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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">PsjPxS45zcF9JqgLkDtDCQx</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019001100988</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20180446</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Viewpoint</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Spontaneous Exercise-Related Coronary Artery Dissection among Young Patients Without Risk Factors or Atherosclerotic Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1362-603X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Pablo de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9263-5916</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Herdy</surname>
            <given-names>Artur Haddad</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Jos&#233;</city>
          <state>SC</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina (ICSC), S&#227;o Jos&#233;, SC - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cl&#237;nica Cardiosport de Preven&#231;&#227;o e Reabilita&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Florian&#243;polis</city>
          <state>SC</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica Cardiosport de Preven&#231;&#227;o e Reabilita&#231;&#227;o, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Pablo de Souza,</bold> Cl&#237;nica Cardiosport - Rua Ernesto Stodieck, 56. Postal Code 88025-130, Centro, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brazil. E-mail: <email>pablocardiologia@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: de Souza P, Herdy AH; Writing of the manuscript: de Souza P.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>988</fpage>
      <lpage>998</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is considered an often underdiagnosed acute coronary syndrome, with few cases described in literature. Its association with physical exercise among young patients without risk factors or atherosclerotic disease (CAD) is even rarer. For this reason, a study was conducted on the subject, describing the clinical conditions, conduct and evolution regarding the suspicion of spontaneous exercise-related coronary artery dissection in three young patients without risk factors or CAD. Clinical conditions varied, with predominant recurrent chest pain. Age range from 20 to 31 years. All patients underwent coronary angiography, which showed no CAD but suggested SCAD. Investigations concerning other causes of coronary obstruction were negative. The right coronary artery was affected in two cases, and the anterior descending artery was affected in one case. Only one of the three patients had recurrent events within five years from the primary event. Technological advances will enable increased dissection identification in acute coronary syndromes. Improving the knowledge about the related clinical conditions is necessary, as an attempt to provide warnings and improve the suspicion of spontaneous exercise-related coronary artery dissection among those who have symptoms of coronary insufficiency, thus reducing the frequent underdiagnosis. The best treatment and prognosis for this disease remains uncertain.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Death, Sudden, Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Young Adult</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Physical Exertion</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic, Imaging/trends</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Often underdiagnosed in its history, spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) has been described as a rare etiology among acute coronary syndrome (ACS).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Although it has been poorly studied, SCAD can result in significant morbidity, leading to ischemia and acute myocardial infarction (AMI), as well as ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> SCAD cases are common in literature as isolated cases,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> and generally, this disease affects young women that had late diagnosis shown in a necropsy as registered in most publications. The first case described was in 1931.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Recently, more cases of SCAD have been identified due to routine coronary angiography in ACS and technological advances in imaging.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>SCAD is associated with heterogeneous pathophysiological situations,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> as atherosclerotic disease (CAD), peripartum period, collagen diseases, genetic vasculopathies, cocaine and amphetamine abuse, anabolic and corticosteroid use, severe systemic hypertension, oral contraceptives, fibromuscular dysplasia, vasospasm and physical exercise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Physiologically, SCAD is defined as a separation of non-iatrogenic or traumatic coronary artery layers, creating a false lumen.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> This fragmentation can occur between the intimal and middle layers or between the middle and adventitial layers, with the formation of a intramural hematoma in the artery wall that compresses the artery lumen, reducing the anterograde blood flow with a subsequent ischemia or AMI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> In some cases, a hematoma may communicate with the vessel lumen and a consequent thrombus formation at the endothelial lesion site. In addition, the possibility of endothelial injury caused by mechanical stress is speculated at some point in the vessel, leading to thrombosis at this site.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
			</p>
      <p>There are few cases that associate SCAD with sports physical activities among young male patients without risk factors or CAD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> In the present study, we describe three cases of ACS among young patients without risk factors and established or underdiagnosed CAD, where the main etiological suspicion of coronary artery flow obstruction was SCAD related to intense physical exercise, as concluded by the initial presentations, the complementary exams and the clinical evolution, considering the probable pathophysiological mechanism involved. The three cases presented were similar among each other.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>Three young male patients without risk factors and CAD who had symptoms of coronary insufficiency during or after intense physical exercise were evaluated. Outpatient or emergency investigations suggested SCAD.</p>
      <p>The morbidity history of the patients was analyzed, excluding risk factors such as systemic arterial hypertension, smoking, use of drugs, anabolic steroids, ergogenic drugs, anorectic or illicit drugs, positive family history for coronary heart disease, cardiomyopathies or thrombotic disease. Cardiac catheterization (CATE) revealed a large amount of intracoronary thrombus, unrelated to CAD, suggesting SCAD as the main diagnostic hypothesis. We also researched and disregarded coagulation disorders after the occurrence of acute events. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> presents the serial markers for thrombophilia, rheumatology diseases, inflamatory diseases, and connective tissue and negative serology researched in three patients.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>List of pathologies and procoagulant markers surveyed with negative results</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" colspan="2">Researched procoagulant pathologies and markers</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Leiden V Factor</td>
              <td align="center">Rheumatoid factor</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Antithrombin III</td>
              <td align="center">ANF</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Prothrombin Gene Mutation</td>
              <td align="center">Anti-Ro</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Protein C and S</td>
              <td align="center">Anti-La</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Activated protein C resistance</td>
              <td align="center">Anti DNA</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Homocysteine</td>
              <td align="center">&#946;2 <sub>glycoprotein</sub>IgG and IgM</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">MTHFR Research</td>
              <td align="center">VDRL</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Lupus anticoagulant</td>
              <td align="center">Anti-HIV</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IgG and IgM anticardiolipin</td>
              <td align="center">Anti-HCV</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">pANCA</td>
              <td align="center">HBsAg</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">cANCA</td>
              <td align="center">Anti-HBc IgG and IgM</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>ANF: antinuclear factor; MTHRF: methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase; pANCA: perinuclear neutrophil anti-cytoplasm antibody; cANCA: cytoplasmic neutrophil anti-cytoplasmic antibody; HbsAg: hepatitis B detection antibody; anti-HCV: hepatitis C detection antibody; anti&#8209;HIV: HIV detection antibody; anti-HBc: hepatitis B detection antibody.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>Case Descriptions</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Case 1</title>
          <p>Patient PS, male, 20 years old, amateur athlete, without risk factors for early CAD, does not use medication, anabolic, ergogenic, illicit or anorectic drugs. Negative family history for CAD, cardiomyopathy or thrombotic disease which began. Presents oppressive and burning chest pain, with irradiation to the left upper limb and chin, associated with nausea and insidious diaphoresis with six months of evolution. Symptoms appear after 30 min to 1h of high-intensity exercise, or sometimes only in the morning after strenuous physical activity and the night before, during a long period (up to 4h), once or twice a week.</p>
