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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">nMnhfKf8mSSJm8YxmMmYqVm</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019001100960</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190232</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Impact of One-Catheter Strategy with TIG I Catheter on Coronary Catheterization Performance and Economic Costs</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa-Mateu</surname>
            <given-names>Joan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2793-3631</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fern&#225;ndez-Rodr&#237;guez</surname>
            <given-names>Diego</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rivera</surname>
            <given-names>Kristian</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Casanova</surname>
            <given-names>Juan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Irigaray</surname>
            <given-names>Patricia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zielonka</surname>
            <given-names>Marta</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereyra-Acha</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aldom&#225;</surname>
            <given-names>Albina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Worner</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">University of Lleida</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">University Hospital Arnau de Vilanova</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Cardiology Department</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Lleida</city>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="ES">Spain</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Cardiology Department, University Hospital Arnau de Vilanova, IRB, University of Lleida, Lleida - Spain</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Diego Fern&#225;ndez-Rodr&#237;guez,</bold> University Hospital Arnau de Vilanova, University of Lleida - Rovira Roure Av. 80. Postal Code: 25198, Lleida - Spain. E-mail: <email>d.fernan.2@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Costa-Mateu J, Fern&#225;ndez-Rodr&#237;guez D, Rivera K, Casanova J, Irigaray P, Zielonka M, Pereyra-Acha E, Aldom&#224; A, Worner F.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>960</fpage>
      <lpage>968</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Coronary angiography with two catheters is the traditional strategy for diagnostic coronary procedures. TIG I catheter permits to cannulate both coronary arteries, avoiding exchanging catheters during coronary angiography by transradial access.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of one-catheter strategy, by avoiding catheter exchange, on coronary catheterization performance and economic costs.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>
            <bold>Methods:</bold>
          </title>
          <p>Transradial coronary diagnostic procedures conducted from January 2013 to June 2017 were collected. One-catheter strategy (TIG I catheter) and two-catheter strategy (left and right Judkins catheters) were compared. The volume of iodinated contrast administered was the primary endpoint. Secondary endpoints included radial spasm, procedural duration (fluoroscopy time) and exposure to ionizing radiation (dose-area product and air kerma). Direct economic costs were also evaluated. For statistical analyses, two-tailed p-values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>From a total of 1,953 procedures in 1,829 patients, 252 procedures were assigned to one-catheter strategy and 1,701 procedures to two-catheter strategy. There were no differences in baseline characteristics between the groups. One-catheter strategy required less iodinated contrast [primary endpoint; (60-105)-mL vs. 92 (64-120)-mL; p &lt; 0.001] than the two-catheter strategy. Also, the one-catheter group presented less radial spasm (5.2% vs. 9.3%, p = 0.022) and shorter fluoroscopy time [3.9 (2.2-8.0)-min vs. 4.8 (2.9-8.3)-min, p = 0.001] and saved costs [149 (140-160)-<italic>&#8364;</italic>/procedure vs. 171 (160-183)-<italic>&#8364;</italic>/procedure; p &lt; 0.001]. No differences in dose-area product and air kerma were detected between the groups.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>One-catheter strategy, with TIG I catheter, improves coronary catheterization performance and reduces economic costs compared to traditional two-catheter strategy in patients referred for coronary angiography.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cineagiography/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Catheterization/economic</kwd>
        <kwd>Radiation, Ionizing;</kwd>
        <kwd>Fluoroscopy</kwd>
        <kwd>Cost Savings/economic</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Coronary angiography is the &#8220;gold standard&#8221; technique for the evaluation of coronary arteries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Due to its invasive nature, coronary angiography is associated with multiple complications. However, the rate of complications of coronary angiography procedures has decreased over time.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Transradial access plays a key role by reducing vascular complications and mortality in patients undergoing invasive coronary procedures.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Transradial access is currently the recommended strategy by clinical practice guidelines for coronary angiography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Nevertheless, there is no standard recommendation about the optimal coronary angiography strategy to perform these procedures. One-catheter strategy for radial coronary diagnostic procedures could help reduce radial spasm, complications related to contrast administration and exposure to ionizing radiation, since it avoids the exchange of angiography catheters during coronary procedures.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> However, despite the potential benefits, one-catheter strategy for coronary angiography by transradial access is not routinely used in many centres. This fact may be due, among other factors, to the need for operators to perform the learning curve or to the scarcity of data about its impact on catheterization performance and economic costs.</p>
      <p>Therefore, the objective of our study is to compare two strategies: a one-catheter strategy with TIG catheters<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> vs. a traditional two-catheter strategy with Judkins catheters, in order to determine if one-catheter strategy allows to reduce the amount of iodinated contrast, radial spasm, exposure to ionizing radiation and direct economic costs in diagnostic coronary angiography.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Population and Study Design</title>
        <p>This study compared, in an observational and retrospective way, the impact of one-catheter strategy with TIG I catheter (Radiofocus Optitorque 5F; Terumo Europe N.V., Leuven, Belgium) and two-catheter strategy with Judkins catheters (Infiniti&#174; 5F Left and Right Coronary Judkins; Cordis Corporation, Cashel, Ireland) on the amount of iodinated contrast, appearance of radial spasm, duration of the procedures and exposure to ionizing radiations in patients referred for diagnostic coronary angiography in our institution (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). We collected data on the procedures performed in our institution. For repeated procedures in the same patient, data of each coronary angiography were included separately. The study was conducted according to the principles of the Helsinki Declaration and in compliance with current ethical and legal regulations. All patients signed a written informed consent form before coronary catheterization.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Design of TIG I and Judkins catheters and cannulation of the coronary arteries. RCA: right coronary artery; LCA: left coronary artery.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-0960-90232-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Inclusion and exclusion criteria are described below:</p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="simple">
            <list-item>
              <p>
                <bold>* Inclusion criteria:</bold>
              </p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- Indication for invasive coronary angiography.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- Right radial access.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- Patients &gt;18 years.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>
                <bold>* Exclusion criteria:</bold>
              </p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- Abnormal Allen&#8217;s test.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- Presence of brachial arteriovenous fistula in right upper extremity.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- Need to use 4Fr catheters.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- Previous coronary artery bypass grafting surgery.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- Performance of ventriculography, aortography or ad hoc coronary angioplasty.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- Iodinated contrast allergy previously known that cannot receive pre-medication.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- Women with possibility of being pregnant.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- Inclusion in other clinical trials or registries.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>* Endpoints and Definitions:</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Primary endpoint was total volume (mL) of iodinated contrast used during diagnostic coronary procedures.</p>
