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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">dG9Hpb7D8D4MgHR8gz3SWdJ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019001101002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190196</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Rare Cause of Angina After Coronary Bypass Grafting; Left &#304;nternal Mammary Artery to Pulmonary Artery Fistula and Successful Treatment with Transcatheter Coil Embolization</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4153-4589</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Calik</surname>
            <given-names>Ali Nazmi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Karabay</surname>
            <given-names>Can Y&#252;cel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Akdeniz</surname>
            <given-names>Evliya</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#199;anga</surname>
            <given-names>Yi&#287;it</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gungor</surname>
            <given-names>Baris</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kozan</surname>
            <given-names>Omer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Doktor Siyami Ersek Gogus Kalp ve Damar Cerrahisi Egitim ve Arastirma Hastanesi</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Istanbul</city>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Doktor Siyami Ersek Gogus Kalp ve Damar Cerrahisi Egitim ve Arastirma Hastanesi, Istanbul - Turkey</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Ali Nazmi Calik,</bold> Doktor Siyami Ersek Gogus Kalp ve Damar Cerrahisi Egitim ve Arastirma Hastanesi - Cardiology, 34664, Istanbul - Turkey. E-mail: <email>calik_nazmi@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Calik AN, Karabay CY, Gungor B, Kozan O; Acquisition of data: Calik AN, Karabay CY, Akdeniz E, &#199;anga Y, Kozan O; Writing of the manuscript: Calik AN, Akdeniz E, &#199;anga Y, Gungor B, Kozan O.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>1002</fpage>
      <lpage>1005</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>Fistula from left internal mammary artery (LIMA) to pulmonary artery (PA) is rarely encountered in daily practice. In recent years, endovascular therapy options have emerged for the treatment of fistula formations and replaced with surgery.</p>
        <p>A 53-year-old man admitted to our outpatient clinic with symptoms of typical angina and shortness of breath despite optimal medical therapy. In his relevant history, he had a coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) operation in 2009 in which his LIMA was anastomosed to left anterior descending (LAD) and ramus artery sequentially. Coronary angiography including selective imaging of LIMA demonstrated a fistula formation originating from the proximal portion of the LIMA and draining to PA. After successful closure of fistula with transcatheter coil embolization, the patient was discharged without any complication and symptom.</p>
        <p>In conclusion, although LIMA to PA fistula is an infrequent clinical condition, it should be considered as a potential cause of persistent angina after CABG operation. Treatment options include conservative medical therapy, surgical ligation and endovascular interventions. The best therapy should be individualised for each patient in respect to patient&#8217;s symptoms, surgical compatibility and anatomy of fistula.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Mammary Arteries/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Artery</kwd>
        <kwd>Arterio-Arterial Fistula</kwd>
        <kwd>Embolization, Therapeutic</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Catheterization</kwd>
        <kwd>Drug-Eluting Stents</kwd>
        <kwd>Self Expandable Metallic Stents</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Left internal mammary artery (LIMA) is the most commonly used vessel as a bypass graft conduit to the left anterior descending artery (LAD) because of its long term patency. Although fistula between LIMA and pulmonary artery (PA) is a rare clinical condition, coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) operation is a common cause of the acquired LIMA to PA fistulas. This clinical situation is important with regard to recurrent angina despite optimal medical therapy after CABG. Nowadays, endovascular interventions have been successfully applied for the treatment of fistula formations and are considered as the first line therapy options. In this paper, we report a LIMA to PA fistula and successfull treatment with transcatheter coil embolization.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Case Report</title>