          <p>During six months, the patient sought emergency care several times. At times, during precordium pain episodes, the resting electrocardiogram (ECG) showed altered ventricular repolarization (ARV) in the lower wall with small Q waves and T wave inversion (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>); when asymptomatic and at rest, it also presented a conduction disorder in the right branch and apical anterior septum T waves, considered at the time as changes that are compatible with a young individual that practices physical activities (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f1">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Emergency electrocardiogram during chest pain: Inferior subepicardial ischemia (T-wave inversion in DII DIII and AVF leads).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-0988-80446-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f2">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Resting and asymptomatic electrocardiogram: right bundle branch conduction disorder, V2 V3 and V4 peaked T waves, and persistent inverted T waves in inferior leads.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-0988-80446-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>There were no changes in myocardial necrosis markers (MNM).</p>
          <p>Continuing the investigation, a transthoracic echocardiogram (ECO-TT) was performed at the outpatient center, which showed a slight segmental disturbance in the left ventricular (LV) wall contractility at rest, with normal systolic function (LV ejection 64% fraction), as well as dilation in the right coronary artery (DCA), initially suggesting a coronary anomaly or fistula, and was advised to perform a CATE at the outpatient center (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f3">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Evident dilation of right coronary artery on transthoracic echocardiogram at rest.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-0988-80446-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>The next morning, he sought emergency care once again presenting chest pain typically occurring when resting and with progressive chacteristics. There were 10 hours of evolution associated with diaphoresis.</p>
          <p>During hospital admission, the patient presented regular general conditions, eupneic in ambient air, normalized, feverless and was anicteric. He presented high systolic blood pressure (220/140mmHg).</p>
          <p>His weight was 78 kg; 1.78 m high and had a heart rate of 70 bpm.</p>
          <p>There were no changes in cardiac and pulmonary auscultation.</p>
          <p>Pulses were symmetrical with normal amplitudes and there was no peripheral edema.</p>
          <p>Serial ECGs demonstrated the same changes as those described in the previous resting ECG during typical chest pain crises.</p>
          <p>After morphine and nitrate analgesic measures, there was a partial response.</p>
          <p>It evolved with a slight change in MNM, characterizing the condition as non-ST-segment acute myocardial infarction (STEMI).</p>
          <p>After risk stratification, the patient underwent CATE, which showed a large, large, a non-lesioned anterior descending artery (ADA) with major extensions and thick caliber that reached the middle third of the posterior interventricular sulcus, originating part of the posterior descending branch; non-dominant, non-injured circumflex artery (ACX) with a short extension and large caliber leading to a moderately important atrioventricular branch; Large SCAD with a large caliber apparently ectasized occluded with multiple thrombus images (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>) and collateral circulation (CC) present with other uninjured arteries (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figure 4 (A and B)</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Cardiac catheterization: extensive thrombosis in the right coronary artery.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-0988-80446-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f5">
              <label>Figure 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Cardiac catheterization: extensive thrombosis in the right coronary artery.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-0988-80446-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Primary coronary transluminal angioplasty (TCA) was performed using Pronto&#174; Extraction Catheter and a Power Line&#174; balloon catheter, with the removal of a large number of thrombi, a lesion with 100% occlusion began demonstrating some irregularities and a final TIMI 2 flow.</p>
          <p>In the absence of CAD, other causes for coronary obstruction, such as thrombophilia, rheumatologic, inflammatory and connective tissue diseases, were investigated, but the results were negative.</p>
          <p>P.S. was discharged one week after the event with no further symptoms. Simvastatin 40 mg was prescribed once a day to the patient; 50 mg atenolol was prescribed once per day, clopidogrel 75 mg once a day (as I was allergic to acetylsalicylic acid [AAS]); and enalapril 10 mg, 1 time/day. He remained using medication for two and a half years, and after that period discontinued use of the medication on his own.</p>
          <p>He remained asymptomatic and practicing moderate-intensity exercise for another two and a half years.</p>
          <p>After completing five years since the primary event, there was a recurrence of chest pain and associated symptoms, a few hours after intense and strenuous physical activity (jiu-jitsu and running).</p>
          <p>When admitted, the patient was nauseated and had moderate to progressive chest pain, beginning 3 hours ago, in a retrosternal location, which improved after use of acetaminophen at home, and remained, on arrival at the emergency, continuous and poorly defined.</p>
          <p>When performing a physical examination he was hypertensive, with a high level of diastolic blood pressure (170/140 mmHg).</p>
          <p>An ECG was performed, which showed no acute changes.</p>
          <p>There was an increase in MNM, and he was diagnosed with a new STEMI and measures for ACS with consequent stratification to perform a new CATE that, once again, showed thrombosis in SCAD, without collateral circulation for SCAD from the left coronary (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figures 6</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">7</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figure 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Cardiac catheterization: recurrence of thrombosis in the right coronary artery after five years.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-0988-80446-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f7">
              <label>Figure 7</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Cardiac catheterization: absence of collateral circulation from the anterior descending artery to the right coronary artery.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-0988-80446-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>He underwent TCA, with dilation and aspiration of intraluminal thrombi.</p>
          <p>During hospitalization, atypical chest pain was felt two days after CATE. Coronary angiotomography (CT angiography) with zero calcium score was performed, which disregarded atherosclerotic lesions.</p>
          <p>The patient was discharged 10 days after hospitalization and prescribed daily warfarin 5 mg; clopidogrel 75 mg and Ramipril 5 mg.</p>
          <p>Other causes of coronary obstruction were disregarded in an in-hospital investigation.</p>
          <p>Remains on medication and performs high intensity physical activities to this day; remains asymptomatic.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Case 2</title>
          <p>Patient E.P.N, male, 29 years old, professional soccer athlete, without risk factors for early CAD, without previous use of anabolic, ergogenic, illicit or anorectic drugs. Negative family history for coronary heart disease, cardiomyopathy or thrombotic disease. He sought medical attention because of insidious retrosternal chest fatigue and discomfort evolving for a month, with strong intensity and short duration, related to intense physical efforts (soccer training) and relieved at rest.</p>
          <p>He denied irradiation or associated symptoms, but presented progressive symptom worsening. The patient, who initially only had indefinite tiredness at the end of the match, ended up developing burning chest pain early in the training.</p>
          <p>Upon physical examination, the patient was well overall, eupneic at ambient air, normal color, acyanotic, feverless and anicteric.</p>
          <p>The patient weighed 79 kg; 1.79 m tall; with a heart rate of 60bpm; and blood pressure (BP) at 120/80 mmHg.</p>
          <p>Chest examination showed an apical thrust and normal heart and lung sounds.</p>
          <p>Pulses were symmetrical with normal amplitudes and there was no peripheral edema. Laboratory tests within normal limits.</p>
          <p>Resting ECG evidenced ARV with anterior septum T-wave inversion (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 8</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f8">
              <label>Figure 8 (A and B)</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Electrocardiogram: T-wave inversion from V1 to V3.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-0988-80446-gf08.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Following the investigation, he underwent ergospirometric testing that showed no arrhythmias or electrocardiographic changes for myocardial ischemia, but there were symptoms of mild typical chest pain during the examination and abnormal findings concerning oxygen consumption (<sub>VO2</sub>) - 48.3mL/kg/min (the reference standard was 48.9); and the oxygen pulse was 21.1 ml 02/bpm (the reference standard was 19.9), with a plateau curve at the peak effort reached.</p>
