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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Bp5rc3Q46nVZR547DHyNKtB</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019001100948</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2019005018103</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190190</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation in St-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Predictors and Impact on Therapy And Mortality</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9245-6093</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Congo</surname>
            <given-names>Kisa Hyde</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Belo</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Neves</surname>
            <given-names>David</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guerreiro</surname>
            <given-names>Rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pais</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Ant&#243;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Br&#225;s</surname>
            <given-names>Diogo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carrington</surname>
            <given-names>Mafalda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pi&#231;arra</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Rita</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aguiar</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Esp&#237;rito Santo de &#201;vora</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>&#201;vora</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Esp&#237;rito Santo de &#201;vora, &#201;vora - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Nacional Cole&#231;&#227;o de Dados em Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Coimbra</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Nacional Cole&#231;&#227;o de Dados em Cardiologia, Coimbra - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Kisa Hyde Congo,</bold> Hospital Esp&#237;rito Santo de &#201;vora - Largo Senhor da Pobreza, s/n &#201;vora 7000-811 - Portugal. E-mail: <email>kisacongo@gmail.com</email>, <email>kisahydecongo@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript: Congo KH; Statistical analysis: Belo A; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Belo A, Carvalho J, Neves D, Guerreiro R, Pais JA, Br&#225;s D, Carrington M, Pi&#231;arra B, Santos AR, Aguiar J.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>948</fpage>
      <lpage>957</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Backgrund:</title>
          <p>New-onset atrial fibrillation complicating acute myocardial infarction represents an important challenge, with prognostic significance.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To study the incidence, impact on therapy and mortality, and to identify predictors of development of new-onset atrial fibrillation during hospital stay for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We studied all patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction included consecutively, between 2010 and 2017, in a Portuguese national registry and compared two groups: 1 - no atrial fibrillation and 2 - new-onset atrial fibrillation. We adjusted a logistic regression model data analysis to assess the impact of new-onset atrial fibrillation on in-hospital mortality and to identify independent predictors of its development. A p value &lt; 0.05 was considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>We studied 6325 patients, and new-onset atrial fibrillation was found in 365 (5.8%). Reperfusion was successfully accomplished in both groups with no difference regarding type of reperfusion. In group 2, therapy with beta-blockers and angiotensin-conversion enzyme (ACE) inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) was less frequent, 20.6% received anticoagulation at discharge and 16.1% were on triple therapy. New-onset atrial fibrillation was associated with more in-hospital complications and mortality. However, it was not found as an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality. We identified age, prior stroke, inferior myocardial infarction and complete atrioventricular block as independent predictors of new-onset atrial fibrillation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>New-onset atrial fibrillation remains a frequent complication of myocardial infarction and is associated with higher rate of complications and in-hospital mortality. Age, prior stroke, inferior myocardial infarction and complete atrioventricular block were independent predictors of new onset atrial fibrillation. Only 36.7% of the patients received anticoagulation at discharge.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitalization</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Antihypertensive</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticoagulants</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most commonly encountered arrhythmia and often complicates acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with new-onset atrial fibrillation of 6-21%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> In this clinical setting, the occurrence of AF is significant, since rapid and irregular ventricular rates can further impair coronary circulation. The etiology of AF in this context, as in critical illnesses, is most likely multifactorial and includes ischemia, reduced atrial perfusion, glycolytic anaerobic pathways, inflammation, neurohumoral factors, autonomic regulation abnormalities, high left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and elevated atrial pressure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> The bulk of evidence demonstrates that AF in patients hospitalized for AMI represents an important challenge, concerning the role of antiarrhythmic drugs and antithrombotic treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> The development of AF is linked to poorer prognosis and adverse impact on in-hospital and long-term mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> This seems to also apply for transient AF, which has reversed back to sinus rhythm at the time of discharge.</p>
      <p>With advancements in reperfusion strategies and contemporary treatment with angiotensin-conversion enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, statins and antiplatelet therapy, it could be anticipated that there would be a change in incidence and prognostic impact of AF in the setting of AMI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of AF in patients hospitalized for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), identify predictors of AF development and analyze its impact on therapy and in-hospital mortality, in the setting of AMI managed according to the most recent guideline strategies.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>We performed a multicenter retrospective cohort study and identified all hospital admissions from October 2010 to August 2017 with primary discharge diagnosis of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction included consecutively in a national multicenter Portuguese registry on Acute Coronary Syndromes (ProACS). This Portuguese registry includes 25 cardiology departments and has received the approval and authorization from the National Committee of Data Protection (authorization number 3140/2010) and is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov with identification number NCT 01642329.</p>
      <p>We used the third universal definition of STEMI as a new ST-segment elevation at the J point &#8805; 0.1 mV in two contiguous leads or new left bundle branch block, for over 30 minutes, in a clinical setting consistent with acute myocardial ischemia.</p>
      <p>New-onset AF was defined as first occurrence of AF at the time of the myocardial infarction (MI) or any time after MI onset, in the absence of prior diagnosis.</p>
      <p>We divided the patients into 2 groups: Group 1 - Patients who did not develop AF during in-hospital stay for STEMI and Group 2 - Patients with new-onset AF during in-hospital stay for STEMI. We excluded patients with previous diagnosis of AF or previous anticoagulation therapy.</p>
      <p>In each patient, baseline clinical characteristics, including demographics and patient history (cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular comorbidities) were collected. Data relating to coronary angiography, percutaneous coronary intervention (namely, number of affected vessels and number of treated vessels) left ventricular function (assessed either by echocardiography, magnetic resonance, computed tomography, angiography or radionuclide imaging) and in-hospital and post-discharge medical therapy was also analyzed. The outcome variables studied were in-hospital mortality and complications, namely: heart failure, cardiogenic shock, stroke, major bleeding, atrioventricular (AV) block, ventricular tachycardia, cardiac arrest, mechanical complications of AMI and need for invasive mechanical ventilation, Swan-Ganz catheter, transvenous cardiac pacing, intra-aortic balloon pump or ventricular assist device.</p>
      <p>We compared the defined outcomes in both groups and performed multivariate data analysis to assess independent predictors for new-onset AF and the impact of new-onset AF on in-hospital mortality.</p>
      <p>The study protocol is in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Data analysis</title>
        <p>Categorical variables were characterized by absolute and relative frequencies, and numerical variables by means and standard deviations for symmetric distributions; for asymmetric distributions, medians and interquartile intervals were used. Normality was assessed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test.</p>
        <p>Comparisons between both groups regarding categorical variables were conducted using the chi-square Test or Fisher&#8217;s exact Test. For the continuous variables, unpaired t-tests were used to compare the means whenever possible, otherwise, the Mann-Whitney <italic>U</italic> test was used to compare the medians.</p>
        <p>Predictors were determined by adjusting the logistic regression model. Variables were selected to be included in the model using the stepwise (forward) method, together with the likelihood-ratio test. For each variable included in the regression model, adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence interval (CI95%) were also estimated. The quality of the adjustment of the models was assessed by determining the area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (AUC) and its sensitivity and specificity.</p>
        <p>A Kaplan-Meier estimate was obtained for time to death. Comparison of two survival functions was conducted by log-rank test.</p>
        <p>Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS 19.0<sup>&#174;</sup> at a 5% significance level for hypothesis-testing.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>A total of 6957 patients with primary diagnosis of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction were identified. We excluded 632 patients due to previous diagnosis of AF, previous anticoagulation therapy or missing information. A total of 6325 patients were enrolled (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). New-onset AF was found in 365 patients (5.8%). Overall baseline characteristics and of both groups are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Flowchart with patients included and excluded.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-0948-90190-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Baseline characteristics</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">N</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">All</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Group 1 - No AF</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Group 2 - New onset AF</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">OR (CI 95%)</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">6325</th>
              <th align="center">5960 (94.2%)</th>
              <th align="center">365 (5.8%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female (%)</td>
              <td align="center">24.2</td>
              <td align="center">23.6</td>
              <td align="center">34.2</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">1.69 (1.35-2.12)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Age (years) &#8805; 75 (%)</td>
              <td align="center">63 &#177; 13</td>
              <td align="center">62 &#177; 13</td>
              <td align="center">71 &#177; 13</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">3.24 (2.61-4.01)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">21.6</td>
              <td align="center">20.1</td>
              <td align="center">44.9</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI &gt;30 (%)</td>
              <td align="center">20.1</td>
              <td align="center">20.2</td>
              <td align="center">18.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.413</td>
              <td align="center">0.89 (0.67-1.18)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Arterial hypertension (%)</td>
              <td align="center">59.6</td>
              <td align="center">59.0</td>
              <td align="center">69.1</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">1.55 (1.23-1.95)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus (%)</td>
              <td align="center">23.7</td>