      <p>Fifty-three years old male patient who has a history of 2-vessel CABG in 2009 in which his LIMA was anastomosed to LAD and ramus artery sequentially admitted to our outpatient clinic with symptoms of typical angina and shortness of breath despite optimal medical therapy. Coronary angiography demonstrated 60% stenosis of proximal right coronary artery (RCA) with an FFR value 0.87, 90% stenosis of native ramus artery and a fistula formation from LIMA to PA before anastomosing to LAD and ramus artery (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). Computed tomography (CT) angiogram of coronary arteries and bypass grafts confirmed the diagnosis of fistula and its course. After consulting the patient with the Heart Team including cardiothoracic surgeons and anesthesiologists in sense of treatment strategy, we decided to completely revascularize the patient with stenting native Ramus artery and closing the fistula with transcatheter coil embolization in the same procedure. Our rationale for treating native ramus artery in the same procedure was aiming to block the sequential flow coming from LIMA by competing with it, which will result in augmentation of LIMA to LAD flow.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>The angiographic view of the fistula formation between LIMA and pulmonary artery.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-1002-90196-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>After stenting ramus artery with a 3.0 x 15 mm drug-eluting stent, we carefully engaged the ostium of LIMA with an 8 French internal mammary artery (IMA) guiding catheter and advanced a 0.014&#8217;&#8217; PT<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> guidewire to the distal part of fistula. Next, 2.8 French CANTATA microcatheter <italic>(Cook Medical, Bloomington, IN, USA)</italic> was advanced to the midportion of fistula over the PT<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> guidewire. Since the fistula was draining to PA with two major side branches which were dividing to multiple collaterals into their distal portions, our initial strategy was occluding the two major branches of fistula individually. However, the first coil (<italic>11-2-2 HL spiral, Detach Coil System, Cook Medical, Bloomington, IN, USA)</italic> was distally embolized inadvertently and the other two coils (<italic>11-3-4 HL spiral</italic> and <italic>18-4-6 HL spiral)</italic> for each side branch could not completely occlude the fistula (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). Hence, we changed our strategy and deployed an additional three larger coils (<italic>18S-5-7 HL spiral, 18S-6-8 HL spiral, 18S-6-15 HL spiral)</italic> to the main branch of fistula. After waiting for a few minutes, control angiography of LIMA demonstrated total occlusion of the fistula without any complication (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>). The patient tolerated the procedure well and was discharged without any complication and symptom.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>The angiographic view after first three coils which couldn&#8217;t completely occlude the fistula.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-1002-90196-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Total occlusion of the fistula after additional coil embolization.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-1002-90196-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Fistula formation from LIMA to PA is an uncommon clinical entity. The first LIMA to PA fistula case was presented by Burchell and Clagett<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> in 1947. Since then, such cases have been published very rarely. LIMA to PA fistulas can be congenital or acquired. The common cause of acquired form is CABG but it may also be secondary to trauma, infection, and neoplasm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Madu et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> reported the incidence of LIMA to PA fistula as 0.67% by means of reviewing 595 post-CABG angiograms and the meantime for development of such a fistula was about 5 years. A similar study, conducted by Guler et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> reviewed 537 post-CABG patients&#8217; coronary angiogram and reported only 5 (0.93%) of them were having fistula formation originating from LIMA and draining to Pulmonary vasculature.</p>
      <p>Several pathophysiologic mechanisms have been proposed for LIMA to PA fistula formation although the underlying cause is not fully understood. However, predisposing factors for the development of fistula include; the use of electro-cautery instead of ligation of the side branches while harvesting the LIMA,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> injury to the pleura and lung parenchyma<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> that may cause direct contact between LIMA and pulmonary vasculature, operative site infection and inflammatory process leading to neovascularization.</p>