          <p>He then underwent transesophageal echocardiography, which showed normal wall thickness and dimensions, no septal defects and normal LV systo diastolic function, despite anteroapical hypokinesia.</p>
          <p>The patient remained with anginal pain when an anatomical evaluation with CT angiography was necessary and showed proximal obstruction in the ADA which presented normal distal flow due to the receipt of collateral circulation in the right circumflex and coronary arteries.</p>
          <p>The examination disregarded coronary atherosclerosis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figures 9</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">10</xref>). Thrombophilias, rheumatological, inflammatory and connective tissue diseases were also investigated; with negative results.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f9">
              <label>Figure 9</label>
              <caption>
                <title>CT angiography: proximal obstruction of the anterior descending artery; normal distal flow.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-0988-80446-gf09.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f10">
              <label>Figure 10</label>
              <caption>
                <title>CT angiography: proximal obstruction of the anterior descending artery that receives collateral circulation of the right coronary artery and the circumflex coronary artery.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-0988-80446-gf10.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Due to the obstruction of the ADA, we investigated the repercussion of this lesion on ventricular function by myocardial scintigraphy, which showed transient hypocaptation in the anterior, apical and septal walls with great extent, reaching 28% of the LV.</p>
          <p>Once the lesion was evidenced and its relevant repercussion was demonstrated, the patient was submitted to CATE, confirming the previous findings, in which the ADA TCA was performed with a pharmacological <italic>stent</italic> (Promus 4.0 &#215; 2.8 mm), although the patient was aware of the possibility of distal embolization, resulting in a final TIMI 3 flow.</p>
          <p>After the procedure, the patient remained asymptomatic receiving daily ASA, prasugrel and continued cardiac rehabilitation.</p>
          <p>A control scintigraphy, after three months of CATE, demonstrated total reversal of myocardial ischemia.</p>
          <p>Currently, the patient remains asymptomatic, performing outpatient follow-up, and practicing intense physical activity.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Case 3</title>
          <p>Patient R.O.H, male, 31 years old, amateur soccer athlete (2 times/week), without risk factors for early CAD, without previous use of drugs, anabolic, ergogenic, illicit or anorectic drugs. Negative family history for coronary heart disease, cardiomyopathy or thrombotic disease. Sought medical guidance due to dyspnea and tiredness which started after practicing 1h of football.</p>
          <p>Symptoms progressively worsened, progressing to moderate-intensity retrosternal chest pain and irradiation to the left upper limb, with a 2h course, with no other associated symptoms.</p>
          <p>He reported a similar and single episode about a month earlier, in a similar situation, with spontaneous resolution after 2h feeling bad and having dyspnea.</p>
          <p>On admission to hospital, he was in good general conditions, hypotensive, sweating, tolerating ambient air, normal color, acyanotic, feverless and anicteric.</p>
          <p>He weighed 74 kg; was 1.69 m tall; and had a heart rate of 48 bpm; and BP 60/30 mmHg. BP maintenance was required, which increased rapidly after an infusion of 500 mL crystalloid (119/90 mmHg).</p>
          <p>There were no changes in cardiac and pulmonary auscultation; extremities were not infiltrated.</p>
          <p>On admission, the ECG showed ST-segment junctional rhythm in DII, DIII, aVF, V7, and V8 leads, and the was diagnosed with inferodorsal ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.</p>
          <p>Measurements for ACS were performed and referred to CATE, showing right dominance with severe proximal lesion (95%) in SCAD and a large amount of thrombi.</p>
          <p>Primary ATC performed for thrombus aspiration SCAD. Thrombi migrated to the distal portion of the ventricular and posterior descending arteries, and tirofiban was initiated (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figures 11</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">12</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f11">
              <label>Figure 11</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Cardiac catheterization: thrombosis in the right coronary artery.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-0988-80446-gf11.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f12">
              <label>Figure 12</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Cardiac catheterization: recanalized artery with distal thrombus migration.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-0988-80446-gf12.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>He remained hospitalized for 4 days, with asymptomatic evolution, being discharged with a prescription of daily use of AAS 100 mg; clopidogrel 75 mg; atenolol 50 mg and rosuvastatin 10 mg.</p>
          <p>Remains asymptomatic and has returned to football practice approximately 4 times/week.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Vigorous exercise is known to cause acute ischemia, but such events often occur in patients with established or underdiagnosed CAD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Reports of exercise-related SCAD in young patients without risk factors or CAD are rare in the literature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Most of the occurrences were described among young women related to the peripartum period, Marfan syndrome, oral contraceptive use, primary vascular diseases (vasculitis), or in patients with already diagnosed atherosclerosis or undiagnosed subclinical disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Although some publications estimate the prevalence of ACSD between 23 and 36% in some populations (female),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> the actual prevalence of ACSD as the etiology of ACS in the general population remains uncertain.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Recently, the <italic>American Journal of Cardiology</italic> published the analysis of the first major record of phenotypes involved in DEAC among the American population, using data from the <italic>Nationwide Impatient Sample</italic> (NIS). Data from 66,360 patients diagnosed with SCAD between January 2004 and September 2015 was evaluated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> The average age was 61.3 &#177; 13.2 years and 44.2% were female. Depression was the most prevalent phenotype, which is why it was present in 5.15% of cases. Other causes frequently associated with SCAD, such as systemic vasculitis, Marfan syndrome, fibromuscular dysplasia, the use of steroids and corticosteroids, the abuse of cocaine or amphetamines, vasospasm, among others, were less prevalent (&lt;1%). This analysis confirms that SCAD has a heterogeneous pathophysiological basis, in addition to the traditional causes of ACS. Smaller studies had previously described these conditions as a cause of SCAD. However, this was the first research to demonstrate that only genetic vasculopathies (Marfan and Ehlers-Danlos syndromes), fibromuscular dysplasia, the use of steroids and corticosteroids, migraine and some autoimmune and inflammatory conditions are more prevalent in ACSD through SCAD Than those not caused by spontaneous dissections.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Fibromuscular dysplasia, for example, etiology frequently associated with SCAD in the literature and recently published its link to the genetic variant of the PHACTR1/DN1 allele rs9349379-A as the first identifiable genetic risk factor for SCAD,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> and it was prevalent in only 0, 16% of all cases analyzed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The age of the patients evaluated ranged from 20 to 31 years old, all male who practiced predominantly strong aerobic physical activity, one of them was a professional athlete and the other were amateurs.</p>
      <p>While describing the case of a 54-year-old male patient with SCAD with no risk factors or CAD, Ellis et al. found 13 reports of exercise-related SCAD cases between 1995 and 2014<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Nine of these patients were male and the average age was 36 years, ranging from 17 to 53 years. Among these, seven cases (53.8%) were associated with aerobic activity and 5 cases (38.4%) were associated with anaerobic activity. Another case was also associated with severe emotional stress and anxiety. Most reported SCAD cases had risk factors or were diagnosed as atherosclerosis on the angiography, which cannot be considered true SCAD. The risk factors of each patient were analyzed: 30.7% were smokers, 30% had high cholesterol and 15.3% had a family history of ischemic heart disease. Obesity was identified as a risk factor in only 1 of these patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Only one 25-year-old male, out of 13 patients,had SCAD without identifiable risk factors or atherosclerosis on the angiography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Apparently, when related exclusively to physical exercise, SCAD presents variable, recurrent and sometimes prolonged or subacute symptoms.</p>
