 359-76.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bortolotto</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sousa</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Costa-Hong</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Comprometimento de &#211;rg&#227;os-Alvo: Vasos. Hipertens&#227;o Arterial - Bases Fisiopatol&#243;gicas e Pr&#225;tica Cl&#237;nica</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Atheneu</publisher-name>
          <fpage>359</fpage>
          <lpage>376</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Elias Neto J, Ferreira A, Futuro G, Santos LC, Heringer Filho N, Gomes F, et al. Influences on the functional behavior of great arteries during orthostasis. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2019; 113(6):1072-1081.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Elias</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
              <suffix>Neto</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferreira</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Futuro</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heringer</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
              <suffix>Filho</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gomes</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Influences on the functional behavior of great arteries during orthostasis</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>113</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1072</fpage>
          <lpage>1081</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Vlachopoulos C, Aznaouridis K, Stefanadis C. Prediction of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality with arterial stiffness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55(13):1318-27.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vlachopoulos</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aznaouridis</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stefanadis</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prediction of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality with arterial stiffness: a systematic review and meta-analysis</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>55</volume>
          <issue>13</issue>
          <fpage>1318</fpage>
          <lpage>1327</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Schroeder EC, Rosenberg AJ, HilgenkamP TIM, White DW, Baynard T, Fernhall B. Effect of upper body position on arterial stiffness: influence of hydrostatic pressure and autonomic function. J Hypertens. 2017;35(12):2454-61.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Schroeder</surname>
              <given-names>EC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosenberg</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>HilgenkamP</surname>
              <given-names>TIM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>White</surname>
              <given-names>DW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baynard</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fernhall</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effect of upper body position on arterial stiffness: influence of hydrostatic pressure and autonomic function</article-title>
          <source>J Hypertens</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>2454</fpage>
          <lpage>2461</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Lakatta EG. Cardiovascular regulatory mechanisms in advanced age. Physiol Rev. 1993;73(2):413-67.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lakatta</surname>
              <given-names>EG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiovascular regulatory mechanisms in advanced age</article-title>
          <source>Physiol Rev</source>
          <year>1993</year>
          <volume>73</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>413</fpage>
          <lpage>467</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Alghatrif M, Lakatta EG. The conundrum of arterial stiffness, elevated blood pressure, and aging. Curr Hypertens ReP . 2015;17(2):12.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Alghatrif</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lakatta</surname>
              <given-names>EG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The conundrum of arterial stiffness, elevated blood pressure, and aging</article-title>
          <source>Curr Hypertens ReP</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>12</fpage>
          <lpage>12</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Saladini F, Palatini P . Isolated Systolic Hypertension in Young Individuals: Pathophysiological Mechanisms, Prognostic Significance, and Clinical Implications. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev. 2017;24(2):133-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Saladini</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Palatini</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Isolated Systolic Hypertension in Young Individuals: Pathophysiological Mechanisms, Prognostic Significance, and Clinical Implications</article-title>
          <source>High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>133</fpage>
          <lpage>139</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Tuday EC, Meck JV, Nyhan D, Shoukas AA, Berkowitz DE. Microgravityinduced changes in aortic stiffness and their role in orthostatic intolerance. J Appl Physiol. 1985;102():853-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tuday</surname>
              <given-names>EC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meck</surname>
              <given-names>JV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nyhan</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shoukas</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berkowitz</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Microgravityinduced changes in aortic stiffness and their role in orthostatic intolerance</article-title>
          <source>J Appl Physiol</source>
