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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">75M3Hgqj7GzyMXpmrpbznbC</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019001201070</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190764</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Complex Congenital Heart Diseases and Pregnancy: Maternal and Fetal Risks</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4538-5429</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Val&#233;ria de Melo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Clinicas</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Faculdade de Medicina dos Hospital das Clinicas do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Val&#233;ria de Melo Moreira,</bold> Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 Andar AB. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: <email>valeriamelomoreira@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>2</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1070</fpage>
      <lpage>1071</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Pregnancy/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Defects,Congenital/ complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Defects,Congenital/trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Maternal Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Fetal Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Maternal and Fetal Procedure Outcomes</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>The diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart disease has made remarkable progress in recent decades and the success of this approach is evidenced by the increasing number of adults with congenital heart disease. Many of these patients have residual injuries or have undergone palliative surgery and face additional challenges in adulthood, requiring integrated care to reach a full life potential.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Consequently, the number of women of childbearing age with congenital disease submitted to surgical repair, palliative procedure or the natural evolution of the disease is increasing, with a higher maternal and fetal risk in the presence of heart disease. Reproductive counseling is essential, by informing the consequences and possible complications and advising against pregnancy in the presence of more complex defects.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
		</p>
    <p>There are several classification models and risk predictors applied to maternal cardiovascular involvement that helP in the counseling and clinical management of these patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Pijuan-Domenech et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> demonstrated that the modified version of the classification devised by the World Health Organization (WHO) is the best predictor of cardiac complications in pregnancy compared to other risk prediction models and it is the best accepted model for pregnancy in women with congenital heart disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Pregnancy brings profound hemodynamic alterations and these physiological adaptations occur to allow an adequate adjustment of the metabolic needs of the mother and fetus, providing an adequate placental perfusion. Heart rate rises by 15 to 30%, peaking at the end of the second or the start of the third trimester. There is an increase in preload due to an increase in plasma volume and cardiac output increases by 30 to 50%. Additionally, there is an increase in the endothelial production of prostacyclin and nitric oxide, promoting a reduction in total vascular resistance.</p>
    <p>Such cardiovascular adjustments are easily supported by women with normal cardiac reserve. However, these alterations may not be well tolerated in pregnant women with congenital heart disease, especially those with complex heart disease and limited capacity to adapt to significant hemodynamic alterations, which may lead to decompensation and increased risk of adverse maternal-fetal outcomes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Patients with complex structural alterations are associated with a higher chance of arrhythmias, decompensated heart failure and thromboembolic events. The volume overload that occurs in pregnancy, associated with increased excitability of adrenergic receptors caused by hormonal factors may facilitate the development of arrhythmias in patients with structural or residual cardiac defects after repair. The formation of scar tissue on the site of surgical manipulation may be involved with one of the pathophysiological factors of arrhythmias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> The heterogeneity and complexity of these malformations require specific management strategies and a multidisciplinary approach.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The fetal and neonatal outcomes are also closely related to the complexity and severity of the maternal congenital heart disease. Early gestational losses and intrauterine growth restriction have been reported in these pregnancies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
		</p>
    <p>In this issue of the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, Avila et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> evaluated the evolution of pregnancy in patients with complex congenital heart disease, in an attempt to identify variables that could lead to a higher risk of unfavorable maternal-fetal outcome. A retrospective and observational study covering the last ten years, carried out in a single Cardiology and Obstetrics center, included 42 pregnancies in 40 patients with complex congenital heart disease classified as risk category III by the WHO, which means the woman is advised to avoid pregnancy.</p>