      <p>As reviewed by Ellis et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> and also in two of the cases described in this article, five of these patients presented themselves later after the dissection event, the longest was a patient with symptoms after a cycling <italic>tour</italic> and who suffered from angina for four months before seeking medical attention.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In a literature review, Sherrid et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> also described 3 cases of exercise-related SCAD between 1965 and 1994, with varying clinical presentations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Two patients were female, 38 and 39 years old, respectively, and both had no risk factors. The first one died after manifesting pain in the arms followed by seizure, and an autopsy, an intermedial dissecting hematoma of the proximal portion of the ADA was found. At the time, the patient was shoveling snow (moderate exercise). The second patient presented anteroseptal and lateral AMI also when performing moderate physical activity (running &gt; 40 km per week). During the CATE, a left lumen compressed by a false lumen secondary to dissection was evidenced. The other arteries were normal. Finally, the male patient presented cardiopulmonary arrest during high-intensity exercise (marathon training) at a ventricular fibrillation rate. During the CATE, a dissection on of TBI trifurcation was observed obstructing flow in the ADA. Both surviving patients were treated with myocardial revascularization surgery, showing no symptoms after the procedure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The case of DEAC in a 41-year-old woman on the ninth day of <italic>IVF</italic> therapy and without other risk factors was described by Balakrishnan et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> The patient who presented chest pain during high-intensity exercise (body pump) was diagnosed with STEMI by emergency resting ECG and underwent emergency coronary angiography. During CATE, a double-lumen signal, secondary to dissection, was observed in SCAD. Due to the instability of the condition during intra-artery contrast injection (by dissection propagation), a pharmacological <italic>stent</italic> and angioplasty was chosen. The patient had a good clinical course.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The case of DEAC in a younger male patient was published by Kalaga et al., in 2007.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> This is a 17-year-old boy, captain of the school's football team, who felt a heavy burden in the chest during a friendly match of basketball. He had no modifiable risk factors, but his father had died at 38 due to a massive heart attack. The ECG showed anterior STEMI and CATE showed proximal ADA dissection with a large amount of thrombus and normal distal flow. Other arteries had no changes. He was treated conservatively with glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor and was discharged eight days after hospital admission. He performed a posterior physical stress test that did not demonstrate myocardial ischemia. He was advised not to participate in physical activities with intense competition, but released for moderate physical activity, since there was not, and currently is not, clear recommendation regarding the practice of competitive activities in patients with a history of physical activity-related DEAC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the 3 cases described, no patient presented modifiable or non-modifiable risk factors for CAD.</p>
      <p>In this sample, all presented chest pain or dyspnea, with recurrence of symptoms. These pictures suggest the formation of thrombi with varying degrees of stenosis, often with spontaneous resolutions and recurrence. These manifestations also suggest an endothelial mechanical lesion with thrombus formation at the injured endothelium site, as occurred in Case 1, with thrombus recurrence after years at the same site.</p>
      <p>ADA is usually the most commonly affected artery in SCAD, and the incidence of SCAD ranges from 0.07% to 0.1% of patients undergoing coronary angiography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Although the literature suggests a better prognosis with conservative treatment (without <italic>stenting</italic>) and that ADA is the cause of most cases of SCAD, SCAD involvement was described in two of the three cases in this article. One of these two reported cases, both conservatively treated with balloon dilation and thrombus aspiration, had recurrence of thrombosis in the same artery five years later, in a similar situation, that is, after intense physical exercise, and the patient treated with ATC and a armacological stent remained asymptomatic, practicing moderate to intense physical activity until the present moment. Two patients were discharged with the prescription of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT), statin and a beta-blocker. One patient started using angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) and did not receive DAPT upon discharge due to being allergic to AAS.</p>
      <p>The use of heparin and DAPT in DEAC is still controversial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> The use of beta-blockers is recommended, and ACE inhibitors remain uncertain in these cases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>.</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Technological advances will enable more accurate diagnoses of SCAD among those with symptoms of coronary insufficiency or ACS. However, the pathophysiology of exercise-related SCAD is complex and still poorly understood, leading to conditions with variable and often subacute clinical presentations, which, in addition to the severity and therapeutic urgency, especially in an emergency setting, are often underdiagnosed.</p>
      <p>The current diagnostic difficulty and the lack of studies directed to the specific treatment of this disease stimulate further studies and therapeutic proposals for exercise-related SCAD.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Case reports such as these are extremely important, since better knowledge of the clinical conditions and presentation aims to increase the suspicion of exercise-related SCAD. Future studies directed to the diagnosis and treatment of this pathology are necessary. In addition, it is necessary to alert the medical community about this possible cause of ACS among chest pain conditions in male patients without risk factors and practicing physical activities.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica Cardiosport de Preven&#231;&#227;o e Reabilita&#231;&#227;o, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Pablo de Souza,</bold> Cl&#237;nica Cardiosport - Rua Ernesto Stodieck, 56. CEP 88025-130, Centro, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brasil. E-mail: <email>pablocardiologia@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: de Souza P, Herdy AH; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: de Souza P.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>A dissec&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria (DEAC) &#233; considerada uma s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda frequentemente subdiagnosticada e com poucos casos descritos na literatura. A sua associa&#231;&#227;o ao exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico em pacientes jovens e sem fatores de risco ou doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana (DAC) &#233; ainda mais rara. Por esse motivo, foi realizado estudo sobre o tema, com a descri&#231;&#227;o do quadro cl&#237;nico, da conduta e da evolu&#231;&#227;o diante da suspeita de DEAC relacionada ao exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, em tr&#234;s pacientes jovens sem fatores de risco ou DAC. Os quadros cl&#237;nicos foram vari&#225;veis, predominando o sintoma de dor tor&#225;cica recorrente. A idade variou entre 20 e 31 anos. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; cineangiocoronariografia, que n&#227;o evidenciou DAC, mas foi sugestiva de DEAC. A investiga&#231;&#227;o de outras causas de obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana foi negativa. A art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita foi acometida em dois casos, e a art&#233;ria descendente anterior afetada em um caso. Somente um dos tr&#234;s pacientes apresentou recorr&#234;ncia do quadro, no per&#237;odo de cinco anos ap&#243;s o evento prim&#225;rio. Os avan&#231;os tecnol&#243;gicos possibilitar&#227;o aumento na identifica&#231;&#227;o de dissec&#231;&#227;o nas s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas. Aperfei&#231;oar o conhecimento acerca do quadro cl&#237;nico dessa condi&#231;&#227;o &#233; necess&#225;rio, na tentativa de alertar e aprimorar a suspei&#231;&#227;o de DEAC relacionada aos exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos naqueles que apresentam sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia coronariana, diminuindo-se, assim, os frequentes subdiagn&#243;sticos. Os melhores tratamento e progn&#243;stico para essa doen&#231;a permanecem incertos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Ateroscler&#243;tica Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Morte S&#250;bita Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Adulto Jovem</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Esfor&#231;o F&#237;sico</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Frequentemente subdiagnosticada em sua hist&#243;ria, a dissec&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria (DEAC) tem sido descrita como de rara etiologia dentre as s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA)s.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Apesar de pouco estudada, sabe-se que DEAC pode resultar em morbidade significativa, levando a isquemia e infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), bem como a arritmias ventriculares e morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Casos de DEAC costumam ser encontrados na literatura sob a forma de relatos isolados,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>e, em geral, essa doen&#231;a acomete mulheres jovens que obtiveram diagn&#243;stico tardiamente evidenciado em necr&#243;psias, como registrado na maioria das publica&#231;&#245;es. O primeiro caso descrito &#233; datado em 1931.