      <p>The most common reported symptom is persistent angina despite optimal medical therapy. Coronary steal phenomenon and myocardial ischemia due to substantial shunting of blood from the LIMA to the PA is proposed as the underlying pathophysiological mechanism of angina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Nonetheless, patients may consult physicians with also dyspnea and other congestive heart failure symptoms. Continuous murmur can be heard on physical examination. Although it is very unusual, such a fistula formation can be complicated by myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, arteritis, aneurysm or rupture.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Selective angiography of LIMA has utmost importance to diagnose this fistula formation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Treatment options of LIMA-PA fistula include conservative medical therapy, surgical ligation and endovascular therapy options such as coil or vascular plug embolization and covered stent implantation. Asymptomatic patients with small fistulas and high-risk surgical patients who don&#8217;t have suitable anatomy for endovascular interventions may be followed up by conservative medical therapy; however, patients suffering from angina and congestive heart failure symptoms despite optimal medical therapy and patients having aneurysmal dilatation of fistula should be intervened either surgically or percutaneously. Currently, less invasive endovascular therapy options superseded surgical treatment which carries a significant morbidity and mortality risk.</p>
      <p>Coil and vascular plug embolization techniques are the most commonly used endovascular therapy options for treating fistula formations. However, both techniques have pros and cons. Coil embolization is generally used for smaller fistulas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> and needs smaller catheters for delivery. Additionally, coils are low profile, easy to deliver and inexpensive devices when compared to vascular plugs. But, the Achilles' heel of coil embolization are high recanalization rates and distal embolization as we experienced in our case. On the other hand, vascular plug embolization is usually prefered for larger fistulas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> and provides more accurate placement with less distal embolization and recanalization rates. However, vascular plugs are more expensive than coils and require larger catheters for delivery (4 French at least). Also, delivery and deployment in tortuous vessels can be challenging in some cases due to rigid catheter-release wire set.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Beyond the individual features of these devices, deciding the type of endovascular therapy depends on both the operator experience and anatomy of the fistula.</p>
      <p>Having said that, since our case was suffering persistent angina despite optimal medical therapy and redo operation was constituting a significant surgical risk, we decided to treat the patient with endovascular intervention. In addition, the fistula formation was suitable for transcatheter coil embolization in terms of diameter and anatomy. Since the fistula was having a tortuous structure particularly in its proximal portion, we did not use vascular plug occluder in this case.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>LIMA to PA fistulas are rare conditions which can develop after bypass grafting and should be kept in mind as a cause of persistent angina. Selective angiography of the LIMA with careful evaluation of the images are substantial for proper diagnosis and treatment of this entity. Endovascular interventions are now considered first-line therapy options. Physician and institutional experience, as well as the anatomy and characteristics of fistula, are crucial while deciding the type of endovascular therapy.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Uma Causa Rara de Angina Ap&#243;s Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do Mioc&#225;rdio: F&#237;stula da Art&#233;ria Mam&#225;ria Interna Esquerda para Art&#233;ria Pulmonar e Tratamento Bem-Sucedido com Emboliza&#231;&#227;o Transcateter com Molas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4153-4589</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Calik</surname>
            <given-names>Ali Nazmi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Karabay</surname>
            <given-names>Can Y&#252;cel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Akdeniz</surname>
            <given-names>Evliya</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#199;anga</surname>
            <given-names>Yi&#287;it</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gungor</surname>
            <given-names>Baris</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kozan</surname>