        <p>Secondary endpoints were related to the development of radial spasm, duration of the procedure, exposure to ionizing radiation and economic costs.</p>
        <p>Radial spasm was defined as the presence of at least two of the following criteria: a) catheter manipulation resistance; b) pain in the arm during catheterization; c) pain after catheter manipulation; d) pain after sheath removal or e) resistance during sheath removal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Duration of the coronary procedure was indirectly evaluated by fluoroscopy time (min).</p>
        <p>Exposure to ionizing radiation was evaluated by dose-area product (DAP) and air kerma.</p>
        <p>Economic costs, measured in &#8364; per procedure, were defined as the direct attributable costs to each strategy for coronary angiography, including the type and number of catheters, the drugs used in the cath lab, the fungible material and the amount of iodinated contrast used in each procedure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Economic costs related to material used for coronary angiography are described in Supplementary Material.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedural issues</title>
        <p>Only patients referred for diagnostic coronary angiography by right radial access were recruited, because TIG I catheters are not designed to perform coronary angiography by left radial access or femoral access.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Patients were assigned to two-catheter or one-catheter strategy at the discretion of the interventional cardiologist.</p>
        <p>Palpable right radial artery, as well non-pathological Allen&#8217;s test, were mandatory to perform right radial access. In order to minimize arterial spasm, sublingual diazepam (10 mg) was given 30 minutes before the administration of local anesthesia subcutaneously. Using the Seldinger technique, a 5 or 6 Fr hydrophilic radial Glidesheath was implanted (RADIFOCUS&#174; INTRODUCER II; Terumo Europe N.V., Leuven, Belgium). Then, an intra-arterial bolus with 2 mg of verapamil and 50 IU/Kg of unfractionated heparin was administered. The radial glide sheath was removed immediately after the diagnostic procedure, and hemostasis was obtained by 4-hour compression with conventional compressive dressings.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Standard J-curve 0.035 guide wire (Radifocus M; Terumo Europe N.V., Leuven, Belgium) was used for the insertion and exchange of catheters. In order to obtain optimal quality images by coronary angiography, minimum of 5 views for the left coronary artery and minimum of 3 views for the right coronary artery were taken. The contrast volume used was 7 mL at 3 mL/sec for the left coronary artery and 4 mL at 2 mL/sec for the right coronary artery. However, the amount of contrast in each injection and the final number of views for correct assessment of the coronary tree was at the operator&#8217;s discretion.</p>
        <p>Low-osmolar iodinated contrast media [Xenetix 350 (Iobitridol; Guerbert Group, Villepinte, France)] in combination with robotic contrast injector ACIST CVi&#174; (ACIST Medical Systems, Eden Prairie, MN, USA) was used to make contrast administration uniform. The images were acquired as follows: low-quality fluoroscopy at 7.5 images/sec for coronary cannulation and cinefluoroscopy at 15 images/sec for coronary views.</p>
        <p>Data related to baseline clinical characteristics, indication for coronary angiography and angiographic characteristics (number of coronary vessels with stenosis &gt;50%), volume of iodinated contrast, radial spasm, access crossover, need for supplemental catheters, procedural duration, direct economic costs and information regarding exposure to ionizing radiations were collected. In the case of failure to engage the coronary artery ostium, crossover to alternative strategy was performed. All data generated were collected prospectively and entered into a specific computerized database.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>SPSS Statistics 24.0 software package (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for data analysis. All p values &#8203;&#8203;were evaluated in two tails, with p values &lt; 0.05 considered statistically significant. Categorical variables were expressed as count (percentage) and were compared using the chi-square test. Continuous variables were explored for normal distribution using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Normally distributed variables were expressed as mean (1 standard deviation) and non-normally distributed variables were expressed as median (interquartile range) and were compared using unpaired Student&#8217;s t-test or U Mann-Whitney tests as appropriate.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>A total of 1,953 diagnostic coronary procedures, in 1,829 patients, was collected between January 2013 and June 2017. Two-hundred fifty-two procedures (12.9%) were performed by one-catheter strategy and 1,701 procedures (87.1%) by two-catheter strategy. The study flowchart is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Study Flowchart.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-0960-90232-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Baseline clinical characteristics</title>
        <p>Baseline clinical characteristics are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. There were no differences between the two comparison groups</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline clinical characteristics</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Total procedures<break/>(n = 1,953)</th>
                <th align="center">One-catheter strategy<break/>(n = 252)</th>
                <th align="center">Two-catheter strategy<break/>(n = 1,701)</th>
                <th align="center">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age, (years), mean (SD)</td>
                <td align="center">67.3 (11.8)</td>
                <td align="center">67.5 (12.1)</td>
                <td align="center">67.2 (11.6)</td>
                <td align="center">0.695</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Female gender, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">611 (31.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">82 (32.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">529 (31.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.645</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BMI, (kg/m<sup>2</sup>), mean (SD)</td>
                <td align="center">28.0 (5.3)</td>
                <td align="center">28.1 (4.8)</td>
                <td align="center">28.0 (5.4)</td>
                <td align="center">0.657</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1443 (73.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">187 (74.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">1256 (73.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.858</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dyslipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1096 (56.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">142 (56.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">954 (56.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.861</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">701 (35.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">98 (38.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">603 (35.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.288</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Smoking</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0.539</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Non-smoker, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">304 (15.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (15.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">265 (15.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Previous smoker, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">486 (24.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">56 (22.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">430 (25.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Current smoker, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1160 (59.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">157 (62.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">1003 (59.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Previous MI, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">246 (12.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (10.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">219 (12.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.426</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Previous PCI, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">318 (16.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (15.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">278 (16.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.675</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Family history of ischemic heart disease, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">75 (3.8%) </td>
                <td align="center">11 (4.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">64 (3.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.669</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Previous stroke, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">65 (3.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (2.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">59 (3.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.457</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Chronic kidney disease, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">223 (11.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (13.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">190 (11.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.468</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinine (mg/dL), mean (SD)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.15 (0.93)</td>