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Recentemente, mais casos de DEAC t&#234;m sido identificados em virtude da realiza&#231;&#227;o rotineira de angiografia coron&#225;ria nas SCA e dos avan&#231;os tecnol&#243;gicos na &#225;rea da imagiologia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Descreve-se que a DEAC est&#225; associada &#224; situa&#231;&#245;es fisiopatol&#243;gicas heterog&#234;neas,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> como doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana (DAC), per&#237;odo periparto, doen&#231;as do col&#225;geno, vasculopatias gen&#233;ticas, uso abusivo de coca&#237;na e anfetaminas, consumo de anabolizantes e corticosteroides, hipertens&#227;o aretrial sist&#234;mica grave, contraceptivos orais, displasia fibromuscular, vasoespasmo e exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Fisiologicamente, a DEAC &#233; definida como uma separa&#231;&#227;o das camadas da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, n&#227;o iatrog&#234;nica ou traum&#225;tica, criando um falso l&#250;men.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Esta fragmenta&#231;&#227;o pode ocorrer entre as camadas &#237;ntima e m&#233;dia ou entre as camadas m&#233;dia e a advent&#237;cia, com a forma&#231;&#227;o de hematoma intramural na parede arterial que comprime o l&#250;men arterial, diminuindo o fluxo sangu&#237;neo anter&#243;grado com subsequente isquemia ou IAM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Em alguns casos, pode existir a comunica&#231;&#227;o do hematoma com o l&#250;men do vaso e consequente forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo no local da les&#227;o endotelial. Al&#233;m disso, especula-se a possibilidade de les&#227;o endotelial originada por estresse mec&#226;nico, em algum ponto do vaso, originando trombose neste local.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
        <p>S&#227;o raros os casos que associam DEAC &#224; atividade f&#237;sica desportiva em pacientes jovens do sexo masculino e sem fatores de risco ou DAC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> No estudo realizado, descrevem-se tr&#234;s casos de SCA em pacientes jovens, sem fatores de risco e DAC estabelecida ou subdiagnosticada, cuja principal suspeita etiol&#243;gica da obstru&#231;&#227;o do fluxo arterial coronariano foi DEAC relacionada ao exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico intenso, conforme se conclui a partir das apresenta&#231;&#245;es iniciais, dos exames complementares e das evolu&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, dado o prov&#225;vel mecanismo fisiopatol&#243;gico envolvido. Os tr&#234;s casos apresentados foram, ent&#227;o, semelhantes entre si.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Foram avaliados tr&#234;s pacientes jovens do sexo masculino, sem fatores de risco e DAC, que apresentaram sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia coronariana durante ou ap&#243;s a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico intenso. As investiga&#231;&#245;es, ambulatoriais ou em car&#225;ter de emerg&#234;ncia, sugeriram DEAC.</p>
        <p>Analisaram-se dados de hist&#243;ria m&#243;rbida dos pacientes, excluindo-se fatores de risco, como hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, tabagismo, uso de medicamentos, anabolizantes, ergog&#234;nicos, anorex&#237;genos ou drogas il&#237;citas, hist&#243;ria familiar positiva para doen&#231;a coronariana, miocardiopatias ou doen&#231;a tromb&#243;tica. Pelo cateterismo card&#237;aco (CATE), evidenciou-se grande quantidade de trombo intracoronariano, sem rela&#231;&#227;o com DAC, sugerindo DEAC como principal hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica. Tamb&#233;m foram pesquisados e desconsiderados dist&#250;rbios de coagula&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s a ocorr&#234;ncia dos eventos agudos. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta os marcadores s&#233;ricos para trombofilias, doen&#231;as reumatol&#243;gicas, inflamat&#243;rias e do tecido conjuntivo e sorologias negativas pesquisadas nos tr&#234;s pacientes.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Rela&#231;&#227;o de patologias e marcadores pr&#243;-coagulantes pesquisados cujos resultados foram negativos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2">Patologias e marcadores pr&#243;-coagulantes pesquisados</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fator V de Leiden</td>
                <td align="center">Fator reumatoide</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Antitrombina III</td>
                <td align="center">FAN</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Muta&#231;&#227;o do gene da protrombina</td>
                <td align="center">Anti-Ro</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Prote&#237;na C e S</td>
                <td align="center">Anti-La</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Resist&#234;ncia &#224; prote&#237;na C ativada</td>
                <td align="center">Anti-DNA</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Homociste&#237;na</td>
                <td align="center">&#946;<sub>2</sub>glicoprote&#237;na IgG e IgM</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pesquisa de MTHFR</td>
                <td align="center">VDRL</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Anticoagulante l&#250;pico</td>
                <td align="center">Anti-HIV</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Anticardiolipina IgG e IgM</td>
                <td align="center">Anti-HCV</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">pAnca</td>
                <td align="center">HBsAg</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">cAnca</td>
                <td align="center">Anti-HBc IgG e IgM</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>FAN: fator antinuclear; MTHRF: metilenotetra-hidrofolato redutase; pAnca: anticorpo anticitoplasma de neutr&#243;filos perinucelar; cAnca: anticorpo anticitoplasma de neutr&#243;filos citoplasm&#225;tico; HBsAg: anticorpo para detec&#231;&#227;o de hepatite B; anti-HCV: anticorpo para detec&#231;&#227;o de hepatite C; anti-HIV: anticorpo para detec&#231;&#227;o de HIV; anti&#8209;HBc: anticorpo para detec&#231;&#227;o de hepatite B.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>Descri&#231;&#227;o dos casos</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Caso 1</title>
            <p>O paciente P. S., sexo masculino, 20 anos de idade, atleta amador, sem fatores de risco para DAC precoce, n&#227;o utiliza medicamentos, anabolizantes, ergog&#234;nicos, drogas il&#237;citas ou anorex&#237;genos. Hist&#243;ria familiar negativa para DAC, miocardiopatias ou doen&#231;a tromb&#243;tica que iniciou. Apresenta quadro de dor tor&#225;cica opressiva e em queima&#231;&#227;o, com irradia&#231;&#227;o para membro superior esquerdo e mento, associado a n&#225;useas e diaforese insidiosa com seis meses de evolu&#231;&#227;o. Os sintomas se apresentam ap&#243;s 30min a 1h da realiza&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos de alta intensidade ou, algumas vezes, apenas na manh&#227; seguinte &#224; pr&#225;tica de atividades f&#237;sicas extenuantes e realizadas na noite anterior, sempre com dura&#231;&#227;o prolongada (at&#233; 4h), na frequ&#234;ncia de uma a duas vezes na semana.</p>
            <p>Durante seis meses, o paciente procurou o servi&#231;o de emerg&#234;ncia v&#225;rias vezes. Nas ocasi&#245;es, durante as crises de precordialgia, o eletrocardiograma (ECG) de repouso evidenciava altera&#231;&#227;o da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular (ARV) em parede inferior com pequenas ondas Q e invers&#227;o das ondas T (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Figura 1</xref>); quando assintom&#225;tico e ao repouso, evidenciava tamb&#233;m dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o pelo ramo direito e ondas T anterosseptais apiculadas, considerados, &#224; &#233;poca, como altera&#231;&#245;es compat&#237;veis com jovem praticante de atividade f&#237;sica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f13">
                <label>Figura 1</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Eletrocardiograma na emerg&#234;ncia durante precordialgia: Isquemia subepic&#225;rdica inferior (Invers&#227;o de ondas T em deriva&#231;&#245;es DII DIII e AVF)</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-0988-80446-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
            </p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f14">
                <label>Figura 2</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Eletrocardiograma em repouso e assintom&#225;tico: acentua&#231;&#227;o do dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o pelo ramo direito, ondas T apiculadas em V2 V3 e V4 e persist&#234;ncia de ondas T invertidas em deriva&#231;&#245;es inferiores.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-0988-80446-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
            </p>
            <p>N&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#245;es nos marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica (MNM).</p>
            <p>Prosseguindo investiga&#231;&#227;o, realizou-se ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico ambulatorial que evidenciou discreto dist&#250;rbio segmentar da contratilidade das paredes do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) em repouso, com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica normal (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE de 64%), bem como dilata&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita (ACD), sugerindo, inicialmente, anomalia coronariana ou f&#237;stula, sendo orientado a realizar CATE ambulatorialmente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f15">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f15">