              <td align="center">23.4</td>
              <td align="center">28.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.021</td>
              <td align="center">1.32 (1.04-1.67)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemia (%)</td>
              <td align="center">51.1</td>
              <td align="center">51.4</td>
              <td align="center">47.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.186</td>
              <td align="center">0.86 (0.69-1.07)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking habits (%)</td>
              <td align="center">38.6</td>
              <td align="center">39.3</td>
              <td align="center">28.6</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.55 (0.43-0.69)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Family history of coronary disease (%)</td>
              <td align="center">8.5</td>
              <td align="center">8.8</td>
              <td align="center">2.4</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.25 (0.12-0.53)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Prior MI (%)</td>
              <td align="center">10.1</td>
              <td align="center">10.1</td>
              <td align="center">9.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.881</td>
              <td align="center">0.97 (0.68-1.39)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Prior PCI (%)</td>
              <td align="center">8.5</td>
              <td align="center">8.7</td>
              <td align="center">5.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.051</td>
              <td align="center">0.64 (0.41-1.00)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Prior CABG (%)</td>
              <td align="center">1.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.9</td>
              <td align="center">2.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.011</td>
              <td align="center">2.71 (1.33-5.52)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Valvular heart disease (%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.7</td>
              <td align="center">3.4</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">4.61 (2.41-8.81)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">History of heart failure (%)</td>
              <td align="center">1.4</td>
              <td align="center">1.3</td>
              <td align="center">3.6</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">2.81 (1.55-5.11)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous stroke (%)</td>
              <td align="center">5.4</td>
              <td align="center">5.0</td>
              <td align="center">10.4</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">2.19 (1.53-3.12)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Peripheral artery disease (%)</td>
              <td align="center">2.6</td>
              <td align="center">2.5</td>
              <td align="center">5.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.004</td>
              <td align="center">2.06(1.25-3.40)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Pacemaker/ ICD (%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.647</td>
              <td align="center">1.48 (0.35-6.32)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Chronic renal disease (%)</td>
              <td align="center">2.9</td>
              <td align="center">2.8</td>
              <td align="center">4.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.132</td>
              <td align="center">1.51 (0.88-2.59)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CPOD (%)</td>
              <td align="center">3.4</td>
              <td align="center">3.2</td>
              <td align="center">6.9</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">2.23 (1.45-3.43)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dementia (%)</td>
              <td align="center">1.9</td>
              <td align="center">1.7</td>
              <td align="center">5.3</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">3.18 (1.92-5.27)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Values are mean&#177;SD, median (P25; P75) or n (%). AF: atrial fibrillation; BMI: body mass index; MI: myocardial infarction; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG: coronary artery bypass graft; ICD: implantable cardio-defibrillator; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Regarding patient demographics and comorbidities, patients who developed new-onset AF were older, with higher prevalence of female sex, higher prevalence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, prior coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), valvular heart disease, prior heart failure (HF), prior stroke, peripheral arterial disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and dementia. There was lower prevalence of smoking habits and family history of coronary disease in group 2. No difference between both groups was found regarding the other characteristics analyzed.</p>
      <p>Clinical data at admission is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>. Patients in group 2 had higher heart rates and lower systolic blood pressure at admission. Patients in group 2 presented heart failure more frequently.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Clinical data at admission</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">All</th>
              <th align="center">No AF</th>
              <th align="center">New onset AF</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>AMI (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">- Anterior</td>
              <td align="center">48.4</td>
              <td align="center">48.4</td>
              <td align="center">49.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.806</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">- Inferior</td>
              <td align="center">50.6</td>
              <td align="center">50.6</td>
              <td align="center">49.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.704</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">- LBBB</td>
              <td align="center">1.0</td>
              <td align="center">1.0</td>
              <td align="center">1.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.424</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Heart rate (bpm) &gt;100 bpm (%)</td>
              <td align="center">77 &#177; 19</td>
              <td align="center">77 &#177; 18</td>
              <td align="center">79 &#177; 24</td>
              <td align="center">0.066</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">11.7</td>
              <td align="center">11.3</td>
              <td align="center">18.7</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Systolic arterial pressure (mmHg) &lt; 100 mmHg (%)</td>
              <td align="center">135 &#177; 30</td>
              <td align="center">135 &#177; 30</td>
              <td align="center">126 &#177; 28</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">12.3</td>
              <td align="center">12.0</td>
              <td align="center">18.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Diastolic arterial pressure (mmHg) &lt; 60 mmHg (%)</td>
              <td align="center">80 &#177; 18</td>
              <td align="center">80 &#177; 18</td>
              <td align="center">76 &#177; 17</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">14.6</td>
              <td align="center">14.4</td>
              <td align="center">17.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.102</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Killip-Kimbal class &#8805; 2 (%)</td>
              <td align="center">13.0</td>
              <td align="center">12.1</td>
              <td align="center">27.3</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Creatinine (mg/dL) &#8805; 2 mg/dL (%)</td>
              <td align="center">1 &#177; 0.8</td>
              <td align="center">1 &#177; 0.8</td>
              <td align="center">1.2 &#177; 0.9</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">3.6</td>
              <td align="center">3.3</td>
              <td align="center">8.5</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Hemoglobin (g/dL) &#8805;12 g/dL (%)</td>
              <td align="center">14.1 &#177; 1.8</td>
              <td align="center">14.1 &#177; 1.8</td>
              <td align="center">13.5 &#177; 2</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">87.8</td>
              <td align="center">88.2</td>
              <td align="center">81.3</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>Values are mean &#177; SD, median (P25; P75) or n (%). AF: atrial fibrillation; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; LBBB: left bundle branch block.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Regarding therapy, reperfusion was successfully accomplished in both groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>), with no significant difference. However, patients who developed AF had a longer time from symptom onset to reperfusion [median 243 (166-400) minutes vs. 267 (185-398) minutes, p = 0.033]. The number of patients who underwent coronary angiography or angioplasty was not statistically different. No difference in the number of affected vessels was found, although patients in group 2 had a higher prevalence of left main coronary artery disease (3.0% vs. 5.2%, p = 0.041), with no difference regarding other vessel disease. Patients in group 2 had implanted more bare-metal stents (25.1% vs. 35.4%, p = 0.003). Thrombectomy devices were more frequently used in patients in group 2 (32.5% vs. 42.9%, p &lt; 0.001).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Reperfusion therapy. AF: atrial fibrillation; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-0948-90190-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Medical therapy during in-hospital stay and at discharge are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tables 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">4</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">5</xref>. Most patients developed new-onset AF on the first day [median 0 (0-1) days; mean 1.2 &#177; 3.5 days].</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Medical therapy during in-hospital stay Values are percentage (%)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">All</th>
              <th align="center">Group 1 - No AF</th>
              <th align="center">Group 2 - New onset AF</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Aspirin</td>
              <td align="center">98.6</td>
              <td align="center">98.6</td>
              <td align="center">99.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.349</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Clopidogrel</td>
              <td align="center">86.7</td>
              <td align="center">86.6</td>
              <td align="center">89.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.138</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ticagrelor</td>
              <td align="center">17.6</td>
              <td align="center">17.9</td>
              <td align="center">12.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.042</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Prasugrel</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Other AP</td>
              <td align="center">5.4</td>
              <td align="center">5.5</td>
              <td align="center">5.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.859</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">GPIIbIIIa inhibitors</td>
              <td align="center">33.6</td>
              <td align="center">33.5</td>
              <td align="center">35.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.362</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">UFH</td>
              <td align="center">46.3</td>
              <td align="center">46.3</td>
              <td align="center">45.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.784</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Fondaparinux</td>
              <td align="center">6.1</td>
              <td align="center">6.0</td>
              <td align="center">7.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.185</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Bivalirudin</td>
              <td align="center">0.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.512</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LMWH</td>
              <td align="center">45.1</td>
              <td align="center">44.3</td>
              <td align="center">58.2</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Vitamin K antagonists</td>
              <td align="center">1.3</td>
              <td align="center">1.0</td>
              <td align="center">5.2</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">NOAC</td>
              <td align="center">0.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.106</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Beta-blockers</td>
              <td align="center">79.6</td>
              <td align="center">80.2</td>
              <td align="center">69.5</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ACE inhibitors/ARB</td>
              <td align="center">86.3</td>
              <td align="center">86.6</td>
              <td align="center">80.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.002</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Aldosterone antagonists</td>
