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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">BgYygjLDVJH8v36K459Fhsv</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019001201059</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190719</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Evidence-Based Alternative Therapies that &#8220;Touch the Heart&#8221;</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0327-3392</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Anderson Donelli da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2357-5176</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto Alegre</city>
          <state>RS</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto Alegre</city>
          <state>RS</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Vitta Centro de Bem Estar F&#237;sico</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto Alegre</city>
          <state>RS</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Vitta Centro de Bem Estar F&#237;sico, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Ricardo Stein,</bold> Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350 - Servi&#231;o de Fisiatria/T&#233;rreo. Postal Code 90035-903, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil. E-mail: <email>kuqui.r@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>2</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1059</fpage>
      <lpage>1061</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Meditation</kwd>
        <kwd>Relaxation</kwd>
        <kwd>Yoga</kwd>
        <kwd>Tai Chi</kwd>
        <kwd>Sense of Humor</kwd>
        <kwd>Laughter Therapy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Subcutaneous implantable defibrillator, bioabsorbable polymer stents, transcatheter aortic valve implant for certain patients with severe aortic stenosis, as well as the use of novel anticoagulants, are tangible examples of therapeutic advances in Cardiology in the end of this second decade of the 21<sup>st</sup> century. In parallel, despite their infinitely lower financial support and prominence in scientific journals and Cardiology Congresses, the non-pharmacological interventions defined as &#8220;alternative&#8221; have also been tested with the purpose of improving important outcomes in these patients. In Cardiology, studies also use Meditation, Tai Chi (TC), Yoga and even Laughter Therapy as forms of treatment. In this context, this clinical updating has two objectives: 1) To provide the reader of the Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia (ABC cardiol) with access to information on the alternative therapies aforementioned; 2) To enable them, if they are interested, to use these therapies in their everyday professional life; 3) To show that Brazilian researchers have been publishing articles involving some of these alternative therapies in journals like the Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, as well as in international high impact journals.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Preamble - Meditation, TC and Yoga</title>
        <p>These are ancient oriental practices which, over the last decades, have become more popular and have spread throughout the West. All of them share the fact that they can be found in ancient texts and scriptures, with their foundations often representing an intersection of &#8220;sacred&#8221; and science. These activities share the integration between body and mind, aiming, in addition to physical and physiological benefits, at changing the perspective of the world in search for greater happiness, quality of life and inner peace. There has been a marked increase in the number of publications on this issue over the last decades, but there are still few well-designed observational studies and randomized clinical trials (RCTs), with no potential bias or conflict of interest, contemplating these three practices. Some of them are detailed below.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Meditation</title>
        <p>It is a practice whose origins reach back to more than 5,000 years and, in spite of being often associated with Buddhism and Hinduism, is present in most religious doctrines, including the three great monotheistic religions (Christianity, Judaism and Islam). The word meditation includes several practices with similar principles like techniques based on Buddhism (<italic>zazen</italic>, <italic>shamatha and vipassana</italic>), Yoga (Raja Yoga meditation), transcendental meditation, mindfulness and even compassion meditation (Tibetan Buddhism). An adequate definition of the technique and the procedures is very important to replicate results and, its absence, is a major methodology problem of several trials that used meditation and have already been published.</p>