                <label>Figura 3</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Dilata&#231;&#227;o evidente de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita ao ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico em repouso.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-0988-80446-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
            </p>
            <p>Na manh&#227; seguinte, procurou novamente o servi&#231;o de emerg&#234;ncia apresentando-se com dor tor&#225;cica de in&#237;cio t&#237;pica ao repouso e com car&#225;ter progressivo. Foram 10h de evolu&#231;&#227;o associada &#224; diaforese.</p>
            <p>Na admiss&#227;o hospitalar, encontrava-se em estado geral regular, eupneico em ar ambiente, normocorado, afebril e anict&#233;rico. Apresentava elevado n&#237;vel arterial press&#243;rico sistodiast&#243;lico (220/140 mmHg).</p>
            <p>Seu peso era de 78 kg; a altura de 1,78 m, e a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 70 bpm.</p>
            <p>N&#227;o apresentava altera&#231;&#245;es &#224;s auscultas card&#237;aca e pulmonar.</p>
            <p>Os pulsos eram sim&#233;tricos com amplitudes normais e n&#227;o havia edema perif&#233;rico.</p>
            <p>Os ECGs seriados demonstraram as mesmas altera&#231;&#245;es descritas no ECG pr&#233;vio de repouso, durante crises de dor tor&#225;cica t&#237;pica.</p>
            <p>Ap&#243;s realiza&#231;&#227;o de medidas analg&#233;sicas com morfina e nitrato, houve resposta parcial.</p>
            <p>Evoluiu com altera&#231;&#227;o discreta dos MNM, caracterizando-se o quadro como IAM sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMSSST).</p>
            <p>Ap&#243;s estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, foi submetido ao CATE, que demonstrou art&#233;ria descendente anterior (ADA) sem les&#245;es, de grande extens&#227;o e grosso calibre que atinge o ter&#231;o m&#233;dio do sulco interventricular posterior, originando parte do ramo descendente posterior; art&#233;ria circunflexa (ACX) n&#227;o dominante e sem les&#245;es, de curta extens&#227;o e grosso calibre, originando ramo atrioventricular de moderada import&#226;ncia; ACD grande e de grosso calibre, aparentemente ectasiada, oclu&#237;da com imagens de m&#250;ltiplos trombos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f16">Figura 4</xref>) e circula&#231;&#227;o colateral (CC) presente com demais art&#233;rias sem les&#245;es (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f17">Figura 5</xref>).</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f16">
                <label>Figura 4 (A e B)</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Cateterismo card&#237;aco: trombose extensa em art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-0988-80446-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
            </p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f17">
                <label>Figura 5</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Circula&#231;&#227;o colateral de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda para art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-0988-80446-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
            </p>
            <p>Realizada angioplastia transluminal coronariana (ATC) prim&#225;ria utilizando-se Cateter de Extra&#231;&#227;o Pronto&#174; e cateter bal&#227;o Power Line&#174;, com retirada de grande quantidade de trombos, a les&#227;o que apresentava 100% de oclus&#227;o passou a mostrar algumas irregularidades, fluxo final TIMI 2.</p>
            <p>Na aus&#234;ncia de DAC, outras causas de obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana, como trombofilias, doen&#231;as reumatol&#243;gicas, inflamat&#243;rias e do tecido conjuntivo, foram pesquisadas, mas o resultados foram negativos.</p>
            <p>P. S. recebeu alta uma semana ap&#243;s o evento n&#227;o apresentando mais sintomas. Para o paciente foi prescrita sinvastatina 40 mg, 1 vez/dia; atenolol 50 mg 1 vez/dia; clopidogrel 75 mg, 1 vez/dia (pois tinha alergia ao &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico [AAS]); e enalapril 10 mg, 1 vez/dia. Permaneceu em uso dos medicamentos por dois anos e meio, e depois desse per&#237;odo interrompeu o uso da medica&#231;&#227;o por conta pr&#243;pria. Continuou assintom&#225;tico e praticando exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos de intensidade moderada por mais dois anos e meio.</p>
            <p>Ap&#243;s completados cinco anos do evento prim&#225;rio, apresentou recorr&#234;ncia de dor tor&#225;cica e sintomas associados, algumas horas ap&#243;s pr&#225;tica de atividades f&#237;sicas intensas e extenuantes (jiu-j&#237;tsu e corrida).</p>
            <p>&#192; admiss&#227;o hospitalar, apresentava-se nauseado e com dor tor&#225;cica de moderada intensidade a progressiva, de in&#237;cio h&#225; 3 horas, com localiza&#231;&#227;o retroesternal, que melhorou ap&#243;s uso de acetaminofeno em domic&#237;lio, permanecendo, na chegada &#224; emerg&#234;ncia, cont&#237;nua e mal definida.</p>
            <p>Ao exame f&#237;sico encontrava-se hipertenso, com alto n&#237;vel da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (170/140 mmHg).</p>
            <p>Realizou-se ECG, que n&#227;o apresentou altera&#231;&#245;es agudas.</p>
            <p>Houve aumento dos MNM, sendo diagnosticado com novo quadro de IAMSSST e iniciadas medidas para SCA com consequente estratifica&#231;&#227;o para realiza&#231;&#227;o de novo CATE que, mais uma vez, evidenciou trombose em ACD, mas sem CC para ACD proveniente de coron&#225;ria esquerda (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f18">Figuras 6</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f19">7</xref>).</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f18">
                <label>Figura 6</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Cateterismo card&#237;aco: recorr&#234;ncia da trombose em art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita ap&#243;s cinco anos.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-0988-80446-gf06-pt.jpg"/></fig>
            </p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f19">
                <label>Figura 7</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Cateterismo card&#237;aco: aus&#234;ncia de circula&#231;&#227;o colateral de art&#233;ria descendente anterior para art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-0988-80446-gf07-pt.jpg"/></fig>
            </p>
            <p>Foi submetido &#224; ATC, com dilata&#231;&#227;o e aspira&#231;&#227;o de trombos intraluminais.</p>
            <p>Durante a interna&#231;&#227;o houve queixa de dor tor&#225;cica at&#237;pica dois dias ap&#243;s CATE, sendo realizada angiotomografia coronariana (angio-TC) com escore de c&#225;lcio zero que desconsiderou les&#245;es ateroescler&#243;ticas.</p>
            <p>O paciente recebeu alta 10 dias ap&#243;s interna&#231;&#227;o e prescri&#231;&#227;o de uso di&#225;rio de varfarina 5 mg; clopidogrel 75 mg e Ramipril 5 mg.</p>
            <p>Outras causas de obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana foram desconsideradas em investiga&#231;&#227;o intra-hospitalar.</p>
            <p>Permanece em uso dos medicamentos e realiza atividades f&#237;sicas de grande intensidade at&#233; hoje; conserva-se assintom&#225;tico.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Caso 2</title>
            <p>Paciente E. P. N., sexo masculino, 29 anos, atleta profissional de futebol, sem fatores de risco para DAC precoce, sem uso pr&#233;vio de medicamentos, anabolizantes, ergog&#234;nicos, drogas il&#237;citas ou anorex&#237;genos. Hist&#243;ria familiar negativa para doen&#231;a coronariana, miocardiopatias ou doen&#231;a tromb&#243;tica. Procurou atendimento m&#233;dico por causa de cansa&#231;o e desconforto tor&#225;cico retroesternal insidioso com um m&#234;s de evolu&#231;&#227;o, de forte intensidade e curta dura&#231;&#227;o, relacionados aos esfor&#231;os f&#237;sicos intensos (treino de futebol) e aliviados ao repouso.</p>
            <p>Negava irradia&#231;&#245;es ou sintomas associados, mas apresentou piora progressiva dos sintomas. O paciente, que inicialmente apresentava apenas cansa&#231;o precoce indefinido ao final da partida, posteriormente evoluiu com dor tor&#225;cica em queima&#231;&#227;o j&#225; no in&#237;cio do treinamento.</p>
            <p>Ao exame f&#237;sico, apresentava-se em bom estado geral, eupneico em ar ambiente, normocorado, acian&#243;tico, afebril e anict&#233;rico.</p>
            <p>O peso era de 79 kg; a altura, 1,79 m; a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, 60 bpm; e a press&#227;o arterial (PA), 120/80 mmHg.</p>
            <p>O exame do t&#243;rax demonstrou impulso apical e sons card&#237;acos e pulmonares normais.Os pulsos eram sim&#233;tricos com amplitudes normais e n&#227;o havia edema perif&#233;rico. Exames de laborat&#243;rio dentro da normalidade.</p>
            <p>O ECG de repouso evidenciava ARV com invers&#227;o de ondas T anterosseptal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f20">Figura 8</xref>).</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f20">
                <label>Figura 8 (A e B)</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Eletrocardiograma: invers&#227;o de ondas T de V1 a V3.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-0988-80446-gf08-pt.jpg"/></fig>
            </p>
            <p>Na sequ&#234;ncia da investiga&#231;&#227;o, realizou teste ergoespirom&#233;trico que n&#227;o apresentou arritmias ou altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, mas houve sintomatologia de dor tor&#225;cica t&#237;pica leve durante o exame e achados anormais de consumo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>) - 48,3 mL/kg/min (o padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia era 48,9); e o pulso de oxig&#234;nio foi 21,1 ml 02/bpm (o padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia era 19,9), com curva apresentando plat&#244; no pico de esfor&#231;o alcan&#231;ado.</p>