              <td align="center">13.5</td>
              <td align="center">12.6</td>
              <td align="center">27.3</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Statins</td>
              <td align="center">94.6</td>
              <td align="center">94.5</td>
              <td align="center">95.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.364</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diuretics</td>
              <td align="center">25.1</td>
              <td align="center">23.0</td>
              <td align="center">58.5</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Amiodarone</td>
              <td align="center">6.5</td>
              <td align="center">2.9</td>
              <td align="center">65.9</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Other antiarrhythmic drugs</td>
              <td align="center">1.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.9</td>
              <td align="center">1.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.08</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Digitalis</td>
              <td align="center">0.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.3</td>
              <td align="center">11.3</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Inotropes</td>
              <td align="center">7.8</td>
              <td align="center">6.6</td>
              <td align="center">27.3</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Levosimendan</td>
              <td align="center">1.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.7</td>
              <td align="center">5.5</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>AF: atrial fibrillation; AP: antiplatelet therapy; GpIIb/IIIA inhibitors: Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors; LMWH: low molecular weight heparin; UFH: unfractionated heparin.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Medical therapy at discharge</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">All</th>
              <th align="center">Group 1 - No AF</th>
              <th align="center">Group 2 - New onset AF</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Aspirin</td>
              <td align="center">96.2</td>
              <td align="center">96.3</td>
              <td align="center">93.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.005</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Clopidogrel</td>
              <td align="center">80.3</td>
              <td align="center">80.2</td>
              <td align="center">81.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.634</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ticagrelor</td>
              <td align="center">19.3</td>
              <td align="center">19.6</td>
              <td align="center">13.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.065</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Prasugrel</td>
              <td align="center">0.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.3</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">1.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Other AP</td>
              <td align="center">4.9</td>
              <td align="center">5.0</td>
              <td align="center">3.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.289</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Vitamin K antagonists</td>
              <td align="center">2.4</td>
              <td align="center">1.9</td>
              <td align="center">11.2</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">NOACs</td>
              <td align="center">1.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.8</td>
              <td align="center">7.9</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Beta-blockers</td>
              <td align="center">81.6</td>
              <td align="center">82.2</td>
              <td align="center">71.1</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ACE inhibitors/ARB</td>
              <td align="center">87.7</td>
              <td align="center">88.0</td>
              <td align="center">81.3</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Aldosterone antagonists</td>
              <td align="center">12.0</td>
              <td align="center">11.2</td>
              <td align="center">26.0</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diuretics</td>
              <td align="center">20.1</td>
              <td align="center">18.7</td>
              <td align="center">46.6</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Amiodarone</td>
              <td align="center">2.4</td>
              <td align="center">1.1</td>
              <td align="center">26.4</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Other antiarrhythmic drugs</td>
              <td align="center">0.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.1</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">1.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Digitalis</td>
              <td align="center">0.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.2</td>
              <td align="center">4.0</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>Values are percentage (%). AF: atrial fibrillation; NOAC: non vitamin K anticoagulant.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Patients from group 2 on triple therapy</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Antithrombotic therapy</th>
              <th align="center">Group 2 - New onset AF</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Aspirin + Clopidogrel + Vitamin K antagonists</td>
              <td align="center">10.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Aspirin + Clopidogrel + NOACs</td>
              <td align="center">5.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Aspirin + Ticagrelor/Prasugrel + Vitamin K antagonists</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Aspirin + Ticagrelor/Prasugrel + NOACs</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total</td>
              <td align="center">16.1</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <p>Values are percentage (%). AF: atrial fibrillation; ACE inhibitors: angiotensin conversion enzyme inhibitors; ARB: angiotensin receptor blockers; NOAC: non vitamin K anticoagulant.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>New-onset AF was associated with higher rate of in-hospital complications, namely: worse left ventricular function, higher prevalence of HF, cardiogenic shock, AV block, ventricular tachycardia, cardiac arrest, mechanical complications, stroke and major bleeding (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 6</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t6">
        <label>Table 6</label>
        <caption>
          <title>In-hospital complications</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">All</th>
              <th align="center">Group 1 - No AF</th>
              <th align="center">Group 2 - New onset AF</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LV Ejection fraction &lt; 50%</td>
              <td align="center">43.4</td>
              <td align="center">42.2</td>
              <td align="center">62.1</td>
              <td align="center">p &lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Heart failure</td>
              <td align="center">16.8</td>
              <td align="center">14.9</td>
              <td align="center">48.5</td>
              <td align="center">p &lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cardiogenic shock</td>
              <td align="center">5.9</td>
              <td align="center">4.9</td>
              <td align="center">22.3</td>
              <td align="center">p &lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Atrioventricular block</td>
              <td align="center">5.3</td>
              <td align="center">4.8</td>
              <td align="center">14.2</td>
              <td align="center">p &lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ventricular tachycardia</td>
              <td align="center">2.6</td>
              <td align="center">2.1</td>
              <td align="center">10.7</td>
              <td align="center">p &lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cardiac arrest</td>
              <td align="center">5.2</td>
              <td align="center">4.8</td>
              <td align="center">11.8</td>
              <td align="center">p &lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mechanical complications</td>
              <td align="center">1.3</td>
              <td align="center">1.2</td>
              <td align="center">3.3</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.002</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Stroke</td>
              <td align="center">0.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.6</td>
              <td align="center">2.5</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Major bleeding</td>
              <td align="center">1.9</td>
              <td align="center">1.6</td>
              <td align="center">6.8</td>
              <td align="center">p &lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <p>Values are percentage (%). AF: atrial fibrillation; LV: left ventricular</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>It was also associated to a more frequent need of Swan-Ganz catheter, intra-aortic balloon pump, invasive mechanical ventilation and transvenous cardiac pacing (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 7</xref>). The duration of hospital stay was higher in patients of group 2 [3 (3; 5) days vs. 5 (4; 9) days, p &lt; 0.001]. In-hospital mortality was higher in patients who developed new onset AF (3.8% vs. 13.4%; p &lt; 0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>). Although new-onset AF was associated with higher incidence of complications and in-hospital mortality, by multivariate analysis, new-onset AF was not found as an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality [OR 1.19 (0.62-2.27), p = 0.608].</p>
      <table-wrap id="t7">
        <label>Table 7</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Invasive procedures performed</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">OR (CI 95%)</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age</td>
              <td align="center">1.02 (1.01-1.04)</td>
              <td align="center">p &lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Prior stroke</td>
              <td align="center">1.87 (1.09-3.21)</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.023</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Inferior located STEMI</td>
              <td align="center">1.57 (1.13-2.18)</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.007</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Complete AV block</td>
              <td align="center">1.94 (1.19-3.16)</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.008</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN7">
            <p>Values are percentage (%). AF: atrial fibrillation</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Kaplan-Meier survival curves for the two groups.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-0948-90190-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>We identified age, prior stroke, inferior located STEMI and complete AV block as independent predictors of new-onset AF (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 8</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t8">
        <label>Table 8</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Independent predictors of new onset atrial fibrillation</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">All</th>
              <th align="center">Group 1 - No AF</th>
              <th align="center">Group 2 - New onset AF</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Swan-Ganz catheter</td>
              <td align="center">0.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.4</td>
              <td align="center">3.6</td>
              <td align="center">p &lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Intra-aortic balloon pump</td>
              <td align="center">1.2</td>
              <td align="center">1.1</td>
              <td align="center">2.7</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.012</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Invasive mechanical ventilation</td>
              <td align="center">3.5</td>
              <td align="center">3.2</td>
              <td align="center">9.0</td>
              <td align="center">p &lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Transvenous cardiac pacing</td>
              <td align="center">3.6</td>
              <td align="center">3.1</td>
              <td align="center">11.2</td>
              <td align="center">p &lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN8">
            <p>STEMI: ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>These population-based data reflect the comprehensive experience of a community in a &#8220;real-life&#8221; setting and is more representative of those treated in clinical practice than populations enrolled in randomized controlled trials.</p>