            <given-names>Omer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="original">Doktor Siyami Ersek Gogus Kalp ve Damar Cerrahisi Egitim ve Arastirma Hastanesi, Istanbul - Turquia</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Ali Nazmi Calik,</bold> Doktor Siyami Ersek Gogus Kalp ve Damar Cerrahisi Egitim ve Arastirma Hastanesi - Cardiology, 34664, Istanbul - Turquia. E-mail: <email>calik_nazmi@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Calik AN, Karabay CY, Gungor B, Kozan O; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Calik AN, Karabay CY, Akdeniz E, &#199;anga Y, Kozan O; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Calik AN, Akdeniz E, &#199;anga Y, Gungor B, Kozan O.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>A f&#237;stula da art&#233;ria mam&#225;ria interna esquerda (AMIE) para a art&#233;ria pulmonar (AP) &#233; raramente encontrada na pr&#225;tica di&#225;ria. Nos &#250;ltimos anos, op&#231;&#245;es de terapia endovascular surgiram para o tratamento de forma&#231;&#245;es de f&#237;stula e foram substitu&#237;das por cirurgia.</p>
        <p>Um homem de 53 anos de idade, internado em nosso ambulat&#243;rio com sintomas de angina t&#237;pica e falta de ar, apesar da terapia cl&#237;nica ideal. Em seu hist&#243;rico relevante, ele teve uma cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CRM) em 2009, na qual sua AMIE foi anastomosada &#224; descendente anterior esquerda (DAE) e &#224; art&#233;ria ramus sequencialmente. A angiografia coron&#225;ria, incluindo imagens seletivas da AMIE, demonstrou uma forma&#231;&#227;o de f&#237;stula proveniente da por&#231;&#227;o proximal da AMIE e drenando para AP. Ap&#243;s o fechamento bem-sucedido da f&#237;stula com emboliza&#231;&#227;o transcateter com mola, o paciente recebeu alta sem qualquer complica&#231;&#227;o e sintoma.</p>
        <p>Em conclus&#227;o, embora f&#237;stula entre AMIE e AP seja uma condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica pouco frequente, deve ser considerada como uma causa potencial de angina persistente ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. As op&#231;&#245;es de tratamento incluem terapia m&#233;dica conservadora, ligadura cir&#250;rgica e interven&#231;&#245;es endovasculares. A melhor terapia deve ser individualizada para cada paciente em rela&#231;&#227;o aos sintomas do paciente, compatibilidade cir&#250;rgica e anatomia da f&#237;stula.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Art&#233;ria Tor&#225;cica Interna/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Art&#233;ria Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>F&#237;stula Art&#233;rio-Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Emboliza&#231;&#227;o Terap&#234;utica</kwd>
        <kwd>Cateterismo Card&#237;aco</kwd>
        <kwd>Stents Farmacol&#243;gicos</kwd>
        <kwd>Stents Met&#225;licos Autoexpans&#237;veis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A art&#233;ria mam&#225;ria interna esquerda (AMIE) &#233; o vaso mais comumente usado como um canal para o enxerto de bypass para a art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda (DAE) devido &#224; sua longa pat&#234;ncia. Embora a f&#237;stula entre AMIE e art&#233;ria pulmonar (AP) seja uma condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica rara, a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (CRM) &#233; uma causa comum das f&#237;stulas de AMIE para AP adquiridas. Essa situa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica &#233; importante em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; angina recorrente, apesar da terapia cl&#237;nica ideal ap&#243;s a CRM. Atualmente, as interven&#231;&#245;es endovasculares t&#234;m sido aplicadas com sucesso no tratamento das forma&#231;&#245;es de f&#237;stulas e s&#227;o consideradas como op&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas de primeira linha. Neste trabalho, relatamos uma f&#237;stula AMIE para AP e tratamento bem-sucedido com emboliza&#231;&#227;o transcateter com mola.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Relato de caso</title>
        <p>Paciente do sexo masculino, 53 anos, com hist&#243;rico de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em dois vasos, em 2009, em que sua AMIE foi anastomosada &#224; DAE e &#224; art&#233;ria ramus, internado sequencialmente em nosso ambulat&#243;rio com sintomas de angina t&#237;pica e falta de ar, apesar da terapia cl&#237;nica ideal. A angiografia coron&#225;ria demonstrou estenose de 60% da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita (CD) proximal, com um valor de FFR de 0,87, 90% de estenose da art&#233;ria ramus nativa e forma&#231;&#227;o de f&#237;stula de AMIE para AP antes de anastomosar para DAE e art&#233;ria ramus (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>). A angiotomografia computadorizada (TC) de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio confirmou o diagn&#243;stico de f&#237;stula e seu trajeto. Depois de consultar o paciente com a equipe do cora&#231;&#227;o, incluindo cirurgi&#245;es cardiotor&#225;cicos e anestesiologistas no sentido de estrat&#233;gia de tratamento, decidimos revascularizar completamente o paciente com stent da art&#233;ria ramus nativa e fechar a f&#237;stula com emboliza&#231;&#227;o por emboliza&#231;&#227;o transcateter com mola no mesmo procedimento. Nossa justificativa para o tratamento da art&#233;ria ramus nativa no mesmo procedimento visava bloquear o fluxo sequencial proveniente da AMIE competindo com a mesma, o que resultaria no aumento do fluxo de AMIE para DAE.