          <year>1985</year>
          <volume>102</volume>
          <fpage>853</fpage>
          <lpage>858</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Hughson RL, Robertson AD, Arbeille P , Shoemaker JK, Rush JW, Fraser KS, Greaves DK. Increased postflight carotid artery stiffness and inflight insulin resistance resulting from 6-mo spaceflight in male and female astronauts. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2016;310(5):H628-38.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hughson</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Robertson</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arbeille</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shoemaker</surname>
              <given-names>JK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rush</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fraser</surname>
              <given-names>KS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Greaves</surname>
              <given-names>DK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Increased postflight carotid artery stiffness and inflight insulin resistance resulting from 6-mo spaceflight in male and female astronauts</article-title>
          <source>Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>310</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>H628</fpage>
          <lpage>H638</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Costa-Hong VA, Muela HCS, Macedo TA, Sales ARK, Bortolotto LA. Gender differences of aortic wave reflection and influence of menopause on central blood pressure in patients with arterial hypertension. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2018;18(1):123.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Costa-Hong</surname>
              <given-names>VA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Muela</surname>
              <given-names>HCS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Macedo</surname>
              <given-names>TA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sales</surname>
              <given-names>ARK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bortolotto</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Gender differences of aortic wave reflection and influence of menopause on central blood pressure in patients with arterial hypertension</article-title>
          <source>BMC Cardiovasc Disord</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>123</fpage>
          <lpage>123</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Mudan&#231;as Posturais e suas Influencias no Comportamento Funcional de Grandes Art&#233;rias</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4865-6442</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bortolotto</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Aparecido</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Hipertens&#227;o do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Luiz Aparecido Bortolotto,</bold> Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Unidade de Hipertens&#227;o Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>hipluiz@incor.usP.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Aorta/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>Fluxo Sangu&#237;neo</kwd>
        <kwd>An&#225;lise de Onda de Pulso</kwd>
        <kwd>Posi&#231;&#227;o Ortost&#225;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Gravita&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Envelhecimento</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>As grandes art&#233;rias, sobretudo a aorta, tem reconhecidamente um grande papel na condu&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo tanto durante a eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular quanto durante a di&#225;stole, permitindo suprir a demanda exigida pelos &#243;rg&#227;os. Al&#233;m disso, a fun&#231;&#227;o de amortecimento exercida pela aorta tem papel fundamental na hermodin&#226;mica central, proporcionando um acoplamento ventr&#237;culo-arterial adequado durante o ciclo card&#237;aco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A perda desta fun&#231;&#227;o por aumento da rigidez arterial tem participa&#231;&#227;o no desenvolvimento de hipertens&#227;o arterial e hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, e tem sido associada ao desenvolvimento de aterosclerose e isquemia mioc&#225;rdica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> M&#233;todos n&#227;o invasivos de avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o de grandes art&#233;rias, como a medida da velocidade de onda de pulso (VOP ), tem permitido o melhor entendimento das correla&#231;&#245;es da rigidez arterial com as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, e t&#234;m sido usados como marcadores progn&#243;sticos em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> No entanto, por limita&#231;&#245;es metodol&#243;gicas, todos os estudos t&#234;m sido realizados na posi&#231;&#227;o supina, e n&#227;o se avaliou o impacto das mudan&#231;as de postura, sobretudo da ortostase, sobre estas propriedades vasculares. Assim, o estudo de Elias Neto et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> publicado nesta edi&#231;&#227;o, por ser o primeiro a avaliar o efeito da ortostase sobre as propriedades funcionais da aorta em indiv&#237;duos normotensos e hipertensos n&#227;o tratados pela medida da VOP a&#243;rtica em humanos, traz importantes informa&#231;&#245;es para o entendimento do papel destas propriedades na adapta&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica da hemodin&#226;mica central frente &#224;s a&#231;&#245;es da gravidade. Os autores avaliaram quase 100 indiv&#237;duos sem doen&#231;as cardiovasculares evidentes pela medida da VOP car&#243;tido-femural realizada na posi&#231;&#227;o supina e na posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica ap&#243;s o teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o a 70<sup>(o)</sup>, e demonstraram um aumento significativo e sustentado da VOP durante todo o teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o, tanto em indiv&#237;duos jovens quanto em indiv&#237;duos mais idosos. Um dado interessante &#233; que, embora houvesse uma rela&#231;&#227;o direta e significativa entre os valores de VOP basais e ap&#243;s ortostase com a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS), a PAS manteve-se inalterada ou teve um ligeiro decr&#233;scimo durante a inclina&#231;&#227;o, e portanto o aumento da VOP durante a inclina&#231;&#227;o ocorreu por outros mecanismos de adapta&#231;&#227;o circulat&#243;ria, incluindo um aumento da resist&#234;ncia arterial perif&#233;rica (sugerido indiretamente pelo aumento da PA m&#233;dia observada) e de altera&#231;&#245;es da din&#226;mica circulat&#243;ria promovidas pela for&#231;a gravitacional, que est&#227;o relacionadas &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas estruturais e geom&#233;tricas diferenciais da aorta durante todo seu trajeto. Em um estudo com n&#250;mero menor de indiv&#237;duos e outra metodologia para avalia&#231;&#227;o da VOP , os autores tamb&#233;m evidenciaram aumento da VOP com inclina&#231;&#227;o, e atribu&#237;ram este aumento &#224; uma eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o hidrost&#225;tica e maior atividade simp&#225;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Pela a&#231;&#227;o gravitacional o fluxo sangu&#237;neo aumenta nos segmentos arteriais mais distais que possuem raios menores e menor elasticidade, ocasionando aumento da VOP e tamb&#233;m da PA nos territ&#243;rios infradiafragm&#225;ticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> A consequ&#234;ncia deste aumento na VOP car&#243;tido-femural seria a precocidade do retorno da onda retr&#243;grada ao cora&#231;&#227;o, aumentando a press&#227;o de pulso na raiz da aorta, o que poderia contribuir para manter um fluxo sangu&#237;neo cerebral mais adequado com a posi&#231;&#227;o b&#237;pede assumida pelos humanos. &#201; interessante observar que este mesmo mecanismo de precocidade da onda refletida na raiz de aorta &#233; um dos principais respons&#225;veis pelo aumento da PAS do indiv&#237;duo idoso, em consequ&#234;ncia do aumento da rigidez arterial observado com o envelhecimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Avaliando os resultados do estudo de Elias Neto et al., a VOP dos indiv&#237;duos jovens ap&#243;s ortostase teve valores semelhantes aos encontrados nos idosos em posi&#231;&#227;o dorsal, corroborando o papel da VOP aumentada com aumento da onda retr&#243;grada na adapta&#231;&#227;o do indiv&#237;duo &#224; posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica.</p>
      <p>Entretanto, ainda &#233; preciso reconhecer qual o papel deste fen&#244;meno adaptativo circulat&#243;rio &#224; posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica no desenvolvimento de patologias cardiovasculares como a hipertens&#227;o arterial e aterosclerose. Poder&#237;amos especular, por exemplo, se uma resposta exacerbada deste mecanismo adaptativo, com aumento exagerado da VOP pela ortostase, poderia participar do mecanismo de hipertens&#227;o arterial em algumas situa&#231;&#245;es como a hipertens&#227;o sist&#243;lica esp&#250;ria isolada do jovem, explicada parcialmente pelo aumento do fen&#244;meno de amplifica&#231;&#227;o da onda de pulso entre a aorta e a art&#233;ria braquial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Recentemente, alguns estudos t&#234;m avaliado a influ&#234;ncia da gravidade na rigidez arterial e o papel destas altera&#231;&#245;es na adapta&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica &#224; aus&#234;ncia da gravidade.<sup>(9.10)</sup> Em um destes estudos, os autores demonstraram que astronautas que foram mais tolerantes ao ortostatismo ap&#243;s um periodo prolongado no espa&#231;o apresentaram aumento da rigidez arterial manifestado por aumento da velocidade de pulso, enquanto os intolerantes apresentaram aumento da distensibilidade arterial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Esse dado refor&#231;a a participa&#231;&#227;o do aumento da VOP no processo de adapta&#231;&#227;o &#224; gravidade.</p>
      <p>Como os autores mencionam, o estudo tem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es, tornando algumas hip&#243;teses apenas especulativas, como a participa&#231;&#227;o da maior atividade simp&#225;tica neste processo, visto ela n&#227;o ter sido diretamente avaliada. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o mencionada pelos autores, mas que pode mostrar diferen&#231;as na interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados, &#233; a maior predomin&#226;ncia do sexo masculino entre a popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. &#201; bem reconhecido que as mulheres apresentam maiores medidas de rigidez arterial, sobretudo maior precocidade das ondas de reflex&#227;o, provavelmente associadas a menor di&#226;metro da aorta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Estas altera&#231;&#245;es poderiam interferir na resposta da VOP &#224; ortostase nos diferentes sexos, como foi visto em um pequeno estudo com astronautas que permaneceram 6 meses sem gravidade, e as mulheres tiveram maiores altera&#231;&#245;es da rigidez de car&#243;tida do que os homens ap&#243;s retornarem ao efeito da gravidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Apesar disso, os achados fornecem par&#226;metros importantes para discutir a participa&#231;&#227;o das propriedades de amortecimento dos grandes vasos em adapta&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas &#224;s mudan&#231;as posturais, o que pode proporcionar novas estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas para condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas onde estas adapta&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o inadequadas.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Gravidade Influencia o Comportamento Funcional das Grandes Art&#233;rias Durante a Ortostase</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