      <p>In our population, new-onset AF was found in 5.8% of patients hospitalized for STEMI, which is in line with recent published data.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> However, this number is lower than most older studies, suggesting that despite an increasingly older population with higher prevalence of comorbidities, the incidence of AF in the setting of acute MI has declined.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>New-onset AF was found more frequently in older patients, female sex, with higher prevalence of comorbidities, including hypertension, diabetes, previous stroke and previous heart failure and, therefore, higher CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc scores. According to Schmitt et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> the use of interventional coronary revascularization has been associated with a notable decline in the AF incidence.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> However, one of the major findings of this study is that new-onset AF complicating STEMI is independent of reperfusion strategy. Reperfusion was successfully accomplished in both groups with no difference regarding the type of reperfusion and no difference in the number of affected or treated vessels between both groups. This is consistent with the OACIS study, which states that AF complicating the clinical course of MI appears to be irrespective of treatment by thrombolytics or PCI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> However, there seems to be a favorable effect of early reperfusion therapy on preventing new-onset AF, as it also was suggested by a previous study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> The use of thrombectomy devices, which may suggest a cardioembolic cause, were more frequently used in patients who developed AF, raising the question that some patients with new-onset AF may have had undiagnosed paroxysmal AF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>There is insufficient data indicating preferences for rate or rhythm control in AF complicating STEMI. Besides beta-blockers, antiarrhythmic drug use is usually limited to amiodarone.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> In our population, two-thirds of the patients who developed new onset AF were started on amiodarone.</p>
      <p>Selection of antithrombotic therapy was at the discretion of the attending physician and reflects a wide range of therapeutic strategies in a &#8220;real-life&#8221; setting. Considering the most recent guidelines published by the European Society of Cardiology, the recommendation is that STEMI patients with an indication for oral anticoagulation, as in AF, should be considered for triple therapy with aspirin, clopidogrel and oral anticoagulant for 1-6 months.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> As shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>, in this population, only 16.1% were on triple therapy at discharge, 10.2% with AAS, clopidogrel and vitamin K antagonists, and 5.9% on AAS, clopidogrel and non-vitamin K anticoagulant (NOAC). This low rate of triple therapy in STEMI patients with AF has been reported in other studies, such as the APEX-AMI study, where 10.6% of new-onset AF patients hospitalized for STEMI were on triple therapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Seventeen percent of patients in group 2 were on P2Y<sub>12</sub> inhibitors other than clopidogrel and none of these were on anticoagulants at discharge. It is noteworthy that 6.1% of patients on aspirin during in-hospital stay were not on aspirin when discharged, suggesting that a WOEST trial-like strategy was chosen, which is also supported by a meta-analysis that suggests that a combination of vitamin K antagonists and single antiplatelet therapy is the best choice for AF patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) considering both efficacy and safety.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Stenestrand et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> and Lopes et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> showed that only a small percentage of patients with AF and acute MI received oral anticoagulation therapy at discharge (30% and 43.4%, respectively). Our results show a lower rate of anticoagulation: only 20.6% of patients diagnosed with AF during in-hospital stay received oral anticoagulation at discharge. Forty-five percent of patients on anticoagulation at discharge were on NOACs.</p>
      <p>Therapy with beta-blockers and angiotensin-conversion enzyme (ACE) inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) was less frequently found in patients who developed new-onset AF and although the higher incidence of complications may have limited therapeutic options, this could suggest that renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors and beta-blockers may have a protective role, which is in line with previous studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> No difference was found regarding statin therapy, unlike what was suggested in previous studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
			</p>
      <p>New-onset AF was associated with higher incidence of complications, namely stroke, heart failure, cardiogenic shock, arrhythmias, cardiac arrest, mechanical complications and major bleeding, and in-hospital mortality, but was not found as an independent predictor of mortality, suggesting that new-onset AF complicating STEMI may simply be an indicator of poor overall clinical status, which is consistent with previous studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Studies on critically ill patients also suggest new-onset AF is an indicator of clinical severity and poorer prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Age, prior stroke, inferior STEMI and complete AV block were found as independent predictors of new-onset AF.</p>
      <p>Age and prior stroke reflect patients with more comorbidities. A systematic review by Schmitt et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> of 20 publications also found that new-onset AF is more likely to complicate AMI in older patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Anatomic atrial abnormalities with aging, such as atrial fibrosis and smooth muscle cell proliferation, may provide anatomic substrate for the multiple wavelet re-entry mechanism of AF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Logistic regression analysis showed that inferior STEMI was an independent predictor of new-onset AF in our population. Kyriakidis et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> found that all patients that developed supraventricular arrhythmia had inferior STEMI and right and left atrial ischemia, and concluded that ischemia of the sinus node due to coronary occlusion proximal to the origin of the sinus node artery was probably one of the underlying causes of atrial fibrillation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> According to Tjandrawidjaja et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> the compromised anatomy of the principal coronary atrial branches is associated with the development of atrial arrhythmia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The GUSTO III study found that the development of AF could be due to other post-AMI complications occurring before AF, such as complete AV block.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> An association between complete AV block and incidence of AF has also been reported previously, particularly in AH type of AV block, due to lesions observed in the atrial muscles including the internodal tracts.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The main question of long-term management of new-onset AF in STEMI and whether to start anticoagulation therapy in these patients remains unanswered, as there is not enough data. In our population, only one in five patients was discharged on oral anticoagulation. Follow-up data on these patients is needed to assess long-term complications. According to some studies, new-onset AF in the acute setting may indicate a propensity to develop arrhythmia again, potentially because of associated comorbidities or other predisposing factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> In our population, the therapeutic strategy seems to have been based on the notion that new-onset AF in STEMI could represent a transient complication of acute coronary syndrome, as suggested by some studies that have shown that in patients with coronary artery disease, atrial ischemia independently promotes the formation of a substrate for AF and that atrial impulse conduction abnormalities were abolished after reperfusion was achieved with either thrombolysis or primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>Although data have been prospectively acquired, the main limitations of this study derive from its retrospective design, which limits some available data.</p>
        <p>Another limitation is that some patients diagnosed with new-onset AF may in fact have previous yet undiagnosed paroxysmal AF, which may lead to an overestimated incidence. These patients may also represent a different subtype of patients, compared to actual new-onset AF due to the ischemic event.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>This study reflects a very large registry of new-onset AF in patients hospitalized for STEMI. It shows that in a modern revascularization era, AF is still a frequent complication of acute myocardial infarction. It can be reduced by early reperfusion independently of reperfusion strategy. These registry data confirm the high mortality and morbidity associated with AF, which may suggest the importance of identifying this subgroup of STEMI patients. Age, prior stroke, inferior STEMI and complete AV block were found as independent predictors of new-onset AF in the setting of STEMI. Furthermore, data indicates that only a minority of patients receive oral anticoagulants at discharge. Although the incidence has decreased, we can still expect AF to remain a frequent and worrisome complication of AMI. Further studies answering questions such as how to reduce the risk of AF development, whether the use of new generation drug-eluting stents and modern antithrombotic strategies aimed at better reperfusion will reduce the incidence of new-onset AF during AMI and how to determine the optimal use of oral anticoagulation therapy in combination with antiplatelet therapy in this setting.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Comiss&#227;o Nacional Prote&#231;&#227;o de Dados under the protocol number 3140/2010. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Auricular de Novo no Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesn&#237;vel do Segmento ST: Preditores e Impacto na Terap&#234;utica e Mortalidade</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9245-6093</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Congo</surname>
            <given-names>Kisa Hyde</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Belo</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Neves</surname>
            <given-names>David</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guerreiro</surname>
            <given-names>Rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pais</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Ant&#243;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Br&#225;s</surname>
            <given-names>Diogo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carrington</surname>
            <given-names>Mafalda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pi&#231;arra</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Rita</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aguiar</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Esp&#237;rito Santo de &#201;vora, &#201;vora - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Nacional Cole&#231;&#227;o de Dados em Cardiologia, Coimbra - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Kisa Hyde Congo,</bold> Hospital Esp&#237;rito Santo de &#201;vora - Largo Senhor da Pobreza, s/n &#201;vora 7000-811 - Portugal. E-mail: <email>kisacongo@gmail.com</email>, <email>kisahydecongo@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Congo KH; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Belo A; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Belo A, Carvalho J, Neves D, Guerreiro R, Pais JA, Br&#225;s D, Carrington M, Pi&#231;arra B, Santos AR, Aguiar J.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o auricular de novo no contexto de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio representa um importante desafio com potencial impacto progn&#243;stico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Determinar a incid&#234;ncia, impacto na terap&#234;utica e mortalidade, e identificar poss&#237;veis preditores do aparecimento de fibrila&#231;&#227;o auricular de novo durante o internamento por infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudamos todos os pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST inseridos consecutivamente de 2010 a 2017 num registro nacional portugu&#234;s e comparamos dois grupos: 1 - sem fibrila&#231;&#227;o auricular; 2- com fibrila&#231;&#227;o auricular de novo. Efetuamos an&#225;lise com modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para avaliar o impacto de fibrila&#231;&#227;o auricular de novo na mortalidade intra-hospitalar e identificar preditores independentes para o seu aparecimento. Para teste de hip&#243;teses, considerou-se significativo p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Estudamos 6325 pacientes, dos quais 365 (5.8%) apresentaram fibrila&#231;&#227;o auricular de novo. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a no n&#250;mero de pacientes reperfundidos nem na estrat&#233;gia de reperfus&#227;o. No grupo 2, terap&#234;utica com betabloqueadores e IECA/ARA foi menos frequente, 20.6% tiveram alta sob anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral e 16.1% sob terap&#234;utica tripla. A fibrila&#231;&#227;o auricular de novo associou-se a maior incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es e mortalidade intra-hospitalar, mas n&#227;o foi preditor independente de mortalidade intra-hospitalar. Identificamos idade, acidente vascular cerebral pr&#233;vio, infarto inferior e bloqueio auriculoventricular completo como preditores independentes de fibrila&#231;&#227;o auricular de novo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o auricular de novo continua sendo uma complica&#231;&#227;o frequente do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, estando associada a aumento das complica&#231;&#245;es e mortalidade intra-hospitalar. Apenas 36.7% desses pacientes teve alta sob anticoagula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesn&#237;vel do Segmento ST/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Anti-Hipertensivos</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticoagulantes</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; a arritmia mais comumente encontrada e muitas vezes complica o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial de novo de 6-21%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Neste contexto cl&#237;nica, a ocorr&#234;ncia de FA &#233; significativa, tendo em vista que frequ&#234;ncias ventriculares r&#225;pidas e irregulares podem prejudicar ainda mais a circula&#231;&#227;o coronariana. A etiologia da FA, nesse contexto, assim como em doen&#231;as cr&#237;ticas, &#233; provavelmente multifatorial e inclui isquemia, perfus&#227;o atrial reduzida, vias glicol&#237;ticas anaer&#243;bias, inflama&#231;&#227;o, fatores neuro-humorais, anormalidades na regula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, press&#227;o ventricular esquerda diast&#243;lica final elevada e press&#227;o atrial elevada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> A maior parte das evid&#234;ncias demonstra que a FA em pacientes hospitalizados por IAM representa um desafio importante, no que diz respeito ao papel dos f&#225;rmacos antiarr&#237;tmicos e do tratamento antitromb&#243;tico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> O desenvolvimento de FA est&#225; ligado a pior progn&#243;stico e impacto adverso na mortalidade intra-hospitalar e a longo prazo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Esse fato parece se aplicar tamb&#233;m &#224; FA transit&#243;ria, que se reverteu para ritmo sinusal no momento da alta hospitalar.</p>
        <p>Com os avan&#231;os nas estrat&#233;gias de reperfus&#227;o e tratamentos atuais com inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina (ECA), estatinas e terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria, pode-se prever que haveria uma mudan&#231;a na incid&#234;ncia e no impacto progn&#243;stico da FA no cen&#225;rio de IAM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a incid&#234;ncia de FA em pacientes hospitalizados por infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMcSST), identificar preditores do desenvolvimento de FA e analisar seu impacto na terapia e mortalidade intra-hospitalar, no contexto de IAM administrado de acordo com as estrat&#233;gias das diretrizes mais recentes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Realizamos um estudo de coorte retrospectivo multic&#234;ntrico e identificamos todas as interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares no per&#237;odo de outubro de 2010 a agosto de 2017 com diagn&#243;stico inicial, na alta hospitalar, de IAMcSST, inclu&#237;das consecutivamente em um registro nacional multic&#234;ntrico portugu&#234;s sobre S&#237;ndromes Coronarianas Agudas (ProACS). O registro portugu&#234;s conta com 25 departamentos de cardiologia, tendo recebido a aprova&#231;&#227;o e autoriza&#231;&#227;o do Comit&#234; Nacional de Prote&#231;&#227;o de Dados (n&#250;mero de autoriza&#231;&#227;o 3140/2010), e est&#225; registrado no site ClinicalTrials.gov com o n&#250;mero de identifica&#231;&#227;o NCT 01642329.</p>
        <p>Utilizamos a terceira defini&#231;&#227;o universal de IAMcSST como um novo supradesnivelamento do segmento ST no ponto J &#8805; 0,1 mV em duas deriva&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;guas ou novo bloqueio completo do ramo esquerdo, por mais de 30 minutos, em um cen&#225;rio cl&#237;nico compat&#237;vel com isquemia mioc&#225;rdica aguda.</p>
        <p>A FA de novo foi definida como a primeira ocorr&#234;ncia de FA no momento do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM) ou em qualquer momento ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio do IM, na aus&#234;ncia de diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio.</p>
        <p>Dividimos os pacientes em 2 grupos: Grupo 1 - Pacientes que n&#227;o desenvolveram FA durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar por IAMcSST e Grupo 2 - Pacientes com FA de novo durante interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar por IAMcSST. Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes com diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de FA ou terapia pr&#233;via de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Em cada paciente, foram coletadas as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas basais, incluindo dados demogr&#225;ficos e hist&#243;rico do paciente (comorbidades cardiovasculares e n&#227;o cardiovasculares). Foram analisados os dados relacionados &#224; angiografia coronariana, interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea (n&#250;mero de vasos afetados e n&#250;mero de vasos tratados), fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (avaliada por ecocardiografia, resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica, tomografia computadorizada, angiografia ou cintilografia) e terapia medicamentosa intra-hospitalar e p&#243;s-alta. As vari&#225;veis de desfecho estudadas foram mortalidade e complica&#231;&#245;es intra-hospitalares, a saber: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, choque cardiog&#234;nico, acidente vascular cerebral, hemorragia importante, bloqueio atrioventricular (AV), taquicardia ventricular, parada card&#237;aca, complica&#231;&#245;es mec&#226;nicas do IAM e necessidade de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica invasiva, cateter de Swan-Ganz, estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca intravenosa, bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico ou dispositivo de assist&#234;ncia ventricular.</p>
        <p>Comparamos os desfechos definidos em ambos os grupos e realizamos an&#225;lise de dados multivariada para avaliar os preditores independentes para FA de novo e o impacto da FA de novo na mortalidade intra-hospitalar.</p>
        <p>O protocolo de estudo est&#225; de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise de dados</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram caracterizadas por frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas e as vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas por m&#233;dias e desvios padr&#227;o para distribui&#231;&#245;es sim&#233;tricas; para distribui&#231;&#245;es assim&#233;tricas, foram usados medianas e intervalos interquartis. Verificou-se a normalidade dos dados atrav&#233;s do teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov.</p>
          <p>Foram feitas compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos no que diz respeito &#224;s vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, utilizando o teste do qui-quadrado ou o teste exato de Fisher. Para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, utilizamos os testes <italic>t</italic> n&#227;o pareados para comparar as m&#233;dias, quando poss&#237;vel. Do contr&#225;rio, utilizou-se o teste U de Mann-Whitney para comparar as medianas.</p>
          <p>Os preditores foram determinados ajustando-se o modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. As vari&#225;veis foram selecionadas para serem inclu&#237;das no modelo usando o m&#233;todo <italic>stepwise forward</italic>, juntamente com o teste da raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a. Para cada vari&#225;vel inclu&#237;da no modelo de regress&#227;o, tamb&#233;m foram estimados o intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC95%) e a <italic>odds ratio</italic> ajustada. A qualidade do ajuste dos modelos foi avaliada determinando a &#225;rea sob a curva <italic>Receiver Operating Characteristic</italic> (ROC) e sua sensibilidade e especificidade.</p>
          <p>Obteve-se uma estimativa de Kaplan-Meier para o tempo at&#233; o &#243;bito. Realizou-se a compara&#231;&#227;o de duas fun&#231;&#245;es de sobrevida pelo teste de log-rank.</p>
          <p>As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram feitas no software SPSS 19.0<sup>&#174;</sup> a um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% para teste de hip&#243;teses.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Identificou-se um total de 6.957 pacientes com diagn&#243;stico prim&#225;rio de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. Foram exclu&#237;dos 632 pacientes devido ao diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de FA, terapia pr&#233;via de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o ou informa&#231;&#245;es faltantes. No total, 6325 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>). Detectou-se FA de novo em 365 pacientes (5,8%). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 1</xref> mostra as caracter&#237;sticas basais gerais e de ambos os grupos.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fluxograma com pacientes inclu&#237;dos e exclu&#237;dos.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-0948-90190-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">N</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Todos</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Grupo 1 - Sem FA</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Grupo 2 - FA de novo</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">OR (IC 95%)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">6325</th>
                <th align="center">5960 (94,2%)</th>
                <th align="center">365 (5,8%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo feminino (%)</td>
                <td align="center">24,2</td>
                <td align="center">23,6</td>
                <td align="center">34,2</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,69 (1,35-2,12)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Idade (anos) &#8805; 75 (%)</td>
                <td align="center">63 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">62 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">71 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">3,24 (2,61-4,01)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">21,6</td>
                <td align="center">20,1</td>
                <td align="center">44,9</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC &gt;30 (%)</td>
                <td align="center">20,1</td>
                <td align="center">20,2</td>
                <td align="center">18,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,413</td>
                <td align="center">0,89 (0,67-1,18)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o arterial (%)</td>
                <td align="center">59,6</td>
                <td align="center">59,0</td>
                <td align="center">69,1</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,55 (1,23-1,95)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus (%)</td>
                <td align="center">23,7</td>
                <td align="center">23,4</td>
                <td align="center">28,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,021</td>
                <td align="center">1,32 (1,04-1,67)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipidemia (%)</td>
                <td align="center">51,1</td>
                <td align="center">51,4</td>
                <td align="center">47,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,186</td>
                <td align="center">0,86 (0,69-1,07)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo (%)</td>
                <td align="center">38,6</td>
                <td align="center">39,3</td>
                <td align="center">28,6</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,55 (0,43-0,69)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;rico familiar de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (%)</td>
                <td align="center">8,5</td>
                <td align="center">8,8</td>
                <td align="center">2,4</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,25 (0,12-0,53)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;rico de IM (%)</td>
                <td align="center">10,1</td>
                <td align="center">10,1</td>
                <td align="center">9,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,881</td>
                <td align="center">0,97 (0,68-1,39)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;rico de ICP (%)</td>
                <td align="center">8,5</td>
                <td align="center">8,7</td>
                <td align="center">5,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,051</td>