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Vis&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica da forma&#231;&#227;o de f&#237;stula entre LIMA e art&#233;ria pulmonar.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-1002-90196-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s implante de stent na art&#233;ria ramus com stent farmacol&#243;gico de 3,0 x 15 mm, acoplamos cuidadosamente o &#243;stio da AMIE com cateter guia n&#250;mero 8 &#224;s art&#233;rias mam&#225;rias internas (AMI) e avan&#231;amos um guia de 0,014 '' para a parte distal da f&#237;stula. Em seguida, um microcateter CANTATA franc&#234;s 2,8 (Cook Medical, Bloomington, IN, EUA) foi avan&#231;ado para a por&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia da f&#237;stula sobre o guia PT2. Como a f&#237;stula estava drenando para AP com dois ramos laterais principais que se dividiam em m&#250;ltiplos colaterais em suas por&#231;&#245;es distais, nossa estrat&#233;gia inicial era ocluir os dois principais ramos da f&#237;stula individualmente. No entanto, a primeira mola (espiral de 11-2-2 HL, Sistema de mola de Detach, Cook Medical, Bloomington, IN, EUA) foi embolizada distalmente inadvertidamente e as outras duas bobinas (espiral de 11-3-4 HL e espiral de 18-4-6 HL) para cada ramo lateral n&#227;o p&#244;de ocluir completamente a f&#237;stula (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2</xref>). Assim, mudamos nossa estrat&#233;gia e implantamos mais tr&#234;s molas maiores (espiral 18S-5-7 HL, espiral 18S-6-8 HL, espiral 18S-6-15 HL) no ramo principal da f&#237;stula. Ap&#243;s aguardar alguns minutos, a angiografia de controle da AMIE demonstrou oclus&#227;o total da f&#237;stula sem nenhuma complica&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref>). O paciente tolerou bem o procedimento e recebeu alta sem complica&#231;&#245;es e sintomas.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Vis&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica ap&#243;s as tr&#234;s primeiras bobinas que n&#227;o conseguiram obstruir completamente a f&#237;stula.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-1002-90196-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Oclus&#227;o total da f&#237;stula ap&#243;s emboliza&#231;&#227;o adicional da bobina.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-1002-90196-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A forma&#231;&#227;o de f&#237;stula da AMIE para AP &#233; uma entidade cl&#237;nica incomum. O primeiro caso de f&#237;stula da AMIE para AP foi apresentado por Burchell e Clagett<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> em 1947. Desde ent&#227;o, tais casos foram publicados muito raramente. As f&#237;stulas da AMIE para a AP podem ser cong&#234;nitas ou adquiridas. A causa comum da forma adquirida &#233; a CRM, mas tamb&#233;m pode ser secund&#225;ria a trauma, infec&#231;&#227;o e neoplasia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Madu et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> relatou a incid&#234;ncia de f&#237;stula da AMIE para de AP como 0,67% por meio da revis&#227;o de 595 angiogramas p&#243;s-revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e a m&#233;dia para o desenvolvimento de tal f&#237;stula foi de cerca de 5 anos. Um estudo semelhante, conduzido por Guler et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> revisou 537 angiogramas coron&#225;rios de pacientes p&#243;s-revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio e relatou que apenas 5 (0,93%) deles tinham forma&#231;&#227;o de f&#237;stula com origem na AMIE e drenagem para vasculatura pulmonar.</p>
        <p>V&#225;rios mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos t&#234;m sido propostos para a forma&#231;&#227;o de f&#237;stula da AMIE para a AP, embora a causa subjacente n&#227;o seja totalmente compreendida. Entretanto, fatores predisponentes para o desenvolvimento da f&#237;stula incluem: o uso de eletrocaut&#233;rio em vez de ligadura dos ramos laterais durante a retirada da AMIE,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> les&#227;o da pleura e do par&#234;nquima pulmonar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> que pode causar contato direto entre AMIE e a vasculatura pulmonar, infec&#231;&#227;o do local de opera&#231;&#227;o e processo inflamat&#243;rio levando &#224; neovasculariza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>O sintoma mais comumente relatado &#233; angina persistente, apesar da terapia cl&#237;nica