    <p>The study results are in accordance with the worldwide literature, which shows a high rate of maternal and fetal problems. The main complications were heart failure and arrhythmia, and there were two maternal deaths due to obstetric causes. Among the most frequent structural defects were the transposition of the great arteries (with repair at the atrial or arterial level) and univentricular heart (Fontan procedure).</p>
    <p>In the study, most patients with transposition of the great arteries had favorable maternal and fetal evolution. It is known that in patients with transposition of the great arteries, the risks associated with pregnancy are mainly related to patients submitted to repair at atrial level (Senning and Mustard procedure). There is a higher risk of developing arrhythmias and ventricular dysfunction of the systemic ventricle. Regarding patients submitted to arterial exchange (Jatene procedure), although the risk seems to be lower, greater attention should be paid to cases of dilated neoaorta or other residual complications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
		</p>
    <p>As for the univentricular grouP , in late postoperative period after Fontan surgery, an incapability to adapt to the pregnant condition was observed, with decompensation and functional worsening in all patients. It should be noted that in the hypoxemic scenario, the risk of poor maternal and fetal evolution is considerably present.</p>
    <p>This issue is very relevant, since complex congenital heart disease has a very heterogeneous spectrum and few studies have evaluated whether maternal and fetal outcomes differ between the subtypes of this subgroup. More targeted studies may provide more accurate information for the counseling and better management of these patients.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Pregnancy in Women with Complex Congenital Heart Disease. A Constant Challenge</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas Complexas e Gravidez: Riscos Maternos e Fetais</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4538-5429</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Val&#233;ria de Melo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Faculdade de Medicina dos Hospital das Clinicas do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Val&#233;ria de Melo Moreira,</bold> Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 Andar AB. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>valeriamelomoreira@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Gravidez/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas/ complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade Materna</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade Fetal</kwd>
        <kwd>Resultados Materno-Fetais</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Faculdade de Medicina dos Hospital das Clinicas do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Gravidez em Portadoras de Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas Complexas: Um Constante Desafio</p>
      <p>O diagn&#243;stico e o tratamento da doen&#231;a card&#237;aca cong&#234;nita tiveram um not&#225;vel avan&#231;o nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas e o sucesso desta abordagem &#233; refletido com o n&#250;mero cada vez maior de adultos com cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas. Muitos destes pacientes possuem les&#245;es residuais ou foram submetidos a cirurgias paliativas e enfrentam desafios adicionais na fase adulta, necessitando de cuidados integrados para um potencial de vida completo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Consequentemente o n&#250;mero de mulheres em idade f&#233;rtil com doen&#231;a cong&#234;nita submetida a corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, procedimento paliativo ou em evolu&#231;&#227;o natural da doen&#231;a &#233; crescente, com um risco maior materno-fetal na depend&#234;ncia da cardiopatia. O aconselhamento reprodutivo &#233; imprescind&#237;vel, informando as consequ&#234;ncias e poss&#237;veis complica&#231;&#245;es e desaconselhando a gesta&#231;&#227;o em defeitos mais complexos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Existem v&#225;rios modelos de classifica&#231;&#227;o e de preditores de risco aplicados ao acometimento cardiovascular materno que auxiliam no aconselhamento e no manejo cl&#237;nico destas pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Pijuan-Domenech et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> demonstraram que a vers&#227;o modificada da classifica&#231;&#227;o idealizada pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de (OMS) consiste no melhor preditor de complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas na gesta&#231;&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o aos outros modelos de previs&#227;o de risco e &#233; o modelo mais bem aceito para a gravidez em portadoras de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A gesta&#231;&#227;o promove profundas altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas e estas adapta&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas ocorrem para permitir uma adequa&#231;&#227;o das necessidades metab&#243;licas da m&#227;e e do feto, proporcionando uma perfus&#227;o placent&#225;ria adequada. A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca se eleva em 15 a 30% com pico no final do segundo ou in&#237;cio do terceiro trimestre. Ocorre um aumento da pr&#233;-carga devido um aumento no volume plasm&#225;tico e o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco aumenta em 30 a 50%. Al&#233;m disso ocorre um aumento na produ&#231;&#227;o endotelial de prostaciclina e &#243;xido n&#237;trico, promovendo uma redu&#231;&#227;o na resist&#234;ncia vascular total.</p>