                <td align="center">0,64 (0,41-1,00)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CRM pr&#233;via (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
                <td align="center">2,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,011</td>
                <td align="center">2,71 (1,33-5,52)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a card&#237;aca valvar (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,7</td>
                <td align="center">3,4</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">4,61 (2,41-8,81)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;rico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,4</td>
                <td align="center">1,3</td>
                <td align="center">3,6</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">2,81 (1,55-5,11)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Acidente vascular cerebral pr&#233;vio (%)</td>
                <td align="center">5,4</td>
                <td align="center">5,0</td>
                <td align="center">10,4</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">2,19 (1,53-3,12)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica (%)</td>
                <td align="center">2,6</td>
                <td align="center">2,5</td>
                <td align="center">5,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
                <td align="center">2,06 (1,25-3,40)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Marcapasso/CDI (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,647</td>
                <td align="center">1,48 (0,35-6,32)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (%)</td>
                <td align="center">2,9</td>
                <td align="center">2,8</td>
                <td align="center">4,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,132</td>
                <td align="center">1,51 (0,88-2,59)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3,4</td>
                <td align="center">3,2</td>
                <td align="center">6,9</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">2,23 (1,45-3,43)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dem&#234;ncia (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,9</td>
                <td align="center">1,7</td>
                <td align="center">5,3</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">3,18 (1,92-5,27)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <p>Os valores s&#227;o expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; DP, mediana (P25;P75) ou n (%). FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; CRM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica; CDI: cardioversor desfibrilador implant&#225;vel; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos dados demogr&#225;ficos e comorbidades dos pacientes, os pacientes que desenvolveram FA de novo tinham idade mais avan&#231;ada, maior preval&#234;ncia do sexo feminino, maior preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o, diabetes mellitus, cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pr&#233;via, valvulopatia card&#237;aca, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) pr&#233;via, acidente vascular cerebral pr&#233;vio, doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica (DPOC) e dem&#234;ncia. Houve menor preval&#234;ncia de tabagismo e hist&#243;rico familiar de doen&#231;a coronariana no grupo 2. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os dois grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s demais caracter&#237;sticas analisadas.</p>
        <p>Os dados cl&#237;nicos no momento da interna&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 2</xref>. Os pacientes do grupo 2 apresentaram maior frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e menor press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica no momento da interna&#231;&#227;o. Os pacientes do grupo 2 apresentaram insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com maior frequ&#234;ncia.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados cl&#237;nicos no momento da interna&#231;&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Todos</th>
                <th align="center">Sem FA</th>
                <th align="center">FA de novo</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>IAM (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">- Anterior</td>
                <td align="center">48,4</td>
                <td align="center">48,4</td>
                <td align="center">49,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,806</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">- Inferior</td>
                <td align="center">50,6</td>
                <td align="center">50,6</td>
                <td align="center">49,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,704</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">- BRE</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td align="center">1,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,424</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (bpm) &gt; 100 bpm (%)</td>
                <td align="center">77 &#177; 19</td>
                <td align="center">77 &#177; 18</td>
                <td align="center">79 &#177; 24</td>
                <td align="center">0,066</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">11.7</td>
                <td align="center">11,3</td>
                <td align="center">18,7</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (mmHg) &lt; 100 mmHg (%)</td>
                <td align="center">135 &#177; 30</td>
                <td align="center">135 &#177; 30</td>
                <td align="center">126 &#177; 28</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">12,3</td>
                <td align="center">12,0</td>
                <td align="center">18,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (mmHg) &lt; 60 mmHg (%)</td>
                <td align="center">80 &#177; 18</td>
                <td align="center">80 &#177; 18</td>
                <td align="center">76 &#177; 17</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">14,6</td>
                <td align="center">14,4</td>
                <td align="center">17,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,102</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Classe Killip-Kimbal &#8805;2 (%)</td>
                <td align="center">13,0</td>
                <td align="center">12,1</td>
                <td align="center">27,3</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Creatinina (mg/dL) &#8805;2 mg/dL (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 &#177; 0.8</td>
                <td align="center">1 &#177; 0.8</td>
                <td align="center">1,2 &#177; 0,9</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">3,6</td>
                <td align="center">3,3</td>
                <td align="center">8,5</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Hemoglobina (g/dL) &#8805;12 g/dL (%)</td>
                <td align="center">14,1&#177;1,8</td>
                <td align="center">14,1&#177;1,8</td>
                <td align="center">13,5 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">87,8</td>
                <td align="center">88,2</td>
                <td align="center">81,3</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>Os valores s&#227;o expressos em m&#233;dia&#177;DP, mediana (P25;P75) ou n (%). FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; BRE: bloqueio de ramo esquerdo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; terapia, a reperfus&#227;o foi realizada com sucesso em ambos os grupos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2</xref>), sem diferen&#231;a significativa. No entanto, os pacientes que desenvolveram FA apresentaram maior tempo desde o in&#237;cio dos sintomas at&#233; a reperfus&#227;o [mediana de 243 (166-400) minutos vs. 267 (185-398) minutos, p = 0,033]. O n&#250;mero de pacientes submetidos &#224; angiografia coronariana ou angioplastia n&#227;o se mostrou estatisticamente diferente. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a no n&#250;mero de vasos acometidos, embora os pacientes do grupo 2 tenham apresentado maior preval&#234;ncia de tronco comum da coron&#225;ria esquerda (3,0% vs. 5,2%, p = 0,041), sem diferen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o a doen&#231;as de outros vasos. Os pacientes do grupo 2 haviam implantado maior n&#250;mero de stents met&#225;licos (25,1% vs. 35,4%, p = 0,003). Os dispositivos de trombectomia foram mais utilizados em pacientes do grupo 2 (32,5% vs. 42,9%, p &lt; 0,001).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Terapia de reperfus&#227;o. FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-0948-90190-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A terapia medicamentosa durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e na alta encontra-se nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Tabelas 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">4</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t13">5</xref>. A maioria dos pacientes desenvolveu FA de novo no primeiro dia [mediana 0 (0-1) dias; m&#233;dia 1,2 &#177; 3,5 dias].</p>
        <table-wrap id="t11">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Terapia medicamentosa durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Todos</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo 1 - Sem FA</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo 2 - FA de novo</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aspirina</td>
                <td align="center">98,6</td>
                <td align="center">98,6</td>
                <td align="center">99,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,349</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Clopidogrel</td>
                <td align="center">86,7</td>
                <td align="center">86,6</td>
                <td align="center">89,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,138</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ticagrelor</td>
                <td align="center">17,6</td>
                <td align="center">17,9</td>
                <td align="center">12,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,042</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Prasugrel</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Outras TAP</td>
                <td align="center">5,4</td>
                <td align="center">5,5</td>
                <td align="center">5,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,859</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Inibidores da GPIIbIIIa</td>
                <td align="center">33,6</td>
                <td align="center">33,5</td>
                <td align="center">35,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,362</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HNF</td>
                <td align="center">46,3</td>
                <td align="center">46,3</td>
                <td align="center">45,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,784</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fondaparinux</td>
                <td align="center">6,1</td>
                <td align="center">6,0</td>
                <td align="center">7,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,185</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bivalirudina</td>
                <td align="center">0,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,512</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HBPM</td>
                <td align="center">45,1</td>
                <td align="center">44,3</td>
                <td align="center">58,2</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Antagonistas da vitamina K</td>
                <td align="center">1,3</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td align="center">5,2</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NOAC</td>
                <td align="center">0,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,106</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Betabloqueadores</td>
                <td align="center">79,6</td>
                <td align="center">80,2</td>
                <td align="center">69,5</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Inibidores da ECA/BRA</td>
                <td align="center">86,3</td>
                <td align="center">86,6</td>
                <td align="center">80,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Antagonistas da aldosterona</td>
                <td align="center">13,5</td>
                <td align="center">12,6</td>
                <td align="center">27,3</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estatinas</td>
                <td align="center">94,6</td>
                <td align="center">94,5</td>
                <td align="center">95,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,364</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diur&#233;ticos</td>
                <td align="center">25,1</td>
                <td align="center">23,0</td>
                <td align="center">58,5</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Amiodarona</td>
                <td align="center">6,5</td>
                <td align="center">2,9</td>
                <td align="center">65,9</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Outros antiarr&#237;tmicos</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