                <td align="center">1.07 (0.59)</td>
                <td align="center">0.647</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>SD: standard deviation; BMI: body mass index; MI: myocardial infarction; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedural indications and angiographic characteristics</title>
        <p>Data regarding angiographic indications and characteristics are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>. No differences were detected between comparison groups in clinical presentation, diseased vessels and coronary artery disease extension.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Procedural indications and angiographic characteristics</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Total procedures<break/>(n = 1,953)</th>
                <th align="center">One-catheter strategy (n = 252)</th>
                <th align="center">Two-catheter strategy (n = 1,701)</th>
                <th align="center">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Coronary angiography indication</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0.684</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Chronic ischemic heart disease, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">610 (31.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">74 (29.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">536 (31.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Acute coronary syndrome, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">615 (31.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">77 (30.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">538 (31.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Valvular heart disease, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">372 (19.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (19.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">323 (19.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Myocardiopathy, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">272 (17.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">43 (17.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">229 (13.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Other, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">84 (4.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (3.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">75 (4.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Left main coronary artery diseased, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">155 (7.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (8.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">134 (7.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.803</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Number of diseased vessels</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0.359</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">One vessel, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">634 (32.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">83 (32.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">551 (32.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Two vessels, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">294 (15.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (12.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">262 (15.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Three vessels, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">234 (12.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (9.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">209 (12.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Endpoints</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> shows the comparative data regarding endpoints. The one-catheter strategy group received less amount of iodinated contrast than the two-catheter strategy group [77 (60-105) mL vs. 92 (64-120) mL; p &lt; 0.001]. Also, the one-catheter strategy group presented less radial spasm (6.0% vs. 8.9%, p &lt; 0.001) and shorter coronary procedures [Fluoroscopy time: 3.9 (2.2-8.0) min vs. 4.8 (2.9-8.3) min, p = 0.001] than the two-catheter strategy group.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Endpoints </title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Total procedures<break/>(n = 1,953)</th>
                <th align="center">One-catheter strategy (n = 252)</th>
                <th align="center">Two-catheter strategy<break/>(n = 1,701)</th>
                <th align="center">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Volume of contrast, (mL), median (IQR)</td>
                <td align="center">90 (62-118)</td>
                <td align="center">77 (60-105)</td>
                <td align="center">92 (64-120)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Radial spasm, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">176 (9.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (5.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">163 (9.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.022</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Access crossover, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">92 (4.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (3.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">83 (4.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.360</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Supplemental catheters, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">252 (12.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (15.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">212 (12.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.132</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Direct costs, (&#8364;/procedure), median (IQR)</td>
                <td align="center">169 (158-182)</td>
                <td align="center">149 (140-160)</td>
                <td align="center">171 (160-183)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DAP, (mGy.m2), median (IQR)</td>
                <td align="center">3685 (2408-5695)</td>
                <td align="center">3488 (2556-5369)</td>
                <td align="center">3711 (2393-5762)</td>
                <td align="center">0.831</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Air kerma, (mGy), median (IQR)</td>
                <td align="center">630 (420-964)</td>
                <td align="center">582 (407-917)</td>
                <td align="center">641 (424-974)</td>
                <td align="center">0.165</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fluoroscopy time, (min), median (IQR)</td>
                <td align="center">4.7 (2.8-8.3)</td>
                <td align="center">3.9 (2.2-8.0)</td>
                <td align="center">4.8 (2.9-8.3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>IQR: interquartile range; SD: standard deviation; DAP: dose-area product.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>No differences between one-catheter and two-catheter strategies were observed in access crossover (3.6% vs. 4.9%, p = 0.360) and need for supplemental catheters to complete coronary angiography (15.9% vs. 12.5%, p = 0.132). Also, there were no differences in exposure to ionizing radiations, evaluated as DAP [3488 (2556-5369) mGy.m2 vs. 3711 (2393-5762) mGy.m2; p = 0.831] and air kerma [582 (407-917) mGy vs. 641 (424-974) mGy; p=0.165].</p>
        <p>Regarding economic analysis, the one-catheter strategy reduced direct costs attributable to coronary procedures [149 (140-160) &#8364;/procedure vs. 171 (160-183) &#8364;/procedure; p &lt; 0.001] in comparison with the conventional strategy.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The main findings of our investigation were that one-catheter strategy, with TIG catheters, is associated with reduction in radial spasm, iodinated contrast consumption, duration of the coronary procedure and economic costs in coronary angiography.</p>
      <p>Radial spasm is a relatively common complication during transradial coronary catheterization, and its incidence is variable, ranging from 5% to 30%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> This complication reduces patient comfort and procedural success,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> and when it involves the need for crossover to transfemoral access it is related with an increase in vascular complications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Although the overall rate of radial spasm in our investigation (9.0%) was in the lower range of studies that have evaluated this item in coronary procedures, one-catheter strategy allowed reducing the incidence of radial spasm (one-catheter strategy: 5.2% vs. two-catheter strategy: 9.3%, p = 0.022). These results are in line with three of the most recent randomized clinical trials, demonstrating a reduction in radial spasm by the one-catheter strategy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Many factors, such as age, female gender, multiple radial punctures and radial diameter, are related with radial spasm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Furthermore, exchange of catheters during transradial access has been linked to radial spasm induction, probably related to repeated stimulation of the radial artery.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> As a result, radial spasm is not only associated with patient discomfort, procedural failure and morbidity and mortality, but also with high difficulty handling coronary catheters. This leads to more radiological tests to achieve cannulation of the coronary ostia and, therefore, to an increment in fluoroscopy time and total amount of iodinated contrast.</p>