            <p>Em seguida, realizou ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico pelo qual se verificaram espessura e dimens&#245;es normais das paredes, sem defeitos no septo e com fun&#231;&#227;o sistodiast&#243;lica do VE normais, apesar da hipocinesia anteroapical.</p>
            <p>O paciente permaneceu com quadro de dor anginosa quando se fez necess&#225;ria avalia&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica com angio-TC e que demonstrou obstru&#231;&#227;o proximal em ADA a qual apresentava fluxo distal normal devido ao recebimento de CC das art&#233;rias circunflexa e coron&#225;ria direita.</p>
            <p>O exame desconsiderou aterosclerose coronariana (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f21">Figuras 9</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f22">10</xref>). Investigaram-se tamb&#233;m trombofilias, doen&#231;as reumatol&#243;gicas, inflamat&#243;rias e do tecido conjuntivo; todas com resultados negativos.</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f21">
                <label>Figura 9</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Angio-TC: obstru&#231;&#227;o proximal da art&#233;ria descendente anterior; fluxo distal normal.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-0988-80446-gf09-pt.jpg"/></fig>
            </p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f22">
                <label>Figura 10</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Angio-TC: obstru&#231;&#227;o proximal da art&#233;ria descendente anterior que recebe circula&#231;&#227;o colateral da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita e art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria circunflexa.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-0988-80446-gf10-pt.jpg"/></fig>
            </p>
            <p>Diante da obstru&#231;&#227;o da ADA, procedeu-se &#224; investiga&#231;&#227;o na repercuss&#227;o desta les&#227;o na fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular por meio de cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica, a qual demonstrou hipocapta&#231;&#227;o transit&#243;ria em paredes anterior, apical e septal de grau acentuado e com grande extens&#227;o, atingindo 28% do VE.</p>
            <p>Evidenciada a les&#227;o e demonstrada sua relevante repercuss&#227;o, submeteu-se o paciente ao CATE, confirmando-se os achados pr&#233;vios, onde foi realizado ATC da ADA com <italic>stent</italic> farmacol&#243;gico (Promus 4,0 &#215; 2,8 mm), mesmo ciente da possibilidade de emboliza&#231;&#227;o distal, com resultado fluxo final TIMI 3.</p>
            <p>Ap&#243;s procedimento, o paciente permaneceu assintom&#225;tico recebendo diariamente AAS, prasugrel e seguiu em reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.</p>
            <p>A cintilografia de controle, ap&#243;s tr&#234;s meses do CATE, demonstrou revers&#227;o total da isquemia mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
            <p>Atualmente, permanece assintom&#225;tico, em acompanhamento ambulatorial, e praticando atividade f&#237;sica intensa.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Caso 3</title>
            <p>Paciente R. O. H., sexo masculino, 31 anos, atleta amador de futebol (2 vezes/semana), sem fatores de risco para DAC precoce, sem uso pr&#233;vio de medicamentos, anabolizantes, ergog&#234;nicos, drogas il&#237;citas ou anorex&#237;genos. Hist&#243;ria familiar negativa para doen&#231;a coronariana, miocardiopatias ou doen&#231;a tromb&#243;tica. Procurou atendimento m&#233;dico em virtude de dispneia e cansa&#231;o iniciados ap&#243;s praticar 1h de futebol.</p>
            <p>Houve piora progressiva dos sintomas, evoluindo com dor tor&#225;cica retroesternal de moderada intensidade e irradia&#231;&#227;o para membro superior esquerdo, com 2h horas de curso, sem outros sintomas associados.</p>
            <p>Relatava epis&#243;dio semelhante e &#250;nico h&#225;, aproximadamente, um m&#234;s antes, em situa&#231;&#227;o semelhante, com resolu&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea ap&#243;s 2h de mal-estar e dispneia.</p>
            <p>&#192; admiss&#227;o hospitalar, apresentava-se em regular estado geral, hipotenso, sudoreico, tolerando ar ambiente, normocorado, acian&#243;tico, afebril e anict&#233;rico.</p>
            <p>O peso era de 74 kg; a altura, 1,69 m; a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, 48 bpm; e a PA, 60/30 mmHg. Houve necessidade de manuten&#231;&#227;o da PA, que se elevou rapidamente ap&#243;s infus&#227;o de 500 mL de cristaloide (119/90 mmHg).</p>
            <p>N&#227;o apresentava altera&#231;&#245;es &#224;s auscultas card&#237;aca e pulmonar; as extremidades estavam desinfiltradas.</p>
            <p>Quando da admiss&#227;o hospitalar, o ECG evidenciava ritmo juncional com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST em deriva&#231;&#245;es DII, DIII, aVF, V7 e V8, sendo diagnosticado com IAM com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST (IAMCSSST) inferodorsal.</p>
            <p>Realizadas as medidas para SCA e encaminhado ao CATE, evidenciou-se domin&#226;ncia direita com les&#227;o grave proximal (95%) em ACD e com grande quantidade de trombos.</p>
            <p>Executada ATC prim&#225;ria para ACD com aspira&#231;&#227;o de trombos. Houve migra&#231;&#227;o de trombos para a por&#231;&#227;o distal das art&#233;rias ventricular e descendente posterior, tendo sido iniciado tirofibana (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f23">Figuras 11</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f24">12</xref>).</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f23">
                <label>Figura 11</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Cateterismo card&#237;aco: trombose em art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-0988-80446-gf11-pt.jpg"/></fig>
            </p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f24">
                <label>Figura 12</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Cateterismo card&#237;aco: art&#233;ria recanalizada com migra&#231;&#227;o distal de trombos.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-0988-80446-gf12-pt.jpg"/></fig>
            </p>
            <p>Permaneceu internado por 4 dias, com evolu&#231;&#227;o assintom&#225;tica, tendo alta com prescri&#231;&#227;o de uso di&#225;rio de AAS 100 mg; clopidogrel 75 mg; atenolol 50 mg e rosuvastatina 10 mg.</p>
            <p>Permanece assintom&#225;tico e retornou &#224; pr&#225;tica do futebol de, aproximadamente, 4 vezes/semana.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Sabe-se que exerc&#237;cios vigorosos podem provocar isquemia aguda, mas tais eventos costumam ocorrer em pacientes com DAC j&#225; estabelecida ou subdiagnosticada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Relatos de DEAC relacionada ao exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico em pacientes jovens e sem fatores de risco ou DAC s&#227;o raros na literatura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> A maioria das ocorr&#234;ncias foram descritas em mulheres jovens e relacionadas ao per&#237;odo periparto, &#224; s&#237;ndrome de Marfan, ao uso de contraceptivo oral, &#224;s doen&#231;as vasculares prim&#225;rias (vasculites), ou em pacientes com aterosclerose j&#225; diagnosticada ou doen&#231;a subcl&#237;nica ainda n&#227;o diagnosticada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Apesar de algumas publica&#231;&#245;es estimarem entre 23 e 36% a preval&#234;ncia de DEAC em algumas popula&#231;&#245;es (sexo feminino),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> a a real preval&#234;ncia de DEAC como etiologia da SCA na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral permanece incerta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Recentemente, aceitou-se para publica&#231;&#227;o no <italic>American Journal of Cardiology</italic> a an&#225;lise do primeiro grande registro dos fen&#243;tipos envolvidos na DEAC na popula&#231;&#227;o americana, utilizando dados provenientes do <italic>Nationwide Impatient Sample</italic> (NIS). Foram avaliados os dados de 66.360 pacientes diagnosticados com DEAC entre janeiro de 2004 e setembro de 2015.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> A idade m&#233;dia encontrada foi de 61.3 &#177; 13,2 anos e 44,2% eram do sexo feminino. A depress&#227;o foi o fen&#243;tipo mais prevalente, motivo pelo qual estava presente em 5,15% dos casos. Outras causas frequentemente associadas &#224; DEAC, como as vasculites sist&#234;micas, a s&#237;ndrome de Marfan, a displasia fibromuscular, o uso de esteroides e corticosteroides, o uso abusivo de coca&#237;na ou anfetaminas, vasoespasmo, dentre outras, foram menos prevalentes (&lt;1%). Esta an&#225;lise confirma que a DEAC tem uma base fisiopatol&#243;gica heterog&#234;nica, al&#233;m das tradicionais causas de SCA. Estudos menores j&#225; haviam descrito estas condi&#231;&#245;es como causa de DEAC. Por&#233;m, esta foi a primeira pesquisa a demonstrar que apenas as vasculopatias gen&#233;ticas (s&#237;ndromes de Marfan e Ehlers-Danlos), a displasia fibromuscular, o uso de esteroides e corticosteroides, migr&#226;nia e algumas condi&#231;&#245;es autoimunes e inflamat&#243;rias s&#227;o mais prevalentes nas SCA por DEAC do que naquelas n&#227;o ocasionadas por dissec&#231;&#245;es espont&#226;neas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> A displasia fibromuscular, por exemplo, etiologia frequentemente associada &#224; DEAC na literatura e recentemente publicada sua liga&#231;&#227;o &#224; variante gen&#233;tica do alelo rs9349379-A do gene <italic>PHACTR1/EDN1</italic> como primeiro fator de risco gen&#233;tico identific&#225;vel para DEAC,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> foi prevalente em apenas 0,16% de todos os casos analisados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A idade dos pacientes avaliados variou entre 20 a 31 anos, todos do sexo masculino e praticantes de atividade f&#237;sica predominantemente aer&#243;bica, de forte intensidade, sendo um deles atleta profissional e os outros amadores.</p>