        <p>Studies report a modest effect of meditation on blood pressure (BP ) decrease, in response to stress, anxiety and smoking cessation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> The effect on BP is small, with a meta-analysis of 19 studies, showing a reduction of 4 to 5 mmHg in systolic pressure and 2 to 4 mmHg in diastolic pressure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Numerous studies in health and ill populations have explored the effects of meditation in psychological and psychosocial results. It is worth to highlight that most of them report some improvement in perceived stress levels, humor, anxiety, depression, quality of sleeP or overall well-being.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>An analysis carried out by the Health Research and Quality Agency, restricted to RCTs and with active control groups, concluded, with low level of evidence, that meditation and mindfulness programs showed modest improvements in stress, anxiety and negative affect.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> On the other hand, a grouP of researchers from the Clinics Hospital of Sao Paulo assessed, through an RCT, the practice of meditation compared with a control grouP in patients with heart failure (HF).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> A decrease in sympathetic activation was observed in these individuals, as well as improvements in quality of life and increased respiratory efficacy measured by the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope ratio.</p>
        <p>Based on the data aforementioned, it is possible to note some benefits of meditation for patients at high risk or with already established cardiovascular disease. Nevertheless, several gaps still need to be fulfilled, such as the potential effect of meditation on the endothelial function, on heart rate variability (HRV), as well as on primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Tai Chi</title>
        <p>It is a Chinese martial art with its origins in Chinese traditional medicine and in Taoism. The slow and rhythmic movements aim at interconnecting the movements of the upper and lower limbs synchronously, moving smoothly, continuously and with no breaks and searching for stillness inside the movement. Although the movements of TC are slow and seem to be easy to perform, they work, for many patients, as a type of structured physical exercise.</p>
        <p>Studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of its practice, both in terms of physical and mental aspects, particularly: stress, depression and anxiety reduction; increased functional capacity; BP reduction and improvement of lipid profile.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Furthermore, studies in elderly patients have shown a significant improvement in balance, reduced risk of falling, decreased muscle and joint pain, improvement in osteoporosis and even improved or maintained cognitive performance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Due to a scientific gaP in assessing the impact of TC practice on patients with coronary artery disease - CAD,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> the Exercise Cardiology Research GrouP of the Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre studied the effect of this practice on 61 post-AMI patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> They were randomized for practicing TC for 60 minutes, three times a week or for stretching exercises (control grouP ). After 12 weeks of training, the grouP who practiced TC showed significant improvement in peak oxygen consumption (14% = 3.1 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>), whereas the stretching grouP did not show any improvements. Similar effects were found in some studies with HF patients, showing that this practice can impact positively on functional capacity increment.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Yoga</title>
        <p>The last of the three oriental practices mentioned is the one which has the largest body of evidence in favor of potential benefits, be it due to a greater volume of studies or to the fact that the practice is more widespread in the West. This practice dates back to 1,500 years B.C. and is present in all Hindu holy books (Vedas, Bhagavad Gita and Upanishads). The word Yoga derives from Sanskrit and means union, and its practice is divided into three components, namely: the <italic>asanas</italic>, which are the different yogic postures; the <italic>pranayamas</italic>, which are breathing exercises and the <italic>dhyanas</italic>, which are basically meditative practices. Different studies have shown the physiological benefits of its practice, among which are metabolic (BP reduction, improvement in lipid and glycemic profile), anti-inflammatory (decrease in C-reactive protein and cytokines), immunological (enhanced CD4 T lymphocytes and telomerase activity), neuroendocrine (decreased cortisol, adrenaline and aldosterone) and autonomic (increased HRV and improved baroreflex sensitivity) effects.