      <p>Iodinated radiological agents are related with several complications, highlighting contrast induced nephropathy (CIN). CIN, affecting 1% to 33% of patients referred for invasive coronary angiography, is one of the most common causes of acquired renal failure in cardiology patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> The development of CIN after an invasive coronary procedure is associated with long hospital stay, marked increase in morbidity and mortality, as well as an increase in health costs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Classical studies have shown that iodinated contrast volume used in invasive coronary procedures is closely related to the onset of CIN.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> To date, most studies on CIN prevention have not focused on specific techniques for reducing contrast administration. Only a recent observational study has shown reduction in CIN secondary to a specific technique for decreasing contrast administration by using rotational coronary angiography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Therefore, savings with iodinated contrast by one-catheter strategy, as shown in our investigation and corroborated by multiple studies,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> could reduce CIN.</p>
      <p>Studying the economic impact of medical interventions is crucial to assess the implementation of new diagnostic/therapeutic techniques. A small observational study evaluated economic costs related to the use of TIG I catheter in a one-catheter strategy compared with Judkins catheters in a two-catheter strategy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Nevertheless, that study only evaluated costs related to the consumption of coronary catheters. To our best knowledge, our investigation is the first one evaluating all direct economic costs attributable to the one-catheter strategy for diagnostic coronary interventions. Our results show that it is related to a significant reduction in economic cost per procedure. This fact is mediated fundamentally by three factors: a) use of fewer coronary catheters; b) reduction in radial spasm, which reduces the use of more doses of spasmolytic medication and facilitates completion of diagnosis without using supplementary catheters and crossover to another arterial access with consequent expenditure on material; and c) reduced consumption of radiological contrast.</p>
      <p>Although savings per unit are low (22 &#8364;/procedure), the long-term impact could be very important. Also, reduced use of iodinated contrast and the decrease in radial spasm could also reduce the indirect economic costs derived from CIN and crossover to transfemoral access.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations of the study</title>
        <p>Firstly, this study is an observational analysis with inherent biases. However, this is one of the largest studies to evaluate the impact of using a one-catheter strategy with TIG I catheters in invasive coronary procedures. Secondly, data refer to the population of our geographic area and, therefore, cannot be fully extrapolated to other geographic areas. Thirdly, the performance of ventriculography and the diagnostic coronary procedure protocol may differ between different cath labs. However, we consider that our coronary angiography protocol can be considered conservative in the administration of contrast by excluding ventriculography and limiting the number of angiographic views and the volume of iodinated contrast per angiographic view and, for these reasons, we consider that comparison groups were well-balanced and the final volume of contrast administered was not overestimated. Fourthly, the type of material used (sheaths and catheters), as well as the size of radial sheaths can influence the development of radial spasm. The absence of detailed data regarding the size of the radial sheaths is a limitation of our study. However, the use of hydrophilic sheaths and widely-used catheter trademarks allow our data to be extrapolated to other cath labs. Fifthly, the economic analysis contemplates only the direct costs of the diagnostic coronary procedure and they refer to the prices in our institution. Nevertheless, our study is the first one evaluating total direct economic costs related to one-catheter strategy for coronary angiography. Also, as the savings are conditioned by the lower use of catheters and radial spasm and by the reduction in contrast administration, we consider that results could be easily transferable to other centres.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>The performance of diagnostic coronary angiography using the one-catheter strategy, with TIG catheters, was associated with better performance, in terms of radial spasm, administration of iodinated contrast and economic savings in diagnostic coronary procedures than conventional two-catheter strategy.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital Arnau de Vilanova de Lleida under the protocol number PI 13/16. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <app-group>
      <app id="app1">
        <label>Supplementary Material</label>
        <p>
          <bold>Direct attributable costs related to coronary angiography procedures (Prices of material used for coronary angiography)</bold>
        </p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="80%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">MATERIAL</th>
                <th align="center">UNIT PRICE</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Catheter TIGER I RH-5TIG110M Radiofocus Optitorque&#174; 5F; Terumo Europe N.V., Leuven, Belgium</td>
                <td align="center">17.45 &#8364;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Catheter 534518T INFINITI&#174; 5F Judkins Left; Cordis Corporation, Cashel, Ireland</td>
                <td align="center">17.95 &#8364;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Catheter 534523T INFINITI&#174; 5F Judkins Right; Cordis Corporation, Cashel, Ireland</td>
                <td align="center">17.95 &#8364;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Xenetix 350 100mL/Bottle; Guerbert Group, Villepinte, France</td>
                <td align="center">35.09 &#8364;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sheath RT-R50G10PQ RADIFOCUS&#174; INTRODUCER II 5 Fr or 6 Fr; Terumo Europe N.V., Leuven, Belgium</td>
                <td align="center">10.71 &#8364;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Exchange Guidewire M001491031 Starter "J" Curved Fixed Core 0.035 x 260 cm; Boston Scientific, Marlborough, MA, USA</td>
                <td align="center">8.40 &#8364;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sterile Pack CombiSet&#174; REF 266315; Hartmann, Heidenheim, Germany</td>
                <td align="center">40.31 &#8364;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Injector control AngioTouch&#174; Kit; ACIST Medical Systems, Inc, Eden Prairie, MN, USA</td>
                <td align="center">38.00 &#8364;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mepivacaine 2%; BBraun, Melsungen, Germany</td>
                <td align="center">0.87 &#8364;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Heparin 1%; Hospira Prod. Farm. y Hosp S.L, Alcobendas, Spain</td>
                <td align="center">1.89 &#8364;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Verapamil hydrochloride 2.5 mg/mL; Mylan, Canonsburg, PA, USA</td>
                <td align="center">0.59 &#8364;</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </app>
    </app-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Impacto da Estrat&#233;gia de um Cateter com Cateter TIG I no Desempenho da Coronariografia por Cateterismo e Custos Econ&#244;micos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa-Mateu</surname>
            <given-names>Joan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2793-3631</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fern&#225;ndez-Rodr&#237;guez</surname>
            <given-names>Diego</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rivera</surname>
            <given-names>Kristian</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Casanova</surname>
            <given-names>Juan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Irigaray</surname>
            <given-names>Patricia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zielonka</surname>
            <given-names>Marta</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereyra-Acha</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aldom&#225;</surname>