                <td align="center">1,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Digit&#225;licos</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,3</td>
                <td align="center">11,3</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Inotr&#243;picos</td>
                <td align="center">7,8</td>
                <td align="center">6,6</td>
                <td align="center">27,3</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Levosimendana</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,7</td>
                <td align="center">5,5</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <p>Valores como porcentagem (%). FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; TAP: terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria; Inibidores da GPIIb/IIIA: Inibidores da glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa; HBPM: heparina de baixo peso molecular; HNF: heparina n&#227;o fracionada; BRA: bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina; ECA: enzima conversora de angiotensina; NOAC: novos anticoagulantes orais.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t12">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Terapia medicamentosa na alta</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Todos</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo 1 - Sem FA</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo 2 - FA de novo</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aspirina</td>
                <td align="center">96,2</td>
                <td align="center">96,3</td>
                <td align="center">93,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Clopidogrel</td>
                <td align="center">80,3</td>
                <td align="center">80,2</td>
                <td align="center">81,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,634</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ticagrelor</td>
                <td align="center">19,3</td>
                <td align="center">19,6</td>
                <td align="center">13,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,065</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Prasugrel</td>
                <td align="center">0,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,3</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Outras TAP</td>
                <td align="center">4,9</td>
                <td align="center">5,0</td>
                <td align="center">3,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,289</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Antagonistas da vitamina K</td>
                <td align="center">2,4</td>
                <td align="center">1,9</td>
                <td align="center">11,2</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NOACs</td>
                <td align="center">1,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,8</td>
                <td align="center">7,9</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Betabloqueadores</td>
                <td align="center">81,6</td>
                <td align="center">82,2</td>
                <td align="center">71,1</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Inibidores da ECA/BRA</td>
                <td align="center">87,7</td>
                <td align="center">88,0</td>
                <td align="center">81,3</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Antagonistas da aldosterona</td>
                <td align="center">12,0</td>
                <td align="center">11,2</td>
                <td align="center">26,0</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diur&#233;ticos</td>
                <td align="center">20,1</td>
                <td align="center">18,7</td>
                <td align="center">46,6</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Amiodarona</td>
                <td align="center">2,4</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
                <td align="center">26,4</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Outros antiarr&#237;tmicos</td>
                <td align="center">0,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,1</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Digit&#225;licos</td>
                <td align="center">0,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,2</td>
                <td align="center">4,0</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <p>Valores como porcentagem (%). FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; NOAC: novos anticoagulantes orais; BRA: bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina; ECA: enzima conversora de angiotensina; TAP: terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t13">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Pacientes do grupo 2 em terapia tripla</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Terapia antitromb&#243;tica</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo 2 - FA de novo</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aspirina + Clopidogrel + Antagonistas da vitamina K</td>
                <td align="center">10,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aspirina + Clopidogrel + NOACs</td>
                <td align="center">5,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aspirina + Ticagrelor/Prasugrel + Antagonistas da vitamina K</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aspirina + Ticagrelor/Prasugrel + NOACs</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total</td>
                <td align="center">16,1</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <p>Valores como porcentagem (%). AF: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; Inibidores ECA: inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina: BRA: bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina; NOAC: novos anticoagulantes orais.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A FA de novo mostrou-se associada a maior &#237;ndice de complica&#231;&#245;es intra-hospitalares, a saber: pior fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, maior preval&#234;ncia de IC, choque cardiog&#234;nico, bloqueio AV, taquicardia ventricular, parada card&#237;aca, complica&#231;&#245;es mec&#226;nicas, acidente vascular cerebral e hemorragia importante (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t14">Tabela 6</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t14">
          <label>Tabela 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Complica&#231;&#245;es intra-hospitalares</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Todos</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo 1 - Sem FA</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo 2 - FA de novo</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE &lt; 50%</td>
                <td align="center">43,4</td>
                <td align="center">42,2</td>
                <td align="center">62,1</td>
                <td align="center">p &lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center">16,8</td>
                <td align="center">14,9</td>
                <td align="center">48,5</td>
                <td align="center">p &lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Choque cardiog&#234;nico</td>
                <td align="center">5,9</td>
                <td align="center">4,9</td>
                <td align="center">22,3</td>
                <td align="center">p &lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bloqueio atrioventricular</td>
                <td align="center">5,3</td>
                <td align="center">4,8</td>
                <td align="center">14,2</td>
                <td align="center">p &lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Taquicardia ventricular</td>
                <td align="center">2,6</td>
                <td align="center">2,1</td>
                <td align="center">10,7</td>
                <td align="center">p &lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria</td>
                <td align="center">5,2</td>
                <td align="center">4,8</td>
                <td align="center">11,8</td>
                <td align="center">p &lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Complica&#231;&#245;es mec&#226;nicas</td>
                <td align="center">1,3</td>
                <td align="center">1,2</td>
                <td align="center">3,3</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Acidente vascular cerebral</td>
                <td align="center">0,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,6</td>
                <td align="center">2,5</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemorragia</td>
                <td align="center">1,9</td>
                <td align="center">1,6</td>
                <td align="center">6,8</td>
                <td align="center">p &lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <p>Valores como porcentagem (%). FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; VE: Ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Tamb&#233;m esteve associada a uma necessidade mais frequente de cateter de Swan-Ganz, bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico, ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica invasiva e estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca intravenosa (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t15">Tabela 7</xref>). A dura&#231;&#227;o da interna&#231;&#227;o foi maior nos pacientes do grupo 2 [3 (3; 5) dias vs. 5 (4; 9) dias, p &lt; 0,001]. A mortalidade intra-hospitalar foi maior nos pacientes que desenvolveram FA de novo (3,8% vs. 13,4%; p &lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref>). Embora a FA de novo tenha estado associada &#224; maior incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es e mortalidade intra-hospitalar, pela an&#225;lise multivariada, a FA de novo n&#227;o foi encontrada como um preditor independente de mortalidade intra-hospitalar [OR 1,19 (0,62-2,27), p = 0,608].</p>
        <table-wrap id="t15">
          <label>Tabela 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Procedimentos invasivos realizados</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">OR (IC 95%)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">1,02 (1,01-1,04)</td>
                <td align="center">p &lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Acidente vascular cerebral pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center">1,87 (1,09-3,21)</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,023</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IAMcSST inferior</td>
                <td align="center">1,57 (1,13-2,18)</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bloqueio AV completo</td>
                <td align="center">1,94 (1,19-3,16)</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,008</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN15">
              <p>Valores como porcentagem (%). FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Curvas de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier para os dois grupos.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-113-05-0948-90190-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Identificamos idade, acidente vascular cerebral pr&#233;vio, IAMcSST com localiza&#231;&#227;o inferior e bloqueio AV completo como preditores independentes de FA de novo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t16">Tabela 8</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t16">
          <label>Tabela 8</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preditores independentes da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial de novo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Todos</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo 1 - Sem FA</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo 2 - FA de novo</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cateter Swan-Ganz</td>
                <td align="center">0,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,4</td>
                <td align="center">3,6</td>
                <td align="center">p &lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico</td>
                <td align="center">1,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
                <td align="center">2,7</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,012</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica invasiva</td>
                <td align="center">3,5</td>
                <td align="center">3,2</td>
                <td align="center">9,0</td>
                <td align="center">p &lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca transvenosa</td>
                <td align="center">3,6</td>
                <td align="center">3,1</td>
                <td align="center">11,2</td>
                <td align="center">p &lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN16">
              <p>IAMcSST: Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Esses dados populacionais refletem a experi&#234;ncia abrangente de uma comunidade em um ambiente de &#8220;vida real&#8221;, sendo mais representativos dos pacientes tratados na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica do que as popula&#231;&#245;es inclu&#237;das em ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados.</p>