        <p>Ao descreverem o caso de um paciente do sexo masculino, 54 anos, com DEAC e sem fatores de risco ou DAC, Ellis et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> encontraram 13 relatos de casos de DEAC ligados ao exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico entre 1995 e 2014.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Nove desses pacientes eram do sexo masculino e a m&#233;dia de idade foi de 36 anos, variando de 17 a 53 anos. Destes, sete casos (53,8%) estavam associados &#224; atividade aer&#243;bica e 5 casos (38,4%) &#224; atividade anaer&#243;bica. Outro caso foi associado, ainda, a grave estresse emocional e ansiedade. A maioria dos casos de DEAC relatados apresentavam fatores de risco ou foram diagnosticados como aterosclerose na angiografia, o que n&#227;o pode ser considerado como verdadeira DEAC. Os fatores de risco de cada paciente foram analisados: 30,7% eram tabagistas, 30% apresentaram colesterol elevado e 15,3% tinham hist&#243;rico familiar de doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica card&#237;aca. Obesidade foi identificada como fator de risco em apenas 1 destes pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Somente um paciente do sexo masculino de 25 anos, daquele total de 13 pacientes, apresentou DEAC sem apresentar fatores de risco identific&#225;veis ou aterosclerose &#224; angiografia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Aparentemente, quando relacionada exclusivamente ao exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, a DEAC apresenta-se com sintomas vari&#225;veis, recorrentes e, por vezes, prolongados ou subagudos.</p>
        <p>Conforme revisado por Ellis et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> e tamb&#233;m em dois dos casos descritos neste artigo, cinco daqueles pacientes apresentaram-se tardiamente ap&#243;s o evento de dissec&#231;&#227;o, sendo o mais longo em um paciente com sintomas ap&#243;s <italic>tour</italic> de ciclismo e que sofreu de angina por quatro meses antes de procurar atendimento m&#233;dico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em uma revis&#227;o de literatura, Sherrid et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> tamb&#233;m descreveram 3 casos de DEAC relacionada ao exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico entre 1965 e 1994, com apresenta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas variadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Duas pacientes eram do sexo feminino, com 38 e 39 anos, respectivamente, e ambas n&#227;o apresentavam fatores de risco. A primeira foi a &#243;bito ap&#243;s manifestar dor nos bra&#231;os seguida de convuls&#227;o, e &#224; aut&#243;psia, foi evidenciado hematoma dissecante intramedial da por&#231;&#227;o proximal da ADA. Na ocasi&#227;o, a paciente estava retirando neve do solo com p&#225; (exerc&#237;cio moderado). A segunda paciente apresentou IAM anterosseptal e lateral tamb&#233;m ao realizar atividade f&#237;sica de intensidade moderada (praticava corrida &gt; 40 km por semana). Ao CATE, foi evidenciado tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda (TCE) comprimido por falso l&#250;men secund&#225;rio &#224; dissec&#231;&#227;o. As demais art&#233;rias estavam normais. Por fim, o paciente do sexo masculino apresentou parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria durante exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico de alta intensidade (treino para maratona), em ritmo de fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Ao CATE, observou-se dissec&#231;&#227;o da trifurca&#231;&#227;o do TCE obstruindo fluxo na ADA. Ambos os pacientes sobreviventes foram tratados com cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, n&#227;o apresentando sintomas ap&#243;s o procedimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>J&#225; o caso de DEAC em uma mulher jovem de 41 anos, no nono dia de terapia de fertiliza&#231;&#227;o <italic>in vitro</italic> e sem outros fatores de risco, foi descrito por Balakrishnan et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> A paciente que apresentou dor tor&#225;cica durante realiza&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico de alta intensidade (<italic>body pump)</italic> foi diagnosticada com IAMCSSST pelo ECG de repouso na emerg&#234;ncia, sendo submetida &#224; cineangiocoronariografia de emerg&#234;ncia. Ao CATE, foi observado sinal de d&#250;plo-l&#250;men, secund&#225;rio &#224; dissec&#231;&#227;o, em ACD. Devido &#224; instabiliza&#231;&#227;o do quadro durante inje&#231;&#227;o do contraste intra-arterial (por propaga&#231;&#227;o da dissec&#231;&#227;o), optou-se por angioplastia com <italic>stent</italic> farmacol&#243;gico. A paciente teve boa evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O caso de DEAC em paciente mais jovem do sexo masculino que se tem registro foi publicado por Kalaga et al., no ano de 2007.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>Trata-se de um garoto de 17 anos, capit&#227;o do time de futebol americano da escola, que sentiu um peso no peito durante uma partida amistosa de basquetebol. N&#227;o apresentava fatores de risco modific&#225;veis, mas o pai havia falecido aos 38 anos em virtude de um infarto fulminante. O ECG evidenciou IAMCSSST anterior e ao CATE foi demonstrada dissec&#231;&#227;o da ADA proximal com grande quantidade de trombo e fluxo distal normal. Demais art&#233;rias sem altera&#231;&#245;es. Foi tratado conservadoramente com inibidor da glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa e teve alta oito dias ap&#243;s sua admiss&#227;o no hospital. Realizou teste de estresse f&#237;sico posterior que n&#227;o demonstrou isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. Foi orientado a n&#227;o participar de atividades f&#237;sicas de competi&#231;&#227;o intensa, mas liberado para atividade f&#237;sica moderada, j&#225; que n&#227;o havia, e atualmente ainda n&#227;o h&#225;, clara recomenda&#231;&#227;o para a pr&#225;tica de atividades competitivas em pacientes com hist&#243;rico de DEAC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>relacionada ao exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico.</p>
        <p>Nos 3 casos descritos nenhum paciente apresentou fatores de risco modific&#225;veis ou n&#227;o, para DAC.</p>
        <p>Nessa amostra, todos apresentaram dor tor&#225;cica ou dispneia, com recorr&#234;ncia dos sintomas. Esses quadros sugerem forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos com graus vari&#225;veis de estenose, muitas vezes com resolu&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea e recidiva. Essas manifesta&#231;&#245;es sugerem, ainda, uma les&#227;o mec&#226;nica endotelial com forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo no local do endot&#233;lio lesado, como ocorreu no Caso 1, com recorr&#234;ncia do trombo, ap&#243;s anos, no mesmo local.</p>
        <p>A ADA costuma ser a art&#233;ria mais acometida na DEAC, e a incid&#234;ncia de DEAC varia entre 0,07% e 0,1% dos pacientes submetidos &#224; cineangiocoronariografia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Embora a literatura sugira melhor progn&#243;stico com tratamento conservador (sem <italic>stent</italic>) e que a ADA seja a causa da maioria dos casos de DEAC, o acometimendo de ACD foi descrito em dois dos tr&#234;s casos deste artigo. Um destes dois casos relatados, ambos tratados de maneira conservadora com dilata&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o e aspira&#231;&#227;o de trombos na ACD, teve recorr&#234;ncia da trombose na mesma art&#233;ria, cinco anos mais tarde, em situa&#231;&#227;o semelhante, ou seja, ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico intenso, e aquele tratado com ATC e <italic>stent</italic> farmacol&#243;gico permaneceu assintom&#225;tico, praticando atividade f&#237;sica moderada a intensa at&#233; o presente momento. Dois pacientes tiveram alta com prescri&#231;&#227;o de uso de dupla antiagrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria (DAPT), estatina e betabloqueador. Um paciente iniciou uso de inibidor da enzima conversora da angiotensina (IECA) e n&#227;o recebeu DAPT na alta por alergia ao AAS.</p>
        <p>O uso de heparina e DAPT na DEAC &#233; ainda controverso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> J&#225; o uso de betabloqueador &#233; recomendado, e os IECA permanecem com sua indica&#231;&#227;o incerta nestes casos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os avan&#231;os tecnol&#243;gicos possibilitar&#227;o diagn&#243;sticos mais precisos de DEAC naqueles que se apresentam com sintomas de insufici&#234;sncia coronariana ou SCA. Contudo, a fisiopatologia da DEAC relacionada ao exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico &#233; complexa e ainda mal compreendida, levando a quadros com apresenta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas vari&#225;veis e muitas vezes subagudos, e que somados ao fato da sua gravidade e urg&#234;ncia terap&#234;utica, principalmente em ambiente de emerg&#234;ncia, s&#227;o frequentemente subdiagnosticados.</p>
        <p>A atual dificuldade diagn&#243;stica e a falta de estudos direcionados para o tratamento espec&#237;fico dessa doen&#231;a estimulam mais estudos e propostas terap&#234;uticas para a DEAC relacionada ao exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Relatos de casos como esses s&#227;o de extrema import&#226;ncia, uma vez que o melhor conhecimento do quadro cl&#237;nico e de sua apresenta&#231;&#227;o tem como objetivo aumentar a suspei&#231;&#227;o de DEAC relacionada ao exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico. Futuros estudos direcionados para diagn&#243;stico e tratamento desta patologia tornam-se necess&#225;rios. Al&#233;m disso, &#233; necess&#225;rio alertar a comunidade m&#233;dica sobre essa poss&#237;vel causa de SCA dentre os quadros de dor tor&#225;cica em pacientes jovens do sexo masculino, sem fatores de risco e praticantes de atividade f&#237;sica.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