            <given-names>Albina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Worner</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="original">Cardiology Department, University Hospital Arnau de Vilanova, IRB, University of Lleida, Lleida - Spain</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Diego Fern&#225;ndez-Rodr&#237;guez,</bold> University Hospital Arnau de Vilanova, University of Lleida - Rovira Roure Av. 80. Postal Code: 25198, Lleida - Espanha. E-mail: <email>d.fernan.2@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Costa-Mateu J, Fern&#225;ndez-Rodr&#237;guez D, Rivera K, Casanova J, Irigaray P, Zielonka M, Pereyra-Acha E, Aldom&#224; A, Worner F.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A cineangiocoronariografia com dois cateteres &#233; a estrat&#233;gia tradicional para procedimentos coronarianos de diagn&#243;stico. O cateter TIG I permite canular ambas as art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, evitando a troca de cateteres durante a cineangiocoronariografia por acesso transradial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>O objetivo deste estudo &#233; avaliar o impacto da estrat&#233;gia de um cateter, evitando a troca de cateter, no desempenho da coronariografia por cateterismo e nos seus custos econ&#244;micos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram coletados os procedimentos diagn&#243;sticos coronarianos transradiais realizados entre janeiro de 2013 e junho de 2017. A estrat&#233;gia de um cateter (cateter TIG I) e a estrat&#233;gia de dois cateteres (cateteres coron&#225;rios direito e esquerdo de Judkins) foram comparadas. O volume de contraste iodado administrado foi o endpoint prim&#225;rio. Os endpoints secund&#225;rios eram espasmo radial, dura&#231;&#227;o do procedimento (tempo de fluoroscopia) e exposi&#231;&#227;o a radia&#231;&#245;es ionizantes (produto dose-&#225;rea e kerma no ar). Os custos econ&#244;micos diretos tamb&#233;m foram avaliados. Para as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas, valores de p &lt; 0,05 bicaudais foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>De um total de 1.953 procedimentos em 1.829 pacientes, 252 procedimentos foram atribu&#237;dos &#224; estrat&#233;gia de um cateter e 1.701 procedimentos &#224; estrat&#233;gia de dois cateteres. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as nas caracter&#237;sticas basais entre os grupos. A estrat&#233;gia de um cateter exigiu menos contraste iodado [endpoint prim&#225;rio; (60-105) -mL vs. 92 (64-120) -mL; p &lt; 0,001] em compara&#231;&#227;o com a estrat&#233;gia de dois cateteres. Al&#233;m disso, o grupo da estrat&#233;gia de um cateter apresentou menos espasmo radial (5,2% vs. 9,3%, p = 0,022) e menor tempo de fluoroscopia [3,9 (2,2-8,0) -min vs. 4,8 (2,9-8,3) -min, p = 0,001] e economia de custos [149 (140-160)-&#8364;/procedimento vs. 171 (160-183) -&#8364;/procedimento; p &lt; 0,001]. N&#227;o foram detectadas diferen&#231;as no produto dose-&#225;rea e kerma no ar entre os grupos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>A estrat&#233;gia de um cateter, com cateter TIG I, melhora o desempenho da coronariografia por cateterismo e reduz os custos econ&#244;micos em compara&#231;&#227;o com a estrat&#233;gia tradicional de dois cateteres em pacientes encaminhados para cineangiocoronariografia.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Cinecoronariografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Cateterismo Card&#237;aco/economia</kwd>
        <kwd>Radia&#231;&#227;o Ionizante</kwd>
        <kwd>Fluoroscopia</kwd>
        <kwd>Redu&#231;&#227;o de Custos/economia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A cineangiocoronariografia &#233; a t&#233;cnica padr&#227;o-ouro para a avalia&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Devido &#224; sua natureza invasiva, a cineangiocoronariografia est&#225; associada a diversas complica&#231;&#245;es. No entanto, a taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es dos procedimentos de cineangiocoronariografia tem diminu&#237;do com o tempo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> O acesso transradial desempenha um papel fundamental na redu&#231;&#227;o das complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares e da mortalidade em pacientes submetidos a procedimentos coronarianos invasivos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Atualmente, o acesso transradial &#233; a estrat&#233;gia recomendada pelas diretrizes de pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica para a cineangiocoronariografia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> No entanto, n&#227;o h&#225; uma recomenda&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o sobre a estrat&#233;gia ideal de cineangiocoronariografia na execu&#231;&#227;o desses procedimentos. A estrat&#233;gia de um cateter para procedimentos de diagn&#243;stico coronariano radial pode ajudar a reduzir o espasmo radial, as complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; administra&#231;&#227;o de contraste e a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o ionizante, uma vez que evita a troca de cateteres angiogr&#225;ficos durante procedimentos coronarianos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Entretanto, apesar dos poss&#237;veis benef&#237;cios, a estrat&#233;gia de um cateter para a cineangiocoronariografia por acesso transradial n&#227;o &#233; rotineiramente usada em diversos centros. Entre outros fatores, isso pode ser justificado pela necessidade de os operadores realizarem a curva de aprendizado ou &#224; escassez de dados sobre seu impacto no desempenho do cateterismo e nos custos econ&#244;micos.</p>
        <p>Portanto, o objetivo do nosso estudo &#233; comparar duas estrat&#233;gias: uma estrat&#233;gia de um cateter com cateteres TIG<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><italic>versus</italic> estrat&#233;gia tradicional de dois cateteres com cateteres de Judkins, a fim de determinar se a estrat&#233;gia de um cateter permite reduzir a quantidade de contraste iodado, espasmo radial, exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o ionizante e os custos econ&#244;micos diretos na cineangiocoronariografia diagn&#243;stica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o e desenho do estudo</title>
          <p>O presente estudo comparou, de forma observacional e retrospectiva, o impacto da estrat&#233;gia de um cateter utilizando o cateter TIG I (Radiofocus Optitorque 5F; Terumo Europe N.V., Leuven, B&#233;lgica) e a estrat&#233;gia de dois cateteres com cateteres Judkins (Cateteres Coron&#225;rios Esquerdo e Direito Judkins Infiniti<sup>&#174;</sup>, Cordis Corporation, Cashel, Irlanda) sobre a quantidade de contraste iodado, surgimento de espasmo radial, dura&#231;&#227;o dos procedimentos e exposi&#231;&#227;o a radia&#231;&#245;es ionizantes em pacientes encaminhados para cineangiocoronariografia diagn&#243;stica em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>). Coletamos dados sobre os procedimentos realizados em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o. Para procedimentos repetidos no mesmo paciente, os dados de cada cineangiocoronariografia foram inclu&#237;dos separadamente. O estudo foi realizado de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque e em conformidade com os regulamentos &#233;ticos e jur&#237;dicos em vigor. Todos os pacientes assinaram o termo de consentimento antes da coronariografia por cateterismo.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f3">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Formato dos cateteres TIG I e Judkins e canula&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias. ACD: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita; ACE: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-0960-90232-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o est&#227;o descritos abaixo:</p>
          <list list-type="simple">
            <list-item>
              <p>
                <bold>*Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o:</bold>
              </p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- Indica&#231;&#227;o para cineangiocoronariografia invasiva.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- Acesso radial direito.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- Pacientes &gt;18 anos de idade.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>
                <bold>*Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o:</bold>
              </p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- Teste Allen alterado.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- Presen&#231;a de f&#237;stula arteriovenosa braquial na extremidade superior direita.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- Necessidade de usar cateteres 4Fr.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- Cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pr&#233;via.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- Realiza&#231;&#227;o de ventriculografia, aortografia ou angioplastia coronariana ad hoc.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- Alergia ao contraste iodado previamente conhecida e que n&#227;o pode receber pr&#233;-medica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- Mulheres com possibilidade de estarem gr&#225;vidas.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- Inclus&#227;o em outros ensaios cl&#237;nicos ou registros.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>
            <bold>* Desfechos e defini&#231;&#245;es:</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi o volume total (mL) de contraste iodado usado durante procedimentos coronarianos de diagn&#243;stico.</p>
          <p>Os desfechos secund&#225;rios foram relacionados ao desenvolvimento de espasmo radial, dura&#231;&#227;o do procedimento, exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o ionizante e custos econ&#244;micos.</p>
          <p>Definiu-se espasmo radial como a presen&#231;a de pelo menos dois dos seguintes crit&#233;rios: a) resist&#234;ncia &#224; manipula&#231;&#227;o do cateter; b) dor no bra&#231;o durante o cateterismo; c) dor ap&#243;s manipula&#231;&#227;o do cateter; d) dor ap&#243;s a remo&#231;&#227;o da bainha ou e) resist&#234;ncia durante a remo&#231;&#227;o da bainha.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A dura&#231;&#227;o do procedimento coronariano foi indiretamente avaliada pelo tempo de fluoroscopia (min).</p>
          <p>A exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o ionizante foi avaliada pelo produto dose-&#225;rea (<italic>dose-area product</italic> - DAP) e kerma no ar.</p>
          <p>Os custos econ&#244;micos, medidos em &#8364; por procedimento, foram definidos como os custos diretos atribu&#237;veis a cada estrat&#233;gia de cineangiocoronariografia, incluindo o tipo e o n&#250;mero de cateteres, os f&#225;rmacos usados no laborat&#243;rio de cateterismo, o material fung&#237;vel e o volume de contraste iodado usado em cada procedimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Os custos econ&#244;micos relacionados ao material utilizado para a cineangiocoronariografia est&#227;o descritos no Material Complementar.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Quest&#245;es que envolvem o procedimento</title>