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The evidences also indicate an increase in oxygen consumption and strength in patients with HF, decreased angina and increased functional capacity in individuals with CAD, as well as reduction of atrial fibrillation symptoms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> A systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the effects of Yoga on some cardiovascular risk factors, and found a mean reduction of 5 mmHg in systolic and diastolic pressures, body mass and body mass index reduction, LDL and triglycerides reduction, as well as increased HDL cholesterol levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> More recently, a grouP of researchers from different institutions of Rio Grande do Sul carried out an RCT enrolling patients with HF and preserved ejection fraction. The authors compared the effects of Yoga combined with breathing techniques with a control grouP , in accordance with a recently published protocol.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Positive effects were found on inspiratory muscle force and autonomic modulation assessed by HRV in the grouP exposed to the intervention (non-published data).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Laughter therapy</title>
        <p>Laughter is more than a visual and vocal behavior, it is always accompanied by a series of physiological changes, including spasmodic contractions of skeletal muscles, increased heart rate due to catecholamine release and hyperventilation with increased residual air exchange, leading to increased oxygen saturation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> The study of the effect of laughter and humor and its psychological and physiological impacts on the human body is called Gelotology. The first experiments in this area were carried out in the 30s, and assessed the effect of laughter on muscle tone and the respiratory mechanism in laughter. The increase in the number of studies in this area is based on the assumption that, if bad humor is harmful for the cardiovascular system, good humor (laughter therapy) and its physical changes might be beneficial.</p>
        <p>One of the few studies that have used Laughter Therapy in unhealthy individuals was performed by Tan et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> In this experiment, 48 diabetic patients with recent AMI were divided into two groups. The 24 patients in the experimental grouP were assigned to view a humor video for 30 minutes daily, as an adjunct to standard therapy. After a 1-year follow-uP , the authors observed a significant reduction in BP compared with the patients from the control grouP .Furthermore, patients exposed to comedy had fewer episodes of arrhythmias, less use of nitroglycerin for angina and lower incidence of recurrent MI (only two vs. ten cases in the control grouP ).</p>
        <p>Finally, an RCT is in progress which aims at assessing hemodynamic biochemical responses of patients with stable CAD undergoing Laughter Therapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> In this trial, patients of both sexes, aged &#8805; 18 years, monitored regularly in a university hospital in the South region of Brazil, are being allocated to an intervention grouP (who will watch a 30-minute comedy film) or to a control grouP (who will watch a 30-minute neutral documentary). It is expected that some results will already be available by 2020.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>We live at a time when Cardiology accelerates towards new technology, when, for instance, artificial intelligence emerges as a true &#8220;partner&#8221; of physicians. At the same time, ancient traditions such as Meditation, TC and Yoga, in addition to something as delightful as laughter, have been tested and may be used in the management of patients with different cardiomyopathies. Even though these therapies do not present a very robust body of evidence and are usually supported by small efficacy studies, they are simple, safe and low-cost therapeutic alternatives which, in addition to improving quality of life, can positively influence the physiological and biochemical parameters of these individuals. Finally, there is a perspective that, as the number of adherents of these practices increases, larger and better-designed studies will be carried out, which may establish the real role of these practices, whether in prevention or treatment of cardiovascular diseases.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Terapias Alternativas com Base em Evid&#234;ncias que &#8220;Tocam o Cora&#231;&#227;o&#8221;</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0327-3392</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Anderson Donelli da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2357-5176</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Vitta Centro de Bem Estar F&#237;sico, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Ricardo Stein,</bold> Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350 - Servi&#231;o de Fisiatria / T&#233;rreo. CEP 90035-903, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil E-mail: <email>kuqui.r@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Medita&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Relaxamento</kwd>
        <kwd>Ioga</kwd>
        <kwd>Tai Chi Chuan</kwd>
        <kwd>Senso de Humor</kwd>