        <p>Na nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, encontrou-se FA de novo em 5,8% dos pacientes hospitalizados por IAMcSST, o que se coaduna com dados publicados recentemente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> No entanto, esse n&#250;mero &#233; inferior &#224; maioria dos estudos publicados anteriormente, sugerindo que, apesar da popula&#231;&#227;o apresentar idade cada vez mais avan&#231;ada e maior preval&#234;ncia de comorbilidades, a incid&#234;ncia de FA no cen&#225;rio de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio diminuiu.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Encontrou-se FA de novo mais frequentemente em pacientes com idade mais avan&#231;ada, do sexo feminino, com maior preval&#234;ncia de comorbidades, incluindo hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, acidente vascular cerebral pr&#233;vio e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via e, portanto, maiores escores CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc. De acordo com Schmitt et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o por interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea tem estado associada a um decl&#237;nio not&#225;vel na incid&#234;ncia de FA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> No entanto, um dos principais achados do presente estudo &#233; que a FA de novo como fator complicador do quadro de IAMcSST &#233; independente da estrat&#233;gia de reperfus&#227;o. A reperfus&#227;o foi realizada com sucesso em ambos os grupos, sem diferen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tipo de reperfus&#227;o e nenhuma diferen&#231;a no n&#250;mero de vasos acometidos ou tratados entre os dois grupos. Esse fato est&#225; de acordo com o estudo OACIS, onde a FA como fator complicador da evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio parece ser independente do tratamento com trombol&#237;ticos ou interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> No entanto, parece haver um efeito favor&#225;vel da terapia de reperfus&#227;o precoce na preven&#231;&#227;o de FA de novo, como tamb&#233;m foi sugerido por um estudo anterior.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> O uso de dispositivos de trombectomia, que podem sugerir uma causa cardioemb&#243;lica, foi mais frequentemente utilizado em pacientes que desenvolveram FA, levantando a quest&#227;o de que alguns pacientes com FA de novo podem ter tido FA parox&#237;stica n&#227;o diagnosticada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; dados suficientes que indiquem prefer&#234;ncias para o controle da frequ&#234;ncia ou ritmo na FA como fator complicador do IAMcSST. Al&#233;m dos betabloqueadores, o uso de medicamentos antiarr&#237;tmicos geralmente se limita &#224; amiodarona.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, dois ter&#231;os dos pacientes que desenvolveram FA de novo iniciaram tratamento com amiodarona.</p>
        <p>A escolha da terapia antitromb&#243;tica ficou a crit&#233;rio do m&#233;dico assistente e reflete uma ampla variedade de estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas em um ambiente de &#8220;vida real&#8221;. Considerando as diretrizes mais recentes publicadas pela Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia, a recomenda&#231;&#227;o &#233; que pacientes com IAMcSST com indica&#231;&#227;o de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral, como na FA, devem ser considerados para terapia tripla com aspirina, clopidogrel e anticoagulante oral por 1-6 meses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Como mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t13">Tabela 5</xref>, nesta popula&#231;&#227;o, apenas 16,1% estavam sob terapia tripla na alta, 10,2% com &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico (AAS), clopidogrel e antagonistas da vitamina K, e 5,9% com AAS, clopidogrel e anticoagulantes orais (NOACs). Essa baixa frequ&#234;ncia de terapia tripla em pacientes com IAMcSST vem sendo relatada em outros estudos, como o estudo APEX-AMI, onde 10,6% dos pacientes com FA de novo hospitalizados por IAMcSST estavam sob terapia tripla.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Dezessete por cento dos pacientes do grupo 2 utilizavam inibidores da P2Y<sub>12</sub> al&#233;m do clopidogrel e nenhum deles utilizava anticoagulantes no momento da alta hospitalar. Vale ressaltar que 6,1% dos pacientes tratados com aspirina durante a interna&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o estavam recebendo aspirina quando receberam alta, sugerindo que foi escolhida uma estrat&#233;gia semelhante &#224; do ensaio WOEST, que tamb&#233;m &#233; corroborada por uma metan&#225;lise que sugere que a combina&#231;&#227;o de antagonistas da vitamina K e monoterapia antiplaquet&#225;ria &#233; a melhor escolha para pacientes com FA submetidos &#224; ICP, considerando tanto a efic&#225;cia quanto a seguran&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Stenestrand et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> e Lopes et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> mostraram que apenas uma pequena porcentagem de pacientes com FA e IAM recebeu terapia de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral na alta hospitalar (30% e 43,4%, respectivamente). Nossos resultados mostram menor frequ&#234;ncia de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o: apenas 20,6% dos pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de FA durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar receberam anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral na alta hospitalar. Quarenta e cinco por cento dos pacientes em anticoagula&#231;&#227;o na alta hospitalar recebiam NOACs.</p>
        <p>A terapia com betabloqueadores e inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina (ECA)/bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina (BRA) foi encontrada com menor frequ&#234;ncia em pacientes que desenvolveram FA de novo e, embora a maior incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es possa ter op&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas limitadas, esse fato poderia sugerir que os inibidores do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona e os betabloqueadores podem ter um papel protetor, o que est&#225; de acordo com estudos anteriores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Nenhuma diferen&#231;a foi encontrada em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; terapia com estatinas, diferentemente do que foi sugerido em estudos anteriores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A FA de novo esteve associada a maior incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es, como acidente vascular cerebral, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, choque cardiog&#234;nico, arritmias, parada card&#237;aca, complica&#231;&#245;es mec&#226;nicas e hemorragia importante, e mortalidade intra-hospitalar, mas n&#227;o foi considerada preditor independente de mortalidade, sugerindo que a FA de novo como fator complicador do IAMcSST pode ser simplesmente um indicador de mau estado cl&#237;nico geral, sendo condizente com estudos anteriores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Estudos em pacientes com doen&#231;as graves tamb&#233;m sugerem que a FA de novo &#233; um indicador de gravidade cl&#237;nica e pior progn&#243;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Idade, acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) pr&#233;vio, IAMcSST inferior e bloqueio AV completo foram determinados como sendo preditores independentes da FA de novo.</p>
        <p>Idade e acidente vascular cerebral pr&#233;vio refletem pacientes com maior n&#250;mero de comorbidades. Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica feita por Schmitt et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> incluindo 20 publica&#231;&#245;es, tamb&#233;m concluiu que a FA de novo tem maior probabilidade de agravar o IAM em pacientes com idade mais avan&#231;ada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Anormalidades anat&#244;micas atriais com o envelhecimento, como a fibrose atrial e a prolifera&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas musculares lisas, podem fornecer substrato anat&#244;mico para o mecanismo de m&#250;ltiplas ondas de reentrada na FA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica mostrou o IAMcSST inferior como preditor independente da FA de novo em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o. Kyriakidis et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> demonstraram que todos os pacientes que desenvolveram arritmia supraventricular apresentaram IAMcSST inferior e isquemia atrial direita e esquerda, concluindo que a isquemia do nodo sinusal, devido &#224; oclus&#227;o coron&#225;ria proximal &#224; origem da art&#233;ria do nodo sinusal, foi provavelmente uma das causas subjacentes da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> De acordo com Tjandrawidjaja et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> a anatomia comprometida dos principais ramos atriais coronarianos est&#225; associada ao desenvolvimento de arritmia atrial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O estudo GUSTO III demonstrou que o desenvolvimento de FA poderia ser devido a outras complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-IAM que ocorrem antes da FA, como bloqueio AV completo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Anteriormente, relatou-se uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre o bloqueio AV total e a incid&#234;ncia de FA, particularmente no bloqueio AV do tipo HA, devido a les&#245;es observadas nos m&#250;sculos atriais, incluindo os tratos intermodais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A principal pergunta relativa ao manejo de longo prazo da FA de novo no IAMcSST e sobre iniciar a terapia de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o nesses pacientes permanece sem resposta, pois n&#227;o h&#225; dados suficientes. Na nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, apenas um em cada cinco pacientes recebeu alta com anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral. S&#227;o os necess&#225;rios os dados de seguimento desses pacientes para avaliar as complica&#231;&#245;es no longo prazo. De acordo com alguns estudos, a FA de novo no quadro agudo pode indicar uma propens&#227;o para desenvolver arritmia novamente, possivelmente por causa de comorbidades associadas ou outros fatores de predisposi&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Na nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, a estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica parece ter sido baseada na no&#231;&#227;o de que a FA de novo no IAMcSST poderia representar uma complica&#231;&#227;o transit&#243;ria da s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, como sugerido por alguns estudos que demonstraram que em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana a isquemia promove, independentemente, a forma&#231;&#227;o de um substrato para FA e que as altera&#231;&#245;es da condu&#231;&#227;o atrial foram eliminadas ap&#243;s a reperfus&#227;o ter sido realizada com tromb&#243;lise ou interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP) prim&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Embora os dados tenham sido adquiridos prospectivamente, as principais limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo derivam de seu desenho retrospectivo, o que limita alguns dados dispon&#237;veis.</p>
          <p>Outra limita&#231;&#227;o &#233; que alguns pacientes diagnosticados com FA de novo podem, de fato, ter FA parox&#237;stica pr&#233;via ainda n&#227;o diagnosticada, o que pode levar a uma incid&#234;ncia superestimada. Esses pacientes tamb&#233;m podem representar um subtipo diferente de pacientes, em compara&#231;&#227;o com a FA de novo devido ao evento isqu&#234;mico.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>O presente estudo reflete um registro de grande porte de FA de novo em pacientes hospitalizados por IAMcSST, o que mostra que, em uma era moderna de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, a FA ainda &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o frequente do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, podendo ser reduzida pela reperfus&#227;o precoce independentemente da estrat&#233;gia de reperfus&#227;o. Esses dados confirmam a alta mortalidade e morbidade associada &#224; FA, o que pode sugerir a import&#226;ncia da identifica&#231;&#227;o desse subgrupo de pacientes com IAMcSST. Idade, acidente vascular cerebral pr&#233;vio, IAMcSST inferior e bloqueio AV completo foram encontrados como preditores independentes de FA de novo no cen&#225;rio de IAMcSST. Al&#233;m disso, os dados indicam que apenas uma minoria dos pacientes recebe anticoagulantes orais na alta hospitalar. Embora a incid&#234;ncia tenha diminu&#237;do, ainda podemos esperar que a FA continue sendo uma complica&#231;&#227;o frequente e preocupante do IAM. Outros estudos que respondam a quest&#245;es que incluem: como reduzir o risco de desenvolvimento de FA, se o uso de stents farmacol&#243;gicos de &#250;ltima gera&#231;&#227;o e estrat&#233;gias antitromb&#243;ticas modernas visando melhor reperfus&#227;o reduzir&#227;o a incid&#234;ncia de FA de novo durante o IAM e como determinar o uso ideal de terapia de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral em combina&#231;&#227;o com a terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria neste cen&#225;rio.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica de Comiss&#227;o Nacional Prote&#231;&#227;o de Dados sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 3140/2010. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