          <p>Apenas pacientes encaminhados para cineangiocoronariografia diagn&#243;stica por acesso radial direito foram inclu&#237;dos, pois os cateteres TIG I n&#227;o s&#227;o projetados para realizar cineangiocoronariografia pelo acesso radial esquerdo ou acesso femoral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Os pacientes foram designados para a estrat&#233;gia de dois cateteres ou um cateter a crit&#233;rio do cardiologista intervencionista.</p>
          <p>A art&#233;ria radial direita palp&#225;vel, bem como o teste n&#227;o patol&#243;gico de Allen, foram obrigat&#243;rios para a realiza&#231;&#227;o pelo acesso radial direito. Para minimizar o espasmo arterial, administrou-se diazepam sublingual (10 mg) 30 minutos antes da administra&#231;&#227;o de anestesia local por via subcut&#226;nea. Utilizando a t&#233;cnica de Seldinger, implantou-se uma bainha da marca Glidesheath radial hidrof&#237;lica de 5 ou 6 Fr (RADIFOCUS&#174; INTRODUCER II; Terumo Europe NV, Leuven, B&#233;lgica). Em seguida, administrou-se bolus intra-arterial com 2 mg de verapamil e 50 IU/kg de heparina n&#227;o fracionada. A bainha Glidesheath radial foi removida imediatamente ap&#243;s o procedimento diagn&#243;stico, e obtendo-se a hemostasia por compress&#227;o com curativo compressivo convencional durante 4 horas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Utilizou-se fio-guia padr&#227;o de 0,035 polegadas com ponta curva (J) (Radifocus M; Terumo Europe NV, Leuven, B&#233;lgica) para a inser&#231;&#227;o e troca de cateteres. A fim de obter imagens coronariogr&#225;ficas de &#243;tima qualidade, foram obtidas no m&#237;nimo 5 proje&#231;&#245;es para a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda e no m&#237;nimo 3 proje&#231;&#245;es para a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita. O volume de contraste utilizado foi de 7 mL a 3 mL/seg para a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda e 4 mL a 2 mL/seg para a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita. No entanto, a quantidade de contraste em cada inje&#231;&#227;o e o n&#250;mero final de proje&#231;&#245;es para a avalia&#231;&#227;o correta da &#225;rvore coron&#225;ria ficaram a crit&#233;rio do operador.</p>
          <p>Utilizou-se o meio de contraste iodado de baixa carga osmolar [Xenetix 350 (Iobitridol; Guerbert Group, Villepinte, Fran&#231;a)] junto com o injetor de contraste rob&#243;tico ACIST CVi&#174; (ACIST Medical Systems, Eden Prairie, MN, EUA) para uniformizar a administra&#231;&#227;o de contraste. As imagens foram obtidas da seguinte forma: fluoroscopia de baixa qualidade a 7,5 imagens/seg para canula&#231;&#227;o coronariana e cinefluoroscopia a 15 imagens/seg para proje&#231;&#245;es coronarianas.</p>
          <p>Foram coletados dados relacionados &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas basais, indica&#231;&#227;o para cineangiocoronariografia e caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas (n&#250;mero de vasos coronarianos com estenose &gt;50%), volume de contraste iodado, espasmo radial, mudan&#231;a de via de acesso (<italic>crossover</italic>), necessidade de cateteres suplementares, dura&#231;&#227;o do procedimento, custos econ&#244;micos diretos e informa&#231;&#245;es relativas &#224; exposi&#231;&#227;o a radia&#231;&#245;es ionizantes. No caso de falha no acoplamento do &#243;stio da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, foi feita a mudan&#231;a para a estrat&#233;gia alternativa. Todos os dados gerados foram coletados prospectivamente e inseridos em um banco de dados informatizado espec&#237;fico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Utilizou-se o software SPSS Statistics 24.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EUA) para a an&#225;lise de dados. Todos os valores de p foram avaliados de maneira bicaudal, com valores de p &gt; 0,05 sendo considerados estatisticamente significativos. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas como contagem (porcentagem), sendo comparadas utilizando-se o teste do qui-quadrado. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram exploradas para distribui&#231;&#227;o normal utilizando-se o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. As vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram expressas como m&#233;dia (1 desvio padr&#227;o) e as vari&#225;veis sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram expressas como mediana (intervalo interquartil) e comparadas pelo teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado ou o teste U de Mann-Whitney, conforme apropriado.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Um total de 1.953 procedimentos coronarianos diagn&#243;sticos, realizados em 1.829 pacientes, foi coletado entre janeiro de 2013 e junho de 2017. Duzentos e cinquenta e dois procedimentos (12,9%) foram realizados pela estrat&#233;gia de um cateter e 1.701 procedimentos (87,1%) pela estrat&#233;gia de dois cateteres. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref> mostra o fluxograma do estudo.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fluxograma do estudo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-0960-90232-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas basais</title>
          <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas basais s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as entre os dois grupos de compara&#231;&#227;o</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas basais</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">Total de procedimentos (n = 1953)</th>
                  <th align="center">Estrat&#233;gia de um cateter (n = 252)</th>
                  <th align="center">Estrat&#233;gia de dois cateteres (n = 1701)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade (anos), (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                  <td align="center">67,3 (11,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">67,5 (12,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">67,2 (11,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,695</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo masculino, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">611 (31,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">82 (32,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">529 (31,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,645</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>), m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                  <td align="center">28,0 (5,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">28,1 (4,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">28,0 (5,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,657</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1443 (73,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">187 (74,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1256 (73,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,858</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dislipidemia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1096 (56,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">142 (56,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">954 (56,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,861</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">701 (35,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">98 (38,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">603 (35,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,288</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Tabagismo</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,539</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o-fumante, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">304 (15,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (15,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">265 (15,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ex-fumante, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">486 (24,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (22,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">430 (25,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fumante, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1160 (59,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">157 (62,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1003 (59,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IM pr&#233;vio, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">246 (12,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (10,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">219 (12,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,426</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">ICP pr&#233;via, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">318 (16,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (15,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">278 (16,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,675</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hist&#243;rico familiar de doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">75 (3,8%) </td>
                  <td align="center">11 (4,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">64 (3,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,669</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Acidente vascular cerebral pr&#233;vio, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">65 (3,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (2,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">59 (3,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,457</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">223 (11,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (13,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">190 (11,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,468</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Creatinina (mg/dL), m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,15 (0,93)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,07 (0,59)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,647</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>DP: desvio padr&#227;o; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Indica&#231;&#245;es do procedimento e caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas</title>