        <kwd>Terapia do Riso</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Desfibrilador implant&#225;vel subcut&#226;neo, <italic>stents</italic> com pol&#237;meros bioabsorv&#237;veis e implante de valva a&#243;rtica transcateter para certos pacientes com estenose a&#243;rtica grave, assim como o uso de novos anticoagulantes, s&#227;o exemplos palp&#225;veis do avan&#231;o terap&#234;utico da cardiologia no final desta segunda d&#233;cada do s&#233;culo XXI. Em paralelo, embora recebendo um aporte financeiro infinitamente menor e sem tanta visibilidade nas revistas cient&#237;ficas e nos congressos cardiol&#243;gicos, interven&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas consideradas &#8220;alternativas&#8221; tamb&#233;m v&#234;m sendo testadas com o objetivo de melhorar desfechos importantes nesses mesmos pacientes. Al&#233;m disso, na cardiologia, estudos utilizam a medita&#231;&#227;o, o Tai Chi Chuan (TCC), o ioga e at&#233; a risoterapia como tratamento. Nesse cen&#225;rio, tal atualiza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica tem como objetivos: 1) Fazer com que o leitor dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia tenha acesso a informa&#231;&#245;es sobre as terapias alternativas citadas; 2) Viabilizar, se for do interesse dos envolvidos, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o delas no dia a dia profissional; 3) Mostrar que pesquisadores brasileiros est&#227;o publicando artigos envolvendo algumas dessas terapias alternativas em peri&#243;dicos, como os Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, assim como em revistas internacionais de impacto.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Pre&#226;mbulo - Medita&#231;&#227;o, TCC e ioga</title>
          <p>A medita&#231;&#227;o, o TCC e o ioga s&#227;o pr&#225;ticas orientais milenares que, nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, se tornaram mais populares e se difundiram no Ocidente. Todas t&#234;m em comum o fato de serem encontradas em textos e escrituras antigas, com suas bases e seus fundamentos, por muitas vezes, representando uma &#225;rea de intersec&#231;&#227;o entre o &#8220;sagrado&#8221; e a ci&#234;ncia.</p>
          <p>Essas atividades t&#234;m em comum a integra&#231;&#227;o entre o corpo e a mente, visando, al&#233;m dos benef&#237;cios f&#237;sicos e fisiol&#243;gicos, a uma transforma&#231;&#227;o na vis&#227;o de mundo em busca de mais felicidade, qualidade de vida e paz interior. Houve um aumento marcado na quantidade de publica&#231;&#245;es sobre essa tem&#225;tica nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas; contudo, s&#227;o poucos os estudos observacionais e ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados (ECR) bem delineados e sem potenciais vieses ou conflitos de interesse contemplando essas tr&#234;s pr&#225;ticas. Alguns deles ser&#227;o detalhados a seguir.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medita&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>&#201; uma pr&#225;tica cuja origem data de mais de 5.000 anos e, embora muito associada ao budismo e hindu&#237;smo, est&#225; presente na maioria das doutrinas religiosas, incluindo as tr&#234;s grandes religi&#245;es monote&#237;stas (cristianismo, juda&#237;smo e islamismo).</p>
          <p>O termo &#8220;medita&#231;&#227;o&#8221; engloba diversas pr&#225;ticas com preceitos semelhantes, que podem ser t&#233;cnicas com base no budismo (<italic>zazen</italic>, <italic>shamata e vipassana</italic>), no ioga (medita&#231;&#227;o Raja Yoga), na medita&#231;&#227;o transcedental, na aten&#231;&#227;o plena (<italic>mindfulness</italic>) e at&#233; mesmo na medita&#231;&#227;o compassiva (budismo tibetano). Por isso, uma defini&#231;&#227;o adequada da t&#233;cnica e dos procedimentos &#233; muito importante para replica&#231;&#227;o de resultados, e sua aus&#234;ncia &#233; um problema metodol&#243;gico relevante em muitos experimentos que utilizaram a medita&#231;&#227;o e j&#225; foram publicados.</p>
          <p>Estudos relatam um efeito modesto da medita&#231;&#227;o na redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial (PA), na resposta ao estresse, na ansiedade e na cessa&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A a&#231;&#227;o sobre a PA &#233; leve, com uma metan&#225;lise de 19 estudos mostrando redu&#231;&#227;o de 4 a 5 mmHg na press&#227;o sist&#243;lica e de 2 a 4 mmHg na press&#227;o diast&#243;lica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Numerosos estudos, em popula&#231;&#245;es saud&#225;veis e doentes, exploraram os efeitos da medita&#231;&#227;o nos resultados psicol&#243;gicos e psicossociais. Cabe salientar que a maioria deles relata alguma melhora nos n&#237;veis de estresse percebido, bem como em humor, ansiedade, depress&#227;o, qualidade do sono ou no bem-estar geral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Uma an&#225;lise da Ag&#234;ncia de Pesquisa e Qualidade em Sa&#250;de restrita a ECR e com controle ativo concluiu, com pouco n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia, que os programas de medita&#231;&#227;o e de aten&#231;&#227;o plena mostraram melhoras modestas no estresse, na ansiedade e no afeto negativo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Por sua vez, um grupo de pesquisadores do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas de S&#227;o Paulo avaliou, por meio de um ECR, a pr&#225;tica de medita&#231;&#227;o comparada a um grupo-controle em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Foi observada uma redu&#231;&#227;o da ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica nesses indiv&#237;duos, bem como melhora na qualidade de vida e aumento da efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria medida pela rela&#231;&#227;o da inclina&#231;&#227;o do VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>.</p>
