<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">KL4QrJdBcKx7BhNSfGfhNLd</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019001100946</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190179</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Real-Time Three-Dimensional Echocardiography and Myocardial Strain: Ready for Use in Clinical Practice</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8258-0584</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mancuso</surname>
            <given-names>Frederico Jose Neves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina - Cardiologia e Medicina de Urg&#234;ncia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Frederico Jose Neves Mancuso,</bold> Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina - Cardiologia - Rua Botucatu, 720. Postal Code 04124-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>fredmancuso@uol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>113</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>946</fpage>
      <lpage>947</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Ventricular Function, Left</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional</kwd>
        <kwd>Strain</kwd>
        <kwd>Speckle Tracking</kwd>
        <kwd>Reference Values</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>The ability of echocardiography to quantify volumes and to evaluate the contractile function of cardiac chambers has evolved greatly in recent years, particularly due to the development of real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (echo3D) and the possibility myocardial deformation (Strain) analysis by the speckle tracking technique.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Unlike two-dimensional echocardiography, where geometric inferences and mathematical calculations are required, the echo3D allows direct measurement of ventricular and atrial volumes, from which function data such as left and right ventricular ejection fraction, and left atrial function, including total emptying fraction and active emptying fraction parameters.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
		</p>
    <p>In addition, left ventricular ejection fraction by echo3D proved to be a better prognostic parameter than the ejection fraction obtained by two-dimensional imaging.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Furthermore, echo3D has better reproducibility and correlation with cardiac magnetic resonance than two-dimensional echocardiography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
		</p>
    <p>More recently, the speckle tracking technique for the measurement of myocardial deformation (Strain) has been developed. The strain is a novel parameter for the assessment of left and right ventricular and atrial contractile function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Myocardial strain is a parameter that seems to change before ejection fraction in several diseases that may evolve with impairment of systolic ventricular function, including cardiomyopathies, valvular heart disease, cardiotoxicity induced by chemotherapy, pulmonary hypertension, among others, and it has prognostic value in different conditions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
		</p>
    <p>It is essential to have reference values to the use of these new technologies in clinical practice. International guidelines suggest some reference values, but they are based on few studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> More recently, the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging conducted a multicenter study that included 440 subjects to determine real-time three-dimensional and Strain echocardiographic reference values &#8203;&#8203;for the European population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Thus, the study published by Saraiva et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> in this issue has great importance in the Brazilian scenario, since the reference values &#8203;&#8203;from international publications are not always appropriate for use in the Brazilian population, which has peculiar ethnic distribution and miscegenation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The authors were concerned with selecting a group of individuals that were representative of the Brazilian population, including a population with an ethnic distribution similar to that observed in the IBGE demographic census.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Also noteworthy is the assessment of sorology for Chagas in all individuals.</p>
    <p>The reference values &#8203;&#8203;were determined for different parameters obtained by three-dimensional echocardiography, including diastolic and systolic ventricular volumes, as well as the left ventricular ejection fraction and the different left atrial volumes throughout the cardiac cycle, allowing to determine their total, passive and active emptying fractions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Regarding the parameters derived from speckle tracking, the reference value of the global left ventricular longitudinal strain was determined - the most reliable parameter and used to evaluate myocardial deformation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - as well as the radial strain and circumferential strain of this chamber. In addition, it was determined the right ventricular global and free wall Strain.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
		</p>
    <p>In addition, normal values for the different atrial strains throughout the cardiac cycle and left ventricular basal and apical rotation, twist, untwist, and torsion were determined.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Considering the use in clinical practice of values between two below and above average standard deviations as normal values, we can conclude that Brazilian echocardiography laboratories can already implement these new reference values for the Brazilian population when using the new echocardiographic techniques, without having to use reference values obtained in other populations.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial related to the article: 3-Dimensional Echocardiography and 2-D Strain Analysis of Left Ventricular, Left Atrial and Right Ventricular Function in Healthy Brazilian Volunteers</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ecocardiografia Tridimensional e An&#225;lise do Strain Mioc&#225;rdico: Prontos para Uso na Pr&#225;tica Cl&#237;nica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8258-0584</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mancuso</surname>