          <p>Dados relacionados &#224;s indica&#231;&#245;es e caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>. N&#227;o foram detectadas diferen&#231;as entre os grupos de compara&#231;&#227;o na apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, vasos comprometidos e extens&#227;o da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Indica&#231;&#245;es do procedimento e caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">Total de procedimentos (n = 1953)</th>
                  <th align="center">Estrat&#233;gia de um cateter (n = 252)</th>
                  <th align="center">Estrat&#233;gia de dois cateteres (n = 1701)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Indica&#231;&#227;o de cineangiocoronariografia</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,684</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">610 (31,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">74 (29,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">536 (31,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">S&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">615 (31,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">77 (30,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">538 (31,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Valvopatia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">372 (19,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (19,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">323 (19,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Cardiomiopatia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">272 (17,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (17,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">229 (13,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Outros, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">84 (4,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (3,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">75 (4,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Les&#227;o do tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">155 (7,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (8,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">134 (7,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,803</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>N&#250;mero de vasos acometidos</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,359</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Um vaso, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">634 (32,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">83 (32,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">551 (32,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dois vasos, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">294 (15,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (12,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">262 (15,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tr&#234;s vasos, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">234 (12,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (9,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">209 (12,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desfechos</title>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref> apresenta os dados comparativos relacionados aos desfechos. O grupo da estrat&#233;gia de um cateter recebeu menos quantidade de contraste iodado que o grupo da estrat&#233;gia de dois cateteres [77 (60-105) mL vs. 92 (64-120) mL; p &lt; 0,001]. Al&#233;m disso, o grupo da estrat&#233;gia de um cateter apresentou menos espasmo radial (6,0% vs. 8,9%, p &lt; 0,001) e procedimentos coron&#225;rios mais curtos [tempo de fluoroscopia: 3,9 (2,2-8,0) min vs. 4,8 (2,9-8,3) min, p = 0,001] que o grupo da estrat&#233;gia de dois cateteres.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Desfechos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">Total de procedimentos (n = 1953)</th>
                  <th align="center">Estrat&#233;gia de um cateter (n = 252)</th>
                  <th align="center">Estrat&#233;gia de dois cateteres (n = 1701)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Volume de contraste, (mL), mediana (IIQ)</td>
                  <td align="center">90 (62-118)</td>
                  <td align="center">77 (60-105)</td>
                  <td align="center">92 (64-120)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Espasmo radial, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">176 (9,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (5,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">163 (9,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,022</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Mudan&#231;a de via de acesso, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">92 (4,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (3,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">83 (4,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,360</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Cateteres adicionais, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">252 (12,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (15,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">212 (12,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,132</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Custos diretos, (&#8364;/procedimento), mediana (IIQ)</td>
                  <td align="center">169 (158-182)</td>
                  <td align="center">149 (140-160)</td>
                  <td align="center">171 (160-183)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DAP, (mGy.m2), mediana (IIQ)</td>
                  <td align="center">3685 (2408-5695)</td>
                  <td align="center">3488 (2556-5369)</td>
                  <td align="center">3711 (2393-5762)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,831</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Kerma no ar, (mGy), mediana (IIQ)</td>
                  <td align="center">630 (420-964)</td>
                  <td align="center">582 (407-917)</td>
                  <td align="center">641 (424-974)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,165</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tempo de fluoroscopia, (min), mediana (IIQ)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,7 (2,8-8,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,9 (2,2-8,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,8 (2,9-8,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>IIQ: intervalo interquartil; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; DAP: produto dose-&#225;rea.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as entre as estrat&#233;gias de um cateter e dois cateteres na transi&#231;&#227;o da via de acesso (3,6% vs. 4,9%, p = 0,360) e na necessidade de cateteres complementares para concluir a cineangiocoronariografia (15,9% vs. 12,5%, p = 0,132). Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as na exposi&#231;&#227;o a radia&#231;&#245;es ionizantes, avaliadas como DAP [3488 (2556-5369) mGy.m2 vs. 3711 (2393-5762) mGy.m2; p = 0,831] e kerma no ar [582 (407-917) mGy vs. 641 (424-974) mGy; p = 0,165].</p>
          <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; an&#225;lise econ&#244;mica, a estrat&#233;gia de um cateter reduziu os custos diretos atribu&#237;veis aos procedimentos coronarianos [149 (140-160) &#8364;/procedimento vs. 171 (160-183) &#8364;/procedimento; p &lt; 0,001] em compara&#231;&#227;o com a estrat&#233;gia convencional.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os principais achados da nossa investiga&#231;&#227;o foram que a estrat&#233;gia de um cateter, com cateteres TIG, est&#225; associada &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o do espasmo radial, consumo de contraste iodado, dura&#231;&#227;o do procedimento coronariano e custos econ&#244;micos na cineangiocoronariografia.</p>
        <p>O espasmo radial &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o relativamente comum durante a coronariografia por cateterismo pela via radial, e sua incid&#234;ncia &#233; vari&#225;vel, variando de 5% a 30%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Essa complica&#231;&#227;o reduz o conforto do paciente e o sucesso do procedimento,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> e quando envolve a necessidade de mudan&#231;a da via de acesso para o acesso femoral, est&#225; relacionada ao aumento das complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Embora a taxa global de espasmo radial na nossa investiga&#231;&#227;o (9,0%) estivesse na faixa inferior aos estudos que avaliaram esse item em procedimentos coronarianos, a estrat&#233;gia de um cateter permitiu reduzir a incid&#234;ncia de espasmo radial (estrat&#233;gia de um cateter: 5,2% vs. estrat&#233;gia de dois cateteres: 9,3%, p = 0,022). Esses resultados est&#227;o de acordo com tr&#234;s dos mais recentes ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados, demonstrando uma redu&#231;&#227;o no espasmo radial pela estrat&#233;gia de um cateter.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Diversos fatores, como idade, sexo feminino, m&#250;ltiplas pun&#231;&#245;es radiais e di&#226;metro radial, est&#227;o relacionados ao espasmo radial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Al&#233;m disso, a troca de cateteres durante o acesso pela via radial tem estado associada &#224; indu&#231;&#227;o de espasmo radial, provavelmente relacionada &#224; repetida estimula&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria radial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Como resultado, o espasmo radial n&#227;o est&#225; associado apenas ao desconforto do paciente, falha do procedimento e morbimortalidade, mas tamb&#233;m &#224; grande dificuldade de se lidar com cateteres coronarianos. Isso leva a mais testes radiol&#243;gicos para conseguir a canula&#231;&#227;o dos &#243;stios coronarianos e, portanto, a um incremento no tempo de fluoroscopia e na quantidade total de contraste iodado.</p>