          <p>Com base nos dados mencionados, pode-se observar algum benef&#237;cio da medita&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com fatores de risco ou com doen&#231;a cardiovascular j&#225; estabelecida. No entanto, muitas lacunas restam a serem preenchidas, como o potencial efeito da pr&#225;tica na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, na variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC) e na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e secund&#225;ria de diferentes doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Tai Chi Chuan</title>
          <p>&#201; uma arte marcial que tem suas bases na medicina tradicional chinesa e no tao&#237;smo. Seus gestos lentos e ritmados visam interligar os movimentos das partes superior e inferior do corpo de maneira sincr&#244;nica, fluida, com continuidade e sem quebras, buscando a quietude dentro do pr&#243;prio movimento. Apesar de lentos e aparentemente de f&#225;cil execu&#231;&#227;o, os movimentos do TCC funcionam, para muitos pacientes, como um tipo de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico estruturado.</p>
          <p>Estudos demonstram efeitos ben&#233;ficos da sua pr&#225;tica tanto em aspectos f&#237;sicos quanto mentais, destacando-se: redu&#231;&#227;o de estresse, depress&#227;o e ansiedade; aumento da capacidade funcional; redu&#231;&#227;o da PA e melhora no perfil lip&#237;dico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Al&#233;m disso, estudos em idosos evidenciaram melhora importante no equil&#237;brio, redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de quedas, diminui&#231;&#227;o de dores musculares e articulares, melhora na osteoporose e at&#233; mesmo aumento ou manuten&#231;&#227;o do desempenho cognitivo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Devido a uma lacuna cient&#237;fica avaliando o impacto da pr&#225;tica do TCC em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> o grupo de pesquisa em cardiologia do exerc&#237;cio do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre estudou o seu efeito em 61 pacientes p&#243;s-infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Eles foram randomizados para a pr&#225;tica de TCC durante 60 minutos, tr&#234;s vezes por semana, ou para alongamento (grupo-controle). Ap&#243;s 12 semanas de treinamento, o grupo que realizou TCC apresentou melhora significativa no consumo de oxig&#234;nio de pico (14% = 3,1 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>min<sup>-1</sup>), enquanto o grupo alongamento n&#227;o apresentou melhora. Efeitos semelhantes foram encontrados em alguns estudos em pacientes com IC, o que comprova que essa pr&#225;tica pode impactar positivamente no incremento da capacidade funcional.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ioga</title>
          <p>A &#250;ltima das tr&#234;s pr&#225;ticas orientais citadas &#233; a que apresenta o maior corpo de evid&#234;ncias a favor de potenciais benef&#237;cios, seja por contar com maior volume de estudos ou por ser mais difundida no Ocidente. Sua pr&#225;tica data de 1.500 a.C. e est&#225; presente em todos os livros sagrados hindus (Vedas, <italic>Bhagavad Gita</italic> e <italic>Upanishads</italic>). A palavra ioga &#233; derivada do s&#226;nscrito e significa &#8220;uni&#227;o&#8221;. Sua pr&#225;tica &#233; divida em tr&#234;s componentes, a saber: os <italic>asanas</italic>, que s&#227;o as diferentes posturas praticadas; os <italic>pranayamas</italic>, que s&#227;o exerc&#237;cios respirat&#243;rios; e os <italic>dhyanas</italic>, que nada mais s&#227;o do que pr&#225;ticas meditativas. Diferentes estudos demonstram benef&#237;cios fisiol&#243;gicos da sua pr&#225;tica, dentre eles: efeitos metab&#243;licos (redu&#231;&#227;o da PA, melhora no perfil lip&#237;dico e na glicemia), anti-inflamat&#243;rios (redu&#231;&#227;o da prote&#237;na C reativa e de citocinas), imunol&#243;gicos (aumento da atividade dos linf&#243;citos T CD4+ e da telomerase), neuroend&#243;crinos (diminui&#231;&#227;o de cortisol, epinefrina e aldosterona) e auton&#244;micos (aumento da VFC e melhora no barorreflexo).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					</p>