      <p>Tais ajustes cardiovasculares s&#227;o bem suportados em mulheres com reserva card&#237;aca normal. No entanto, estas modifica&#231;&#245;es podem n&#227;o ser bem toleradas em gestantes portadoras de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, principalmente as portadoras de cardiopatias complexas com capacidade limitada de adapta&#231;&#227;o a altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas significativas, podendo ocorrer descompensa&#231;&#227;o e risco aumentado de resultados materno fetais adversos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Pacientes com altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais complexas s&#227;o associadas a maiores chances de arritmias, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada e eventos tromboemb&#243;licos. A sobrecarga de volume que ocorre na gesta&#231;&#227;o associado a uma excitabilidade aumentada dos receptores adren&#233;rgicos pelo fator hormonal s&#227;o fatores que podem facilitar o desenvolvimento de arritmias em pacientes que tem como substrato defeitos card&#237;acos estruturais ou residuais ap&#243;s o reparo. A forma&#231;&#227;o de tecido cicatricial em topografia de manipula&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica pode estar envolvida com um dos fatores fisiopatol&#243;gicos das arritmias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> A heterogeneidade e complexidade destas malforma&#231;&#245;es exigem estrat&#233;gias de manejo espec&#237;ficos e uma abordagem multidisciplinar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Os resultados fetais e neonatais tamb&#233;m est&#227;o intimamente relacionados com a complexidade e gravidade da cardiopatia cong&#234;nita materna. Perdas gestacionais precoces e restri&#231;&#227;o de crescimento intrauterino t&#234;m sido relatados nestas gesta&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Avila et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> avaliaram a evolu&#231;&#227;o da gesta&#231;&#227;o em portadoras de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas complexas tentando identificar vari&#225;veis que poderiam levar a um maior risco de desfecho materno-fetal desfavor&#225;vel. Atrav&#233;s de um estudo retrospectivo e observacional dos &#250;ltimos dez anos, realizado em um &#250;nico centro de Cardiologia e Obstetr&#237;cia foram inclu&#237;das 42 gesta&#231;&#245;es de 40 pacientes com cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas complexas classificadas na categoria III de risco pela OMS que corresponde a desaconselhamento da gravidez.</p>
      <p>Os resultados do estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a literatura mundial, havendo alta taxa de problemas maternos e fetais. As principais complica&#231;&#245;es foram a insufici&#234;ncia cardiaca e arritmia, tendo ocorrido duas mortes maternas decorrentes de causas obst&#233;tricas. Dentre os defeitos estruturais mais frequentes foram a transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias (com corre&#231;&#227;o em n&#237;vel atrial ou arterial) e cora&#231;&#227;o univentriclar (cirurgia Fontan).</p>
      <p>No estudo, a maioria das portadoras de transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias tiveram evolu&#231;&#227;o favor&#225;vel materno-fetal. &#201; sabido que em pacientes com transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias, os riscos associados &#224; gravidez s&#227;o principalmente relacionados &#224;s pacientes que foram submetidas a corre&#231;&#227;o em n&#237;vel atrial (cirurgia de Senning ou Mustard). H&#225; maior risco de desenvolver arritmias e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular do ventr&#237;culo sist&#234;mico. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s pacientes submetidas a troca arterial (cirurgia de Jatene) embora o risco pare&#231;a ser mais baixo, deve-se ter vigil&#226;ncia maior nos casos em que h&#225; dilata&#231;&#227;o na NeoAorta ou outras complica&#231;&#245;es residuais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>J&#225; no grupo univentricular em p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio tardio de cirurgia de Fontan, constatou-se uma incapacidade de adequa&#231;&#227;o a condi&#231;&#227;o grav&#237;dica com descompensa&#231;&#227;o e piora funcional em todas as pacientes. Deve-se salientar que no cen&#225;rio da hipoxemia o risco de uma m&#225; evolu&#231;&#227;o materno-fetal se faz presente de maneira consider&#225;vel.</p>
      <p>Este assunto tem muita relev&#226;ncia visto que as cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas complexas t&#234;m espectro muito heterog&#234;neo e poucos estudos avaliaram se os resultados maternos e fetais diferem entre os subtipos deste subgrupo. Estudos mais direcionados podem fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es mais precisas para aconselhamento e melhor manejo destes pacientes.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Gravidez em Portadoras de Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas Complexas: Um Constante Desafio</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