            <given-names>Frederico Jose Neves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina - Cardiologia e Medicina de Urg&#234;ncia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Frederico Jose Neves Mancuso,</bold> Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina - Cardiologia - Rua Botucatu, 720. CEP 04124-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>fredmancuso@uol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Fun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia Tridimensional</kwd>
        <kwd>Strain</kwd>
        <kwd>Speckle Tracking</kwd>
        <kwd>Valores de Refer&#234;ncia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A capacidade da ecocardiografia de quantificar volumes e de avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas teve grande evolu&#231;&#227;o nos &#250;ltimos anos, particularmente devido ao desenvolvimento da ecocardiografia tridimensional (eco3D) e com a possibilidade de evolu&#231;&#227;o da deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (<italic>Strain</italic>) pela t&#233;cnica de <italic>speckle tracking.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Diferente da ecocardiografia bidimensional, na qual h&#225; necessidade de infer&#234;ncias geom&#233;tricas e c&#225;lculos matem&#225;ticos, o exame tridimensional permite a medida direta dos volumes ventriculares e atriais, dos quais s&#227;o obtidos dados de fun&#231;&#227;o, como a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o dos ventr&#237;culos esquerdo e direito, al&#233;m da fun&#231;&#227;o atrial esquerda, incluindo os par&#226;metros de fra&#231;&#227;o de esvaziamento total e fra&#231;&#227;o de esvaziamento ativa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo pela eco3D se mostrou um melhor par&#226;metro progn&#243;stico que a obtida pela imagem bidimensional,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> sendo ainda um m&#233;todo com melhor reprodutibilidade e correla&#231;&#227;o com a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca do que a ecocardiografia bidimensional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Mais recentemente, houve o desenvolvimento da t&#233;cnica de <italic>speckle tracking</italic> para a mensura&#231;&#227;o da deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (<italic>Strain</italic>) - um novo par&#226;metro para avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica dos ventr&#237;culos esquerdo e direito e dos &#225;trios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>O <italic>Strain</italic> mioc&#225;rdico &#233; um par&#226;metro que parece se alterar antes da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o em diversas doen&#231;as que possam evoluir com comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, como nas cardiomiopatias, valvopatias, quimioterapia cardiot&#243;xica, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, entre outras, al&#233;m de ter valor progn&#243;stico em diferentes condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Para o uso destas novas tecnologias na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, &#233; fundamental existirem valores de refer&#234;ncia. Diretrizes internacionais sugerem estes valores, por&#233;m eles s&#227;o baseados em poucos estudos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Mais recentemente, a <italic>European Association of Cardiovascular imaging</italic>, realizou um estudo multic&#234;ntrico que incluiu 440 indiv&#237;duos para determinar valores de refer&#234;ncia de eco3D e <italic>Strain</italic> para a popula&#231;&#227;o europeia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Assim, o estudo publicado por Saraiva et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> tem grande import&#226;ncia no cen&#225;rio nacional, j&#225; que os valores de refer&#234;ncia oriundos de publica&#231;&#245;es internacionais nem sempre s&#227;o apropriados para uso na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, a qual possui distribui&#231;&#227;o &#233;tnica e miscigena&#231;&#227;o peculiares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>O presente estudo teve a preocupa&#231;&#227;o em selecionar um grupo de indiv&#237;duos representativos da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, incluindo uma popula&#231;&#227;o com distribui&#231;&#227;o &#233;tnica semelhante &#224; observada no censo demogr&#225;fico do IBGE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Destaca-se tamb&#233;m o cuidado em avaliar as sorologias para Chagas em todos os indiv&#237;duos inclu&#237;dos.</p>
      <p>Foram determinados os valores de refer&#234;ncia para diferentes par&#226;metros obtidos pela eco3D, incluindo os volumes ventriculares diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico, assim como a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e os diferentes volumes atriais esquerdos ao longo do ciclo card&#237;aco, permitindo determinar suas fra&#231;&#245;es de esvaziamento total, ativa e passiva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos par&#226;metros derivados do <italic>speckle tracking e Strain</italic> mioc&#225;rdico, foram determinados os valores de normalidade do <italic>Strain</italic> longitudinal global do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo - par&#226;metro mais confi&#225;vel e utilizado para avalia&#231;&#227;o da deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - assim como o <italic>Strain</italic> radial e o <italic>Strain</italic> circunferencial desta c&#226;mara. Para o ventr&#237;culo direito, foram determinados seu <italic>Strain</italic> global e o <italic>Strain</italic> da parede livre.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Completando, foram tamb&#233;m determinados os valores de normalidade para os diferentes <italic>Strains</italic> atriais ao longo do ciclo card&#237;aco e valores de rota&#231;&#227;o basal e apical, <italic>twist, untwist</italic> e tor&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Considerando o uso na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica de valores normais como aqueles compreendidos entre dois desvios-padr&#245;es abaixo e acima da m&#233;dia, podemos concluir que os servi&#231;os de ecocardiografia brasileiros j&#225; podem implementar estes novos valores de refer&#234;ncia para a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira quando utilizarem as novas t&#233;cnicas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, sem necessidade de recorrer a valores de refer&#234;ncia obtidos em outras popula&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: An&#225;lise da Fun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda e Direita e Atrial Esquerda pelo Ecocardiograma Tridimensional e An&#225;lise da Deforma&#231;&#227;o Bidimensional em Volunt&#225;rios Saud&#225;veis Brasileiros</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