          <p>As evid&#234;ncias tamb&#233;m apontam para um aumento no consumo de oxig&#234;nio e na for&#231;a em pacientes com IC, redu&#231;&#227;o da angina e eleva&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional em indiv&#237;duos com DAC, al&#233;m da diminui&#231;&#227;o de sintomas em pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise avaliou os efeitos do ioga sobre alguns fatores de risco cardiovasculares, encontrando redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de 5 mmHg nas press&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, diminui&#231;&#227;o da massa corporal e do &#237;ndice de massa corporal, redu&#231;&#227;o da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL) e dos triglicer&#237;deos, al&#233;m de aumento no colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDLc).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Mais recentemente, um grupo de pesquisadores de diferentes institui&#231;&#245;es do Rio Grande do Sul realizou um ECR arrolando pacientes com IC e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada. Os autores compararam os efeitos do ioga associado a t&#233;cnicas respirat&#243;rias com um grupo-controle, conforme protocolo recentemente publicado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Efeitos positivos foram encontrados na for&#231;a muscular inspirat&#243;ria e na modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica avaliada por meio da an&#225;lise da VFC no grupo exposto &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o (dados n&#227;o publicados).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Risoterapia</title>
          <p>O riso &#233; mais do que um comportamento visual e vocal; ele &#233; sempre acompanhado de uma s&#233;rie de mudan&#231;as fisiol&#243;gicas, incluindo contra&#231;&#245;es espasm&#243;dicas da musculatura esquel&#233;tica, eleva&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca por libera&#231;&#227;o de catecolaminas e hiperventila&#231;&#227;o com aumento da troca de ar residual e consequente aumento da satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> O estudo dos efeitos do riso e do humor e seu impacto psicol&#243;gico e fisiol&#243;gico no corpo humano &#233; chamado de gelotologia. Os primeiros experimentos nessa &#225;rea s&#227;o da d&#233;cada de 1930, avaliando o efeito do riso sobre o t&#244;nus muscular e o mecanismo respirat&#243;rio da risada. O aumento da quantidade de estudos sobre o assunto baseia-se no pressuposto de que, se o mau humor &#233; prejudicial ao sistema cardiovascular, o bom humor (risoterapia) e suas altera&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas devem ser ben&#233;ficos.</p>
          <p>Um dos poucos estudos que utilizou a risoterapia em indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o saud&#225;veis foi realizado por Tan et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> No experimento, 48 diab&#233;ticos com IAM recente foram divididos em dois grupos. Os 24 pacientes do grupo experimental deveriam assistir a um v&#237;deo de humor diariamente durante 30 minutos, al&#233;m de permanecer em tratamento convencional. Ap&#243;s um ano de acompanhamento, os autores observaram uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na PA em rela&#231;&#227;o aos indiv&#237;duos do grupo-controle. Al&#233;m disso, os que foram expostos &#224; com&#233;dia evidenciaram menos epis&#243;dios de arritmias, uso menos frequente de nitroglicerina para a angina e menor recorr&#234;ncia de IAM (apenas dois <italic>versus</italic> dez do grupo-controle).</p>
          <p>Por fim, um ECR est&#225; em andamento com o objetivo de avaliar as respostas hemodin&#226;micas e bioqu&#237;micas de pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel submetidos a risoterapia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Nesse experimento, pessoas de ambos sexos, com 18 anos ou mais, em acompanhamento regular em um hospital universit&#225;rio do sul do Brasil est&#227;o sendo alocados para um grupo de interven&#231;&#227;o (que assistir&#225; a um filme de com&#233;dia de 30 minutos) ou para um grupo-controle (que assistir&#225; a um document&#225;rio neutro de 30 minutos). A previs&#227;o &#233; de que alguns resultados j&#225; estejam dispon&#237;veis em 2020.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este &#233; um tempo em que a cardiologia acelera na dire&#231;&#227;o de novas tecnologias, e recursos como a intelig&#234;ncia artificial, por exemplo, come&#231;am a apresentar-se como parceiros reais do m&#233;dico. &#201; nesse momento que tradi&#231;&#245;es milenares como a medita&#231;&#227;o, o TCC e o ioga, assim como algo t&#227;o gostoso quanto a risada, t&#234;m sido testadas e podem ser utilizadas no manejo de pacientes com diferentes cardiopatias.</p>
        <p>Mesmo sem apresentar um corpo de evid&#234;ncias t&#227;o robusto, sendo amparadas mais comumente em pequenos estudos de efic&#225;cia, essas terapias s&#227;o uma alternativa terap&#234;utica simples, segura e barata, que, al&#233;m de melhorar a qualidade de vida, podem influenciar positivamente par&#226;metros fisiol&#243;gicos e bioqu&#237;micos dos indiv&#237;duos. Finalmente, existe a perspectiva de que, com o aumento da quantidade de adeptos dessas pr&#225;ticas, estudos maiores e mais bem delineados sejam realizados, podendo estabelecer o real papel dessas pr&#225;ticas, seja na preven&#231;&#227;o ou no tratamento das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
      </sec>
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  </sub-article>
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