        <p>Os agentes radiol&#243;gicos iodados est&#227;o relacionados a diversas complica&#231;&#245;es, destacando a nefropatia induzida por contraste (NIC). A NIC, que afeta 1% a 33% dos pacientes encaminhados para cineangiocoronariografia invasiva, &#233; uma das causas mais comuns de insufici&#234;ncia renal adquirida em pacientes cardiol&#243;gicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> O desenvolvimento de NIC ap&#243;s um procedimento coronariano invasivo est&#225; associado &#224; longa perman&#234;ncia hospitalar, aumento acentuado da morbimortalidade, bem como aumento dos custos de sa&#250;de.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Estudos cl&#225;ssicos demonstraram que o volume de contraste iodado utilizado em procedimentos coronarianos invasivos est&#225; intimamente relacionado ao surgimento de NIC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> At&#233; o momento, a maioria dos estudos sobre a preven&#231;&#227;o da NIC n&#227;o se concentrou em t&#233;cnicas espec&#237;ficas para reduzir a administra&#231;&#227;o de contraste. Apenas um estudo observacional recente mostrou redu&#231;&#227;o da NIC secund&#225;ria a uma t&#233;cnica espec&#237;fica para diminuir a administra&#231;&#227;o de contraste utilizando-se a angiografia coronariana rotacional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Portanto, a economia com o contraste iodado pela estrat&#233;gia de um cateter, como mostrado em nossa investiga&#231;&#227;o e corroborada por diversos estudos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> poderia reduzir a NIC.</p>
        <p>Estudar o impacto econ&#244;mico das interven&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas &#233; crucial para avaliar a implementa&#231;&#227;o de novas t&#233;cnicas diagn&#243;sticas/terap&#234;uticas. Um pequeno estudo observacional avaliou os custos econ&#244;micos relacionados ao uso do cateter TIG I em uma estrat&#233;gia de um cateter em compara&#231;&#227;o com cateteres Judkins em uma estrat&#233;gia de dois cateteres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> No entanto, esse estudo avaliou somente os custos relacionados ao consumo de cateteres coronarianos. Pelo que nos consta, nossa investiga&#231;&#227;o &#233; a primeira a avaliar todos os custos econ&#244;micos diretos atribu&#237;veis &#224; estrat&#233;gia de um cateter para interven&#231;&#245;es coronarianas diagn&#243;sticas. Nossos resultados mostram que esse fato est&#225; relacionado a uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no custo econ&#244;mico por procedimento. Esse fato &#233; mediado fundamentalmente por tr&#234;s fatores: a) uso de menos cateteres coronarianos; b) redu&#231;&#227;o do espasmo radial, que reduz o uso de mais doses de medica&#231;&#227;o espasmol&#237;tica e facilita a conclus&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico sem o uso de cateteres adicionais e mudan&#231;a para outra via de acesso arterial com consequentes gastos com material; e c) redu&#231;&#227;o do consumo de contraste radiol&#243;gico.</p>
        <p>Embora as economias por unidade sejam baixas (&#8364; 22/procedimento), o impacto no longo prazo pode ser muito importante. Al&#233;m disso, a redu&#231;&#227;o do uso de contraste iodado e a diminui&#231;&#227;o do espasmo radial tamb&#233;m podem reduzir os custos econ&#244;micos indiretos derivados da NIC e da mudan&#231;a da via de acesso para a via femoral.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Primeiramente, este estudo &#233; uma an&#225;lise observacional com vieses inerentes. No entanto, este &#233; um dos maiores estudos no qual se avalia o impacto da utiliza&#231;&#227;o uma estrat&#233;gia de um cateter com cateteres TIG I em procedimentos coron&#225;rios invasivos. Em segundo lugar, os dados se referem &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o da nossa &#225;rea geogr&#225;fica, n&#227;o podendo, portanto, ser totalmente extrapolados para outras &#225;reas geogr&#225;ficas. Em terceiro lugar, o desempenho da ventriculografia e do protocolo de procedimentos coron&#225;rios diagn&#243;sticos podem diferir entre os diferentes laborat&#243;rios de hemodin&#226;mica. No entanto, consideramos que o nosso protocolo de cineangiocoronariografia pode ser considerado conservador na administra&#231;&#227;o de contraste, excluindo ventriculografias e limitando o n&#250;mero de visualiza&#231;&#245;es angiogr&#225;ficas e o volume de contraste iodado por proje&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica e, por esses motivos, consideramos que os grupos de compara&#231;&#227;o estavam bem equilibrados e o volume final de contraste administrado n&#227;o foi superestimado. Em quarto lugar, o tipo de material utilizado (bainhas e cateteres), bem como o tamanho das bainhas radiais, pode influenciar o desenvolvimento de espasmo radial. A aus&#234;ncia de dados detalhados em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tamanho das bainhas radiais &#233; uma limita&#231;&#227;o do nosso estudo. No entanto, o uso de bainhas hidrof&#237;licas e cateteres de marcas comerciais amplamente utilizadas permitem que nossos dados sejam extrapolados para outros laborat&#243;rios de hemodin&#226;mica. Em quinto lugar, a an&#225;lise econ&#244;mica contempla apenas os custos diretos do procedimento coronariano diagn&#243;stico e se referem aos pre&#231;os praticados na nossa institui&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, nosso estudo &#233; o primeiro a avaliar os custos econ&#244;micos diretos totais relacionados &#224; estrat&#233;gia de um cateter para cineangiocoronariografia. Al&#233;m disso, como as economias de custo dependem do menor uso de cateteres e espasmo radial e da redu&#231;&#227;o na administra&#231;&#227;o de contraste, consideramos que os resultados poderiam ser facilmente transferidos para outros centros.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>O desempenho da cineangiocoronariografia diagn&#243;stica realizada pela estrat&#233;gia de um cateter, com cateteres TIG, esteve associada a melhor desempenho, em termos de espasmo radial, administra&#231;&#227;o de contraste iodado e economia de custo em procedimentos coronarianos diagn&#243;sticos do que a estrat&#233;gia convencional de dois cateteres.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital Arnau de Vilanova de Lleida sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo PI 13/16. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <app-group>
        <app id="app2">
          <label>Material adicional</label>
          <p>
            <bold>Custos diretos atribu&#237;veis relacionados aos procedimentos de cineangiocoronariografia (Pre&#231;os do material utilizado para a cineangiocoronariografia)</bold>
          </p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="80%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">MATERIAL</th>
                  <th align="center">PRE&#199;O UNIT&#193;RIO</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Cateter TIGER I RH-5TIG110M Radiofocus Optitorque&#174; 5F; Terumo Europe NV, Leuven, B&#233;lgica</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8364; 17,45</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Cateter 534518T INFINITI&#174; 5F Judkins esquerdo; Cordis Corporation, Cashel, Irlanda</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8364; 17,95</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Cateter 534523T INFINITI&#174; 5F Judkins direito; Cordis Corporation, Cashel, Irlanda</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8364; 17,95</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Xenetix 350 100 mL/frasco; Guerbert Group, Villepinte, Fran&#231;a</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8364; 35,09</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Bainha RT-R50G10PQ RADIFOCUS&#174; INTRODUCER II 5 Fr ou 6 Fr; Terumo Europe N.V., Leuven, B&#233;lgica</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8364; 10,71</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fio guia Exchange M001491031 Starter com Ponta Curva em "J" 0,035 x 260 cm; Boston Scientific, Marlborough, MA, EUA</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8364; 8,40</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Apresenta&#231;&#227;o Est&#233;ril (<italic>Sterile Pack</italic>) CombiSet&#174; REF 266315; Hartmann, Heidenheim, Alemanha</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8364; 40,31</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Kit de controle de inje&#231;&#227;o AngioTouch&#174;; ACIST Medical Systems, Inc, Eden Prairie, MN, EUA</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8364; 38,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Mepivaca&#237;na 2%; BBraun, Melsungen, Alemanha</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8364; 0,87</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Heparina 1%; Hospira Prod. Farm. y Hosp S.L., Alcobendas, Espanha</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8364; 1,89</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Cloridrato de verapamil 2,5 mg/mL; Mylan, Canonsburg, PA, EUA</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8364; 0,59</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </app>
      </app-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