ideal. Fen&#244;meno de fuga de fluxo coron&#225;rio e isquemia mioc&#225;rdica devido a desvio substancial de sangue da AMIE para a AP &#233; proposto como o mecanismo fisiopatol&#243;gico subjacente da angina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> No entanto, os pacientes podem consultar os m&#233;dicos com dispn&#233;ia e outros sintomas da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva. O sopro cont&#237;nuo pode ser ouvido no exame f&#237;sico. Embora seja muito incomum, tal forma&#231;&#227;o de f&#237;stula pode ser complicada por infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, arterite, aneurisma ou ruptura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A angiografia seletiva da AMIE &#233; de extrema import&#226;ncia para diagnosticar essa forma&#231;&#227;o de f&#237;stula.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> As op&#231;&#245;es de tratamento da f&#237;stula AMIE-AP incluem terapia medicamentosa conservadora, ligadura cir&#250;rgica e op&#231;&#245;es de terapia endovascular, como emboliza&#231;&#227;o com mola ou plugue vascular e implante de stent revestido. Pacientes assintom&#225;ticos com pequenas f&#237;stulas e pacientes cir&#250;rgicos de alto risco que n&#227;o t&#234;m anatomia adequada para interven&#231;&#245;es endovasculares podem ser acompanhados por terapia m&#233;dica conservadora; no entanto, pacientes que sofrem de angina e sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, apesar da terapia cl&#237;nica ideal, e pacientes com dilata&#231;&#227;o aneurism&#225;tica da f&#237;stula devem ser intervencionados cirurgicamente ou percutaneamente. Atualmente, as op&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas endovasculares menos invasivas substituem o tratamento cir&#250;rgico, o que acarreta um risco significativo de morbidade e mortalidade.</p>
        <p>As t&#233;cnicas de emboliza&#231;&#227;o com mola e plugue vasculares s&#227;o as op&#231;&#245;es de terapia endovascular mais utilizadas para o tratamento de forma&#231;&#245;es de f&#237;stula. No entanto, ambas as t&#233;cnicas t&#234;m pr&#243;s e contras. Emboliza&#231;&#227;o com mola &#233; geralmente usada para f&#237;stulas menores <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> e precisa de cateteres menores para a coloca&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, as molas s&#227;o dispositivos discretos, f&#225;ceis de colocar e de baixo custo quando comparadas aos plugues vasculares. Mas, o calcanhar de Aquiles da emboliza&#231;&#227;o com mola s&#227;o altas taxas de recanaliza&#231;&#227;o e emboliza&#231;&#227;o distal, como tivemos em nosso caso. Por outro lado, a emboliza&#231;&#227;o com plugue vascular &#233; geralmente preferida para f&#237;stulas grandes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> e permite um posicionamento mais preciso com menos taxas de emboliza&#231;&#227;o e recanaliza&#231;&#227;o distal. No entanto, os plugues vasculares s&#227;o mais caros que as molas e requerem cateteres maiores para a coloca&#231;&#227;o (n&#250;mero 4, no m&#237;nimo). Al&#233;m disso, o posicionamento e a implanta&#231;&#227;o em vasos tortuosos podem ser desafiadores em alguns casos devido ao conjunto r&#237;gido de fios de libera&#231;&#227;o do cateter.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Al&#233;m das caracter&#237;sticas individuais desses dispositivos, a decis&#227;o do tipo de terapia endovascular depende da experi&#234;ncia do operador e da anatomia da f&#237;stula.</p>
        <p>Dito isto, uma vez que o nosso caso sofria de angina persistente apesar da terapia cl&#237;nica ideal e refazer a opera&#231;&#227;o constitu&#237;a um risco cir&#250;rgico significativo, decidimos tratar o paciente com interven&#231;&#227;o endovascular. Al&#233;m disso, a forma&#231;&#227;o de f&#237;stula foi adequada para emboliza&#231;&#227;o transcateter com mola em termos de di&#226;metro e anatomia. Como a f&#237;stula apresentava uma estrutura tortuosa, particularmente em sua por&#231;&#227;o proximal, n&#227;o utilizamos oclusor de plugue vascular neste caso.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>As f&#237;stulas AMIE-AP s&#227;o condi&#231;&#245;es raras que podem se desenvolver ap&#243;s a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio e devem ser lembradas como causa de angina persistente. A angiografia seletiva da AMIE com avalia&#231;&#227;o cuidadosa das imagens &#233; substancial para o diagn&#243;stico e tratamento adequado desta entidade. As interven&#231;&#245;es endovasculares s&#227;o agora consideradas op&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas de primeira linha. A experi&#234;ncia m&#233;dica e institucional, bem como a anatomia e as caracter&#237;sticas da f&#237;stula, s&#227;o cruciais ao decidir o tipo de terapia endovascular.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo nao contem estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
